Page numbers refer to the print edition.
Page numbers in italics refer to maps.
A3 radiotelephone voice encryption system, 114, 115–17, 119–20, 329n20, 331n11
acoustic torpedoes, 270–71
aerial bombings: of Germany, 34, 41–49, 168, 248; of Japan, 313–14; of London, 44; resources for, 51–52; theory of, 42–43, 313. See also Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO)
aerial patrolling, 28, 51–52, 54, 142, 268
aide-memoire on Tube Alloys program, 312, 357n36
air bases on Italian mainland, 146
Air Ministry Intelligence—Political Warfare Executive assessment, 286
Airplane Conference of 1938, 180
air travel hostile interception, 142, 146
Akers, Wallace, 25–26, 30, 160–61, 192, 274–75, 320n38
Algiers planning meeting, 91–92
Allied Anti-Submarine Working Group, 122
Allied conferences, 6, 38–39; Cairo Conference, 283, 284, 287–89. See also Casablanca Conference; Eureka Conference; Quadrant Conference; Trident Conference
American Military Cemetery, 356n15
American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 115
amphibious forces for Neptune, 254–57. See also specific amphibious ships and craft
amphibious landings history, 63
Anderson, John: and Anglo-American atomic agreement, 160–61, 165, 192–95, 197, 213, 222–24; and atomic bomb information, 11, 23, 36–37, 81–82, 135–36, 322n80, 326n36; and atomic energy, 311
Anfa, Morocco, 14
Anfa Camp, 15
Anfa Hotel, 14
Anglo-American atomic agreement: background of, 6, 125, 130–31, 137–38, 139–40, 160–61; drafting of, 192–98, 207, 222–23, 233–34, 342–43n22; FDR and Churchill meetings on, 228–29; FDR and draft of, 213, 217–18; signing of, 247, 274–75
Anglo-American Combined Policy Committee, 195, 311
antisubmarine warfare (ASW): and attrition campaigns, 50, 51–52, 55; and Bolero, 153, 258–61, 267–69, 271; and Casablanca Conference, 28–29; German threat to, 142
Anti-U-Boat Warfare Committee, 52, 53–54
Arcadia Conference, 15
armada size, D-Day, 3
armaments production: German, 48; U.S., 181–82, 255–57, 294–95
Army Service Force (ASF), 253, 264, 297
Arnold, Henry “Hap”: about, 11; and aerial bombing, 44, 45–46, 48; and Casablanca Conference, 11, 27; and meetings aboard USS Iowa, 285; and Quadrant Conference, 208, 218
artificial ports, 108, 110, 112, 190, 191, 200, 257, 309
ASF. See Army Service Force (ASF)
ASW. See antisubmarine warfare (ASW)
AT convoys, 265
Atlanticism, 71
atomic bomb: accelerated development of, 309–11; British development of, 80–82, 135; and Canada, 223–24, 231; information sharing on, 22–27, 80–89, 122, 124–27, 130–40, 320n32, 321n40; restoration of U.S.-UK collaboration, 274–76, 309–10; target site selection for, 312–13; test and use of, 313–14. See also Anglo-American atomic agreement
atomic energy: commercial applications of, 85, 87, 125, 136, 137, 192; postwar control of, 311–12
attack cargo ships, 254, 255, 297
attack transports, 254, 255, 297
attrition campaigns, 41–56; aerial bombings, 41–49, 215; Battle of the Atlantic, 49–56
attrition versus direct assault strategies, 31, 68, 72, 208–9, 240
Avalanche, Operation, 130, 146, 249
B-24s, 13, 51–53, 55, 142, 171, 268
Barker, Ray: and COSSAC establishment and directives, 58–59, 60, 62, 66–67; and Overlord Outline Plan, 113, 126–27, 158–60, 199–201
Barnes, William Gorell, 36
Battle of Kursk, 123
Battle of the Atlantic, 49–56, 201–2, 226, 257–61, 271, 346n17
battleships, 1–2, 268–69, 297. See also the Lützow, the Scharnhorst, the Tirpitz, USS Alabama; USS Arkansas; USS Iowa; USS Nevada; USS South Dakota; USS Texas
Beaverbrook, Max, 7, 98–99, 147
Beck, Thomas, 141
Belfast, Ireland, 1
Bell Telephone Company of Canada, 171
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 117–18
Bennett, Harry, 340n2
Beobachtung-Dienst, 53
Bessell, William W., 151–52
Big Three meeting. See Eureka Conference
Big Three relationship, 166–67
bilateral meeting of Roosevelt and Stalin, 93–102; and Churchill, 98–102, 143–44, 328–29n20; and Joseph Davies in Moscow, 94–97; Stalin’s request to make trilateral, 189; waiting for, 162, 166–67
Birch Island, Canada, 170, 172. See also under fishing trips of Franklin Roosevelt
the Blitz, 44
Bolero, Operation. See Operation Bolero
Bomber Command, RAF, 43, 51–52, 248
bombers: antisubmarine warfare and, 28–29, 54–55; B-24s, 13, 51–53, 55, 142, 171, 268. See also aerial bombings; bombing strategy
bombing offensives. See aerial bombings
bombing strategy, 41, 43–44, 45
Brady, Dorothy, 163
the Bristol, flying boat, 90–91
British Post Office, 115
Brooke, Alan: about, 13, 14; and Casablanca Conference, 13, 29, 30, 31, 32–33; and COSSAC, 57, 158; and post-Trident in-flight meeting, 90–91; and Quadrant Conference, 147, 206, 239–40, 243, 245, 246, 248, 249; and Trident Conference, 76–77, 78–79, 86
Brown, Allen Tupper, 320n28
Brown, Wilson, 163, 172, 185, 227, 246, 247
Buckley, O. E., 118
Bundy, Harvey: and atomic bomb, 122, 126, 134–36, 140, 194, 196–97; and cross-Channel option, 216, 218–19
Bush, Vannevar: about, 24; and Anglo-American atomic agreement, 192–95, 196–98, 207, 213, 342n22; and atomic bomb information, 24–26, 82, 85–88, 132–36, 139–40, 161, 165, 334n63; Britain trip of, 122, 124–26; and postwar atomic partnership, 312; restoring atomic collaboration, 275–76
Byrnes, James, 163, 168, 184, 185, 312, 340n2
Cairo Conference, 283, 284, 287–89
campaigns of attrition. See attrition campaigns
Canada: and atomic bomb, 81, 82, 223–24, 231, 276; war participation of, 225–26, 231
Caroline Islands, 33
Casablanca Conference, 11–40; American meetings of, 27–28; arriving at and location of, 11–15; atomic bomb and, 26, 30, 35–36; background of, 16–27; and bomber allocation, 52; British meetings of, 32; CCS meetings of, 28–35; conclusions of, 37–40, 49, 73; plenary sessions of, 30; purpose and challenge of, 15–16
casualties: of Allied aerial bombing, 47–48, 244; of Battle of the Atlantic, 49, 271; of D-Day, 3, 307, 319n4; of Empress of Canada, 272; in Japan, 314; of Operation Gomorrah, 126; of Operation Jubilee, 63
CCS. See Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS)
Chadwick, James, 274
Cherbourg, port of, 108, 111, 112
Cherwell, Lord. See Lindeman, Frederick
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 17
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS), UK, 32
Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander (COSSAC). See COSSAC
Chiefs of Staff (COS), UK: and atomic bomb, 26–27, 321n40; and CCS 303, 237–38; and Churchill, 21, 231; and COSSAC, 57, 62, 113, 147–48, 159, 190; and Italy invasion, 148–49, 286–87; and merchant shipping, 261; and Quadrant Conference, 238–39, 243; and Quadrant Conference preparations, 152–53, 235–36, 237–38; and Rankin planning, 155; and Trident Conference, 72–73. See also Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS)
Churchill, Winston: about, 14, 274; and aerial bombing, 42–43, 44; and Anglo-American atomic agreement, 8–9, 161; and atomic bomb information sharing, 22–23, 35–37, 80–86, 88–89, 124–26, 130–32, 134–40; and atomic bomb UK development, 6; and Battle of the Atlantic, 52; and bilateral initiative between FDR and Stalin, 93, 95, 98–102, 128, 143–44; and Cairo Conference, 287–89; and Casablanca Conference, 13, 16, 26, 37–40; and COSSAC, 57–58, 190–91; cross-channel invasion strategy position of, 6, 74, 89; cross-Channel strategy commitment of, 123–24, 129–30, 131, 138–39, 186–88, 277–82, 293; and Eureka Conference, 289–91; and Italy invasion, 92, 124, 126, 186–87, 277; and post-Trident in-flight meeting, 90–91; and postwar atomic energy, 311–12; and Quadrant Conference, 128–29, 141, 162, 227–33, 247, 248–49; quotes of, 1, 41; relationship of COS with, 21; and Stalin, 93, 224–25; and Trident Conference, 74, 79, 80, 88–89; and voice communications, 114, 116–17, 119–20; and William Mackenzie King, 221–22; writing to FDR, 181–82
Ciechanowski, Jan, 168–69
CIGS. See Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS), UK
civil affairs planning and capabilities, 156–57
Clyde Estuary, 271
Coastal Command, RAF, 51, 52, 55
Cobra, Operation, 309
Cockade, Operation, 61, 107, 308–9
Combat Demolition Units, 307
Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO): about, 45–49; Casablanca Conference decisions on, 34, 124; and D-Day, 308; and Germany’s collapse theory, 236, 253, 285–86; and Italy, 288; and priorities, 54–55, 153, 201, 209–10, 212, 238; and resources, 205, 252
Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS): and Battle of the Atlantic, 49, 52, 54, 258; and Cairo Conference, 288; and Casablanca Conference, 15, 18, 28–35; and CCS 303, 208; and Churchill cross-Channel commitment, 277–79; and Combined Bomber Offensive, 46; and COSSAC, 60–61, 62, 64, 148, 201; and expanded cross-Channel plan, 302; formation of, 15; and Italy invasion, 128, 149; and Neptune amphibious forces, 255; and Quadrant Conference, 129, 153, 238–40, 243–46, 247–48, 249; and Trident Conference, 70, 74, 75–77, 78–79, 85
Combined Commanders Committee, UK, 62
Combined Operations Headquarters, UK, 62
Combined Policy Committee, 195, 224, 229, 274–76, 311
complicity, German citizens’ sense of, 47
Conant, James: and Anglo-American atomic agreement, 139, 193–94, 196–97, 198; and atomic bomb, 24–26, 82, 125, 132–33, 139, 161, 275–76; memorandum of, 30, 125, 192–93; and postwar atomic partnership, 312
“Conduct of the War in Europe” (Handy), 202–6
constitutional limits of U.S. presidential war powers, 24, 87, 131, 134
Convoy and Routing Section, 259
Convoy Conference, 55
convoys: AT, 265; KMF and MFK, 278, 279, 282–83; ON and ONS, 258, 259, 271; SC, 258; UT and TU, 265–73, 266, 278, 293, 295, 297, 352n46
Cooke, Charles M. “Savvy”, Jr., 152, 199, 306, 356n19
Cooke, Henry D., 273
COS. See Chiefs of Staff (COS), UK
COSSAC (Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander): coordinating D-Day, 297–98; establishment, directives, and purpose of, 57–62, 64–67; expanded plan of, 299–303, 300–301, 304; and Overlord entry point options, 67–68; Overlord Outline Plan of, 109–13, 126–27, 154–60, 190–91, 198–201, 240, 254, 304; and Overlord plan elements, 103–6; and Overlord resources, 68–69; planning challenges of, 62–65; and Rankin planning, 154–57, 336n24; and Rattle Conference, 102, 106–9
Cotentin Peninsula, 62, 108, 111, 249, 303
cross-beach efficiency, 108
cross-Channel attack strategy: and atomic bomb information sharing, 84–85; and Casablanca Conference, 18, 20, 29, 31, 34–35; and CCS 303, 209–10; and Eureka Conference, 290–91; Henry Stimson memo to FDR on, 173–80, 185, 186, 188, 189, 339n5, 341n21; overview of, 5, 6, 8–9; and post-Trident in-flight meeting, 89–91; and pre-Quadrant Conference, 228–29, 230–31; and Quadrant Conference, 147, 239–42, 245–46, 248–49; and Quadrant Conference preparations, 215–16, 236–38; and Sledgehammer, 19; and Trident Conference, 75–77, 78–79; U.S. revolt against, 152, 154, 158, 165, 198–99. See also COSSAC (Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander)
CVE. See escort aircraft carriers (CVE)
Davies, Joseph E., 93, 94–98, 101
deception operations, Allied, 61, 107, 308–9
decryption, 50, 53, 114, 118–19
de Gaulle, Charles, 37, 322–23n81
Delente, Jacques, 307
demobilization, 168
Democratic Party, 16–17, 176–77
deployment of U.S. troops for Overlord, 251–53, 265–73, 266, 278–79, 295, 297
destroyers: as convoy escorts, 256, 260, 268–69, 271, 297; on D-Day, 306–7
Deutsche Reichspost, 115
Devers, Jacob, 58, 67, 109, 127, 131, 147, 158, 199–200
Dieppe Raid, 14, 63, 231, 276–77
diesel engine production, 256
digitizing speech, 117–18
Dill, John, 11–12, 26–27, 32, 189, 241–42, 316n2
divisions by nationality, 103–4
the Dixie Clipper, flying boat, 12
double-bunking convoys, 267
Dover, England, 130
Duggan, Laurence, 337n15
Eaker, Ira, 124
Eden, Anthony, 37, 83–84, 100, 123, 187, 323n81
Eisenhower, Dwight D.: about, 18–19; as American Supreme Allied Commander in North Africa, 15, 29, 73, 91–92; invading Italy, 78, 128, 145–46, 178, 220, 255; and Overlord forces, 204, 220, 236–37; quotes of, 70; as Supreme Allied Commander, 285, 292, 298, 302, 303
Elsey, George, 306, 307, 356n16
encryption systems, 50, 53, 114–20, 330n3, 331n11
entry point options for cross-Channel attack, 67–68, 104–5, 110, 111–12, 329n5
equipment shipping, 264–65, 295
escort aircraft carriers (CVE), 260
escort vessels: and antisubmarine warfare, 28–29; for D-Day, 3, 297; and trade routes, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 346n17; for troop deployment, 1, 256, 259–60, 267–71
Essone. See S-1
ETOUSA. See European Theater of Operations, U.S. Army (ETOUSA)
Eureka Conference: meetings of, 289–91; planning for, 189, 234, 277–78, 279, 281, 283; preliminary meetings for, 283, 284, 287–89
European Theater of Operations, U.S. Army (ETOUSA), 58, 109
European theater war strategy options. See cross-Channel attack strategy; Mediterranean strategy
evasive routing of convoys, 53, 54
expanded Overlord plan, 299–303, 300–301, 304
the Ferdinand Magellan, presidential railroad car, 163, 168, 170, 185, 188, 244
“Fido” homing torpedoes, 261
Fiftieth Division, UK, 288–89
Fifty-First Division, UK, 289
fireside chats, 168
fire support for assault troops, 3, 65, 108, 297, 302, 306–7
First Airborne Division, UK, 278
First Canadian Army, 109, 330n21
First Canadian Infantry Division, 109
First Panzer Corps, 308
fishing trips of Franklin Roosevelt: at Birch Island, 170–72, 184–89, 340n2; of December 1940, 181–82; in Ontario, 129; planning of Birch Island, 141, 143, 145; as a ruse, 144, 344n77; train ride from Birch Island for, 189, 207; train ride to Birch Island for, 162–64, 165–66, 168, 169–70
food supplies and production, 262
Force O, 299
forces for Neptune. See amphibious forces for Neptune
forces for Overlord: deployment of U.S., 251–53, 265–73, 266, 278–79, 295, 297; and Overlord Outline Plan, 103–4, 110, 126–27, 191, 200, 251; and Quadrant Conference, 239–40, 249, 251; and Quadrant Conference preparations, 211, 212, 216, 218, 219–20, 236–38. See also amphibious forces for Neptune
Force Utah, 3
Foxer (FXR), 271
France: Churchill broadcasting to, 1; invasion of southern, 152, 199, 210, 220, 244, 302. See also cross-Channel attack strategy; Free French
“Frankfurt” inercepted convoy radio messages, 53, 258
Free French, 2–3, 37, 73, 322–23n81, 342–43n22
Frisch, Otto, 310
funding for the war, 180–81
FXR. See Foxer (FXR)
George Leygues, French cruiser, 2–3
German parachutists, 289
Germany: aerial bombing of, 41–49, 168, 248; and Battle of the Atlantic, 201–2; citizen sense of complicity, 47; and scenario of Allied D-Day loss, 303; strengthening of defenses by, 303–4; theory of forcing collapse of, 33–34, 43–44, 46, 285–86
Germany first strategy, 16, 18, 31, 32, 123, 175, 176, 240
Gerow, Leonard, 306
Ghost Train, 159–60
GI Bill of Rights, 168, 337–38n25
Groom, Victor, 190–91
Group of Seven, 170
Groves, Leslie, 24–26, 82–83, 133, 197, 275, 312–13, 342–43n22
Guderian, Heinz, 303–4
gun-type atomic bomb, 310, 313
Gymnast, Operation, 19
Halifax, Lord, 83–84
Hall, John, 307
Handy, Thomas: “Conduct of the War in Europe” memo of, 202–6, 252; and cross-Channel option , 200, 212, 280; and D-Day, 299, 306; and Quadrant Conference, 210, 241, 242–43, 244
Harriman, Averill: and bilateral initiative with Soviet Union, 93, 98–100, 102, 328–29n20; and Casablanca Conference, 13, 27; and Churchill, 202; and Eureka Conference, 289; and Quadrant Conference, 213, 227.
“Heads of Agreement,” 161, 193
high-frequency band radio direction-finding (HF/DF) stations, 260, 270
Hiroshima, Japan, 313–14
HMS Bulolo, 14
HMS Dun Donald, 106–7
the Holocaust, 47, 169, 323n17, 338n29
homing torpedoes, 261
Hopkins, Harry: about, 21, 320n28; and atomic bomb, 35, 80, 82–84, 89, 125, 132, 213–14; and Casablanca Conference, 13, 27, 37, 323n81; and Eureka Conference, 291; and fishing trip, 141, 184–85, 340n2; and Henry Stimson cross-Channel memo, 180, 182–83, 186, 188; and Joseph Davies, 97–98; and Lend-Lease program, 182; and Quadrant Conference, 129, 172, 207, 210, 213–14, 227; and strategy, 7, 18, 19–20
Hopkins, Stephen Peter, 320n28
Horne, Fredrick, 256
Howard, Leslie, 142
Howe, C. D., 224
Hull, Cordell, 97, 169, 211, 283
Husky, Operation, 74, 76, 109, 122. See also Sicily, Italy
hydro-acoustic signatures, 270
Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), 25, 192
Imperial Japanese Navy, 256
implosion-type atomic bombs, 310, 313
Inönü, Ismet, 40
intelligence: and Battle of the Atlantic, 51, 53, 201, 259–61; and Combined Bomber Offensive, 286; and encryption, 114–15, 116, 117, 120, 258, 308
Ismay, Hastings “Pug”: and COSSAC, 57–58, 191; and Quadrant Conference, 245; and Sigsaly, 118–19; and trilateral meeting, 225; and Tube Alloys, 234, 320n40
Italy: British support for invading, 138, 149, 175, 202, 206, 222, 277; forces transfer from, 202, 220, 249, 283, 288–89; invasion of, 225, 288; and Operation Avalanche, 145–46; Overlord supporting invasion of, 178, 287; post-Mussolini, 119–20, 162, 186–87; and proposal for attacking south of Rome, 128, 131; Quadrant Conference discussion on, 236–38, 239–40, 242, 244, 249, 277; Sardinia, 28, 30, 92, 220; Trident Conference discussion of, 74–75, 78, 85, 86, 88, 92, 98. See also Mediterranean strategy; Sicily, Italy
Japan: bombing of, 313–14; decryption and, 114, 117; priority for defeat of, 15, 16, 18, 74, 76, 123; and resources, 31; and U.S. Marine Corps, 63
JCS 570, 284
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 284, 570: and atomic bomb, 321n40; and Battle of the Atlantic, 54–55; and Casablanca Conference, 11–12; and COSSAC, 61, 147–48; and Franklin Roosevelt, 21; and meetings aboard USS Iowa, 283–84, 285; and Overlord Outline Plan, 200–201; and postwar preparations, 71–72; and Quadrant Conference, 145, 152–53, 204, 207–9, 218–19, 240–42; strategy conflict between British, 149, 279; and Trident Conference, 76, 77, 79, 80; and war priorities, 18. See also Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS)
Joint Planning Staff, 152, 198, 199, 220, 239
Joint Strategic Survey Committee (JSSC), 199, 201, 203, 284
Joint War Planning Committee (JWPC), 151–52, 198–99
Jubilee, Operation, 14, 63, 231, 276–77
Jupiter, Operation, 248
Kahn, David, 116–17
Kennedy, John F., 171
King, Ernest: about, 12; and Casablanca Conference, 11, 19, 27, 31, 32; and forces for Overlord, 216, 259; and Quadrant Conference, 128, 208, 218, 240, 241, 242; and strategy, 119, 320n20; and Torch, 20; and Trident Conference, 72, 75–76
KMF-25A convoy, 278, 279, 282–83
Krug, Peter, 189
Kyoto, Japan, 313
land for troop accommodations, 262
landing beaches of Overlord Outline Plan, 110–11
landing craft, 3, 64, 93, 191, 254–57, 305. See also specific craft
landing craft medium (LCM), 257
landing craft tank (LCT), 3, 254–55
landing craft vehicle personnel (LCVP), 256
landing ship tank (LST), 3, 254, 256, 257, 307
Lanza d’Ajeta, Blasco, 186–87
LCM. See landing craft medium (LCM)
LCT. See landing craft tank (LCT)
LCVP. See landing craft vehicle personnel (LCVP)
Leahy, William: and atomic bomb, 321n40; and Casablanca Conference, 13; and fishing trip, 163, 172, 184, 185; and Quadrant Conference, 129, 208, 218, 241; and Trident Conference, 75
Lee, John C. H., 127
Lend-Lease Act, 182
the Leonardo Da Vinci, 272
Lewis, John L., 294
Liberators, 13, 51–53, 55, 142, 171, 268
Lindeman, Frederick (Lord Cherwell), 43–44; and atomic bomb, 23, 80, 84, 86–89, 134, 135–36, 198; postwar control of atomic energy, 311.
Lindsay, Richard C., 151–52
Lippmann, Walter, 71–72
Little Boy, 313
Llewellin, John J., 274–76
loading schemes, 262–63
Loeb, Ernest, 184
Los Alamos Laboratory, 310, 313
Lovett, Robert, 174
LST. See landing ship tank (LST)
Luftwaffe: Battle of the Atlantic and, 142; and the Blitz, 44; and convoy KMF-25A, 282; and D-Day, 308; defending Germany by fighters of, 45, 48–49; and Overlord planning, 61, 111, 286
lunar sailing schedule, 272
the Lützow, German pocket battleship, 269
MacArthur, Douglas, 17
MacDonald, Malcolm, 322n80
Mackenzie, C. J., 82
Mackenzie King, William: and Churchill, 221–22, 224–26, 230, 346n15; and FDR, 226, 250; as host of Quadrant Conference, 141, 231
Magic, 114
Manhattan Engineering District, 320n32
Manhattan Project. See atomic bomb
Manley, John, 184–85, 188–89, 340n2
Mansergh, M. J., 190
Maret International School, 345n24
Marshall, George C.: about, 9, 12, 21–22, 320n28; approach to dealing with FDR of, 180–82, 188; and Anglo-American atomic agreement, 194, 196–97; and atomic bomb, 24, 275, 321n40; and Casablanca Conference, 11–12, 27–28, 30–31; and communication security, 117; and cross-Channel option, 149–51, 154, 200, 211–12, 219–20, 252, 274, 280; and Henry Stimson, 121, 124, 173–74; and Henry Stimson’s cross-Channel memo, 179–80, 189; invading Italy, 92, 128, 130, 131; and post-Trident in-flight meeting, 90–91; and postwar national security, 284; preparing for Quadrant Conference, 207–8, 215–16, 218, 236–37; and Quadrant Conference, 144, 240, 241–42, 246, 247, 249, 257; and railroad dispute, 295, 296–97; and strategy, 9, 12, 19; as Supreme Allied Commander candidate, 280, 284, 291–92; and Trident Conference, 76–77, 78
Marshall Islands, 33
McFarland, A. J., 287
McKenzie, Donald, 188
McNarny, Joseph, 199
McNaughton, Andrew, 109
Mediterranean strategy: and Casablanca Conference, 19–20, 26–28, 29–30, 31, 32, 33; Churchill supporting, 90, 92, 126, 130, 144, 186, 277, 290; and COSSAC, 107, 109; Henry Stimson’s case against, 175–76, 178–79; and Quadrant Conference, 153, 201, 203, 209, 236–37, 240, 243–44; and Trident Conference, 74, 75–77, 78, 85, 89; U.S. support of, 148, 151–52, 154, 158, 199, 265
Mediterranean theater: deploying U.S. troops to, 211–12, 216; movement of forces for Overlord from, 79, 127, 149, 210, 220, 249, 252, 277, 278; operations in, 204, 220, 288–89, 290
merchant shipping, 49–50, 258, 261–65, 268, 270, 271
Middle Eastern Command, 284, 292
Mid-Ocean Air Gap, 51, 52, 54, 55
Milch, Erhard, 48
Military Policy Committee: and Anglo-American atomic agreement, 193–94, 195, 276; and atomic bomb, 24, 25, 121, 125, 133, 134, 321n40
Milner, Marc, 346n17
Mission to Moscow, 94–98
Molotov, V. M., 94
the Montcalm, French Cruiser, 2–3
Moorman, Daniel, 163
morale: as a factor in direct action, 28, 31, 33, 34; theory of bombing to break, 33–34, 42, 43, 44, 46–47, 285–86, 313
Morgan, Frederick: and COSSAC, 57–60, 64, 65–68; and Overlord Outline Plan, 103, 105–6, 107, 112–13, 126–27, 157–59, 199; and Quadrant Conference, 147; and Rankin planning, 154–55
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 306, 356n16
Mountbatten, Louis, 13–14, 62, 67, 106, 108, 109, 246
Mount Royal, private railway car, 227
Mulberry artificial harbors, 108, 110, 112, 190, 191, 200, 257, 309
Munson, Curtis, 306
Mussolini, Benito, 149–50
Mustang, P-51, 48–49
Nagasaki, Japan, 313
national security, postwar, 283–84
Navy, Free-French, 2–3
Navy, Imperial Japanese, 256
Navy, Royal. See Royal Navy (RN)
Navy, Royal Canadian, 226, 346n17
Navy, U.S. See U.S. Navy (USN)
Navy Patrol Torpedo Boat, 109, 171
need to know principle: and atomic bomb, 6, 25–26, 82, 86–87, 132–33, 134, 135, 276; and COSSAC, 57
Neptune, Operation, 1–3, 103, 108, 254–57, 297, 299–302, 300–301, 304–8
Nichols, Kenneth D., 275
Night Mail, 159–60
Norfolk House, 59
Normandy as an Overlord entry point option, 67–68, 105, 110, 111–12
Normandy residents, 307
North Africa, 15, 19, 20–21, 29, 30, 73, 205. See also Operation Torch
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, 116, 120
ocean liners for troop deployment, 265–67, 271–72. See also specific ocean liners
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 24, 132–33, 135, 320n32
Oliphant, Mark, 274
Omaha Beach, 3, 299, 300, 304–7, 356n15
ON-202 convoy, 271
ONS-18 convoy, 271
OPD. See U.S. Army Operations Division (OPD)
Operation Avalanche, 130, 146, 249
Operation Bolero, 218, 251–73; and amphibious craft, 254–57; and Battle of Atlantic offensive, 257–61; and Churchill, 123, 126; and force assembly, 251–53; Mediterranean operations competition to, 28, 151, 204, 216; and Quadrant Conference, 153, 204; and shipping, 261–65
Operation Cobra, 309
Operation Cockade, 61, 107, 308–9
Operation Gymnast, 19
Operation Husky, 74, 76, 109, 122
Operation Jubilee, 14, 63, 231, 276–77
Operation Jupiter, 248
Operation Neptune, 1–3, 103, 108, 254–57, 297, 299–302, 300–301, 304–8
Operation Overlord: entry point options for, 67–68, 104–5, 110, 111–12, 329n5; expanded plan of, 299–303, 300–301, 304; outline plan of, 109–13, 126–27, 154–60, 190–91, 198–201, 240, 254, 304; overriding priority of, 237, 239–40, 242, 244. See also COSSAC (Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander); cross-Channel attack strategy; D-Day; forces for Overlord
Operation Pointblank. See Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO)
Operation Priceless. See Mediterranean theater
Operation Rankin, 61–62, 148, 149, 154–57, 232, 238, 287
Operation Roundhammer, 69, 123, 131, 138, 146, 177–78, 332n8. See also Operation Overlord
Operation Roundup, 19, 20, 69, 75–77
Operation Rudge, 67–68
Operation Sea Lion, 42
Operation Sickle, 153, 201, 216
Operation Skyscraper, 62
Operation Sledgehammer, 19–20, 69, 75, 76, 256
Operation Tindall, 107
Operation Torch, 20, 21–22, 26, 65, 107, 177, 205
Oppenheimer, Robert, 24
opportunistic strategy, 72, 155, 199, 203, 209, 230, 240, 243. See also Operation Rankin
overloading convoys, 267
Overlord, Operation. See Operation Overlord
P-51 Mustang, 48–49
Pacific first strategy, 17, 18, 31
Pacific theater, 17–18, 32, 75, 238, 247
Paget, Bernard, 67
Pas de Calais: and D-Day deception, 309; as an Overlord entry point option, 67–68, 104–5, 110–11, 329n5
Peacock convoy, 278, 279, 282–83
Pearl Harbor, 117
Peierls, Rudolf, 274
Pershing, John J., 180–81
Pogue, Forrest, 292
Pointblank, Operation. See Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO)
Pointe du Hoc, 304–5
Polish-Soviet border, 96
Portal, Charles, 13, 32, 45–46, 52, 236, 238, 248
port battalions, 253
port efficiencies, 263–64, 293
Potomac River, 191–92
Pound, Dudley, 13, 28, 52, 238, 272
precision bombing, 34, 44–45, 46
Prettyman, Arthur, 163
Priceless, Operation. See Mediterranean theater
production, wartime: of Germany, 43, 48; of U.S., 4, 181–82, 256–57, 293–94
Quadrant Conference: agenda for, 152–53, 172, 238; and Anglo-American atomic agreement, 9, 247; background and overview of, 9, 99, 102, 128–29, 141, 143, 144–45, 235; British preparations for, 221–24, 226, 235–36; and CCS 303, 208–10; CCS meetings of, 238–40, 243–46, 247–48, 249; COS meetings of, 243; and cross-Channel option, 147, 149; and FDR and Churchill meetings, 227–29; final report of, 257; JCS meetings of, 240–42; plenary sessions of, 246–47, 248–49; U.S. preparations for, 150–51, 162, 165, 198, 201, 202–4, 213–20, 236–37
Quebec Conference. See Quadrant Conference
radio-telephones, 114–20
RAF. See Royal Air Force (RAF)
Ramsay, Bertram, 249
Rankin, Operation, 61–62, 148, 149, 154–57, 232, 238, 287
RCMP. See Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
Redman, Harold, 287
Reilly, Michael, 129, 141, 145, 163, 289
relationships between military chiefs, 5, 6–7
Republican Party, 17
Revolt Against Overlord, 151–52, 154, 158, 165
RMS Empress of Canada, 272
RMS Queen Elizabeth, 267
RMS Queen Mary, 144, 166, 190, 206, 213, 265, 267, 271–72
Romania oil refinery raid, 171, 338n43
Rommel, Erwin, 299, 303–4, 308
Rooks, Lowell, 220
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 143, 169, 228, 233
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: about, 12–13, 14, 274; and aerial bombing, 42–43; and Anglo-American atomic agreement, 213, 217–18; and atomic bomb, 9, 22, 82, 84, 88–89, 91, 125; and atomic bomb information sharing, 88–89, 91, 125, 132–33, 135, 140, 145; and Battle of the Atlantic, 54–55; and bilateral initiative with Stalin, 93–94, 96–101, 127–28, 143–44; and Cairo Conference, 287–89; and Casablanca Conference, 12–13, 16, 19–20, 27–28, 30, 37–40; controlling postwar atomic energy, 311–12; and cross-Channel option, 9, 150–51, 202–3, 206, 211–12, 218–19; dealing with, 180–82, 188; death of, 312; and deployment of U.S. forces for Overlord, 252; and elections, 16–17; and Eureka Conference, 289–91; meeting aboard USS Iowa, 283–84, 285; and Poland, 168–69; and postwar national security, 284; and pre-Quadrant Conference meetings with Churchill, 227–29, 232–33; and Quadrant Conference, 128–29, 216–19, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248; and railroad dispute, 294–97; traveling by train, 167–68; and Trident Conference, 70, 74–75, 79; and voice communication, 116, 117, 119–20; and William Mackenzie King, 226, 250. See also fishing trips of Franklin Roosevelt
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 305
Roundhammer, Operation, 69, 123, 131, 138, 146, 177–78, 332n8. See also Operation Overlord
Roundup, Operation, 19, 20, 69, 75–77
routes for convoys, 53, 54, 266
Royal, Forrest, 287
Royal Air Force (RAF): and aerial bombings of Germany, 41–42, 43, 126, 168; and Battle of the Atlantic, 260; and Combined Bomber Offensive, 34, 43, 44–45, 47, 51–52, 55, 168; nationalities in, 226
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 169
Royal Canadian Navy, 226, 346n17
Royal Navy (RN): and Battle of the Atlantic, 52; and D-Day, 2, 3, 299; and Neptune, 254; and Overlord resources, 257, 260, 268, 269, 271
Ruane, Kevin, 321n40
Rudge, Operation, 67–68
sailing time of UT convoys, 269, 352n46
Sardinia, Italy, 28, 30, 92, 220
SC-128 convoy, 258
the Scharnhorst, German battleship, 269
scheduling troop deployment convoys, 271–72
Sea Lion, Operation, 42
second front, 37, 91, 93–94, 96, 97, 167, 248
Sextant Conference, 283, 284, 287–89
Shangri-La, 150
Sherwood, Robert, 182
shipping capacities, 262–65
Sicily, Italy: discussions of invasion of, 28, 30, 31, 33, 40, 78, 92, 151; invasion of, 109, 122–23, 138, 171, 205, 225, 244
Sickle, Operation, 153, 201, 216
Simon, Francis, 274
S-1 project, 23, 133, 134–35, 193–94, 196–97, 320n32
Skyscraper, Operation, 62
Sledgehammer, Operation, 19–20, 69, 75, 76, 256
Slessor, John, 32
Smith, Bedell, 242
Somervell, Brehon, 297
Soviet Union: and atomic bomb, 81, 136, 310, 311, 312, 314; and Casablanca Conference, 11, 19, 32, 33; Joseph Davies visiting, 94–98; Quadrant Conference discussion on, 247–48; and Sledgehammer, 19, 69; Trident Conference discussing, 91, 92; and war in Europe, 91, 123, 167, 296. See also Eureka Conference; Stalin, Joseph
Spaatz, Carl “Tooey,” 44, 145, 146, 178
speed of convoy vessels, 267
Speer, Albert, 48
Spitzbergen, 269
S.S. Marnix van St. Aldegonde, 282
S.S. Nieuw Amsterdam, 261
S.S. Santa Elena, 282
Stalin, Joseph: and atomic bomb, 314; and bilateral initiative with FDR, 93–97, 127, 143–44, 162, 166–67, 189; and Casablanca Conference, 11; and Churchill, 93, 224–25; and cross-Channel invasion, 91, 290–91; and Eureka conference, 281, 290–91; and Quadrant Conference, 248
standstill order in Mediterranean, 149, 150, 245–46
Stargardt, Nicholas, 46–47
stereotyping, 8
Stimson, Henry Lewis: about, 18, 121, 175–76; and Anglo-American atomic agreement, 161, 173, 194, 196, 217–18, 345n34; and atomic bomb, 24, 124, 133–38, 140, 275–76, 312, 313; Britain trip of, 122–24, 129–31, 138–39; cross-Channel strategy memo by, 173–80, 182–83, 185, 188, 189, 339n5, 341n21; Dwight Eisenhower meetings with, 145–46; flying to North Africa, 142; and Overlord Outline Plan, 113, 126–27, 131, 158; controlling postwar atomic energy, 312, 357n36; and Quadrant Conference , 141, 207, 210, 212–13, 214–15, 216–19; and railroad dispute, 295, 296; and Walter Lippman book, 72
Stoler, Mark, 72
“Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the Axis in Europe,” 203, 208–10, 237–38, 239, 242–44
strikes, labor, 293–97
Suckley, Margaret “Daisy,” 166, 227, 232–33
Sudbury Daily Star, 185
supplies shipping, 264–65, 295. See also merchant shipping
Supreme Allied Commander: creation of, 34–35; designation of, 239, 251, 280, 284–85, 290, 291–92; recommendations of George Marshall for, 179, 212–13, 215, 218
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), 60, 298
Surles, Alexander, 131, 145–46
sustainment needs of liberated peoples, 262
Symbol Conference. See Casablanca Conference
“talk between ships” (TBS), 273
Target Committee, 312–13
Task Group 129.2, 1–3
TBS. See “talk between ships” (TBS)
Terminal Conference, 314
terror bombings. See aerial bombings
Texas Task Group, 299
Third Division, Canadian, 308
Tindall, Operation, 107
the Tirpitz, German battleship, 269
Torch, Operation, 20, 21–22, 26, 65, 107, 177, 205
Tovey, John, 52
Trident Conference: and atomic bomb, 81–83, 84–89; background and overview of, 70–74; CCS meetings of, 75–77, 78–79; conclusions of, 79–80, 85–86, 88–89, 92, 98, 167, 203; and Overlord, 103, 104; plenary meeting of, 74–75; and second front, 93–94; studies done at, 77–78
trilateral conference. See Eureka Conference
Tube Alloys (TA) project, 23; progress report on, 180–81; subject to confirmation, 223. See also atomic bomb
TU convoys, 267
Tully, Grace, 163
Turner, G. R., 62
Twelfth SS Hitler Youth Division, 308
U-boats: Allied offensive of, 257–61; attacks of, 28, 41; and Battle of Atlantic, 49–56, 226; and priority of ASW, 28, 33, 49; targeting production of, 45; and troop deployment convoys, 270–71, 273
unconditional surrender, 37–40, 157
United Mine Workers, 294
U.S. 101st Airborne division, 278
USA. See U.S. Army (USA)
USAAF. See U.S. Army Air Force (USAAF)
U.S. Army (USA), 17, 253. See also specific force types
U.S. Army Air Force (USAAF), 34, 44–45, 51, 181, 253
U.S. Army Ground Forces, 252, 253
U.S. Army Operations Division (OPD), 199, 202, 220
U.S. Army Services of Supply, 253
U.S. Army Transport (USAT), 267, 282–83
U.S. ascendency as a world power, 230, 231
USAT. See U.S. Army Transport (USAT)
USAT Anne Arundel, 282–83
USAT Argentina, 267
USAT Cristobal, 267
USAT Dorothea Dix, 282–83
USAT Santa Paula, 267
U.S. Eighth Air Force, 44, 48, 124, 146, 205, 236, 244
U.S. Eighty-Second Airborne Division, 278
U.S. elections, 16–17, 123, 175, 176–77
U.S. Fifth Armored Division, 295
U.S. Fifth Infantry, 278
U.S. First Infantry, 278, 282, 305–6, 309
U.S. Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic (Lippmann), 71–72
U.S. Fourth Armored Division, 295
U.S. Marine Corps, 63
USN. See U.S. Navy (USN)
U.S. Navy (USN): and Battle of the Atlantic, 55; Battleship Division Five of, 1–3; and D-Day, 307; and FDR fishing trip, 171; and Neptune, 254; Tenth Fleet of, 259–60; and troop deployment convoys, 268; and war priorities and resources, 16, 17–18, 51, 256–57, 263
U.S. Navy Battleship Division Five, 1–3
U.S. Navy Tenth Fleet, 259–60
U.S. Ninth Infantry, 278
U.S. railroad operations, 264, 294–97
USS Alabama, 269
USS Ancon, 306
USS Beatty, 282
USSBS. See U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)
U.S. Second Armored Division, 278
U.S. Second Infantry, 278
USS Indianapolis, 313
USS South Dakota, 269
USS Texas, 1–2, 3, 268, 297, 299, 304
USS Thurston, 273
U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), 48
USS Tuscaloosa, 181
U.S. Third Armored Division, 278
U.S. Twentieth Air Force, 313
U.S. Twenty-Eighth Infantry, 278
U.S. Twenty-Ninth Infantry, 205, 278, 305–6
U.S. War Shipping Administration (WSA), 263, 265
UT-1 convoy, 267–68
UT-4 convoy, 272–73
UT-7 convoy, 295
UT convoys, 267–73, 278, 293, 295, 297, 352n46. See also specific UT convoys
very long range bombers (VLR), 28–29, 51–53, 54, 55, 142
voice communication, 114–20, 330n3, 331n11
von Rundstedt, Gerd, 303–4
War Cabinet Anti-U-boat Committee, 122
War Department, 199–200, 264, 267
War Department Building, 121, 331n1
war powers of U.S. presidents, 24, 87, 131, 134
Watson, Edwin “Pa,” 162, 163, 185
Wedemeyer, Albert C., 11, 198–99, 219, 241, 242, 244, 246
Wilkins, E. D., 185
Wilson, Carroll L., 132–33, 140
Winant, John Gilbert, 123, 124, 186–87, 210
Wolfe, James, 235
World War I, 20–21, 44, 63, 111, 215, 251, 276, 296
WSA. See U.S. War Shipping Administration (WSA)
Yamamoto, Isoroku, 142
Zaunkönig acoustic torpedoes, 270–71