PART 1: LANDING
Chapter 1: Missionary
1 Williams, An Anthropologist in Papua, p. 89
2 Ibid., p. 29
3 Ibid., p. 90
4 The Baigona Cult was suppressed in 1912. See Williams, An Anthropologist in Papua, p. 90
5 Ibid., p. 28
6 Benson, Prisoner’s Base and Home Again, p. 20
7 Ibid., p. 20
8 Ibid., p. 21
9 Ibid., p. 21
10 CRS A2671 108/1941
11 Quoted in McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, p. 40
12 CRS A2671 108/1941
13 Benson, p. 9
14 Okada, Lost Troops, Benson’s Epilogue, p. 20
15 Ibid., p. 20
16 Benson, p. 22
17 Ibid., p. 22
18 Wartime, Issue 21, p. 14
19 Okada, Lost Troops, Benson’s Epilogue, p. 23
20 Ibid., p. 23
Chapter 2: Yokoyama
1 Interview with Imanishi Sadaharu 18 October 2003
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Nakahashi, War History of the Force which was sent to the South Seas, translated by Lt F.C. Jorgensen, p. 5, AWM PR00297
6 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 27, Field Log of Sakigawa Tai
7 In Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 50
8 In Horner, High Command, p. 218
9 White, Green Armour, p. 66
10 Benson, Prisoner’s Base and Home Again, p. 11
11 White, p. 66
12 Nelson, Kokoda: The Track from History to Politics (essay), p. 4
13 In McCarthy, p. 113
14 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 97
15 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 28, Yokoyama Advance Tai Report
16 Ibid.
17 See Toland, The Rising Sun, photograph section
18 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 28, Yokoyama Advance Tai Report
19 Nelson, p. 9
20 In McAulay, Blood and Iron, p. 41
21 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 27, Field Log of Sakigawa Tai
22 ATIS Bulletin No. 218: ‘We were forced to transport fodder by manpower,’ wrote Second Lieutenant Hirano
23 1 TO = 3.97 gallons; 1 SHO = 0.397 gallons.
Chapter 3: Intelligence
1 There is much literature on Allied code-breakers in WW2. See Smith, The Emperor’s Codes; Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded; Drea, MacArthur’s Ultra; and Ballard, On Ultra Active Service
2 Herald Sun, How we turned the tide, 20 April, 2002. Sources: Geoffrey Ballard, Jack Bleakley, Frank Cain, David Horner, John Prados, Michael Smith, Alan Stripp, Barbara Winter, Craig Blair, John Cribbin, Greg Alabaster, National Archives of Australia, Peter Carter and the members of FRUMEL and Central Bureau
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Blamey Papers
6 Smith, The Emperor’s Codes, p. 173
7 CRS A2671 143/1942 (An Ultra-generated document)
8 Ibid.
9 See Feldt, The Coastwatchers
10 Feldt, p. 186
11 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 123
12 Milner, Victory in Papua, p. 70
13 Interview with Lex McAulay, 30 July 2002
14 Ibid.
15 Wilmot, Observations on the New Guinea Campaign, in Allen Papers
16 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 82
17 Ibid.
Chapter 4: Chocos
1 Interview with Laurie Howson, 30 October 2002
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 White, Green Armour, p. 48
5 Cranston, Always Faithful, p. 29.
6 Barry Report, Paragraph 30
7 Hasluck, The Government and the People, Volume 2, p. 175
8 Interview with Laurie Howson
9 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 12
10 White, pp. 47–8
11 Horner, Generals in Battle, Problems of Command in the South-West Pacific Area, 1942–1943, MA Thesis, p. 3
12 Editorial, Sydney Morning Herald, 2 May 1942
13 Editorial, Daily Telegraph, 6 May 42
14 Interview with Tom Keneally, 22 January 2004
15 Alf Salmon’s notebook, AWM PR00297
16 In Austin, To Kokoda and Beyond, p. 34
17 Interview with Don Daniels, 29 October 2002
18 Australian Military Forces, Notice to Recruits, 14 January 1942
19 Nelson, Kokoda: The Track from History to Politics, p. 8
20 Interview with Don Daniels
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 44
25 McAulay, Blood and Iron, p. 105
26 According to some veterans; others do not recall the cordons
27 Sergeant Keith Irwin, 53rd Bn, in Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 12
Chapter 5: Port Moresby
1 In Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 10.
2 Barry Report, Paragraph 18
3 In Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, pp. 14–15
4 In Wilson, The Decisive Factor, p. 6
5 Inquiries into Looting at Darwin and Port Moresby, CRS A5954 256/3
6 Cranston, Always Faithful, p. 155
7 Attorney-General’s Dept, Looting at Darwin and Port Moresby: National Security (General) Regulation 40A, 18 June 42
8 See Inquiries into Looting at Darwin and Port Moresby, CRS A5954 256/3
9 Barry Report, Paragraph 18
10 In Austin, To Kokoda and Beyond, p. 23
11 Ibid., p. 44
12 White, Green Armour, p. 31
13 In Austin, p. 51
14 Wilmot, Observations on the New Guinea Campaign
15 See Fraser, Quartered Safe Out Here
16 See Waugh, The Sword of Honour Trilogy
17 Porter Papers
18 Ibid.
19 In Austin, p. 62
20 Paull, p. 19
21 Ibid., p. 20
22 Porter Papers
23 In Paull, pp. 23–24
24 Paull, p. 26. See also Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 336
25 Porter Papers
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Combat Efficiency of Army Units, Training and Preparation for Operations, in Operations Report for Australian Army, 19 July 1942
29 Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 15
30 Capt H.T. Kienzle, Report On Kokoda L. of C., Native Carriers during Campaign Owen Stanley Range, Kokoda–Buna, Feb 1943, ANGAU N.G.F., AWM54 577/6/8
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
Chapter 6: Kokoda
1 Austin, To Kokoda and Beyond, p. 78
2 Ibid., pp. 83–4
3 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 103
4 Austin, p. 85
5 In Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 41
6 Okada, Lost Troops
7 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 125
8 Interview with Imanishi
9 McCarthy, p. 127
10 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 55
11 Interview with Imanishi
12 Vernon’s diary, p. 8
13 Wilkinson’s diary, in Austin, p. 97.
14 Vernon’s diary, p. 8
15 Vernon’s diary, p. 8
16 ATIS 281, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders for the Invasion of Port Moresby, 10 August 1942
17 ATIS Intelligence Report No. 1, Yazawa Butai, 3 August 1942
18 Vernon’s diary, p. 8
19 Ibid., p. 9
20 Ibid., p. 1
21 Essay on Vernon, by Hank Nelson
22 Ibid.
23 In Paull, p. 65
24 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 28, Yokoyama Advance Tai Report. See also diary of Second Lieutenant Hidetaka Noda, ATIS Bulletins
25 Interview with Laurie Howson
Chapter 7: Kokoda Lost
1 Wilkinson’s diary, in Austin, To Kokoda and Beyond, p. 100
2 Blamey to General Kenney, in Horner, Generals in Battle, Problems of Command in the South-West Pacific Area, 1942–1943, MA Thesis
3 Lieutenant Hugh Dalby MC, in Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 52
4 Capt H.T. Kienzle, Report On Kokoda L. of C., Native Carriers during Campaign Owen Stanley Range, Kokoda–Buna, Feb 1943, ANGAU N.G.F., AWM54 577/6/8
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Captain Symington in Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 57
8 Captain Bidstrup MC in Brune, p. 59
9 Captain A.C. Dean
10 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 72
11 Bidstrup in Brune, p. 63
12 Interview with Imanishi
13 ATIS Bulletin 87, diary of Watanabe Toshi
14 ATIS Bulletin 218, diary of Hirano
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Boland in Austin, pp. 105–6
18 AWM 577/6/1
19 ATIS Bulletin, diary of Onogawa
20 Austin, To Kokoda and Beyond, p. 110
Chapter 8: The Sasebo 5 Special Naval Landing Party
1 Tamura and Allen, Attitudes of Japanese troops towards villagers…
2 ATIS Enemy Publication 38, File of Nankai Shitai Orders, 13 May–10 July 1942
3 Comment based on interviews with Shimada, Imanishi and Yamasaka, and Professor Tanaka, in Japan; plus, Hiromitsu, Memories and realities of Japanese Occupation of New Guinea and Tamura and Allen (as above)
4 Hiromitsu, Memories and realities…
5 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 89, Message and Instruction for Warriors of South Seas Detached Forces, November 1941
6 ATIS 5/1 Enemy Publications Nos. 1–13
7 Matthews, Wartime, Issue 21, p. 15
8 Murdoch Sound Archive, Canon Charles Sherlock
9 ATIS Spot Report No. 15, diary of Sato Toshio. This is one of several references to the atrocity in Japanese soldiers’ diaries.
10 Ibid. See also ATIS Research Report, No. 72, p. 23, in Superstitions as a Present Factor in Jap Military Psychology
11 ATIS Spot Report No. 105, diary of Shin Shunji
PART 2: INVASION
Chapter 9: Defenceless
1 Dept of Defence Co-Ordination, War Cabinet Agendum No. 422/1941
2 Coordinated Plans for the Defence of Australia, 29 Aug 1941, Appendix A, CRS A2671 286/1941
3 Day, The Great Betrayal, p. 15
4 Daily Telegraph, 7 June 1940
5 Day, The Politics of War, p. 58
6 Ibid.
7 For a fuller insight into Australia’s unpreparedness, see Hasluck, The Government and the People, Volume 2, pp. 4–19; and Day, The Politics of War, Curtin and The Great Betrayal
8 Hasluck, p. 16
9 Day, The Politics of War, p. 171
10 Robertson and McCarthy, Australian War Strategy 1939–1945, p. 258
11 Day, Curtin, p. 431
12 Ibid.
13 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, pp. 30–1
14 Horner, High Command, p. 15
15 Ibid., p. 36
16 Day, The Great Betrayal, p. 60
17 Day, The Politics of War, p. 129
18 Ibid., ch. 11
19 Menzies diary, in Day, The Politics of War, p. 110
20 Hasluck, The Government and the People, Volume 1, p. 237
21 Moran diary, in Day, The Politics of War, p. 237
22 Official Yearbook of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. 32, 1939, Canberra 1940
23 Day, The Politics of War, p. 9
24 Hasluck, The Government and the People, Volume 2, p. 164
25 War Cabinet Conclusions, 8 August 1940, CAB 65/14
26 Horner, High Command, p. 38
27 Day, The Politics of War, p. 307
28 Hasluck, The Government and the People, Volume 1, p. 351
29 Danchev and Todman (eds), War Diaries, p. 205
30 Robertson and McCarthy, Document 161
31 Hasluck, The Government and the People, Volume 2, p. 3
32 Ibid., p. 81
Chapter 10: Curtin
1 For full account of Curtin’s youth, see Day, Curtin
2 Ibid., p. 184
3 Ibid.
4 Hasluck, The Government and the People, Volume 2, p. 56
5 Ibid., p. 58
6 Day, The Politics of War, p. 201
7 Hasluck, p. 5
8 Day, Curtin, p. 433
9 Letter from Curtin to Roosevelt and Churchill, 23 December 1941, CRS A3300/7
10 Hasluck, p. 39
11 Day, Curtin, p. 439
12 See Day and Hasluck for a fuller insight into Curtin’s appeals to the Australian people on the eve of war
13 Day, Curtin, p. 441
14 Ibid., p. 435
15 Department of Aircraft Production, Progress Report for June 1942, CRS A2671 285/1942
16 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 39
17 Churchill to Curtin, 10 January 1942, Defence of Australia—Appreciation of Immediate Danger of Invasion in Force, January 1942, CRS A5954 581/17
18 Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, Chapter 18
19 Day, Curtin, p. 444
20 Hasluck, p. 70
21 Ibid.
22 Horner, p. 44
23 Robertson and McCarthy, p. 267
24 Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs to Curtin, 28 January 42, with extract from Churchill’s speech to House of Commons on 27 January 42. In Future Employment of AIF—Transfer from Middle East to Far East 19/12/41–13/2/42, CRS A5954/69 573/1
25 Bruce on 18 February 1942 (see AWM 54, 541/1/4), Lavarack on 19 February 1942 (NAA M100) and Page on 19 February 1942 (AWM 54, 541/1/4) all supported Churchill in trying to persuade Curtin to divert the fleet to Burma. So too did the Australian Chiefs of Staff
26 Curtin to Wavell, repeated to Page, Lavarack and Casey, No. 129 of February 1942, AWM 54 541/1/4 (also in Blamey Papers)
27 Churchill to Curtin, 20 February, NAA CRS A5954, Box 573
28 Roosevelt to Curtin, 21 February 1942. In Future Employment of AIF—Transfer from Middle East to Far East 9/12/41–20/2/42, CRS A5954/69 573/2
29 The Argus, 27 May 1942
30 Curtin to Churchill, 22 February 1942, NAA CRS A5954, Box 573
31 In Casey to Evatt, 22 February 1942, AWM 54, 541/1/4
32 Day, The Great Betrayal, p. 350
33 Churchill to Curtin, 22 February 1942, NAA CRS A5954, Box 573
34 Bruce to Curtin, 23 February 1942, NAA M100
35 Curtin to Churchill, 23 February 1942, NAA CRS A5954, Box 573
36 Ibid.
37 Hasluck, The Government and the People, Volume 1, p. 75
38 For a full account of Curtin’s torment during this time, see Day, Curtin, pp. 455–60
39 Day, Curtin, p. 457
40 Russell, 2/14 Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 107
Chapter 11: Commanders
1 In Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 54
2 Ibid., p. 55
3 Ibid.
4 Curtin to Blamey, 20 February 1942, Blamey Papers
5 Daily Telegraph, 28 March 1942
6 As recorded in several accounts of Curtin’s views of Blamey
7 Overheard by A.H. Lowe, Secretary of the Naval and Military Club, Melbourne
8 Horner, Blamey, p. 14. For a full account of Blamey’s life, see Horner’s and Hetherington’s biographies
9 Interview with McAulay
10 Carlyon, I Remember Blamey, p. 42
11 According to Rowell
12 Carlyon, I Remember Blamey, p. 96
13 Keogh, South-West Pacific, 1941–45, p. 472
14 Blamey Papers. Also recorded in Hetherington and Horner
15 Horner, Blamey, p. 244
16 Interview with McAulay
17 For a full account of their relationship, see Lodge, Lavarack: Rival General
18 Blamey to his brother Jim, 27 September 41, Blamey Papers
19 Carlyon, pp. x–xi
20 Horner, Blamey, p. 4
21 Ibid.
22 Carlyon, p. 18
23 Interview with McAulay
24 For an amusing account of the ‘Badge 80’ affair see Horner, Blamey, pp. 75–83
25 Horner, Blamey, p. 160
26 Ibid., p. 302
27 Ibid., p. 327
28 Carlyon, p. 95
29 Horner, Blamey, p. 268
30 Ibid., p. 98
31 Hasluck, The Government and the People, Volume 2, p. 158
32 Long, MacArthur as Military Commander, p. 337
33 Hasluck, p. 158.
34 Ibid, p. 159
35 The Bulletin, 25 March 1942
36 Day, The Politics of War, p. 00
37 Brett, ‘The MacArthur I Knew’, in McCarthy, p. 20
38 C. Thorne, in The Australian, 6 June 1974
39 McCarthy, p. 20
40 The Argus, 1 April 1942
41 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 62
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 McCarthy, p. 189
45 Ibid., p. 190
46 ATIS Spot Report No. 12, Lieutenant-General Hyakutake’s Message to the Troops
47 The sources for Hyakutake’s deception are: Onda, S., Chapter 2, Zasetsushita Port Moresby Sakusen, in ‘Bessatsu Rekishi Dokuhon—Jigoku no Senjo Kigasen’, Vol. 22 of Senki Series, Shinjinbutsu Orai Sha, Tokyo, 1993; and Onda, S., Ningen no Kiroku Tobu New Ginia Sen—Shinko Hen, Kodansha, Tokyo, 1988
Chapter 12: Emperor
1 Estimates of the number massacred vary. But Hank Nelson writes that 160 was the accurate figure. See his essay, Zentsuji and Totsuka: Australians from Rabaul as Prisoners of War in Japan, and forthcoming book on the battle for Rabaul
2 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 27
3 ATIS Research Report 76 (Part III): The Warrior Tradition as a Present Factor in Japanese Military Psychology, p. 5, AWM55 12/53
4 Interview with Imanishi October 2003
5 Hisaeda Akiyoshi Papers, AWM 3DRL 4005
6 This poetic tradition is evoked in The Diary of a Japanese Soldier in Wewak, translated by Keiko Tamura
7 Hisaeda Akiyoshi Papers
8 See An Examination of How Race Affected the Far Eastern War, an essay by Marutani Hajime
9 ATIS Research Report 76, Appx B, lecture entitled The Army of the Gods, by Horiguchi Tsugio, Medical Corps, a veteran of the Russo-Japanese war. AWM55 12/53 pt1
10 For a Japanese revisionist account of the well-documented rape and massacre of civilians at Nanking, see Takemoto & Ohara, The Alleged Nanking ‘Massacre’
11 Buruma, Inventing Japan, p. 101
12 ATIS Bulletin No. 1478
13 Umi-Yukaba (If I were to go to Sea) written by Yakamochi Ohtomo and Kiyoshi Nobutoki
14 ATIS No. 43, notebook of Okamato Shigeo
15 ATIS No. 189, Staff diary, unknown owner
16 ATIS Research Report 76 (Part I), Self-immolation as a Factor in Japanese Military Psychology, P. 10, AWM55 12/53
17 ATIS Information Bulletin No. 14—Part II, p. 19, AWM55 12/53
18 Ibid., p. 15
19 ATIS Current Translations No. 216
20 ATIS Current Translations No. 9, p. 31
21 ATIS Research Report 76 (Part I), Appx A
22 ATIS Research Report 76 (Part IV), Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology, p. 9, AWM55 12/53
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 ATIS Interrogation Spot Report No. 6
26 ATIS Research Report 76 (Part I), p. 18
27 Ibid.
28 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 36
29 ATIS Research Report 76, Appx B, lecture entitled The Army of the Gods, No. 80, pp. 6–8
30 But they were very few. See The Warrior Tradition…
31 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 18
32 Recorded in several ATIS-translated Enemy Publications
1 Horner, Blamey, p. 317
2 Rowell, Full Circle, p. 111
3 Lavarack to Forde, AWM 33/1/4
4 John Hetherington was Blamey’s first biographer
5 Hetherington, The Herald, 28 Dec 42
6 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 120
7 Ibid.
8 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 165
9 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 126
10 In Bergerud, Touched With Fire, p. 137
11 Porter Papers
12 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 141
13 Horner, Blamey, p. 293
14 Rowell, p. 117
15 See McCarthy, pp. 6–8
16 Frank McLean, Recollections & Reflections
17 Memoir of Service of Major A.E. Moore of 2/14 & 2/16 Bns, PR 85/275, AWM 419/72/9
18 White, Green Armour, p. 175
19 Ibid., p. 186
20 Ibid., p. 181
21 Ibid., p. 175
22 Russell, The 2/14th Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 3
23 McLean
24 White, p. 181
25 Russell, p. 2
26 Uren, A Thousand Men at War—The Story of the 2/16th Battalion A.I.F., p. 9
27 Burns, The Brown and Blue Diamond at War—The Story of the 2/27th Battalion A.I.F., p. 8
28 Ibid., pp. 6–7
29 Uren, p. 118
30 In Day, Curtin, p. 477
31 Sublet, Kokoda To The Sea, p. 35
32 AHQ Melbourne, 23/12/41
33 McAulay, Blood and Iron, p. 107
34 See Sublet, pp. 35–6
35 Nelson, Kokoda: The Track from History to Politics, p. 4
36 Ibid. p. 5
37 See Vernon’s diary, pp. 3–4, and Nelson
38 Nelson, p. 6
39 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 126
40 Ibid., p. 127.
41 Rowell, p. 122
42 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 127
43 Burns, p. 109
44 Russell, p. 124
45 Of the 2/14th and 2/16th battalions, respectively
Chapter 14: The Track
1 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 103
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid., pp. 34–9
4 Nelson, Kokoda: The Track from History to Politics, p. 7
5 Interview with Brian Honner, 21 January 2004
6 Paull, p. 35
7 Ibid., p. 37
8 Ibid., p. 34
9 White, Green Armour, p. 184
10 McAulay, Blood and Iron, p. 109
11 White, p. 188
12 Paull, p. 165
13 Bergerud, Touched with Fire, p. 138
14 Raftery, Marks of War—War Neurosis and the Legacy of Kokoda
15 In Ralph Honner’s paper, Jungle Lore
16 From Professor Bryant Allen, Research School of Pacific And Asian Studies, Australian National University
Chapter 15: Nankai Shitai
1 See The Human Face of War, Australia–Japan Research Project at the Australian War Memorial (on AWM web site), translated by Steve Bullard
2 Robertson, MA Thesis, Problems of Supply Encountered by the Australian and Japanese forces on the Kokoda Trail and the Questions of Morale, 1 June 1973, AWM 422/3/94 MSS.701
3 ATIS Enemy Publications 33 and 39, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders for the Invasion of Port Moresby, issued at Rabaul on 10 August 1942
4 Interview with Shimada Yuki, October 2003
5 ATIS Enemy Publications 33 and 39, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders
6 ATIS Bulletin No. 531
7 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 116, diary of Warrant Officer Sadahiro
8 McAulay, Blood and Iron, p. 107
9 Nakahashi, War History of the Force which was Sent to the South Seas, translated by Lt. F. C. Jorgensen, AWM PR00297
10 McAulay, p. 112
11 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 39, diary of Watanabe Fukuichi
Chapter 16: Jungle
1 Russell, The 214th Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 125
2 Interview with Phil Rhoden, 31 July 2002; also in McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 195
3 Interview with Rhoden, 31 July 2002
4 Sublet, Kokoda to the Sea, p. 35
5 21st Brigade Report on Operations—Owen Stanley Range
6 Vernon’s diary, p. 4
7 21st Brigade Report on Operations
8 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 36
9 Russell, p. 127
10 Interview with Rhoden, 31 July 2002
11 Interview with Stan Bissett, 17 July 2003
12 White, Green Armour, p. 190
13 See McCarthy, pp. 196–9
14 Sublet, p. 38
15 Ibid.
16 7th Australian Division messages dealing with Maroubra Force Operations Kokoda—June to Oct 1942, AWM54 577/6/4
17 Ibid.
18 Allen Papers
19 Wilmot, Observations on the New Guinea Campaign Aug 26th–Sept 26th 42, in Allen Papers
20 Paull, p. 113.
21 21st Brigade Report on Operations
22 McCarthy, p. 199
23 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 28 5/3 Yazawa Intelligence Report, 17 August 1942
24 ATIS Enemy Publications No. 33, Nankai Shitai Orders 16 Aug–15 Oct 1942
25 Robertson, MA Thesis
26 ATIS Information Request Reports No. 73, 9 Aug 1943—Spiritual Training, AWM 55 12/1–12/23
27 ATIS Bulletins 566–605, Diary containing Nankai Shitai Instructions, owner unknown, AWM 55 1/10
28 ATIS Enemy Publications No. 255, Procedure In Interrogating And Handling Prisoners Of War, AWM55 5/22
29 Interview with Yamasaki
30 In Frank Sublet’s vivid phrase
31 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year
32 White, p. 193
33 Ibid.
34 Vernon’s diary, p. 10
35 Alf Salmon Papers, AWM PROO297
36 In Edgar, Warrior of Kokoda, p. 139
37 Interview with Keith Norrish, 2002
38 Edgar, p. 71
39 Ibid., p. 101
40 Paull, p. 100
41 McCarthy, p. 195
42 Edgar, p. 64
43 Interview with McAulay, May 2002
44 McCarthy, p. 247
45 Potts to NG Force, 7th Australian Division messages…, AWM54 577/6/4
46 Blamey Papers, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/138
47 Vernon’s diary, p. 14
48 Porter Papers
Chapter 17: Isurava
1 Bergerud, Touched with Fire, p. 54
2 Ralph Honner, ‘The 39th at Isurava’, in Stand-To (Australian Army Journal), p. 9
3 Ibid.
4 Bergerud, p. 54
5 The source of the exaggeration seems to be that Horii’s supply and transport troops—many of whom remained at the beachhead—were included as combat infantry. See Nelson, Kokoda: The Track from History to Politics, p. 9
6 In Austin, To Kokoda and Beyond, p. 130
7 Nelson, p. 9
8 Honner, ‘The 39th at Isurava’, p. 9
9 39th Battalion War Diary
10 The 53rd were untested in combat, ill-equipped and poorly trained; they were ‘battle-ready’ only insofar as they were there, and armed
11 Austin, pp. 145–6
12 ATIS Bulletin No. 176, diary of soldier in 5SNLP
13 Austin, p. 135
14 ATIS Bulletin No. 218, diary of Second Lieutenant Hirano
15 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 116, diary of Warrant Officer Sadahiro
16 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 33, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders, 16 Aug–15 Oct 1942; the order was from Horii Tomitaro
17 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 123
18 Ibid., p. 124
19 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 201
20 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 116, diary of Warrant Officer Sadahiro, p. 9
21 Honner, ‘The 39th at Isurava’, p. 9
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid., p. 11
24 Paull, p. 125
25 In Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 98
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Interview with Rhoden, 31 July 2002
29 Mentioned in a letter by Harvey Blundell
30 ATIS Bulletin No. 358, diary of Sakomoto, and in Paull, p. 128
31 Budden, That Mob, p. 27
32 McAulay, Blood and Iron, p. 145
33 Porter Papers, Box 14
34 Honner, ‘The 39th at Isurava’, p. 12
35 ATIS Bulletin, anonymous Japanese diarist
36 The assorted histories of the battle attribute these events to 28 August. Compare ‘The 39th at Isurava’, p. 12 with the 2/14th Battalion history, which uses similar phrases to describe the events of the next day
37 Bergerud, p. 258
38 Ibid., p. 302
39 Russell, The 2/14th Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 132
40 Honner, ‘The 39th at Isurava’, pp. 12–15
41 Ibid., p. 13
42 Ibid.
43 Interview with George Cops, 29 October 2002
44 Honner, ‘The 39th at Isurava’, p. 12
45 Ibid.
46 Paull, p. 129
47 Allen Papers
48 Paull, p. 133
49 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 33, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders, 16 Aug–15 Oct 1942
50 ATIS Bulletin No. 218, diary of Second Lieutenant Hirano
51 Uren, A Thousand Men At War, p. 127
52 Interview with Rhoden, 31 July 2002
53 Bergerud, p. 351
54 Interview with Rhoden, 31 July 2002
55 Cameron’s 10th Platoon, A Coy, 2/14th Battalion, of about 30 men
56 Russell, p. 134
57 McCarthy, p. 207
58 Ibid., p. 206
59 Ibid.
60 Citation for Victoria Cross, in Australian VC Recipients, pp. 139–140
61 Interview with Rhoden, 31 July 2002
62 Interview with McAulay, May 2002
63 Interview with Bissett, 17 July 2003; and in Russell, p. 135
64 McAllester, Men of the 2/14th, p. 213
65 Interviews with Japanese veterans of the 144th Regiment, October 2003
66 Interviews with Shimada and Yamasaki, October 2003
67 Honner, ‘The 39th at Isurava’, p. 15
68 Potts was to report 700 casualties to Port Moresby on 2 September—McCarthy, p. 219
69 Honner, p. 14
70 Edgar, Warrior of Kokoda, p. 141
71 Brune, p. 113
72 Honner, ‘The 39th at Isurava’
73 21st Brigade Report on Operations—Owen Stanley Range
74 Blamey Papers
75 Allen Papers
76 Interview with Rhoden, 31 July 2002
77 Bergerud, p. 285
78 Ibid.
79 Interview with Howson, 29 October 2002
Chapter 18: Milne Bay
1 In Baker & Knight, Milne Bay 1942, p. 104
2 Source for figures: Dr Peter Londey, in ‘Roll of Honour’ speech organised by the AWM to mark the 60th anniversary of the events of 1942. The 4000 figure is the combat portion of 9500 total Milne Force, including support etc.
3 Smith, The Emperor’s Codes, p. 174
4 Japanese Monograph No. 37, National Library of Australia, Canberra
5 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 2; prisoner Sakaki Minoru, Hayashi Unit
6 Londey
7 Baker & Knight, p. 147
8 2/10th Battalion, 18th Brigade
9 Allchin, Purple and Blue—The History of the 2/10th Battalion, A.I.F., p. 251
10 Allchin, p. 252
11 Clowes Report, p. 11
12 Allchin, p. 254
13 The 7th Brigade
14 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 174
15 Ibid., p. 176
16 Ibid., p. 175
17 Clowes to Gavin Long, AWM 67 3/74
18 Henderson, Onward Boy Soldiers: The Battle for Milne Bay, p. 162
19 Sydney Morning Herald, 19 January 2004, Obituary
20 Baker & Knight, p. 287
21 Ibid., p. 286
22 Londey
23 In Baker & Knight
24 ATIS Bulletin No. 44, diary of unknown Japanese soldier found at Milne Bay, September 1942
25 Baker & Knight, p. 438
26 Webb Report, in Allen Papers and Baker & Knight. Two key witnesses were Captain John Stephenson and Captain CW Kendall, 18th Brigade
27 Baker & Knight, p. 438
28 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 2; prisoner Sakaki Minoru, Hayashi Unit
29 Londey
30 Japanese Monograph No. 37, National Library of Australia, Canberra
31 Clowes Report, p. 33
PART 3: WITHDRAWAL
Chapter 19: Wounded
1 White, Green Armour, p. 199
2 Ibid.
3 Uren, A Thousand Men at War—The Story of the 2/16th Battalion, A.I.F., p. 136
4 Ibid.
5 In Steward, Recollections of a Regimental Medical Officer, p. 110
6 Diary of Sir Rupert Magarey, AWM 54 481/12/20, p. 6
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 See Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, pp. 143–53
10 Ibid.
11 Wilkinson to Salmon, Salmon Papers, AWM PR00297
12 Steward, p. 112
13 White, Green Armour, p. 204
14 Ibid.
15 Paull, p. 173
16 Magarey, p. 6
17 Steward, p. 112
18 Interview with Smoky Howson, 29 October 2003; see also Austin, To Kokoda and Beyond, p. 170
19 Magarey, p. 6
20 Steward, p. 112
21 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 214; see also Paull, p. 176
22 Bullard, ‘Japanese Medical Corps in the Papua campaigns, 1942–1943’, (essay) p. 2
23 Ibid.
24 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 169, prisoner’s name unknown, captured at Giruwa, 25 January 1943
25 ATIS 3/1 Handbook of Hygiene in the Tropics for NCOs and men
26 Bullard, p. 11
27 Wilkinson to 39th Battalion Association, 5 April 1974, AWM PR87/008
28 Steward, p. 132
29 Salmon Papers
30 Steward, p. 110
31 Bergerud, Touched With Fire, p. 484
32 Steward, p. 118
33 Vernon’s diary, p. 3
34 White, p. 200
35 Ibid., p. 203
36 Ibid., p. 200
37 Ibid., p. 201
38 Magarey, conclusions
39 In Paull, p. 209
40 Austin, To Kokoda and Beyond, p. 176
41 Murie C.F., AWM PRO1397
Chapter 20: Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels
1 Interview with Havala, at Kagi, October 2003
2 Interview with Lubini, at Alola, October 2003
3 Vernon’s diary
4 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 116
5 Their rations alone cost the Australian Government £425,000 that year
6 Capt H.T. Kienzle, Report On Kokoda L. of C., Native Carriers during Campaign Owen Stanley Range, Kokoda–Buna, Feb 1943, ANGAU N.G.F., AWM54 577/6/8
7 McCarthy, p. 116
8 The Australian New Guinea Administration Unit
9 McCarthy, p. 116
10 As told by Frank Taylor, Kokoda Treks and Tours
11 Vernon’s diary, p. 13
12 Wilmot, Observations On Ops Of Maroubra Force, 25–31 Aug 42, in Allen Papers
13 Interview with Havala, October 2003
14 In Salmon Papers, AWM PR00297; also see Vernon’s diary
15 Wilmot, Observations On Ops Of Maroubra Force
16 Magarey’s diary
17 21st Brigade Report on Operations—Owen Stanley Range
18 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 227
19 Barter, Far Above Battle, pp. 189–91
20 Magarey’s diary
21 AWM Private records collection, Exhibition Documents, 1320179
22 ATIS 6/4 Interrogation Reports No. 157; prisoner Iwasa Koji
23 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 38, Nankai Shitai Orders, 13 May–10 July 1942, incl. Notes on the Handling of New Natives
24 Ibid.
25 Allen and Tamura, Attitudes of Japanese troops towards villagers and the supply of food in the inland Aitape-wewak Campaign, Papua New Guinea 1942–45 (essay), p. 7
26 Hiromitsu Iwamoto, Memories and Realities of Japanese Occupation of New Guinea, p. 9)
27 Ibid.
28 Bullard, Japanese Medical Corps in the Papua campaigns, 1942–1943, (essay), p. 3
Chapter 21: Buckler
1 In Russell, The 2/14th Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 148
2 See Benson, Prisoner’s Base and Home Again, and McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau
3 ATIS Advanced Echelon, No. 1, Subsequent Preliminary Interrogation of POW JA 145118, p. 3
4 McCarthy, p. 218
5 The 2/14th Battalion
6 Buckler’s diary, Buckler Papers, p. 20
7 Ibid., p. 16
8 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 160
9 Buckler’s diary, p. 26
10 OPS Report by Captain S.H. Buckler, 12 Oct 42, AWM 419/14/2
11 Buckler’s diary, p. 34
12 Ibid., p. 38
13 Ibid., p. 43
14 Ibid., p. 68
15 Paull, p. 162
16 From New York Herald Tribune, reprinted in Sydney Morning Herald, 15 October 1942
17 Buckler’s diary, p. 79
18 Colonel Lawrence A. Quinn to Colonel Byers, chief of staff First Army Corps, Brisbane, Buckler Papers, AWM 419/14/2, p. 7
19 Ibid.
Chapter 22: Myola
1 Nakahashi, War History of the Force which was sent to the South Seas, translated by Lt F.C. Jorgensen, p. 10, AWM PR00297
2 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 33, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders, 16 Aug–15 Oct 1942
3 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 217
4 Interview with Keith Norrish, 6 September 2002
5 Interviews with Frank Taylor, October 2003
6 McCarthy, p. 218
7 Blamey Papers
8 McCarthy, p. 219
9 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 190
10 ATIS Bulletin No. 358, diary of Sakomoto
11 7th Australian Division Messages Dealing With “Maroubra Force” Operations Kokoda—June To Oct 1942, AWM54 577/6/4
Chapter 23: Brigade Hill
1 Allen Papers
2 See Carlyon’s description of MacArthur wearing his white silk pyjamas and black dressing gown, in I Remember Blamey, p. 115
3 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 225
4 Ibid.
5 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 150
6 McCarthy, p. 225
7 See Rowell’s assessment of the situation in Full Circle, pp. 121–3
8 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 155
9 The precise location of Potts’s HQ is unclear, but Frank Taylor’s calculations place it at the southern end of the summit of Brigade Hill. Bill James, author of Before Memories Fade, an excellent historical guide to the battlefields, places it a few hundred yards north
10 Edgar, Warrior of Kokoda, p. 163
11 Frank McLean Papers
12 Ibid., p. 166
13 ATIS Bulletin No. 358, diary of Sakomoto; see also Paull, p. 199
14 Burns, The Brown and Blue Diamond at War—The Story of the 2/27th Battalion, A.I.F., pp. 117–18
15 In Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 156
16 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 198
17 Uren, A Thousand Men at War—The Story of the 2/16th Battalion, A.I.F, p. 148
18 Ibid., p. 149
19 Steward, Recollections of a Regimental Medical Officer, p. 127
20 ATIS Bulletin No. 358, diary of Sakomoto
21 In Paull, p. 199, and ATIS diaries
22 Burns, p. 118
23 Ibid.
24 Steward, p. 127
25 Allen Papers
26 Rowell to Vasey, 8 September 1942, AWM 54 225/2/5
27 Allen Papers.
28 ATIS Bulletin No. 358, diary of Sakomoto
Chapter 24: Rout
1 Wilmot, Observations On Japanese Tactics, Kokoda Front Aug 1942. From: APX “B” to 7 Aust Div SG34/4/111, AWM54 577/7/29
2 Paull, p. 201
3 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 33, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders, 16 Aug–15 Oct 1942
4 Vernon’s diary, p. 17
5 Ibid.
6 Compared with a normal, combined strength of about 2000; see McCarthy, p. 224, and Uren, p. 151
7 Steward, Recollections of a Regimental Medical Officer, p. 128
8 Ibid., p. 130
9 McAulay, Blood and Iron, p. 248
10 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 217
11 Ibid., p. 204
12 Porter Papers
13 Steward, p. 132
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid., p. 133
16 Ibid.
17 Memoir of Service of Major A.E. Moore of 2/14 & 2/16 Bns, PR 85/275, AWM 419/72/9, p. 95
18 Ibid., p. 478
19 In The War Cry, official journal of the Salvation Army in Australia, Melbourne 9 January 1943; cutting in Moore’s memoirs
20 Moore’s memoirs, p. 111
21 Ibid., p. 112
22 Ibid., p. 111
Chapter 25: The Lost Battalion
1 Frank McLean Papers, gratefully made available by his son, Robert
2 Burns, The Brown and Blue Diamond at War—The Story of the 2/27th Battalion, A.I.F., p. 124
3 Ibid.
4 See Burns’ diary, in The Brown and Blue Diamond at War—The Story of the 2/27th Battalion, A.I.F.
Chapter 26: Ioribaiwa and Imita Ridge
1 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 158
2 Horner, Blamey, p. 324; and sourced to interviews with Richard and Brian Honner, 2003
3 Wilmot, Observations on the New Guinea Campaign Aug 26th—Sept 26th 1942, Wilmot Papers, and in Allen Papers
4 Wilmot Papers
5 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 159
6 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 148
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid., p. 144
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid., p. 144
12 McAulay, Blood and Iron, p. 202
13 ATIS Bulletin No. 358, diary of Sakomoto
14 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 33, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders, 16 Aug–15 Oct 1942
15 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 221
16 Porter papers.
17 ATIS Enemy Publications No. 33
18 Russell, The 2/14 Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 171
19 Steward, p. 135
20 See Rowell, Full Circle, p. 121
21 Ibid.
22 Nakahashi, War History of the Force which was sent to the South Seas, translated by Lt F.C Jorgensen, p. 13, AWM PR00297
23 Okada, Lost Troops, p. 24
24 Nakahashi, p. 13
25 As mentioned in a letter by General Tanaka to A.D. Robertson, 1973
26 Nakahashi, War History of the Force which was sent to the South Seas, translated by Lt F.C. Jorgensen, AWM PR00297
27 Paull, p. 223
28 Vernon’s diary, p. 20
29 Ibid.
30 Allen Papers
31 Rowell, p. 123
32 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 155
33 Paull, p. 256
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Rowell, p. 115; see also AWM 577/3/1
38 Allen Papers
39 Sir Keith Murdoch, chief publicity censor, 22 September 1942, CAB 40, A5954 Box 537
40 Blamey Papers
41 Rowell Papers
42 Horner, Blamey, p. 325
43 Dept of Defence, Higher Army Directions of Operations In New Guinea, CRS A5954/69 266/1
44 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 166
45 Ibid., p. 155; see also Thomson, Winning with Intelligence, p. 156
46 Headquarters 2/14 Australian Infantry Battalion Report on a Recent Investigation to Ascertain the Standard of Fitness in the Battalion, 3 October, 1942, AWM54 420/2/2
Chapter 27: Press
1 Blamey Papers, 2/116
2 Daily Telegraph, 23 September 1942
3 See, for example, in Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, pp. 259–62
4 Blamey Papers, 27 May 1942, 2/115
5 Personal Papers of Prime Minister Curtin, CRS M1415/1
6 William Dunstan VC, general manager of the Melbourne Herald, wrote to Rowell to report these words of one of his correspondents.
7 Daily Telegraph, 10 Sept 1942, p. 8
8 Ibid., 23 September 1942, p. 6
9 Australia’s Overseas Defence Forces, War Correspondents, War Records and Broadcasters. Press Photography in Combat Areas, CRS A5954 610/1
10 Ibid.
11 Personal Papers of Prime Minister Curtin, CRS M1415/1
12 Ibid.
13 Curtin telegraphed the Australian Newspaper Proprietors Association on 28 May 1942, supporting the ‘blanketing of speculation’, as cited in a letter from Errol Knox of Dept of Army, Director General of Public Relations, June 1942; see Blamey Papers, 2/115
14 Blamey Papers, 2/116
15 Australia’s Overseas Defence Forces, War Correspondents, War Records and Broadcasters. Press Photography in Combat Areas, CRS A5954 610/1
16 Ibid.
17 Okada, Lost Troops, AWM 492/7/22
18 Ibid., p. 14
19 ATIS Information Request Reports No. 79, 28 Aug 1943, AWM 55 12/1–12/23
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 ATIS Current Translations No. 279
Chapter 28: Blamey and Rowell
1 Horner, Blamey, p. 329
2 Horner, Crisis of Command, pp. 165–6
3 Ibid., p. 166
4 Horner, Blamey, p. 327
5 Interview with Lex McAulay, May 2002
6 See Horner, Blamey, p. 327; Crisis of Command, p. 170; Hetherington, Blamey: Controversial Soldier; and Lodge, Lavarack: Rival General
7 Dept Of Defence, Higher Army Directions of Operations in New Guinea, Advisory War Council Minute, Canberra 24 September 1942, CRS A5954/69 266/1
8 Horner, Blamey, p. 327
9 Carlyon, I Remember Blamey, p. 105
10 Ibid.
11 Dept Of Defence, Higher Army Directions of Operations in New Guinea, Advisory War Council Minute, Canberra 24 September 1942, Dept of Defence Co-Ordination, Minute Paper—Senior Commanders, to Curtin, re: Rowell & Blamey, CRS A5954/69 266/1
12 Carlyon, p. 78
13 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 170
14 Ibid., p. 171
15 Rowell, Full Circle, p. 126
16 Carlyon, p. 106
17 Rowell, p. 127
18 See The Jap Was Thrashed, written and published by Blamey’s PR department
19 Rowell, p. 129
20 Horner, Blamey, p. 330
21 Ibid.
22 Blamey Papers 2/138
23 Dept Of Defence, Higher Army Directions of Operations in New Guinea, Advisory War Council Minute, Canberra 24 September 1942, CRS A5954/69 266/1
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid., Blamey to Rowell, 28 September 1942
26 Ibid., Blamey to Curtin and MacArthur, 28 September 1942
27 Rowell, p. 131
28 Horner, Blamey, p. 332
29 Correspondence Relating to the Relinquishing of Commands by Lt Gen SF Rowell and Maj Gen AS Allen 1942, Letter Rowell to Allen, 11 October 42, Allen Papers, 3DRL No. 2381 AWM 419/3/1
30 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 318
31 Dept Of Defence, Higher Army Directions of Operations in New Guinea, Letter from Rowell to HQ, Australian Military Forces, For CGS, 14 October 42, CRS A5954/69 266/1
32 Rowell, p. 137
33 Carlyon, p. 108
34 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 185
35 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 255
36 Blamey to Curtin, 27 December 42, CRS A5954/69 266/1
Chapter 29: ‘Rabbits’
1 Wilmot, Observations on Ops of Maroubra Force, 25–31 Aug 42 & Observations on the New Guinea Campaign, Aug 26 —Sept 26 42, Allen Papers, 3DRL No. 2381 AWM 419/3/1
2 Edgar, Warrior of Kokoda, p. 196
3 Ibid., pp. 190, 192
4 Blamey Papers
5 Edgar, pp. 192–3
6 Ibid., p. 199
7 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 190
8 Edgar, p. 209
9 Ibid., p. 204
10 Carlyon, I Remember Blamey, pp. 110–11
11 Ibid., p. 111
12 Ibid., see also Hetherington Papers, AWM 419/47/24
13 In Brune, Those Ragged Bloody Heroes, p. 200
14 Steward, Recollections of a Regimental Medical Officer, p. 147
15 Carlyon, p. 111
16 Brune, p. 202
17 Horner, Blamey, p. 353
18 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 258
19 According to Carlyon, in interview with John Hetherington, Hetherington Papers, AWM 419/47/24
20 Russell, p. 181
21 Steward, p. 148
22 McCarthy, p. 334
23 Ibid.
24 Carlyon, p. 111
PART 4: COUNTEROFFENSIVE
Chapter 30: Civilians
1 Day, The Politics of War, p. 263
2 Hasluck, The Government and the People, Volume 2, p. 284
3 In Australian newspapers, 17 November 1941
4 Horner, Blamey, p. 253
5 Daily Telegraph, 31 July 1942, p. 4
6 Sydney Morning Herald, 28 July 1942
7 Hasluck, p. 67
8 Day, The Politics of War, p. 271
9 Interview with Lex McAulay, May 2002
10 Day, Curtin, p. 450
11 Hasluck, p. 10
12 Ibid., p. 271
13 Sydney Morning Herald, 4 September 1942, p. 9
14 Hasluck, p. 65
15 Ibid., p. 125
16 McKernan, All In—Fighting the War at Home, see chapter 5, ‘The Real War’
17 Hasluck, p. 277
18 Phillips, ‘The Homefront’ 1942–1945, p. 12
19 Hasluck, p. 65
20 See The Great Australian Stupor
21 Sydney Morning Herald, 4 October 1942, p. 4
22 Hasluck, p. 274
23 Sydney Morning Herald, 12 September 1942, p. 7
24 Connell, The War at Home, p. 114
25 Hasluck, p. 127
26 Sydney Morning Herald, 3 September 1942, p. 3
27 Hasluck, p. 126
28 At the height of the war, NSW provided 17,468 coal miners out of a total of 23,503
29 From 100 strikes in January 1941 to about 180 by the end of 1942—Hasluck, pp. 604–05
30 Interview with Major-General Paul Cullen, 22 July and 11 September 2002
31 Hasluck, p. 281
32 Ibid., p. 270
33 By June 1942, there were 88,000 American troops in Australia, excluding navy
34 Connell, p. 115
35 Blamey Papers 2/7
36 Ibid.
37 ‘Far Eastern Liaison Office (FELO)—Propaganda in the South West Pacific Area in the Second World War,’ paper by Emma Jones, AWM
38 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 50. ‘Ek Dum’ was a pseudonym used by Malcolm Ellis
39 Hatred As An Instrument Of War Policy, Menzies’ speech
40 ATIS 5/8 Enemy Publications
41 ATIS 5/4 Enemy Publications Nos 44–48, True Examples of War Living—Contest Winners
42 Ibid.
Chapter 31: Hunger
1 Okada, Lost Troops, p. 14
2 Japanese Monographs No. 37, p. 18, National Library, Canberra
3 ATIS Bulletin No. 358, diary of Sakomoto
4 Robertson, MA Thesis, Report on Operations—Owen Stanley Range, 15 August to 20 September, 1942
5 Okada, Lost Troops
6 Paull, p. 227
7 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 33, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders, 16 Aug–15 Oct 1942
8 Ibid.
9 Okada, p. 15
10 Ibid.
11 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 33, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders, 16 Aug–15 Oct 1942
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 174
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid., p. 175
17 See General Tanaka, in Robertson, MA Thesis
18 ATIS Research Report 76 (Part VI), The Disgrace of Illness, AWM 55 12/53
19 Ibid.
20 As Yamaguchi Masahiro, a medical orderly with the Nankai Shitai, discovered.
21 ATIS Research Report 76 (Part VI), The Disgrace of Illness, AWM 55 12/53
22 ATIS 5/2 Enemy Publications No. 24, Records of No. 67 Eastern New Guinea Giruwa L. of C. Hospital, compiled by Army Medical Officer First Lieutenant Okubo Fukunobo, 10 July 43
23 ATIS Bulletin No. 358, diary of Sakomoto
24 Notes On and Lessons From Recent Operations In Gona And Sanananda Areas by Lt-Col R. Honner—Comd 39 Aust Inf Bn, AWM 54, 581/7/19
25 See www.kensmen.com
26 Allen Papers
27 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 54, 6/2, Inagaki Riichi
28 ATIS, Horie Operation Order No.. 35, in Nankai Shitai report, Violation of Transport Regulations, Deniki, 1500 hours, 2 Oct 42
29 Rinzo, History of the New Guinea War (Niyuuginia Senki)
30 Ibid.
31 According to General Tanaka, in Robertson MA Thesis
32 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 33, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders, 16 Aug–15 Oct 1942
Chapter 32: Retreat
1 ATIS Spot Report No. 2, Message of Instruction, Horii Tomitaro, 20 September 1942, Wamai, New Guinea
2 Okada, Lost Troops, p. 16
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Takida Kenji, The Pacific is Burning
6 Interview with Imanishi Sadaharu, October 2003
7 Okada, p. 17
8 Nakahashi, War History of the Force which was sent to the South Seas, translated by Lt F.C. Jorgensen, p. 14, AWM PR00297
9 Okada, p. 17
10 ATIS Bulletin No. 358, diary of Sakomoto
11 For description, see Gower, Guns of the Regiment
12 Diary of Sakomoto
13 Ibid.
14 Okada, p. 18
15 Ibid., p. 19
16 Nakahashi, p. 39
17 Ibid.
18 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 182
19 Ibid.
20 Diary of Sakomoto
Chapter 33: MacArthur
1 From diary kept for Maj Gen A.S. Allen, 7th Aust Division, by Lieut Fayle ADC, 22 Aug 1942—18 Feb 1943, Allen Papers
2 Allen Papers
3 Report by the Minister for the Army [Frank Forde] on his visit to the New Guinea Theatre of Operations, 1 October 1942 — 4 October 1942, AWM 54
4 Ibid.
5 Fayle diary, Allen Papers
6 Messages and reports, principally between Generals Blamey and MacArthur, on planning and strategy in the recapturing of Kokoda, and build up of allied forces at Milne bay and Wanigela, for subsequent assault on Buna, AWM54, 577/3/1
7 Fayle diary
8 McAulay, Blood and Iron, p. 329
9 Jungle Warfare, 6th Australian Division, Training Instruction No. 11, pp. 6–14
10 Interview with Major-General Paul Cullen, 11 September 2002
11 The Kokoda Trail 1942, by Lieutenant A.N. Black, p. 5; in Papers of Lieutenant A.N. Black, AWM PRO 1960
12 Allen Papers
13 Nelson, ‘Kokoda: The Track from History to Politics’
14 Horner, General Vasey’s War, p. 194
15 Allen Papers
16 Ibid.
17 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 280
18 Ibid.
19 Fayle diary, Allen Papers
20 Capt H.T. Kienzle, Report On Kokoda L. of C., Native Carriers during Campaign Owen Stanley Range, Kokoda–Buna, Feb 1943, ANGAU N.G.F., AWM 54 577/6/8
21 Ibid.
22 Givney (ed.), The First at War—The Story of the 2/1st Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 240
23 Vernon’s diary, p. 21
24 Ibid., p. 23
Chapter 34: Pursuit
1 McAulay, Blood and Iron, p. 285
2 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 190
3 Ibid., p. 192
4 Ibid.
5 Interview with Merv Roberts, 24 July 2002
6 Crooks, p. 192
7 Allen Papers
8 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 270
9 Allen Papers
10 Ibid.
11 ATIS Current Translation 168, Medical Report submitted to South Seas Detachment by Yazawa Butai—Soputa— 20 Nov 42
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Johnston, War Diary, 1942, p. 98
15 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 9, Okino Jiro, Kusunose Butai
16 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 18, Katsukura Kanemidzu, No. 5 Special Naval Landing Party
17 Okada, Lost Troops, pp. 18–19
18 Bergerud, Touched by Fire, p. 139
Chapter 35: Biscuit Bombers
1 Papers of Brig Maj-Gen SHWC Porter, AWM PR00527, Box 14
2 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 190
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 264
6 Allen Papers, AWM 419/3/9 1/7 3DRL No. 2381
7 Ibid.
8 Messages and reports, principally between Generals Blamey and MacArthur, on planning and strategy in the recapturing of Kokoda, and build up of allied forces at Milne Bay and Wanigela, for subsequent assault on Buna, AWM54, 577/3/1
9 Allen Papers
10 Blamey Papers—New Guinea Ops, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/47
11 Allen Papers
12 Ibid.
13 Horner, Blamey, p. 343
14 See full text, in Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 202
15 Papers of Lieutenant A.N. Black, p. 8, AWM PRO 1960
16 In Bergerud, Touched with Fire, p. 240
17 See Raftery, Marks of War—War Neurosis and the Legacy of Kokoda, for excellent examination of psychological effects
18 Allen Papers
Chapter 36: Anthropophagy
1 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 271
2 Johnston, War Diary, 1942, p. 109
3 ATIS Bulletin No. 358, diary of Sakomoto
4 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 210
5 McCarthy, p. 271
6 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 274
7 In ATIS 12/50 Part 1, Japanese Violations of the Laws of War, 29 April 1944
8 Johnston, Fighting the Enemy, p. 100
9 Givney (ed.), The First at War—The Story of the 2/1st Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 288
10 Paull, p. 273
11 Barter, Far Above Battle, p. 205
12 Johnston, p. 101
13 ATIS Document No. 80107, Exhibit H, Japanese Violations of the Laws of War, AWM 55 12/50, Parts 2 & 3
14 Ibid., Supplement 1, 19 March 1945
15 ATIS Document No. 80107, interview with Japanese soldier in Aitape, northwestern New Guinea, 1945
Chapter 37: Templeton’s Crossing
1 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 195
2 The 2/33rd and 2/25th of the 25th Brigade—see Crooks, p. 197
3 Ibid.
4 B & C companies, 2/33rd Battalion
5 Crooks, p. 199
6 C Coy, 2/33rd Battalion
7 Crooks, p. 196
8 Ibid.
9 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 284
10 Crooks, p. 197
11 See Wick, Purple Over Green—The History of the 2/2 Australian Infantry battalion 1939–1945, pp. 225–7
12 Givney (ed.), The First at War—The Story of the 2/1st Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 262
13 Wick, p. 228
14 Ibid.
15 Rowell to Allen, 11 October 1942, Allen Papers, AWM 419/3/9 1/7 3DRL No. 2381
16 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 199
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 To Blamey from MacArthur, forwarded to Allen, 17 October 1942, Blamey Papers, New Guinea Ops, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/47
20 Blamey Papers
21 Horner, Blamey, p. 346
22 Allen to Blamey, 22 October 1942, Allen Papers
23 Allen Papers
1 Okada, Lost Troops, p. 20
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid., p. 21
4 Givney (ed.), The First at War—The Story of the 2/1st Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 286
5 Okada, p. 20
6 Ibid.
7 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 287
8 Givney, p. 267
9 Ibid.
10 McAulay described this as a German machine pistol, commonly called a Schmeisser
11 Givney, p. 268
12 Ibid., p. 271
13 Ibid., p. 270
14 Ibid., p. 269
15 Ibid., p. 269
16 Ibid.,p. 278
17 Clift, War Dance—The Story of the 2/3 Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 297
18 McCarthy, p. 295
19 Givney, pp. 285–7
20 ATIS Current Translations Nos 26–35, 3/3, Comdr Yazawa Butai to Nankai Shitai Comdr; file containing work and operation orders, dated 30 Sep 42 to 28 Dec 42, belonging to Yazawa Butai
21 Ibid.
22 Allen Papers, AWM 419/3/9 1/7 3DRL No. 2381
23 Ibid.
24 Horner, Blamey, p. 351
25 McCarthy, p. 302
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid., p. 303
28 ATIS Enemy Publication No. 33, Nankai Shitai Operational Orders, 16 Aug–15 Oct 1942
29 Clift, p. 308
30 McCarthy, p. 306
31 Ibid.
32 Interview with Major-General Paul Cullen, 11 September, 2002
33 Allen Papers
34 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 278
35 The 2/4th Field Ambulance, then responsible for the forward areas, had the support of the 2/6th Field Ambulance, the 14th Field Ambulance, and the 2/9th General Hospital at Port Moresby. See McCarthy, p. 277
36 Fayle diary, Allen Papers
37 McCarthy, p. 317
38 Provision of Aircraft for Air Ambulances in New Guinea, 31 December 42–7 April 43, CRS A5954/1 230/13
Chapter 39: Vasey
1 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 87
2 Hetherington, ‘Bloody George’, p. 1
3 Horner, General Vasey’s War, p. 208
4 Ibid., p. 23
5 In Horner, p. 26
6 Hetherington, p. 8
7 Norris, No Memory For Pain, pp. 169–70
8 In Horner, p. 62
9 Ibid., p. 100
10 Ibid., p. 101
11 Herring Papers, 12/9
Chapter 40: Kokoda Regained
1 Vasey to his wife, in Horner, General Vasey’s War, p. 208
2 Ibid., p. 209
3 Of the 2/6th Independent Company
4 The 37th Division
5 Nakahashi, War History of the Force which was sent to the South Seas, translated by Lt F.C. Jorgensen, p. 17, AWM PR00297
6 Ibid., p. 20
7 Of an initial strength of 744 and 797 men respectively—Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 289
8 ATIS 3/5 Current Translations Nos 51–64, diary of medical officer, Lieutenant Hayashi Hiroyuki, Tate Butai
9 ATIS Bulletin No. 192, address delivered by Horii Tomitaro at Ilimo, 1 November 1942, found in field diary belonging to Hozumi Butai
10 Blamey to MacArthur, 30 October 1942, Blamey Papers, New Guinea Ops, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/47
11 Horner, General Vasey’s War, p. 209
12 Of the 2/31st Battalion
13 Paull, p. 287
14 Capt H.T. Kienzle, Report On Kokoda L. of C., Native Carriers during Campaign Owen Stanley Range, Kokoda–Buna, Feb 1943, ANGAU N.G.F., AWM 54 577/6/8
15 Vernon’s diary, p. 24
16 Ibid.
17 Kienzle Report
18 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 321
19 ATIS 5/2 Enemy Publications No. 24, Records of No. 67 Eastern New Guinea Giruwa L. of C. Hospital, compiled by Army Medical Officer First Lieutenant Okubo Fukunobo, 10 July 43
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
Chapter 41: Oivi–Gorari
1 Horner, General Vasey’s War, p. 213
2 Ibid., p. 212
3 The 25th
4 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 323
5 Givney (ed.), The First at War—The Story of the 2/1st Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 292
6 The 2/25th Battalion of the 25th Brigade
7 McCarthy, p. 325
8 ATIS Bulletin No. 358, diary of Sakomoto
9 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 226
10 McCarthy, pp. 325–8
11 Crooks, p. 225
12 Ibid.
13 Givney, p. 302
14 On 18 August 1967
15 Blamey to Shedden, 14 November 1942, NAA A5954 Box 532
16 The 2/31st Battalion of the 25th Brigade
17 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 16, Yamamoto Kiyoshi, farm hand, Yamanaka Butai. He is not to be confused with the surgeon by the same name, who wrote Yokogotoku; Kaigun Yasuda Butai Buna gyokusai no tenmatsu, Seiunsha, Tokyo, 1985
18 Givney, p. 305
19 Bergerud, Touched with Fire, p. 143
20 Horner, General Vasey’s War, p. 214
Chapter 42: Horii
1 Nakahashi, War History of the Force which was sent to the South Seas, translated by Lt F.C. Jorgensen, AWM PR00297
2 Rinzo, p. 118
3 Ibid.
4 Interview with Imanishi Sadaharu, October 2003
5 Nakahashi, p. 41
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Horner, General Vasey’s War, p. 215
10 16th Brigade War Diary
11 Horner, General Vasey’s War, p. 215
Chapter 43: Catterns
1 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 386
2 Interview with Basil Catterns, September 2004
3 McCarthy, p. 389
4 Givney (ed.), The First at War—The Story of the 2/1st Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 316
5 McCarthy, p. 390
6 Ibid.
7 Givney, p. 316
8 Ibid., p. 319
9 Interview with Catterns, August 2002
10 Givney, p. 320
11 Ibid., p. 321
12 Ibid.
13 McCarthy, p. 391
14 Interview with Catterns, August 2002
15 Ibid.
This chapter draws extensively on dialogue in Okada Seizo’s Lost Troops
PART 5: ANNIHILATION
Chapter 45: Gona
1 Barter, Far Above Battle, p. 197
2 Blamey to Shedden, 30 November 1942, NAA A5954 Box 532
3 Yoshihara Tsutomu, Southern Cross: Account Of The Eastern New Guinea Campaign, translated by Doris Heath, AWM F940.541352 MON 1521
4 Austen, To Kokoda and Beyond, p. 189
5 War Diary, 2/6 Independent Company
6 Washington to Landforces, Melbourne, US Army Intelligence estimate of Japanese strengths and capabilities in SWPA as at 18 Nov 1942, Blamey Papers, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/56
7 Sir Earle Page, in 1945
8 Blamey to Herring, Blamey Papers
9 Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 18
10 ‘…in war today, victory depends on the advancement of the bomber line’—Kenney, The MacArthur I Know, p. 120
11 Porter Papers, AWM PR00527 Box 10
12 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau
13 Ibid., p. 434
14 ATIS Bulletin No. 47, 1/1, Item 2
15 ATIS Bulletin No. 229, Yokoyama Detachment
16 ATIS 5/2 Enemy Publications No. 24, Records of No. 67 Eastern New Guinea Giruwa L. of C. Hospital, compiled by Army Medical Officer First Lieutenant Okubo Fukunobo, 10 July 43
17 Ibid.
18 ATIS Bulletin No. 229, Yokoyama Detachment
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Hetherington Papers, 1.12.70, AWM 419/47/24
22 The 3rd Battalion of the 170th Infantry Regiment
23 ATIS Bulletins, Yamagata speech, 25 Nov 1942
24 Appendix to 2/16th Battalion War Diary, in McCarthy, p. 439
Chapter 46: Koitaki Factor
1 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, pp. 423–4
2 Richard Honner, in letter to the author, 7 October 2003
3 Horner, Blamey, p. 367
4 McCarthy, p. 422
5 Russell, The 2/14th Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 183
6 Horner, in The Australian, 20 March 1998
7 Ibid.
8 The 2/14th and 2/27th Battalions, AIF
9 The 2/16 AIF and 3rd Militia Battalion
10 Burns, The Brown and Blue Diamond at War—The Story of the 2/27th Battalion, A.I.F., p. 147
11 Examples taken from various battalion histories and war diaries
12 Honner, The Koitaki Factor
Chapter 47: Honner
1 Uren, A Thousand Men at War—The Story of the 2/16th Battalion, A.I.F, p. 177
2 For a full biography of Honner, see Brune, Band of Brothers
3 Notes on and Lessons from Recent Operations in Gona And Sanananda Areas, by Lt-Col R. Honner—Comd 39 Aust Inf Bn, AWM 54 581/7/19
4 Ibid.
5 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 431
6 ATIS Current Translations Nos 51–64 3/5, diary, unknown owner, found Gona, 8 December 1942
7 Herring to Blamey, 6 December 42, Blamey Papers, AWM 3DRL6643
8 McCarthy, p. 441
9 See Honner, ‘This is the 39th’
10 Herring to Blamey, 9 December 1942, Blamey Papers
11 Blamey to Shedden, Blamey Papers
12 Blamey to Herring, 16 December 1943, Blamey Papers
13 Outline Appreciation Enemy Activity, Mambare–Kumusi–Amboga River Mouth Areas, 15 December 42, Blamey Papers
14 Russell, The 2/14th Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 206
15 McCarthy, p. 448
16 Russell, pp. 207–08
17 War Diary, 2/16 Battalion
18 Honner, AWM 54 581/7/19
19 Paull, Retreat From Kokoda, p. 295
20 Honner, Gona Campaign 39 Bn—An Account by Lieutenant-Colonel R. Honner, AWM 54 581/7/19
21 Herring to Blamey, 11 December 1942, Blamey Papers
22 Frank McLean’s Private Papers
23 Blamey letter to Fred Shedden, Dept of Defence, 15 December 1942, Blamey Papers
Chapter 48: Mosquito
1 Bullard, Japanese Medical Corps in the Papua campaigns, 1942–1943 (essay), p. 6
2 An Allied sub-committee of tropical disease at a meeting concluded in early October 42, Blamey Papers, 3DRL/6643 84/141
3 CRS A2671 205/1942
4 Blamey Papers
5 Burston to Blamey, 10 December, Blamey Papers
6 Ibid.
7 Blamey Papers
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Bergerud, Touched with Fire, p. 91
11 Bullard, p. 8
12 Crooks, in Bergerud, pp. 91–2
13 Bullard, p. 7
14 Bergerud, p. 98
15 Ibid., p. 96
16 Bullard, p. 13
17 Blamey to Curtin, Department of Defence Co-Ordination: United States Forces In New Guinea Campaign—Assessment By Commander-In-Chief, Australian Military Forces, 4 December 1942, NAA A5954 654/26
18 Blamey to Shedden, 4 December 1942, NAA A5954 Box 532
19 Bullard, p. 6
20 Ibid., p. 7
21 Ibid., p. 8
Chapter 49: Americans
1 Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 12
2 Eichelberger, p. 22
3 Bergerud, p. 148
4 Milner, Victory in Papua, p. 138
5 Ibid.
6 Information on Emergency Withdrawal Routes, Kokoda-Kumusi River-Owen Stanley Area, with Reference Maps—Submitted by HQ 32 Infantry Division (USA), 5 November 1942, AWM 54 422/7/8
7 Correspondence Relating to the Relinquishing of Commands Lt Gen SF Rowell and Maj Gen AS Allen 1942, Allen Papers, AWM 419/3/1 1/7 3DRL No. 2381
8 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 368
9 Horner, Blamey, p. 362
10 Blamey to MacArthur, 16 November 1942, Blamey Papers, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/47
11 Blamey Papers
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
Chapter 50: Buna
1 ATIS Current Translations 3/2, diary belonging to a soldier in the 5th Sasebo SNLP, 15 May—24 Dec 1942
2 Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 20
3 1st Battalion, 128th Regiment, 32nd Division, US Army
4 Milner, Victory in Papua, p. 175
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid., p. 176
8 Long, MacArthur: as Military Commander, pp. 113–14
9 H.M. Smith and H.A. Smith led the II/126th and II/128th battalions respectively
10 Milner, p. 184
11 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 365
12 Colonel Herbert A Smith to Milner, in Milner, p. 187
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Horner, Blamey, p. 363
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid., p. 360
18 Ibid., p. 361
19 See Kenney, The MacArthur I Know
20 Horner, Blamey, p. 361
21 Blamey to Shedden, 30 November 1942, NAA A5954 Box 532
22 Blamey to Shedden, 4 Dec 1942, NAA A5954, Box 532
23 Blamey Papers, AWM 3DRL/6643
24 Odell letter, quoted in Milner, p. 192
25 Mayo, Bloody Buna, p. 116
26 ATIS Bulletin Nos. 26–35, 3/3, Yamagata’s Address to Troops, 27 November 1942
27 ATIS Bulletins 100–199 1/2, Notes recorded on signal message pad, kept by Nakajima. 30 December 1942, Moto Butai Hq
28 ATIS 5/8 Enemy Publications No. 97, Handwritten notebook containing notes from lectures given at the naval war college to members of Michi force on infantry tactics and combat methods, dated 2 February to 14 May 1943
29 ATIS Bulletin Nos. 26–35, 3/3, Diary presumably belonging to 1st Lieut Suganuma, 3–15 December 42, Buna Area
Chapter 51: Eichelberger
1 Long, MacArthur: as Military Commander, p. 115
2 See Milner, Victory in Papua, for full account
3 Herring to Blamey, 30 November 1942, Blamey Papers, 3DRL/6643 2/135
4 Blamey to Herring, 30 November 1942, Blamey Papers
5 Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 20
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid., p. 21
8 Milner, Victory in Papua, p. 204
9 Ibid.
10 Eichelberger, p. 21
11 Ibid., p. 22
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Milner, pp. 196–7
15 Eichelberger, p. 24
16 Ibid., p. 25
17 Ibid., p. 26
18 Ibid., p. 34
19 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 375
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid., p. 376
22 Eichelberger, p. 32
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Odell’s account, in Mayo, Bloody Buna, p. 123
26 See Eichelberger’s full account
Chapter 52: Tanks
1 Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, pp. 42–3
2 ATIS Bulletin No. 229, Yokoyama address to troops, 28 November 1942
3 Herring to Blamey, 11 December 1942, Blamey Papers, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/135
4 Ibid.
5 Eichelberger, p. 38
6 Ibid.
7 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 44, Sato Testsuro, shot in right eye at Gona, 18 December 1942
8 Comprising the 2/9th, 2/10th and 2/12th Australian Infantry Battalions
9 Baker & Knight, Milne Bay 1942, p. 88
10 Ibid.
11 Spencer, In the Footsteps of Ghosts: With the 2/9th Battalion in the African Desert and the Jungles of the Pacific, p. 126
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid., p. 126
14 Milner, Victory in Papua, p. 263
15 Spencer, p. 126
16 Blamey Papers, 3DRL/6643 2/135
17 Yamamoto, Kiyoshi, Yokogotoku; Kaigun Yasuda Butai Buna gyokusai no tenmatsu, Seiunsha, Tokyo, 1985, pp. 181–3
18 ATIS Bulletin No. 80, diary of leading private Uchiyama Seiichi, 9 October–24 December 1942
19 ATIS Bulletin No. 195
20 See Allchin, Purple and Blue—The History of the 2/10th Battalion, A.I.F.
21 Milner, p. 274
Chapter 53: Christmas
1 Milner, Victory in Papua, p. 291
2 Herring to Blamey, 18 December 1942, Blamey Papers, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/135
3 Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 313
4 In Nakahashi, War History of the Force which was sent to the South Seas, translated by Lt F.C. Jorgensen, AWM PR00297
5 Ibid., p. 56
6 ATIS 3/3 Current Translations Nos. 26–35, diary of Wada Kiyoshi, 144th Regiment signalman, 18 December–18 January 1942
7 Wada’s diary
8 Mayo, Bloody Buna, p. 155
9 Austin, To Kokoda and Beyond, p. 220
10 Spencer, In the Footsteps of Ghosts: With the 2/9th Battalion in the African Desert and the Jungles of the Pacific, p. 140
11 Herring to Blamey, 21 December 1942, Blamey Papers
12 Blamey to Herring, 21 December 1942, Blamey Papers
13 Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 47
14 Ibid., p. 48
15 Milner, p. 300
16 Eichelberger, p. 48
17 See the last telegrams of the Yasuda Unit on 28 December 1942, in Yamamoto, Yokogotoku; Kaigun Yasuda Butai Buna gyokusai no tenmatsu, pp.140–2
18 Yoshihara, Southern Cross: Account Of The Eastern New Guinea Campaign, translated by Doris Heath, p. 12, AWM F940.541352 MON 1521
19 Ibid., p. 13
20 Comment by Marutani Hajime, translator of military history, on Yasuda telegrams
21 Yamamoto, Yokogotoku; Kaigun Yasuda Butai Buna gyokusai no tenmatsu, p. 405
22 Ibid., pp. 247–8
23 Ibid., pp. 185–7
24 Ibid., p. 405
25 Ibid., p. 410
26 Ibid., pp. 162–3
27 Yoshihara, p. 23
28 Ibid., p. 26
29 ATIS 6/2 Interrogation Report No. 51B, Chang Yock, 24, street hawker in Hong Kong
30 Mayo, p. 167
31 In Manchester, American Caesar, p. 327
Chapter 54: Sanananda
1 ATIS Spot Report No. 45 2/1, A Message to the Troops by Lieutenant-General Adachi, commander of the Eighteenth Army
2 Bergerud, Touched with Fire, p. 370
3 Allchin, Purple and Blue—The History of the 2/10th Battalion, A.I.F. p. 325
4 Hartley, Sanananda Interlude, p. 35
5 Blamey to Herring, 13 December 1942, Blamey Papers, 3DRL/6643 2/135
6 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 498
7 Blamey to Herring, 31 December 1942, Blamey Papers
8 Blamey Papers—New Guinea Ops, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/47
9 McCarthy, p. 405
10 Interview with Bill Jenkins, 24 July 2002
11 The combined 2/16th–2/27th Battalion
12 Blamey Papers Confidential and Secret: Condition of Trps at Present Under Comd 7 Aust Div—New Guinea Ops, 24 December 1942, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/47
13 Ibid.
14 The 39th, 55th–53rd and 49th Militia Battalions
15 Honner, ‘This is the 39th’
16 Mayo, Bloody Buna, p. 170
17 McCarthy, p. 505
18 Horner, General Vasey’s War, pp. 227–8
19 Papers of Brig Maj-Gen SHWC Porter, AWM PR00527 Box 10.
20 McCarthy, p. 505
21 Now amalgamated with the 55th
22 Herring to Blamey, 19 December 1942, Blamey Papers, 3DRL/6643 2/135
23 Confidential and Secret: Condition of Trps at Present Under Comd 7 Aust Div, Blamey Papers—New Guinea Ops, 24 December 1942, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/47
24 Porter Papers
25 Horner, Blamey, p. 365
26 Colonel Stan Sly, AWM Murdoch Sound Archive
27 Blamey to his brother Jim, 2 January 1943, Blamey Papers, AWM 3DRL 6643 2/10
28 11 January 1943, Blamey Papers, 3DRL/6643 93/141
29 MacArthur to Blamey, 28 December 1942, Blamey Papers—New Guinea Ops, AWM 3DRL/6643 2/47
30 US 41st Division
31 Milner, Victory in Papua, p. 332
32 McCarthy, p. 508
Chapter 55: Gyokusai
1 Criticism of officers is a recurring theme in Japanese diaries during December–January, 1942–43
2 ATIS Current Translations Nos. 16–25, diary of Nada, signalman
3 ATIS Research Report No. 122, Antagonism between Officers and Men in the Japanese Armed Forces, AWM 55 12/94
4 Rinzo, History of the War in New Guinea (Niyuginia Senki)
5 In Robertson, Problems of Supply Encountered by the Australian and Japanese forces on the Kokoda Trail and the Questions of Morale, 1 June 1973, MSS701; AWM 422/3/94
6 ATIS Research Report No. 122, Antagonism between Officers and Men in the Japanese Armed Forces, AWM 55 12/94
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Bullard, ‘Kokoda: a Japanese Tragedy’, Wartime, Issue 20, p. 21
11 ATIS Research Report No. 76 (Part VI), Defects arising from the Doctrine of ‘Spiritual Superiority’ as Factors in Japanese Military Psychology, AWM 12/53
12 Rinzo, p. 118
13 ATIS Research Report No. 76 (Part VI)
14 ATIS Spot Report No. 54
15 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 22, pp. 2–9
16 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 55
17 ATIS Research Reports No. 76 (Part 1), Self-Immolation as a Factor In Japanese Military Psychology, 4 April 1944, p. 32, AWM 55 12/53
18 Milner, Victory in Papua, p. 343
19 Horner, General Vasey’s War, p. 231
20 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 527
21 Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 57
22 Ibid., p. 51
23 McCarthy, p. 515
24 Nakahashi, War History of the Force which was sent to the South Seas, translated by Lt F.C. Jorgensen, p. 37, AWM PR00297
25 The 2/12 Australian Infantry Battalion
26 Horner, General Vasey’s War, p. 233
27 Interview with Shimada Yuki, October 2003
28 Rinzo, History of the War In New Guinea (Nyuginia Senki)
29 Rinzo, p. 22
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Milner, p. 347
33 McCarthy, p. 519
34 Mayo, Bloody Buna, p. 176
35 Of the 2/10th Battalion
36 Allchin, Purple and Blue—The History of the 2/10th Battalion, A.I.F. p. 323
37 Ibid., p. 324
38 Ibid., p. 325
39 Ibid., p. 315
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid., p. 327
42 The 2/9th Battalion
43 The 2/9th and 2/12th Battalions
44 McCarthy, p. 522
45 Ibid., p. 522
46 Ibid.
47 Milner, p. 362
48 ATIS Research Reports No. 76 (Part 1), Self-Immolation as a Factor in Japanese Military Psychology, 4 April 1944, p. 31, AWM 55 12/53
49 Colonel Stan Sly, AWM Murdoch Sound Archive
50 Ibid.
51 Spencer, In the Footsteps of Ghosts: With the 2/9th Battalion in the African Desert and the Jungles of the Pacific, p. 154
52 Japanese Monograph No. 37, p. 45
53 Kiyoshi Wada, ‘Painting Over My Shame’, a memoir in The Signals Company Records (Memoirs): 144th Infantry Regiment (Kochi)
54 ATIS 3/3 Current Translations Nos. 26–35, diary of Wada Kiyoshi, 144th Regiment signalman, 18 December–18 January 1942
Chapter 56: Self-Immolation
1 In Yamaoka Sohachi, Shosetsu Taiheiyo Senso
2 In Nakahashi, War History of the Force which was sent to the South Seas, translated by Lt F.C. Jorgensen, p. 54, AWM PR00297
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid., p. 58
5 ATIS Bulletins 100–199, 1/2, Diary found at Giruwa, owner unknown
6 In ATIS Research Reports No. 76 (Part 1), Self-Immolation as a Factor in Japanese Military Psychology, 4 April 1944, p. 31, AWM 55 12/53
7 Rinzo, History of the War In New Guinea (Nyuginia Senki)
8 Yoshihara Tsutomu, Southern Cross: Account of the Eastern New Guinea Campaign, translated by Doris Heath, p. 25, AWM F940.541352 MON 1521
9 Ibid., p. 26
10 Interview with Nishimura Kokichi, by Marutani Hajime, December 2003
11 Ibid.
12 ATIS Research Reports No. 76 (Part 1), Self-Immolation as a Factor in Japanese Military Psychology, p. 6
13 Milner, Victory in Papua, p. 317
14 Yamamoto, Yokogotoku; Kaigun Yasuda Butai Buna gyokusai no tenmatsu, Seiunsha, pp. 181–3
15 Nakahashi, p. 59
16 The 144th Infantry Regiment Official Record, pp. 209–11
17 Ibid.
18 Interview with Nishimura Kokichi, by Marutani Hajime, December 2003
19 For figures, see The 144th Infantry Regiment Official Record
20 Interview with Imanishi Sadaharu, October 2003
21 Ibid.
22 ATIS Interrogation Report No. 48, Lieutenant Naka Masao
23 ATIS Research Reports No. 76 (Part 1), Self-Immolation as a Factor in Japanese Military Psychology, p. 26
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 ATIS translated the poem “as a matter of psychological interest” (ATIS Serial No. 141, 29 December 1942).
27 ATIS Current Translations Serial No. 270
28 ATIS 6/3 Interrogation Reports Nos. 81–145
29 ATIS 6/3 Interrogation Report No. 93
Chapter 57: The End
1 From 144th Infantry Regiment Signals Company Editing Committee, The Signals Company Records (Memoirs): 144th Infantry Regiment (Kochi), 1986. (Extra number published in 1988)
2 In Takida, The Pacific is Burning
3 ATIS 6/3 Interrogation Report Nos 81–145
4 ATIS Interrogation Spot Report No. 11, Lieutenant Inagaki Riichi, naval paymaster. Signed by Australian officers, Lieutenant L.F. Hopkinson and Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir
5 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area—First Year, Kokoda to Wau, p. 531
6 See Yukon Kochi-Ken Kyodo Senshi, 1974 (in Kochi Prefecture Municipal Library), p. 430
7 Ibid.
8 Nyuginia-sen tsuioku ki, Memoir of the New Guinea Campaign, quoted by Dr Keiko Tamura, Australia–Japan Research Project, AWM
9 ATIS 6/3 Interrogation Reports No. 86, Lieutenant Sawatari Zengoro, doctor, aged 34, of Rinji Shicho (Provisional Transport Tai), captured at Giruwa, 20 January 1943
10 McCarthy, p. 531
11 Bergerud, Touched with Fire, p. 439
12 Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 439–440
13 Japanese Monograph No. 37, p. 64
14 ATIS Bulletin No. 204, 1/3
15 Russell, The 2/14th Australian Infantry Battalion, p. 108
16 Edgar, Warrior of Kokoda
17 Burns, The Brown and Blue Diamond at War—The Story of the 2/27th Battalion, A.I.F., p. 103
18 McCarthy, p. 591
19 Coulthard-Clark, in his 2001 Blamey Oration
20 McCarthy, p. 112
21 Kenney, The MacArthur I Know, p. 241
22 See this and many similar remarks in Mark Johnston’s, Fighting the Enemy
23 Interview with Tom Keneally, January 2004
24 Sydney Morning Herald, March 1942
25 At Caloundra
26 Horner, Blamey, p. 381
27 See An Examination of How Race Affected the Far Eastern War, an essay by Marutani Hajime
28 See Johnston
29 Ibid.
30 Austin, AWM Murdoch Sound Archive
31 Interview with Shimada, October 2003
32 Interview with Yamasaki, October 2003
33 Edgar, p. 192
34 Johns Papers, AWM PR00640
35 In Sydney Morning Herald, 23 April 2001
36 Horner, Crisis of Command, p. 269
37 See Brune, Band of Brothers
38 In Toland, The Rising Sun, p. 439
39 Dower, The Sun, 27 August 1972
40 Horner, General Vasey’s War, p. 312
41 Ibid.
42 The linoleum is now in the AWM. This anecdote comes from Sergeant Henry Norman Walker of the Far Eastern Liaison Office (FELO); see Stand-To, December 1952
43 The author attended the reunion, October 2003
44 Interview with Havala, at Kagi, October 2003
45 Paull, Retreat from Kokoda, p. 43
46 Vernon’s diary, p. 25
47 See Raftery, Marks of War
48 Frank McLean’s Private Papers
49 Steward letter, AWM PR 87/008
50 Interview with Basil Catterns MC, 31 August 2002