Page numbers in bold indicate illustrations.
Aaron’s beard, 338–39
abelia, glossy, 98, 169, 171, 314–15
Abelia × grandiflora, 98, 169, 171, 314–15
Abies spp., 19, 128, 134, 164, 314–15
Acer spp. See maple
Acer capillipes, 21
Acer palmatum, 19, 21, 186, 314–15
Acer rubrum, 61–63, 62, 63, 314–15
Acer saccharum, 18
Actinidia spp., 196, 203, 204, 314–15
Aesculus glabra, 314–15
Aesculus hippocastanum, 192
Aesculus parviflora, 97
Aesculus pavia, 19
akebia, five-leaf, 203, 316–17
Alnus glutinosa, 316–17
angelica, Japanese, 104, 316–17
apple
bare-root, 226
columnar shaped, 18
delayed bearing, 240
espalier, 185
five-in-one, 232–33
how to shape, 221–22, 231, 231
‘Liberty’, 22
time to prune, 220–21
topiary, 178
See also crab apple
apricot
espalier, 185
pruning tips, 215, 257–58, 354–55
thinning fruit, 237
aralia, variegated five-leaf, 168
arborists, 90
arbors, 270
arborvitae, 134
American, 18
screens & windbreaks, 147–48, 148
as specimen trees, 144–45
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 212, 316–17
Aristolochia durior, 316–17
Aronia spp., 107
Aronia arbutifolia, 97
ash
Fraxinus spp., 332–33
avocado, 264
Balled-and-burlapped trees, 78
bamboo, heavenly, 107, 128, 348–49
barberry
hedges, 161
Japanese, 166
pruning tips, 318–19
wintergreen, 168
bare-root shrubs, 74–75, 75, 110, 110
bark
damage to, 12
basal pruning. See limbing up basswood, 19, 362–63
bayberry, 106, 107, 164, 348–49
bay laurel, 128
espalier, 186
root pruning, 70
topiary, 178
beautyberry, purple, 97, 318–19
beech
European, 18, 19, 20, 165, 178, 330–31
hedges, 165
pruning tips, 330–31
sap from, 29
topiary, 178
Berberis julianae, 168
Berberis thunbergii, 166
Berberis × gladwynensis, 166–67, 168
berry-producing shrubs, 10, 106, 107
See also bush fruits
Betula spp., 318–19
Betula lenta, 19
Betula papyrifera, 21
Bignonia capreolata, 203, 318–19
birch, 318–19
paper, 21
sweet, 19
bittersweet, 204
ground covers, 212
oriental, 167
blackberry, 286, 289, 289, 291, 292
blackhaw, 167
black knot, 263
blood trumpet, 328–29 367
on new vs. old wood, 96, 97, 98–99, 98, 99
bonsai, 70
littleleaf, 171
pruning tips, 318–19
topiary, 178
brambles, 196, 267, 286–94, 287, 288, 289, 291
branch collar, 12, 29, 63, 63, 67
branches
angle of connection, 25
buds on, 50–51, 51, 52–53, 53, 54–55, 55
crossing and rubbing, 11, 11, 83, 83
heading back, 49, 52–56, 53, 54, 55, 58, 61–63, 62, 63
pruning tips, 12, 52–56, 53, 54, 55, 56
splitting off, 89
See also thinning
bridal wreath, 31
buckeye
bottlebrush, 97
Ohio, 314–15
red, 19
buddleia (Buddleia spp.), 169
Buddleia alternifolia, 318–19
buds
disbudding, 22
where to cut and, 52–53, 53, 54–55, 55
burning bush, 330–31
bush fruits, 11, 11, 267, 279–82
butternut canker, 308
Buxus spp., 127, 128, 161, 164, 165, 178, 318–19
Buxus microphylla, 171
Calocedrus decurrens, 128, 320–21
camellia (Camellia spp.), 128, 151, 179, 186, 320–21
Campsis radicans, 203, 211, 212, 320–21
cane borer, 294
Caragana arborescens, 106
Carica papaya, 264
Carpinus spp., 29, 191, 320–21
Carpinus betulus, 18, 19, 165, 178, 191
Carya spp., 295, 303–5, 304, 320–21
Carya glabra, 303
Carya illinoinensis, 295, 297, 302–5
Carya laciniosa, 303
Carya tomentosa, 303
Caryopteris × clandonensis, 97, 322–23
Castanea dentata, 299
Castanea mollissima, 299–300
catalpa (Catalpa spp.)
coppicing, 189
golden, 189
pollarding, 192
Southern, 322–23
umbrella, 19
Catalpa bignonioides, 189, 190, 322–23
cat’s-claw creeper, 346–47
cavities, tree, 89–90
blue Atlas, 186
California incense-cedar, 128, 320–21
Cedrus spp., 19, 128, 134, 322–23
Cedrus atlantica, 186
Celastrus orbiculatus, 167
Celastrus scandens, 203, 322–23
Celtis occidentalis, 20, 136, 322–23
central leader, 221, 224, 229, 229, 252–53
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 104, 322–23
Cephalotaxus harringtonii, 322–23
Cercidiphyllum japonicum, 19, 20, 322–23
Chaenomeles spp., 168, 186, 324–25
Chamaecyparis spp., 128, 134, 324–25
cherry
coppicing, 191
espalier, 185
Hally Jolivette, 104
how to shape, 221–22
life span, 88
pruning tips, 252–53, 253, 354–55
purple-leaf sand, 354–55
suckers on, 241
thinning, 215
time to prune, 217
weeping, 20
cherry laurel, 128, 171, 354–55
American, 299
Chinese, 299–300
Chionanthus spp., 324–25
chocolate vine, 316–17
cinquefoil, shrubby, 10, 354–55
citrus (Citrus spp.), 185, 253–54
clematis (Clematis spp.), 202, 203, 208–10, 209
on houses, 204
sweet autumn, 198
Clematis alpina, 209
Clematis montana, 209
clethra (Clethra spp.), 108, 324–25
Clethra alnifolia, 97, 98–99, 98, 99, 171, 324–25
climate differences, 13
See also evergreens
container-grown trees, 80
coralberry, 360–61
Cornelian cherry dogwood, 19
Cornus spp., 16, 19, 108, 190, 191, 326–27
Cornus kousa, 19
Cornus mas, 19
Cornus sanguinea, 108
Cornus sericea, 108
Corylus avelana, 301
Cotinus spp., 326–27
cotoneaster (Cotoneaster spp.)
espalier, 186
pruning tips, 326–27
crab apple
hedges, 169
how to shape, 222
pruning tips, 17, 22, 94, 94, 346–47
topiary, 178
cranberry, 279
Crataegus spp., 107, 168, 186, 326–27
crotch, narrow, 13, 56, 238–39, 238, 239
Cryptomeria japonica, 128, 326–27
Cunninghamia lanceolata, 128, 328–29
Cupressus macrocarpa, 128, 328–29
Cydonia oblonga, 222, 263, 263
cypress
Daphne (Daphne spp.), 328–29
deciduous shade trees. See shade trees
deciduous shrubs. See flowering shrubs
deutzia (Deutzia spp.), 97, 328–29
Diervilla sessilifolia, 96, 97, 328–29
disbudding, 22
Distictis buccinatoria, 328–29
dogwood
bloodtwig, 108
Cornelian cherry, 19
golden/yellow twig, 108
Kousa, 19
red osier, 108
tartarian, 108
time to prune, 31
dormant buds, 51, 51, 140, 140
dutchman’s-pipe, 316–17
dwarf varieties, 24, 131, 136, 146
Elderberry, 279, 285–86, 286, 358–59
Eleutherococcus sieboldianus, 168
elm
American, 20
lacebark (Chinese), 21, 362–63
empress tree, 350–51
espalier, 179–86, 180, 181, 183, 184, 312
Euonymus alatus, 330–31
Euonymus fortunei, 200, 202, 203, 330–31
broadleaf, 30, 128, 148–54, 161
hedges, 59–60, 60, 128, 139–44, 164
narrow-leaf (needled), 128, 129– 48, 135
as shade trees, 78
shearing, 128, 132, 136, 139–44, 140, 161
as specimen trees, 144–46, 145
topiary, 178
witches’-brooms on, 136
Fagus sylvatica, 18, 19, 20, 165, 178, 330–31
Fallopia baldschuanica, 167, 203, 204, 330–31
Fatsia japonica, 330–31
Ficus carica, 185, 222, 255, 255
fir
Douglas, 134
natural form of, 19
pruning tips, 314–15
specimen trees, 144
firethorn, 179
espalier, 186
pruning tips, 356–57
flowering, improving, 22
blooms on old vs. new wood, 97, 98–99, 98, 99
espalier, 186
flowering trees, 30, 91, 92–95, 93, 94
espalier, 186
Forsythia × intermedia, 332–33
fothergilla (Fothergilla spp.), 97, 332–33
Franklinia alatamaha, 332–33
Franklin tree, 332–33
Fraxinus spp., 332–33
fringe tree, 324–25
fruit, thinning, 235–38, 236, 237
fruiting, improving, 22
espalier, 179–86, 180, 181, 183, 184, 218
how to shape, 221–35, 224, 225
neglected, 214, 246–50, 247, 249, 250
as ornamentals, 216
standard, 222
time to prune, 30, 217–21, 257
tropical, 264–65
water sprouts on, 218, 235, 242, 242
Gardenia, 332–33
Gardenia jasminoides, 332–33
germander, wall, 362–63
giant sequoias, 88
ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), 19, 186, 334–35
Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis, 19, 178, 334–35
glossy abelia, 98, 169, 171, 314–15
golden-chain tree, 342–43
golden rain tree, 342–43
gooseberry
Ribes spp., 11, 279, 282–84, 283
Siberian (Actinidia spp.), 314–15
grafted trees, 92–93, 93, 213, 266
grapefruit, 253
espalier, 183
Kniffen system, 271, 272–75, 272, 273, 274
neglected, 276–78, 276, 277, 278
ground covers, woody, 195, 211–12
gum
sweet, 344–45
Halesia carolina, 334–35
Hamamelis spp., 97
Hamamelis × intermedia, 334–35
hawthorn, 107, 168, 186, 326–27
evergreens, 137
flowering trees, 93
shrubs, 58
where to cut, 52–56, 53, 54, 55
Hedera spp., 203, 204, 212, 334–35
Hedera helix, 167, 176, 202, 204, 212
Hedera hibernica, 212
hedges, 155–72
barrier, 168
evergreen, 31, 59–60, 60, 128, 139–44, 164
flowering, 161–62, 169–71, 169
low-maintenance, 171
overgrown, 164
shearing, 31, 59–61, 60, 157–64
types of, 165–72
vines as, 196
hedge shears, 45, 47, 48, 59, 142, 164–65, 165
hemlock
Carolina, 145
Japanese, 19
mountain, 145
shearing, 139
hemp tree. See chaste tree
Heptacodium miconioides, 334–35
herbs, woody, 154
Hibiscus syriacus, 97, 106, 171, 336–37
hickory, 295, 303–5, 304, 320–21
holly, 128
blue, 338–39
English, 18
espalier, 186
Oregon grape, 346–47
pruning tips, 152, 338–39, 348–49
honey locust, thornless, 19, 178, 334–35
coral (trumpet), 203, 212, 346–47
hedges, 169
Japanese, 167
hornbeam
coppicing, 191
European, 18, 19, 165, 178, 191
pruning tips, 320–21
sap from, 29
horse chestnut, 192
horticultural names, 16
hydrangea (Hydrangea spp.), 10
climbing, 24, 104, 202, 203, 212, 336–37
coppicing, 190
espalier, 186
time to prune, 31
Hydrangea anomala, 24, 202, 336–37
Hydrangea arborescens, 103, 336–37
Hydrangea macrophylla, 31, 103, 336–37
Hydrangea paniculata, 103, 336–37
Hydrangea petiolaris, 104, 203, 212, 336–37
Hydrangea quercifolia, 31, 104, 338–39
Hypericum spp., 170
Hypericum calycinum, 338–39
Ice damage, 80
Ilex spp., See holly
Ilex aquifolium, 18
Ilex glabra, 171
Ilex verticillata, 106, 107, 338–39
Ilex × meserveae, 338–39
incense-cedar, California, 128, 320–21
inkberry, 171
Itea virginica, 97
ivy
English, 167, 176, 202, 204, 212
ground covers, 212
on houses, 204
Japanese fatsia, 330–31
Japanese pittosporum, 165, 352–53
Japanese plum yew, 322–23
Japanese podocarpus, 178, 354–55
Japanese tree lilac, 92
Japanese zelkova, 20, 178, 364–65
jasmine
hardy (poet’s), 340–41
star (confederate), 203, 204, 362–63
Jasminum nudiflorum, 108, 186, 340–41
Jasminum officinale, 340–41
Juglans spp., 29, 295, 297, 306–10, 307, 309
Juglans cinerea, 295, 306–10, 307
Juglans nigra, 295, 306–7, 307
Juglans regia, 307–8
juniper
berries, 130
columnar, 18
ground covers, 212
hedges, 128
rejuvenating, 132–33
topiary, 178
Juniperus scopulorum, 18
kerria, Japanese, 98, 108, 342–43
Kerria japonica, 98, 108, 342–43
Kniffen system, 271, 272–75, 272, 273, 274
Koelreuteria paniculata, 342–43
Kolkwitzia amabilis, 97, 342–43
kolomikta vine, 314–15
Kousa dogwood, 19
kumquat, 254
Laburnum × watereri, 342–43
lacebark elm, 21
Lagerstroemia indica, 97, 342–43
Larix decidua, 20
lateral pruning. See heading back
Laurus nobilis, 70, 128, 154, 178, 186, 344–45
Lavandula spp., 154
Lavandula angustifolia, 344–45
central, 221, 224, 229, 229, 252–53
fruit trees, 221–22, 224–25, 224, 225
Lespedeza thunbergii, 97, 344–45
Ligustrum spp., 161, 164, 166, 344–45
Ligustrum sinense, 167
common, 186
heading back, 96
root pruning, 72
time to prune, 31
limbing up, 49, 64–68, 65, 66, 84, 312
lime, 253
Liquidambar styraciflua, 344–45
Liriodendron tulipifera, 26, 63–64, 344–45
live oak, 19
locust
black, 191
Lonicera spp., 10, 169, 202, 204
Lonicera japonica, 167
Lonicera sempervirens, 203, 212, 346–47
Lorette method, 219
Loropetalum chinense, 128, 178, 346–47
Macfadyena unguis-cati, 346–47
machete, 46
Maclura pomifera, 168
magnolia (Magnolia spp.)
espalier, 186
pruning tips, 346–47
saucer, 19
sweetbay, 19
Magnolia grandiflora, 126, 127, 128
magnolia vine, 200–201, 200, 201, 203, 358–59
Magnolia virginiana, 19
Magnolia × soulangiana, 19
mahonia (Mahonia spp.), 128, 346–47
Mahonia aquifolium, 346–47
Malus spp.. See apple; crab apple
Mangifera indica, 264
mango, 264
maple
pruning low branches off, 61–63, 62, 63
pruning tips, 314–15
sap from, 29
snakebark, 21
sugar, 18
witches’-brooms on, 136
Metasequoia glyptostroboides, 130
mockernut, 303
mock orange
modified central leader, 222, 224
morning glory, 202
Myrica pensylvanica, 106, 107, 164, 348–49
Names, horticultural, 16
Nandina domestica, 107, 128, 348–49
nectarine, 222, 237, 255–57, 256
Nerium oleander, 106, 170, 348–49
nut trees, 295–310
as shade trees, 295, 296–99, 297
time to prune, 296
Oak
English, 18
live, 19
pruning tips, 356–57
shade from, 17
white, 19
witches’-brooms on, 136
old man’s beard, 324–25
Olea europaea, 178, 264
olive, 178, 264
oranges, 253
Oregon grape holly, 346–47
osage orange, 168
Osmanthus spp., 128
Osmanthus heterophyllus, 168, 348–49
Oxydendrum arboreum, 348–49
Paeonia suffruticosa, 348–49
papaya, 264
paper birch, 21
Parthenocissus spp., 350–51
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 202, 203, 212
Parthenocissus tricuspidata, 202, 203, 204, 350–51
Passiflora spp., 350–51
Passiflora caerulea, 197–98, 203
passionflower, 197–98, 203, 350–51
Paulownia tomentosa, 350–51
peach
espalier, 185
how to shape, 222
planting, 222
pruning tips, 215, 255–57, 256, 354–55
thinning fruit, 237
pear
Asian, 232
Bradford, 89
delayed bearing by, 240
espalier, 185
how to shape, 221–22, 229–30, 229
ornamental, 356–57
thinning fruit on, 237
Persea spp., 264
persimmon, 221–22
Phellodendron amurense, 19, 350–51
Philadelphia coronarius, 97, 170, 350–51
photinia, Fraser, 350–51
Photinia × fraseri, 350–51
Physocarpus opulifolius, 161, 164, 352–53
Picea spp.. See spruce
Picea abies, 20
Picea glauca, 178
Picea pungens, 127, 144, 145–46, 168
pignut, 303
pinching back, 49, 57–58, 57, 312
pine, 126
controlling the size of, 137–38, 138,
hedges, 128
Japanese red, 138
pruning tips, 352–53
Scotch, 58–59
as specimen trees, 144
Swiss stone, 18
yew, 354–55
Pinus spp.. See pine
Pinus bungeana, 21
Pinus cembra, 18
Pinus thunbergiana, 138
Pittosporum tobira, 165, 352–53
plane tree, London, 19, 21, 192, 352–53
Platanus × acerifolia, 19, 21, 192
Platanus × hispanica, 352–53
plum
coppicing, 191
espalier, 185
pruning tips, 215, 260–63, 261, 354–55
suckers on, 241
thinning fruit on, 237
time to prune, 217
Podocarpus chinensis, 178, 354–55
pollarding, 191–94, 192, 193, 194, 312
possumhaw, 106
Potentilla fruticosa, 10, 354–55
potentilla hedges, 164
princess tree, 350–51
Chinese, 167
pruning
for appearances, 14–15
artistic, 172–94
benefits of, 9
to enhance natural form, 16–21
for healthy plants, 10–13
for safety, 26
time of year for, 27–31
pruning tools. See tools
See also apricot; cherry; peach; plum
Prunus armeniaca. See apricot
Prunus avium, 252–53
Prunus cerasus, 252–53
Prunus dulcis, 217, 222, 295, 298–99
Prunus insititia, 260
Prunus ‘Kwanzan’, 20
Prunus laurocerasus, 128, 171, 354–55
Prunus persica. See peach
Prunus subhirtella, 20
Prunus × cistena, 354–55
Pseudotsuga menziesii, 134
Punica granatum, 107, 264, 356–57
pyracantha, 164
Pyracantha coccinea, 106, 107, 168, 169, 186, 356–57
pyramidal trees, 16, 18–19, 145, 145, 221
Pyrus calleryana, 356–57
Pyrus communis, 258–59
Quercus spp., 84–85, 85, 136, 356–57
Quercus alba, 19
Quercus robur, 18
Quercus virginiana, 19
quince
Raspberry
flowering, 358–59
fruiting, 286–94, 287, 288, 289, 291
redtip, 350–51
rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.), 127, 128
deadheading, 152
pruning tips, 150–51, 150, 356–57
time to prune, 97
Ribes spp., 11, 279, 282–83, 282–84, 283
root-ball, 70–72
conifers, 147
for planting, 73–75, 73, 74, 75
for transplanting, 68–69, 70–72, 71, 72
Rosa spp. See roses
Rosa moschata, 119
Rosa rugosa, 107, 112, 119, 120, 168
Rosa setigera, 203
rose hips, 119
rosemary, 154, 178, 179, 358–59
rose of Sharon, 97, 106, 171, 336–37
cabbage, 120
English, 119–20
floribunda, 111, 116, 117, 124
hybrid tea, 111, 113–17, 115, 116, 124, 204
moss, 120
musk, 119
polyantha, 111
prairie, 203
pruning tips, 111, 111, 358–59
rambling, 120–22, 121, 122, 202, 203
rugosa, 107, 112, 119, 120, 168
shrub, 119
species and old, 120
on a trellis, 122–23, 122, 123
Rosmarinus officinalis, 154, 178, 179, 358–59
Rubus spp., 196, 267, 286–94, 287, 288, 289, 291
Rubus odoratus, 358–59
Saint John’s wort, 170, 338–39
Salix babylonica, 20
Salix × sepulcralis, 20, 21, 358–59
Sambucus spp., 279, 285–86, 286, 358–59
sand cherry, purple-leaf, 354–55
sanitation, 251
sap, 29
sapphire berry, 360–61
schisandra, 358–59
Schisandra chinesis, 200–201, 200, 201, 358–59
Schisandra propinqua, 200–201, 200, 201, 203
screens & windbreaks, 147–48, 148, 196
Sequoia spp., 133
Sequoiadendron giganteum, 88
seven-son flower, 334–35
shadbush, 316–17
shade, 17
shade trees, 76–90
natural form of, 16–21
nut trees as, 295, 296–99, 297
pruning older trees, 86–90
structure of, 80–82, 81, 82, 87
shaping, 16–20, 64, 81–82, 313
shearing, 49
evergreens, 128, 132, 136, 139– 44, 140, 161
principles of, 141
time of year to do, 31
tips for, 161
tools for, 45–48, 45, 164–65, 165
shellbark, 303
shrubby cinquefoil, 10, 354–55
shrubs
bare-root, 74–75, 75, 110, 110
controlling the size of, 23–24
heading back, 58
natural form of, 16–17
pruning for appearances, 14–15
pruning for health and vigor, 10–13
See also bush fruits; flowering shrubs
shrub-to-tree, 104–6, 105, 313
Siberian pea shrub, 106
silverbell, Carolina, 334–35
silver lace vine, 167, 203, 204, 330–31
skimmia, 128
Skimmia japonica, 128
smoketree, American, 326–27
snow, 232
snowberry, 360–61
Sorbus aucuparia, 18
sourwood, 348–49
spirea (Spirea spp.)
hedges, 164
pruning tips, 360–61
renaissance, 171
time to prune, 31
Spirea × vanhouttei, 171
spreading trees, 16, 19, 54–55, 55
spring-flowering plants, 31
spruce
dwarf Alberta, 178
Norway, 20
planting, 132
screens & windbreaks, 147–48, 164
specimen trees, 144–45
spur blight, 293
stewartia (Stewartia spp.), 21
from brambles, 292
on fruit trees, 218
on grafted trees, 92–93, 93
summersweet, 97, 98–99, 98, 99, 171, 324–25
sunlight, 17
sunscald, 243–45
sweet bay. See bay laurel
sweet-leaf, 360–61
sweet olive, 128
Symphoricarpos spp., 360–61
Symplocos paniculata, 360–61
Syringa spp. See lilac
Syringa reticulata, 92
Syringa vulgaris, 186
Tamarack, 130
taproots, 69
Taxodium spp., 18, 130, 133, 360–61
Taxodium distichum, 18
Taxus spp. See yew
terminal buds, 50–51, 51, 140, 140
Teucrium chamaedrys, 362–63
fruit trees, 215
tulip trees, 63–64
Thuja spp. See arborvitae
Thuja occidentalis, 18
Tilia cordata, 178
disinfecting, 251
maintenance, 37–39
topiary, 172, 174–78, 176, 313
Trachelospermum jasminoides, 203, 204, 362–63
training, 313
transplanting, 68–69, 70–72, 71, 72
tree paint, 63
tree peony, 348–49
trees
balled-and-burlapped, 78
cavities in, 89–90
container-grown, 80
controlling the size of, 23–24
life span of, 25
natural form of, 16–21
pollarding, 191–94, 192, 193, 194
pruning for appearances, 14–15
pruning for health and vigor, 10–13
pruning techniques, 49–68
root pruning, 71–72, 71, 72, 75–76
topiary, 178
See also fruit trees; shade trees
tropical fruit, 264–65
trumpet creeper/vine, 203, 211, 212, 320–21
Tsuga spp., 23, 128, 134, 139, 144, 147–48, 362–63
Tsuga caroliniana, 145
Tsuga diversifolia, 19
Tsuga heterophylla, 145
Tsuga mertensiana, 145
Ulmus americana, 20
Vaccinium spp., 11, 279–82, 362–63
Vaccinium angustifolium, 212, 282
Vaccinium corymbosum, 280, 280
vase-shaped trees, 20
viburnum (Viburnum spp.), 10, 96
espalier, 186
hedges, 170
Korean spice, 171
nannyberry, 104
root pruning, 72
siebold, 106
Viburnum carlesii, 171
Viburnum lantana, 106
Viburnum lentago, 104
Viburnum nudum, 106
Viburnum prunifolium, 104, 167
Viburnum sieboldii, 106
vines
edible fruit on, 196–97
on houses, 200–201, 200, 201, 204, 205–7, 205, 206–7
invasive, 167
time to prune, 30
woody, 195–211, 199, 200, 201, 205, 206–7
Virginia creeper, 202, 203, 212, 350–51
Virginia sweetspire, 97
Vitex agnus-castus, 104, 364–65
Vitis spp. See grapes
Wall germander, 362–63
walnut, 29, 295, 306–10, 307, 309
Persian, 307–8
shade trees, 297
wayfaring tree, 106
weigela (Weigela spp.), 97, 364–65
whitewashing, 244–45
willow
coppicing, 191
golden weeping, 20, 21, 358–59
limbs lost from, 25
red-stem, 190
sap from, 29
strong structure for, 25
witches’-brooms on, 136
wind damage, 80
wintercreeper, 200, 202, 203, 330–31
winterkill, 245–46
wisteria (Wisteria spp.), 203
Chinese, 204
Kentucky, 205
pruning tips, 364–65
Wisteria macrostachya, 205
witches’-brooms, 136
witch hazel, 97
Chinese, 128
hybrid, 334–35
witherod, smooth, 106
woodbine, 350–51
woody herbs, 154
Yellowwood, 29
yew, 126
coppicing, 191
espalier, 186
Japanese, 128, 165, 178, 354–55
Japanese plum, 322–23
rejuvenating, 133
topiary, 178