11. Et ungt demokrati på bålet: Rusland vælger “Pinochet-muligheden”
1. Boris Kagarlitsky: Square Wheels: How Russian Democracy Got Derailed, oversat af A. Auerbach et al. (New York, Monthly Review Press, 1994), side 191.
2. William Keegan: The Spectre of Capitalism: The Future of the World Economy After the Fall of Communism (London, Radius, 1992), side 109.
3. George J. Church: “The Education of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbatjov”, Time 4. januar 1088; Gidske Anderson: “The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 Presentation Speech”, www.nobelprize.org.
4. Marshall Pomer: Forord til The New Russia: Transition Gone Awry, red. af Lawrence R. Klein og Marshall Pomer (Standford, Californien, Stanford University Press, 2001), side 1.
5. Anderson: “The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 Presentation Speech”; Church: “The Education of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbatjov”.
6. Mikhail Gorbatjov: Forord til Klein og Marshall Pomer: The New Russia (Standford, Californien, Stanford University Press, 2001), side xiv.
7. Uden fortilfælde krævede den fælles rapport “radikale reformer” og insisterede på, at grænserne skulle åbnes for handel forud for enhver form for stabiliseringsplan, den to for ens pris-specialitet, som Dani Rodrik diskuterede i kapitel 8. Den Internationale Valutafond, Verdensbanken, OECD og Den europæiske Udviklingsbank: The Economy of the USSR: Summary and Recommandations (Washington, DC, Verdensbanken, 1990); forfatterens interview med Jeffrey Sachs, oktober måned 2006, New York City.
8. “Order, Order”, The Economist, 22. december 1990.
9. Ibid.; Michael Schrage: “Pinochet’s Chile a Pragmatic Model for Soviet Economy”, Washington Post, 23. august 1991.
10. Return of the Czar, en episode i Frontline (TV-serie på PBS), produceret af Sherry Jones, sendt den 9. maj 2000.
11. Vadim Nikitin: ‘“91 Foes Linked by Anger and Regret”, Moscow Times, 21. august 2006.
12. Stephen F. Cohen: “America’s Failed Crusade in Russia”, The Nation, 28. feb. 1994.
13. Forfatterens interview med Jeffrey Sachs.
14. Peter Passell: “Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, Shock Therapist”, New York Times, 27. juni 1993.
15. Peter Reddaway og Dimitri Glinski: The Tragedy of Russia’s Reforms: Market Bolshevism against Democracy (Washington, DC, United States Institute for Peace Press, 2001), side 291.
16. Jeffrey D. Sachs: The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York, Penguin Books, 2005), side 137.
17. Peter Reddaway og Dimitri Glinski: The Tragedy of Russia’s Reforms, side 253.
18. The Agony of Reform, en episode af TV-serien på PBS: Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, produceret af Daniel Yergin og Sue Lena Thompson, serieansvarlig William Cran (Boston, Heights Productions, 2002); Peter Reddaway og Dimitri Glinski: The Tragedy of Russia’s Reforms, side 237 og 298.
19. Mikhail Leontyev: “Two Economists Will Head Russian Reform; Current Digest of the Soviet Press”, Nezavisimaya Gazeta 9. november 1991, referatet af den sovjetiske presse var tilgængeligt den 11. december 1991.
20. Chrystia Freeland: Sale of the Century: Russia’s Wild Ride from Communism to Capitalism (New York, Crown, 2000), side 56.
21. Boris Jeltsin: “Speech to the RSFSR Congress of People’s Deputies”, 28. oktober 1991.
22. David McClintick: “How Harvard Lost Russia”, Institutional Investor, 1. januar 2006.
23. Georgi Arbatov: “Origins and Consequences of ‘Shock Therapy’”, i Klein og Pomers New Russia, side 171.
24. Vladimir Mau: “Russia”, i The Political Economy of Policy Reform, red. John Williamson (Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics, 1994), side 435.
25. Ibid., side 434-35.
26. Joseph E. Stiglitz: Forord til Klein og Pomer: The New Russia, side xxii.
27. Joeseph E. Stiglitz: Globalization and Its Discontents (New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 2002), side 136.
28. Boris Jeltsin: “Speech to the RSFSR Congress of People’s Deputies”, 28. oktober 1991.
29. Stephen F. Cohen: “Can We ‘Convert’ Russia?”, Washington Post, 28. marts 1993; Helen Womack: “Russians Shell Out as Cashless Society Looms”, Independent (London), 27. august 1992.
30. Russian Economic Trends, 1997, side 46, citeret i Thrane Gustafson: Capitalism, Russian Style (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999), side 171.
31. The Agony of Reform.
32. Gwen Ifill: “Clinton Meets Russians on Assistance Proposal”, New York Times, 25. marts 1993.
33. Malcolm Grey: “After Bloody Monday”, Maclean’s, 18. oktober 1993; Layla Boulton: “Powers of Persuasion”, Financial Times (London), 5. november 1993.
34. Serge Schmemann: “The Fight to Lead Russia”, New York Times, 13. marts 1993.
35. Margaret Shapiro og Fred Hiatt: “Troops Move in to Put Down Uprising After Yeltsin Foes Rampage in Moscow”, Washington Post, 4. oktober 1993.
36. John Kenneth White og Philip John Davis: Political Parties and the Collapse of the Old Orders (Albany, State University of New York Press, 1998), side 209.
37. “Testimony Statement by the Honorable Lawrence H. Summers Under Secretary for International Affairs U.S. Treasury Department Before the Committee on Foreign Relations of the U.S. Senate, September 7, 1993”.
38. Reddaway og Glinski: The Tragedy of Russia’s Reforms, side 294.
39. Ibid., side 299.
40. Celestine Bohlen: “Rancor Grows in Russian Parliament”, New York Times, 28. marts 1993.
41. “The Threat That Was”, The Economist, 28. april 1993; Shapiro og Hiatt: “Troops Move in to Put Down Uprising After Yeltsin Foes Rampage in Moscow”.
42. Serge Schmemann: “Riot in Moscow Amid New Calls for Compromise”, New York Times, 3. oktober 1993.
43. Leslie H. Gelb: “How to Help Russia”, New York Times, 14. marts 1993. fodnote: Shapiro og Hiatt: “Troops Move in to Put Down Uprising After Yeltsin Foes Rampage in Moscow”.
44. Fred Kaplan: “Yeltsin in Command as Hard-Liners Give Up”, Boston Globe, 5. oktober 1993.
45. “Myndighederne erklærede, at der i løbet af to dage var blevet dræbt 142 mennesker i Moskva. Det var en skændsel – det rigtige antal døde måtte være adskillige gange større. Der var ingen, der overhovedet forsøgte at sætte tal på de sårede og tævede. Tusinder blev arresteret”, Kagarlitsky: Square Wheels, side 218.
46. Reddaway og Glinski: The Tragedy of Russia’s Reforms, side 427.
47. Kagarlitsky: Square Wheels, side 212.
48. John M. Goshko: “Victory Seen for Democracy”, Washington Post, 5. oktober 1993; David Nyhan: “Russia Escapes a Return to the Dungeon of Its Past”, Boston Globe, 5. oktober 1993; Reddaway og Glinski: The Tragedy of Russia’s Reforms, side 431.
49. Return of the Czar.
50. Nikitin: ‘”91 Foes Linked by Anger and Regret”.
51. Cacilie Rohweder: “Sachs Defends His Capitalist Shock Therapy”, Wall Street Journal Europe, 15. oktober 1993.
52. Sachs: The End of Poverty.
53. Arthur Spiegelman: “Western Experts Call for Russian Shock Therapy”, Reuters, 6. oktober 1993.
54. Dorinda Elliot og Betsy McKay: “Yeltsin’s Free-Market Offensive”, Newsweek, 18. oktober 1993; Adi Ignatius og Claudia Rossett: “Yeltsin Now Faces Divided Nation”, Asian Wall Street Journal, 5. oktober 1993.
55. Stanley Fisher: “Russia and the Soviet Union Then and Now”, i The Transition in Eastern Europe, red. Olivier Jean Blanchard, Kenneth A. Froot og Jeffrey D. Sachs: Country Studies, bind I (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1994), side 237.
56. Lawrence H. Summers: “Comment” i The Transition in Eastern Europe, Country Studies, bind I, side 253.
57. Jeffrey Tayler: “Russia Is Finished”, Atlantic Monthly, maj 2001; “The World’s Billionaires, According to Forbes Magazine, Listed by Country”, Associated Press, 27. februar 2003.
58. E.S. Browning: “Bond Investors Gamble on Russian Stocks”, Wall Street Journal 24. marts 1994.
59. Medlem af den lovgivende forsamling Sergei Jusenkov citerer Oleg Lobov. Carlotta Gall og Thomas De Wall: Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus (New York, New York University Press, 1998), side 161.
60. VsevolodVilchek: “Ultimatum on Bended Knees”, Moscow News, 2. maj 1996.
61. Peter Passell: “Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, Shock Therapist”, New York Times, 27.juni 1993.
62. David Hoffman: “Yeltsin’s ‘Ruthless’ Bureaucrat”, Washington Post, 22. november 1996.
63. Svetlana P. Glinkina et al.: “Crime and Corruption”, i Klein og Pomer, The New Russia, side 241; Matt Blivens og Jonas Bernstein: “The Russia You Never Met”, Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democracy 6, nummer 4 (efterår 1998), side 630, www.demokratizatsiya.org.
64. Matt Blivens og Jonas Bernstein: “The Russia You Never Met”, side 627-28; Total: Factbook 1998-2006, april 2006, side 2, www.total.com; overskuddet gælder år 2000; Marshall I. Goldman: The Piratization of Russia: Russian Reform Goes Awry (New York, Ruthledge, 2003), side 120; “Yukos Offers 12.5 Percent Stake against Debts to State-Owned Former Unit”, Associated Press, 5. juni 2006; tallet på de 2,8 milliarder USD baserer sig på det faktum, at BP betalte 571 millioner USD for en andel på 10 procent af aktierne i Sidanko, og at de 51 procent af aktierne set i det lys ville have været mere end 2,8 milliarder værd, Freeland: Sale of the Century, side 183; Stanislav Lunev: “Russian Organized Crime Spreads Beyond Russia’s Borders”, Prism 3, nummer 8 (30. maj 1997).
65. Matt Blivens og Jonas Bernstein: “The Russia You Never Met”, side 629.
66. Reddaway og Glinski: The Tragedy of Russia’s Reforms, side 254.
67. Freeland: Sale of the Century, side 299.
68. Return of the Czar.
69. Blivens og Bernstein rapporterer, at “der fremkom påstande om, at Chubais og fire af hans reformløjtnanter – som alle var blevet støttet via Chubais’ USAID-betalte godgørenhed – havde taget mod bestikkelser på 90.000 USD hver fra Unecimbank under dække af, at det var forskud for en bog, de skulle skrive” (Uneximbank var et af de store oligarkfirmaer, der opnåede lukrative privatiseringskontrakter ved hjælp af disse mænd). I en tilsvarende kontrovers fik Alfred Kohk, nummer to i Jeltsins regering, når det gjaldt privatisering, 100.000 USD fra et firma, der havde forbindelse til en af de største oligarker, han belønnede med privatiseringskontrakter; meget passende skulle pengene angiveligt være for en bog, han skulle skrive om effektiviteten i de privatiserede virksomheder. Det endte med, at ingen af de pågældende blev retsforfulgt for bogaftalerne. Matt Blivens og Jonas Bernstein: “The Russia You Never Met”, side 636; Vladimir Isachenkov: “Prosecutors Investigate Russia’s Ex- Privatization Czar”, Associated Press, 1. oktober 1997.
70. McClintick: “How Harvard Lost Russia”.
71. U.S. District Court, District of Massachussetts: “United States of America, Plaintiff, v. President and Fellows of Harvard College, Andrei Shleifer and Jonathan Hay, Defendants: Civil Action No. 00-11977-DPW”, Memorandum and Order, 28. juni 2004; McClintick: “How Harvard Lost Russia”.
72. McClintick: “How Harvard Lost Russia”.
73. Dan Josefsson: “The Art of Ruining a Country with a Little Professional Help from Sweden”, ETC (Stockholm), engelsk udgave 1999.
74. Ernest Beck: “Soros Begins Investigating in Eastern Europe”, Wall Street Journal, 1. juni 1994; Andrew Jack, Arkady Ostrovsky og Charles Pretzlik: “Soros to Sell ‘The Worst Investment of My Life’”, Financial Times (London), 17. marts 2004.
75. Brian Whitmore: “Latest Polls Showing Communists Ahead”, Moscow Times, 8. september 1999.
76. Return of the Czar.
77. Helen Womack: “Terror Alert in Moscow as Third Bombing Kills 73”. Independent (London), 14. september 1999.
78. Aslan Nurbiyev: “Last Bodies Cleared from Rebels’ Secret Grozny Cemetery”, Agence France-Presse, 6. april 2006.
79. Sabrina Tavarnise: “Farms as Business in Russia”, New York Times, 6. november 2001; Dan Josefsson: “The Art of Ruining a Country with a Little Professional Help from Sweden”, ETC (Stockholm); “News Conference by James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank RE: IMF Spring Meeting”, Washington, DC, 22. april 1999, www.imf.org; Branko Milanovic: Income, Inequality and Poverty during the Transition from Planned to Market Economy (Washington, DC, Verdensbanken, 1998), side 68; Working Center for Economic Reform, Government of the Russian Federation: Russian Economic Trends 5, nummer 1 (1996), side 56-57, citeret i Bertram Silverman og Murray Yanowitch: New Rich, New Poor, New Russia: Winners and Losers on the Russian Road to Capitalism (Armonk, New York, M.E. Sharpe, 2000), side 47.
80. Tallet 715.000 stammer fra den russiske sundheds- og socialudviklingsminister. “Russia Has More Than 715.000 Homeless Children – Health Minister”, RIA Novosti-nyhedsbureauet, 23. februar 2006; Carol De Rooy, UNICEF: Children in the Russian Federation, 16. november 2004, www.unicef.org.
81. I 1987 lå gennemsnitsforbruget af alkohol per indbygger på 3,9 liter. I 2003 var det nået op på 8,87 liter. WHOs regionalkontor for Europa: “3050 Pure Alcohol Consumption, Litres Per Capita, 1987, 2003”, European Health for All Database (HFADB), data.euro.who.int/hfadb; “In Sad Tally, Russia Counts More Than 4 Million Addicts”, Pravda (Moskva), 20. februar 2004; UN Aids: “Annex 1: Russian Federation”, 2006 Global Report on the Aids Epidemic, maj 2006, side 437, www.unaids.org; interview med Natalya Katsap, direktør, Media Partnerships, Transatlantic Partners Against Aids, juni 2006.
82. WHOs regionskontor for Europa: “1780 SDR, Suicide and Self-inflicted Injury, All Ages Per 100, 000, 1986-1994”, European Health for All Database (HFA-DB), data, euro.who.int/hfadb; i 1986 var antallet af mord og overlagt vold 7, 3 per 100.000 indbyggere; i 1994 var dette tal nået op på 32, 9; i 2004 var det faldet tilbage til 25, 2. WHOs regionskontor for Europa: “1780 SDR, Suicide and Self-Inflicted Injury, All Ages Per 100, 000, 1986-1994”, European Health for All Database (HFA-DB), data. euro.who.int/hfadb.
83. Nikitin: ‘“92 Foes Linked by Anger and Regret”; Stephen F. Cohen: “The New American Cold War”, The Nation, 10. juli 2006; Central Intelligence Agency: “Russia”, World Factbook 1992 (Washington, DC, CIA, 1992), side 287; Central Intelligence Agency: “Russia”, World Factbook 2007, www.cia.gov.
84. Colin McMahon: “Shortages Leave Russia’s East Out in the Cold”, Chicago Tribune, 19. november 1998.
85. Arbatov: “Origins and Consequences of’Shock Therapy’”, side 177.
86. Richard Pipes: “Russia’s Chance”, Commentary 93, nummer 3 (marts 1992), side 30.
87. Richard E. Ericson: “The Classical Soviet-Type Economy: Nature of the System and Implications for Reform”, Jo urnal of Economic Perspectives 5, nummer 4 (efterår 1991), side 25.
88. Tayler: “Russia Is Finished”; Richard Lourie: “Shock of Calamity”, Los Angeles Times, 21. marts 1999.
89. Josefsson: “The Art of Ruining a Country with a Little Professional Help from Sweden”, ETC (Stockholm)
90. Tatyana Koshkareva og Rustam Narzikulov: Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moskva) , 31. oktober 1997; Paul Klebnikov og Carrie Shook: “Russia and Central Europe: The New Frontier”, Forbes, 28. juli 1997.
91. Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations, red. Edwin Cannan (New York, Modern Library, 1937), side 532.
92. Jeg skylder David Harvey tak for denne analyse. David Harvey: A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York, Oxford University Press, 2005).
93. Michael Schuman: “Billionaires in the Making”, Forbes, 18. juli 1994; David Harvey: A Brief History of Neoliberalism, side 103.
94. “YPFB: Selling a National Symbol”, Institutional Investor, 1. marts 1997; Jonathan Friedland: “Money Transfer”, Wall Street Journal 15. august 1995.
95. Jonathan Friedland: “Money Transfer”.
96. Paul Blustein: And the Money Kept Rolling In (and Out): Wall Street, the IMF, and the Bankrupting of Argentina (New York, PublicAffairs, 2005), side 24 og 29; Nathaniel C. Nash: “Argentina’s President, Praised Abroad, Finds Himself in Trouble at Home”, New York Times, 8. juni 1991; Tod Robberson: “Argentine President’s Exit Inspires Mixed Emotions”, Dallas Morning News, 18. oktober 1999.
97. Paul Brinkley-Rogers: “Chaos Reigns as President Flees Uprising”, Daily Telegraph (London), 22. december 2001.
98. Jean Friedman-Rudovsky: “Bolivia Calls Ex-President to Court”, Time, 6. februar 2007.
12. Det kapitalistiske id: Rusland og boor-markedets nye æra
1. John Maynard Keynes: “From Keynes to Roosevelt: Our Recovery Plan Assayed”, New York Times, 31. december 1933.
2. Ashley M. Herer: “Oprah, Bono Promote Clothing Line, iPod”, Associated Press, 13. oktober 2006.
3. T. Christian Miller: Bloody Money: Wasted Billions, Lost Lives, and Corporate Greed in Iraq (New York, Little, Brown and Company, 2006), side 123. fodnote: John Cassidy: “Always With Us”, The New Yorker, 11. april 2005.
4. Peter Passell: “Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, Shock Therapist”, New York Times, 27. juni 1993.
5. Jeffrey Sachs: “Life in the Economical Emergency Room”, i The Political Economy of Policy Reform, red. John Williamson (Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics, 1994), side 516.
6. “Roosevelt Victor by 7, 054, 520 Votes”, New York Times, 25. december 1932; Raymond Moley: After SevenYears (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1939), side 305.
7. Carolyn Eisenberg: Drawing the Line: The American Decision to Divide Germany, 1944-1949 (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996).
8. The Political Economy of Policy Reform, red. John Williamson, side 44.
9. Sachs: “Life in the Economical Emergency Room”, side 503-504 samt 513.
10. John Williamson: The Political Economy of Policy Reform, side 19 og 26.
11. John Williamson og Stephan Haggard: “The Political Conditions for Economic Reform”, i The Political Economy of Policy Reform, red. John Williamson, side 565.
12. John Williamson: The Political Economy of Policy Reform, side 20.
13. JohnToye: The Political Economy of Policy Reform, side 41.
14. Bruce Little: “Debt Crisis Looms, Study Warns”, Globe and Mail (Toronto), 16. februar 1993; Tv-rapporten blev bragt i W5 på CTV med Eric Malling som studievært. Linda McQuaig: Shooting the Hippo: Death by Deficit and Other Canadian Myths (Toronto, Penguin, 1995), side 3.
15. Informationerne i dette afsnit stammer fra Linda McQuaig: Shooting the Hippo, siderne 18, 42-44 og 117.
16. Ibid., side 44 og 46.
17. “How to Invent a Crisis in Education”, Globe and Mail (Toronto), 15. september 1995.
18. Informationerne i de næste to afsnit stammer fra Michael Bruno: Deep Crises and Reform: What Have We Learned? (Washington, DC, Verdensbanken, 1996), siderne 4, 6, 13, og 25. Fremhævelserne er de originale.
19. Ibid, side 6. Min fremhævelse.
20. Antallet af medlemmer i Verdensbanken refererer til 1995. Nu findes der 185 medlemslande.
21. Informationerne i de næste fire afsnit stammer fra Davison L. Budhoo: Enough Is Enough: Dear Mr. Camdessus ... Open Letter of Resignation to the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (New York, New Horizons Press, 1990), side 2-27.
22. De fleste af Budhoos påstande drejer sig om diskrepanser i udregningen af de relative lønomkostninger i Tobago og Trinidad, som er en ekstremt vigtig økonomisk indikator for udregningen af landenes produktivitet. Han skriver: “På basis af udregningerne foretaget af vores områdestatistiker sidste år, efter at Fondens udsendinge var vendt tilbage fra felten, steg de relative lønomkostninger i Trinidad og Tobago kun med 69 procent og ikke 145, 8 procent, som det hævdes i vores rapport for 1985, og de 142, 9 procent, man påstår i Fondens 1986-dokumenter. Mellem 1980 og 1985 steg de relative lønomkostninger blot 66, 1 procent i stedet for de 164, 7 procent, vi anslår i vores rapporter for 1986. I tidsrummet fra 1983-85 steg de relative lønom-kostninger med blot 14, 9 procent og ikke med de 36, 9 procent, det blev oplyst over for verdenssamfundet i 1986. I 1985 steg indekset for lonomkostninger ikke med de 9 procent, vi påstod i RED og Stabsrapporterne, men faldt med 1, 7 procent. Og i 1986 faldt de relative lønomkostninger med iøjnefaldende 46, 5 procent, selvom det ikke kan læses ud af 1987-rapporten eller noget andet sted i Fondens officielle dokumenter”. Ibid., side 17.
23. “Bitter Calypsos in the Carribean”, Guardian (London), 30.juli 1990; Robert Weiss-man: “Playing with Numbers: The IMFs Fraud in Trinidad and Tobago”, Multinational Monitor 11, nummer 6 (juni 1990).
24. Lawrence Van Gelder: “Mr. Budhoo’s Letter of Resignation from the I.M.F. (50 Years Is Enough)”, New York Times, 20. marts 1996.
13. Lad det brænde: Udplyndringen af Asien og “Den anden Berlin-murs fald”
1. Anita Raghavan: “Wall Street Is Scavenging in Asia-Pacific”, Wall Street Journal, 10. februar 1998.
2. R.William Liddie: “Year One of the Yudhoyono-Kalla Duumvirate”, Bulletin of Indonesian Studies 41, nummer 3 (december 2005), side 337.
3. “The Weakest Link”, The Economist, 8. februar 2003.
4. Irma Adelman: “Lessons from Korea”, i The New Russia: Transition Gone Awry, red. Lawrence R. Klein og Marshall Pomer (Stanford, Californien, Stanford University Press, 2001), side 129.
5. David McNally: “Globalization on Trial”, Monthly Review, september 1998.
6. “Apec Highlights Social Impact of Asian Financial Crisis”, Bernama News agency, 25. maj 1998.
7. Hur Nam-Il: “Gold Rush ... Korean Style”, Business Korea, marts 1998; “Selling Pressure Mounts on Korean Won – Report”, Korea Herald (Seoul), 12. maj 1998.
8. “Elderly Suicide Rate on the Increase”, Korea Herald (Seoul), 27. oktober 1999.
9. Krisen ramte i 1994, men lånet kom ikke igennem før i begyndelsen af 1995.
10. “Milton Friedman Discusses the IMF”, CNN Moneyline with Lou Dobbs, 22. januar 1998; George P. Shultz, William E. Simon og Walter B. Wriston: “Who Needs the IMF”, Wall Street Journal, 3. februar 1998.
11. Milken Institute: “Global Overview”, Global Conference 1998, Los Angeles, 12. marts 1998, www.milkeninstitute.org.
12. Bill Clinton: “Joint Press Conference with Prime Minister Chrétien”, 23. november 1997, www.clintonfoundation.org
13. Milken Institute: “Global Overview”.
14. José Piñera: “‘The Third Way’ Keeps Countries in the Third World”, tale på Cato Institutes 16. årlige monetaristiske konference i Washington, DC, 22. oktober 1998, medsponsoreret af The Economist; José Piñera: “The Fall of the Second Berlin Wall”, 22. oktober 1998, www.josepinera.com.
15. “U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Holds Hearing on the Role of the IMF in the Asian Financial Crisis”, 12. februar 1998; “Text-Greenspan’s Speech to New York Economic Club”, Reuter News, 3. december 1997.
16. M. Perez og S. Tobarra: “Los Países asiáticos tendrán que acceptra cierta flexibilidad que no era necesaria hasta ahora”, El País International Edition (Madrid), 8. december 1997; “IMF Chief Calls for Abandon of’Asian Model’”, Agence-France Presse, 1. december 1997.
17. Interview med Mahathir Mohamad, den 2. juli 2001, i udsendelsen Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, www.pbs.org.
18. Interview med Stanley Fischer, den 9. maj 2001, i udsendelsen Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, www.pbs.org.
19. Stephen Grenville: “The IMF and the Indonesian Crisis”, dokumentationspapir, Independent Evaluation Office, IMF, maj 2004, side 8, www.imf.org.
20. Waiden Bello: “The IMF’s Hidden Agenda”, The Nation (Bangkok), 25. januar 1998.
21. Fischer, 2001, i udsendelsen Commanding Heights; Joseph Kahn: “I.M.F.’s Hand Often Heavy, a Study Says”, New York Times, 21. oktober 2000. fodnote: Paul Blustein: The Chastening: Inside the Crisis That Rocked the Global Financial System and Humbled the IMF (New York, PublicAffairs, 2001), side 6-7.
22. IMFs aftale med Sydkorea krævede eksplicit “lempelse af restriktioner på arbejdsmarkedet i forbindelse med afskedigelse (for at lette virksomhedernes flytning fra en branche til en anden)”. Citeret i Martin Hart-Landsberg og Paul Burkett: “Economic Crisis and Restructuring in South Korea: Beyond the Free Market-Statist Debate”, Critical Asian Studies 33, nummer 3 (2001), side 421; Alkman Granitsas og Dan Biers: “Economics: The Next Step: The IMF Has Stopped Asia’s Financial Panic”, Far Eastern Economic Review, 23. april 1998; Cindy Shiner: “Economic Crisis Clouds Indonesian’s Reforms”, Washington Post, 10. september 1998.
23. Soren Ambrose: “South Korean Union Sues the IMF”, Economic Justice News 2, nummer 4 (januar 2000).
24. Nicola Bullard: Taming the Tigers: The IMF and the Asian Crisis (London, Focus on the Global South, 2. marts 1999), www.focusweb.org; Waiden Bello: A Siamese Tragedy: The Collapse of Democracy in Thailand (London, Focus on the Global South, 29. september 2006), www.focusweb.org.
25. Jeffrey Sachs: “Power Unto Itself”, Financial Times (London), 11. december 1997.
26. Michael Lewis: “The World’s Biggest Going-Out-of-Business Sale”, New York Times Magazine, 31. maj 1998.
27. Ian Chalmers: “Tommy’s Toys Trashed”, Inside Indonesia 56 (oktober-december 1998).
28. Paul Blustein o Sandra Sugawara: “Rescue Plan for Indonesia in Jeopardy”, Washington Post, 7. januar 1998; Grenville: “The IMF and the Indonesian Crisis”, side 10.
29. McNally: “Globalization on Trial”.
30. “Magic Arts of Jakarta’s ‘Witch-Doctor’”, Financial Times (London), 3. nov. 1997.
31. Susan Sim: “Jakarta’s Technocrats vs. the Technologists”, Strait Times (Singapore), 30. november 1997; Kahn: “I.M.F.’s Hand Often Heavy, a Study Says”.
32. IMF: The IMFs Response to the Asian Crisis, januar 1999, www.imf.org.
33. Paul Blustein: “At the IMF, a Struggle Shrouded in Secrecy”, Washington Post, 30. marts 1998; Martin Feldstein: “Refocusing the IMF”, Foreing Affairs, marts-april 1998; Jeffrey Sachs: The IMF and the Asian Flu”, American Prospect, marts-april 1998.
34. Sydkorea gik fra 2, 6 til 7, 6 procent, Indonesien fra 4 til 12. Lignende monstre kunne man finde i de andre lande. International Labour Organization: “ILO Governing Body to Examine Response to Asia Crisis”, pressemeddelelse, 16. marts 1999; Mary Jordan: “Middle Class Plunging Back to Poverty”, Washington Post, 6. september 1998; McNally: “Globalization on Trial”; Florence Lowe-Lee: “Where Is Korea’s Middle Class?”, Korea Insight 2, nummer 11 (november 2000), side ljames D.Wol-fensohn: “Opening Address by the President of the World Bank Group”, Summary Proceedings of the Fifthy-Third Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors (Washington, DC, International Monetary Fund, 6.-8. oktober 1998), www.imf.org.
35. “Array of Crimes Linked to the Financial Crisis, Meeting Told”, New Straits Times (Kuala Lumpur), 1. juni 1999; Nussara Sawatsawang: “Prostitution – Alarm Bells Sound Amid Child Sex Rise”, Bangkok Post, 24. december 1999; Luz Baguioro: “Child Labour Rampant in the Philippines”, Strait Times (Singapore), 12. februar 2000; “Asian Financial Crisis Rapidly Creating Human Crisis:World Bank”, Agence France-Presse, 29. september 1998.
36. Laura Myers: “Albright Offers Thais Used F-16s, Presses Banking Reforms”, Associated Press, 4. marts 1999.
37. Independent Evaluation Office, IMF: The IMF and Recent Capital Account Crises: Indonesia, Korea, Brazil (Washington, DC, IMF, 12. september 2003), side 42-43, www.imf.org; Grenville: “The IMF and the Indonesian Crisis”, side 8.
38. Craig Mellow: “Treacherous Times”, Institutional Investor International Edition, maj 1999.
39. Raghavan: “Wall Street Is Scavenging in Asia-Pacific”.
40. Rory McCarthy: “Merrill Lynch Buys Yamaichi Branches, Now Japan’s Biggest Foreign Broker”, Agence France-Presse, 12. februar 1998; “Phatra Thanakit Announces Partnership with Merrill Lynch”, pressemeddelelse fra Merrill Lynch, 4. juni 1998; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: World Investment Report Í 99 8-.Trends and Determinants (New York, United Nations, 1998), side 337; James Xiaoning Zhan ogTerutomo Ozawa: Business Restructuring in Asia: Cross-Border M& As in the Crisis Period (Kobenhavn, Copenhagen Business School Press, 2001), side 100; “Advisory Board for Salomon”, Financial Times (London), 18. maj 1999; “Korea Ssangyong Sells Info Unit Shares to Carlyle”, Reuters News, 2. januar 2001; “JP Morgan – Carlyle Consortium to Become Largest Shareholder of Kor-Am”, Korea Times (Seoul), 9. september 2000.
41. Nicholas D. Kristof: “Worsening Financial Flu in Asia Lowers Immunity to U.S. Business”, New York Times, 1. februar 1998.
42. Lewis: “The World’s Biggest Going-Out-of-Business Sale”; Mark L. Clifford: “Invasion of the Bargain Snatchers”, BusinessWeek, 2. marts 1998.
43. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: World Investment Report 1998:Trends and Determinants (New York, United Nations, 1998), side 338; Zhan og Ozawa: Business Restructuring in Asia, side 99; “Chronology-GM Takeover Talks with Daewoo Motor Creditors”, Reuters, 30. april 2002.
44. Zhan og Ozawa: Business Restructuring in Asia, side 96-102; Clifford: “Invasion of the Bargain Snatchers”.
45. Alexandra Harney: “GM Close to Taking 67% Stake in Daewoo for $400M”, Finan-cialTimes (London), 20. september 2001; Stephanie Strom: “Korea to Sell Control of Banks to U.S. Investors”, New York Times, 1. januar 1999.
46. Charlene Barshefsky: “ Trade Issues with Asian Countries”, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Trade of the House Committee on Ways and Means, 24. februar 1998.
47. “International Water-Ayala Consortium Wins Manila Water Privatization Contract”, Business Wire, 23.januar 1997; “Bechtel Wins Contract to Build Oil Refinery in Indonesia”, Asia Pulse nyhedsbureau, 22. september 1999; “Mergers of S. Korean Handset Makers with Foreign Cos on the Rise”, nyhedsbureauet Asia Pulse, 1. november 2004; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: World Investment Report 1998, side 337; Zhan og Ozawa: Business Restructuring in Asia, side 96-99.
48. Zhan og Ozawa: Business Restructuring in Asia, side 96-102; Robert Wade og Frank Veneroso: “The Asian Crisis:The High Debt ModelVersus the Wall Street-Treasury-IMF Complex”, New Left Review 228 (marts-april 1998).
49. “Milton Friedman Discusses the IMF”, CNN Moneyline with Lou Dobbs, 22. januar 1998.
50. I 1995 lå selvmordsraten på 11, 8 per 100.000 indbyggere; i 2005 var den oppe på 26, 1 per 100.000, en stigning på 121 procent. World Factbook 1991 (Washington, DC, Central Intelligence Agency, 1997); World Factbook 2007, www.cia.gov; “S. Korea Has Top Suicide Rate among OECD Countries: Report”, nyhedsbureauet Asia Pulse, 18. september 2006; “S. Korean Police Confirms Actress Suicide”, Agence France-Presse, 12. februar 2007.
51. United Nations Human Settlements Program: Annual Report (Nairobi, UN-HABI-TATA, 2006), side 5-6, www.unchs.org; Rainer Marie Rilke: Duino Elegies and the Sonnets to Orpheus (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1977), side 51.
52. “Indonesia Admits to Rapes during Riots”, Washington Post, 22. december 1998.
53. “The Weakest Link”; Thomas L. Friedman: The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York, Farrar, Straus and, Giroux, 1999), side 452-53.
54. “The Critics of Capitalism”, Financial Times (London), 27. november 1997.
55. Fischer: Commanding Heigths; Blustein: The Chastening, side 6-7.
14. Chokterapien i USA: Homeland Security-boblen
1. Tom Baldwin: “Revenge of the Battered Generals”, Times (London), 18. april 2006.
2. Reuters: “Britain’s Ranking on Surveillance Worries Privacy Advocate”, The New York Times, 3. november 2006.
3. Daniel Gross: “The Homeland Security Bubble”, www.slate.com, 1. juni 2005.
4. Robert Burns: “Defense Chief Shuns Involvement in Weapons and Merger Decisions to Avoid Conflict of Interest”, Associated Press, 23. august 2001.
5. John Burgess: “Tuning in to a Trophy Technology”, Washington Post, 24. marts 1992; “TIS Worldwide Announces the Appointment of the Honorable Donald Rumsfeld to its Board of Advisors”, PR Newswire, 25. april 2000; Geoffrey Lean og Jonathan O wen: “Donald Rumsfeld Makes $5M Killing on Bird Flu Drug”, Independent (London), 12. marts 2006.
6. Georg W Bush: “Bush Delivers Remarks with Rumsfeld, Gates”, CQ Transcripts Wire, 8. november 2006.
7. Joseph L. Galloway: “After Losing War Game, Rumsfeld Packed Up His Military and Went to War”, Knight-udder, 26. april 2006.
8. Jeffrey H. Birnbaum: “Mr. CEO Goes to Washington”, Fortune, 19. marts 2001.
9. Donald H. Rumsfeld: “Secretary Rumsfeld’s Remarks to the John Hopkins, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies”, 5. december 2005, www.defenselink.mil; Tom Peters: The Circle of Innovation (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), side 16.
10. Informationerne på de næste to sider er taget fra Donald H. Rumsfeld: “DoD Acquisition and Logistic Excellence Week Kickoff – Bureaucracy to Battlefield”, tale holdt i Pentagon 10. september 2001, www.defenselink.mil.
11. Carolyn Skorneck: “Senate Committee Approves New Base Closings, Cuts $1, 3 Billion from Missile Defense”, Associated Press, 7. september 2001; Rumsfeld: “DoD Acquisition and Logistic Excellence Week Kickoff”.
12. Bill Hemmer og Jamie Mclntyre: “Defense Secretary Declares War on the Pentagon’s Bureaucracy”, CNN Evening News, 10. september 2001.
13. Donald Rumsfeld: “Tribute to Milton Friedman”, Washington, DC, 9. maj 2002, www.defenselink.mil; Milton Friedman & Rose D. Friedman: Two Lucky People: Memoirs (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998), side 345.
14. Milton Friedman & Rose D. Friedman: Two Lucky People, side 391.
15. William Gruber: “Rumsfeld Reflects on Politics, Business”, Chicago Tribune, 20. oktober 1993; Stephen J. Hedges: “Winter Comes for a Beltway Lion”, Chicago Tribune , 12. november 2006.
16. Greg Schneider: “Rumsfeld Shunning Weapons Decisions”, Washington Post, 24. august 2001; Andrew Cockburn: Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy (New York, Scribner, 2007), side 89-90; Randeep Ramesh: “The Two Faces of Rumsfeld”, Guardian (London), 9. maj 2003; Richard Behar: “Rummy’s North Korea Connection”, Fortune, 12. maj 2003.
17. Joe Palca: “Salk Polio Vaccine Conquered Terrifying Disease”, National Public Radio. Morning Edition, 12. april 2005; David M. Oshinsky: Polio: An American Story (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005), side 210-11, fodnote: Carly Weeks: “Tamiflu Linked to 10 Deaths”, Gazette (Montreal), 30. november 2006; Dorsey Griffith: “Psychiatric Warning Put on Flu Drug”, Sacramento Bee, 14. november 2006.
18. Knowledge Ecology International: “KEI Request for Investigation into Anticompetitive Aspects of Gilead Voluntary Licenses for Patents onTenofivir and Emtricita-bine”, 12. februar 2007, www.keionline.org.
19. John Stanton: “Big Stakes inTamiflu Debate”, Roll Call, 15. december 2005.
20. Informationerne på de næste to sider stammer fra T. Christian Miller: Blood Money: Wasted Billions, Lost Lives and Corporate Greed in Iraq (New York, Little, Brown and Company, 2006), side 77-79.
21. Joan Didion: “Cheney: The Fatal Touch”, The New York Review of Books, 5. oktober 2006.
22. Doan Briody: Halliburton Agenda: The Politics of Oil and Money (New Jersey, John Wiley and Sons, 2004), side 198-99; David H. Hackworth: “Balkans Good for Texas-Based Business”, Sun-Sentiel (Ford Lauderdale), 16. august 2001.
23. Antonia Juhasz: Bush Agenda: Invading the World, One Economy at a Time (New York, Regan Books, 2006), side 120.
24. Jonathan D. Salent: “Cheney: I’ll Forfeit Options”, Associated Press, 1. september 2000.
25. “Lynne Cheney Resigns from Lockheed Martin Board”, Dow Jones News Service, 5. januar 2001.
26. Tim Weiner: “Lockheed and the Future of Warfare”, New York Times, 28. november 2004. fodnote: Jeff McDonald: “City Looks at County’s Outsourcing as Blueprint”, San Diego Union-Tribune, 23. juli 2006.
27. Sam Howe Verhovek: “Clinton Reining in Role for Business in Welfare Effort”, New York Times, 11. maj 1997; Barbara Vob ej da: “Privatization of Social Programs Curbed”, Washington Post, 10. maj 1997.
28. Michelle Breyer og Mike Ward: “Running Prisons for a Profit”, Austin American-Statesman, 4. september 1994; Judith Greene: “Bailing Out Private Jails”, The American Prospect, 10. september 2001; Madeline Baro: “Tape Shows Inmates Bit by Dogs, Kicked, Stunned”, Associated Press, 19. august 1997.
29. Matt Moffett: “Pension Reform Pied Piper Loves Private Accounts”, Wall Street Journal, 3. marts 2005.
30. “Governor George W. Bush Delivers Remarks on Governmental Reform”, FDCH Political Transcripts, Philadelphia, 9. juni 2000.
31. Jon Elliston: “Disaster in the Making”, Tuscon Weekly, 23. september 2004.
32. Joe M. Allbaugh: “Current FEMA Instructions & Manuals Numerical Index”, vidneudsagn fra direktøren for Federal Emergency Management Agency Joe M. Allbaugh til Veterans Affairs, Housing and Urban Development and Independent Agencies Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee, 16. maj 2001.
33. John F. Harris og Dana Milbank: “For Bush, New Emergencies Ushered in a New Agenda”, Washington Post, 22. september 2001; United States General Accounting Office: Aviation Security: Long-Standing Problems Impair Airport Screeners’ Performance, juni 2000, side 25, www.gao.gov.
34. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States: The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 2004, side 85, www.gpoaccess.gov.
35. Anita Manning: “Company Hopes to Restart Production ofAnthraxVaccine”, USA Today, 5. november 2001.
36. J. McLane: “Conference to Honor Milton Friedman on His Ninetieth Birthday”, Chicago Business, 25. november 2002, www.chibus.com.
37. Joan Ryan: “Home of the Brave”, San Francisco Chronicle, 23. oktober 2001; George W. Bush: “President Honors Public S er vants”, Washington DC, 15. oktober 2001.
38. George W.Bush: “President Discusses War on Terrorism”, Atlanta, Georgia, 8. november 2001.
39. John F. Harris og Dana Milbank: “For Bush, New Emergencies Ushered in a New Agenda”.
40. Andrew Bacevich: “Why Read Clausewitz When Shock and Awe Can Make a Clean Sweep ofThings?”, London Review of Books, 8. juni 2006. fodnote: Scott Shane og Ron Nixon: “In Washington, Contractors Take on Biggest Role Ever”, New York Times, 4. februar 2007.
41. Evan Ratliff: “Fear, Inc”., Wired, december 2005.
42. Scott Shane og Ron Nixon: “In Washington, Contractors Take on Biggest Role Ever”.
43. Matt Richtel: “Tech Investors Cull Start-ups for Pentagon”, Washington Post 7. maj 2007; Defense Venture Catalyst Initiative: “An Overview of the Defense Venture Catalyst Initiative”, www.devenci.dtic.mil.
44. Evan Ratliff: “ Fear, Inc “.
45. Jason Vest: “Inheriting a Shambles at Defense”, Texas Observer (Austin), 1. december 2006; Evan Ratliif: “Fear, Inc”.; Paladin Capital Group: “Lt. General (Ret) USAF Kenneth A. Minihan”, Paladin Team, 2. december 2003, www.paladincapgroup.com.
46. Office of Homeland Security: National Strategy for Homeland Security, juli 2002, side 1, www.whitehouse.gov; Ron Suskind: The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America’s Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11 (New York, Simon & Schuster, 2006); “Terror Fight Spawns Startups”, Red Herring, 5. december 2005.
47. United States House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform – Minority Staff, Special Investigations Division: Dollar, Not Sense: Government Contracting Under the Bush Administration, lavet for medlem af Repræsentanternes Hus Henry A. Waxmanjuni 2006, side 5, www.democrats.reform.house.gov; Tim Shorrock: “The Corporate Takeover of U.S. Intelligence”, Salon, 1. juni 2007, www.salon.com; Rachel Monahan og Elena Herrero Beaumont, “Big Time Security”, Forbes, 3. august 2006; CIA: World Fact Book 2007, www.cia.gov; “U.S. Government Spending in States Up 6 Pet in FY’03”, Reuters, 7. oktober 2004; Frank Rich: “The Road from K Street toYusufiya”, New York Times, 25.juni 2006.
48. Rachel Monahan og Elena Herrero Beaumont. “BigTime Security”.
49. Tallet stammer fra Roger Cressey, tidligere embedsmand inden for terrorbekæmpelse under Bush, nu chef for Good Harbor Consulting. Rob Evans og Alexi Monstrous: “Britain’s Surveillance Future”, Guradian (London), 2. november 2006; Mark Johnson: “Video, Sound Advances Aimed at War on Terror”, Associated Press, 2. august 2006; Ellen McCarthy: “8 Firms Vie for Pieces of Air Force Contract”, Washington Post, 14 . september 2004.
50. Brian Bergstein: “Attacks Spawned a Tech-Security Market That Remains Young Yet Rich”, Associated Press, 4. september 2006.
51. Mure Dickie: “Yahoo Backed on Helping China Trace Writer”, Financial Times (London), 10. november 2005; Leslie Cauley: “NSA Has Massive Database of Americans’ Phone Calls”, USA Today, 11. maj 2006; “BoeingTeam Awarded SBInet Contract by Department of Homeland Security”, pressemeddelelse, 21. september 2006, www.boeing.com.
52. Robert O’Harrow Jr.: No Place to Hide (New York, Free Press, 2005).
53. “Terror Fight Spawns Startups”.
54. Justine Rood: “FBI Terror Watch List ‘Out of Control’”, The Blotter Blog on ABC News, 13. juni 2007, www.abcnews.com; Ed Pilkington: “Millions Assigned Terror Risk Score on Trips to the US”, Guardian (London), 2. december 2006.
55. Rick Anderson: “Flog Is My Co-Pilot”, Seattle Weekly, 29. november 2006; Jane Mayer: “The C.I.A.’s Travel Agent”, The New Yorker, 30. oktober 2006; Brian Knowl-ton: “Report Rejects European Denial of CIA Prisons”, New York Times, 29. november 2006; Jane Mayer: “The C.I.A.’s Travel Agent”; Stephen Grey: Ghost Plane: The True Story of the CIA Torture Program (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 2006), side 80; Pat Milton: “ACLU File: Suit Against Boeing Subsidiary, Saying It Enabled Secret Overseas Torture”, Associated Press, 31. maj 2007.
56. Andrew Buncombe: “New Maximum-Security Jail to Open at Guantanamo Bay”, Independent (London), 30. juli 2006; Pratap Chatterjee: “Intelligence in Iraq: L-3 Supplies Spy Support”, CorpWatch, 9. august 2006, www.corpwatch.com.
57. Michelle Faul: “Guantanamo Prisoners for Sale”, Associated Press, 31. maj 2005; John Simpson: “No Surprises in the War on Terror”, BBC News, 13. februar 2006; John Mintz: “Detainees Say They Were Charity Workers”, Washington Post, 26. maj 2002.
58. Den omtalte fange var Adel Fattough Ali Algazzar. Dave Gilson: “Why Am I in Cuba?”, Mother Jones, september-oktober 2006; Simpson: “No Surprises in the War on Terror”; Andrew O. Selsky: “AP: Some Gitmo Detainees Freed Elsewhere”, USA Today, 15. december 2006.
59. Gary Stoller: “Homeland Security Generates Multibillion Dollar Business”, USA Today, 10. september 2006.
60. Sarah Anderson, John Cavanagh, Chuck Collins og Eric Benjamin: “Executive Excess 2006: Defense and Oil Executives Cash in on Conflict”, 30. august 2006, side 1, www.faireconomy.org.
61. Rattlif: “Fear, Inc”.
62. O’Harrow: No Place to Hide, side 9.
15. En korporativistisk stat: Ud med svingdøren og ind med en ladeport
1. Jim Krane: “Former President Bush Battles Arab Critics of His Son”, Associated Press, 21. november 2006.
2. Scott Shane og Ron Nixon: “In Washington, Contractors Take the Biggest Role Ever”, New York Times, 4. februar 2007.
3. Jane Mayer: “Contract Sport”, The New Yorker, 16. februar 2004.
4. “HR 5122: John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed byt Both House and Senate)”, www.thomas.loc.gov.
5. “Remarks of Sen. Patrick Leahy on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, Conference Report, Congressional Record”, States News Service, 29. september 2006.
6. Gilead Sciences: “Stock Information: Historical Price Lookup”, www.gilead.com.
7. Interview med Stephen Kinzer i Democracy Now!, 21. april 2006, www.democracy-now.org.
8. Udtrykket “indbyrdes forbundne og gensidigt forstærkende” stammer fra historikeren James A.Bill. Stephen Kinzer: Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq (New York, Times Books, 2006), side 122.
9. Robert Burns: “Defense Chief Shuns Involvement in Weapons and Merger Decisions to Avoid Conflict of Interest”, Associated Press, 23. august 2001; Matt Kelley: “Defense Secretary Sold Up to $91 Million in Assets to Comply with Ethics Rules, Complains about Disclosure Form”, Associated Press, 18. juni 2002; Pauline Jelinek: “Rumsfeld Asks for Deadline Extension”, Associated Press, 17. juli 2001.
10. John Stanton: “Big Stakes inTamiflu Debate”, Roll Call, 15. december 2005.
11. Rumsfelds selvangivelse for 2005 viser, at han ejer “aktier af en værdi op til 95, 9 millioner dollar, fra hvilke han fik en indtægt på 13 millioner, ejede fast ejendom for 17 millioner dollar og tjente 1 million dollar på at leje den ud”. Geoffrey Lean og Jonathan Owen: “Donald Rumsfeld Makes $5m Killing on Bird Flu Drug”, Independent (London), 12. marts 2006; Kelley: “Defense Secretary Sold Up to $91 Million in Assets to Comply with Ethics Rules ...”
12. Robert Burns: “Defense Chief Shuns Involvement ...”
13. John Stanton: “Big Stakes inTamiflu Debate”
14. Nelson D. Schwartz: “Rumsfeld’s Growing Stake in Tamiflu”, Fortune, 31. oktober 2005.
15. Gilead Sciences: “Stock Information: Historical Price Lookup”, www.gilead.com.
16. Cassell Bryan-Low: “Cheney Cashed in Halliburton Options Worth $35 Million”, Wall Street Journal, 20. september 2000.
17. Ken Herman: “Cheney Earns $8.8 Million to Bushes’ $735.000”, Austin American Statesman, 15. april 2006; Halliburton, Investor Relations: “Historical Price Lookup”, www.halliburton.com.
18. Sarah Karush: “Once Privileged in Iraq, Russian Oil Companies Hope to Compete on Equal Footing After Saddam”, Associated Press, 14. marts 2003; Saeed Shah: “Oil Giants Screamble for Iraqi Riches”, Independent (London), 14. marts 2003.
19. “Waiting for Green Light”, Petroleum Economist, 1. oktober 2006.
20. Geoffrey Lean og Jonathan Owen: “Donald Rumsfeld Makes $5m Killing on Bird Flu Drug”.
21. Jonathan Weisman: “Embattled Rep. Ney Won’t Seek Reelection”, Washington Post, 8. januar 2006; Sonya Geis og Charles R. Babcock: “Former GOP Lawmaker Gets 8 years”, Washington Post, 4. marts 2006; Judy Bachrach: “Washington Babylon”, Vanity Fair, !, august 2006.
22. Eric Lipton: “Former Antiterror Officials Find Industry Pays Better”, New York Times, 18. juni 2006.
23. Ellen Nakashima: “Ashcroft Finds Private-Sector Niche”, Washington Post, 12. august 2006; Lipton: “Former Antiterror Officials Find Industry Pays Better”; Good Harbor Consulting, LLC, www.goodharbor.net; Paladin Capital Group: “R. James Woolsey –VP”, Paladin Team, www.paladincapgroup.com; Booz Allen Hamilton: “R.James Woolsey”, www.boozallen.com; Douglas Jehl: “Insiders’ New Firm Consults on Iraq”, New York Times, 30. september 2003; “Former FEMA Head to Start Consulting Business on Emergency Planning”, Associated Press, 24. november 2005.
24. “Former FEMA Head Discussed Wardrobe During Katrina Crisis”, Associated Press, 3. november 2005.
25. Seymour M. Hersh: “The Spoils of the GulfWar”, New Yorker, 6. september 1993.
26. Michael Isikoff og Mark Hosenball: “A Legal Counterattack”, Newsweek, 16. april 2003; John Council: “Baker Botts’ ‘Love Shack’ for Clients”, Texas Lawyer, 6. marts 2006; Erin E. Arvedlund: “Russian Oil Politics in a Texas Court”, New York Times, 15. februar 2005; Robert Bryce: “It’s a Baker Botts World”, The Nation, 11. oktober 2004.
27. Peter Smith og James Politi: “Record Pay-Outs from Carlyle and KKR”, Financial Times (London), 20. oktober 2004.
28. “Cutting James Baker’s Ties”, New York Times, 12. december 2003.
29. Informationerne i de næste to afsnit stammer fra Naomi Klein: “James Baker’s Double Life: A Special Investigation”, The Nation, lagt ud på hjemmsiden 12. oktober 2004, www.thenation.com.
30. David Leigh: “Carlyle Pulls Out of Iraq Debt Recovery Consortium”, Guardian (London), 15. oktober 2004; United Nations Compensation Commission: “Payment of Compensation”, pressemeddelelser 2005-2006, www.unog.ch; Klein: “James Baker’s Double Life: A Special Investigation” ; Verdensbanken: “Data Sheet for Iraq”, 23. oktober 2006, www.worldbank.org.
31. Eric Schmitt: “New Group Will Lobby for Change in Iraqi Rule”, New York Times, 15. november 2002; George P. Shultz: “Act Now”, Washington Post, 6. september 2002.
32. Tim Weiner: “Lockheed and the Future of Warfare”, New York Times, 28. november 2004; Schmitt: “New Group Will Lobby for Change in Iraqi Rule”; John Laughland: “The Prague Racket”, Guardian (London), 22. november 2002; John B.Judis: “Minister without Portfolio”, The American Prospect, maj 2003; Lockheed Martin, Investor Relations: “Stock Price Details”, www.lockheedmartin.com.
33. Bob Woodward: State of Denial (New York, Simon & Schuster, 2006), side 406-407.
34. James Dao: “Making a Return to the Political Stage”, New York Times, 28. november 2002; Leslie H. Gelb: “Kissinger Means Business”, New York Times, 20. april 1986; Jeff Gerth: “Ethics Disclosure Filed with Panel”, New York Times, 9. marts 1989.
35. James Harding: “Kissinger Second Take”, Financial Times (London), 14. december 2002.
36. Seymor M. Hersh: “Lunch with the Chairman”, The New Yorker, 17. marts 2003.
37. Ibid.; Thomas Donnelly og Richard Perle: “Gas Station in the Sky”, Wall Street Journal, 14. august 2003. fodnote: R. Jeffrey Smith: “Tanker Inquiry Finds Rumsfeld’s Attention Was Elsewhere”, Washington Post, 20. juni 2006; Tony Capaccio: “Boeing Proposes Bonds for 767 Lease Deal”, Seattle Times, 4. marts 2003.
38. Seymor M. Hersh: “Lunch with the Chairman”; Tom Hamburger og Dennis Ber-man: “U.S. Adviser Perle Resigns as Head of Defense Board”, Wall Street Journal, 28. marts 2003.
39. Interview med Richard Perle i CNN: Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer, 9. marts 2003.
40. Judis: “Minister without Portfolio”; David S. Hilzenrath: “Richard N. Perle ‘s Many Business Ventures Followed His Years as a Defense Official”, Washington Post 24. maj 2004; Seymor M. Hersh: “Lunch with the Chairman”; T. Christian Miller: Blood Money: Wasted Billions, Lost Lives and Corporate Greed in Iraq (New York, Little, Brown and Company, 2006), side 73.