A New History of the Irish in Australia

Bak Hap, George 82

Bakhap, Thomas 82, 314

Bancks, Jimmy 151–53

Barry, Alfred 292

Barry, JV 222

Barry, Kathleen 331–32

Barry, Redmond 218, 220–22, 224

Bashford, Alison 122

Bates, Daisy 63–65

Beddoe, John 33–34, 107, 126

Bent, Thomas 286

Birmingham, John 348–49

Blainey, Geoffrey 15–16

Boer War 306

Boldrewood, Rolf 146

Bolshevism 113–14, 314, 329

Bongiorno, Frank 22, 93

Bonwick, James 41

Bourke, Cornelius 228–30

Bourke, Richard 271–72

Brannigan, Francis 219–24, 228

Brennan, Damien 238

Brigham, Carl C 107–08

Britain

British Empire 30, 46, 49–50, 137, 271, 293, 344

British government 7, 112–14, 268, 308–09, 315–16

Irish as ‘British’ 11–14, 16, 29, 100, 109, 111, 115, 120–22, 260–61, 344

Irish immigration to 337

Brooke, GV 161

Brookes, Herbert 324

Brown, William 220, 224

Bruce, Stanley M 114–15, 332

bulls 146–48, 151

Burke, Bridget (‘Biddy’) 48, 54, 73

bushranging 194, 215–16; see also Kelly outbreak

Byrne, Bill Brock 62

Byrnes, Thomas Joseph 279, 295–98

Cahill, Thomas 258–59

Cahill, William 67

Campbell, Malcolm 75

Carr, Thomas 307

Carrington, Lord Charles Robert 292

Carrington, Tom 132, 139, 140, 141, 142, 155, 156, 157, 158

Carson, Edward 311–12

cartoonists 132

cartoons 131–32

American 188

anti-Chinese 73, 74, 88, 89, 95, 96

anti-Indigenous 95, 96

anti-Irish 60, 73, 74, 88, 89, 134–62, 138, 141, 149, 156, 158, 160, 165, 166, 182, 188, 289, 327, 317, 318, 319, 320

anti-Jewish 146

Bulletin 132, 145–46, 149, 320

domestic servants in 88, 89, 166, 182

Melbourne Punch 132, 137, 138, 139–40, 141, 142–43, 154–55, 156, 157, 158, 159, 188, 289, 317, 327

policemen in 149

racial stereotypes in 133–34

Castieau, JB 217

Catholic Church

and Aboriginal missions 68–70

in Australia 17

in Britain 17

encyclical on workers’ rights 300

and eugenics movement 119–20

European Catholics 336

in Ireland 5

Irish clergy 340

Ne Temere decree on marriage 306, 329

and Protestant-Catholic marriage 52, 175, 306, 329

and state aid to church schools 13, 155, 274–75, 287, 298, 307, 328, 333, 336

Catholic Federation 10, 307, 328–29

Catholic Preferred advertisements 189–93

Catholic press 117, 160, 179–80, 275, 300, 312, 319, 332

Catholics, Irish 5, 7, 12–14, 19, 29, 38–39, 159–60, 175, 189, 333, 344

Catholics and Irish conflated 22, 162, 194

middle class 310–11

as political threat 273, 318, 344

working class 301–02, 314–15

Catholic Social Studies Movement (The Movement) 334

Catholic Young Men’s Society 96–97

Celtic Club, Melbourne 341

Celtic Tiger decade 8, 343

censuses, Australian 236–37, 302

Childers, Erskine 102

Chinese

after the gold rushes 80, 92

anti-Chinese stereotypes 84–85, 87

cartoons 73, 74

immigration restrictions on 90–100, 120

and Lambing Flat riots 78–79, 80, 91

marriages to Irish women 75, 80–90, 349

on the goldfields 75–79, 94

relationships with non-Chinese women 84

Chinese Anti-Opium League 93

Clark, Manning 15, 194–95

Cleary, Patrick Scott 9–10

Coffey, John 96

Coghlan, TA 208–10

Coleborne, Catharine 255–56

Collins, David 37

communism 333–34

Connolly, James 67, 112–13

conscription

in Australia 300, 308–22

in Britain 312

in Ireland 308–22

plebiscites, 1916–17 105–06, 112, 307, 313–15, 317, 319, 321–23, 328

convicts

‘Emancipists’ 271–72

‘exiles’ 10–11, 196

female 6

Irish 6–7, 10, 16, 37, 196, 268–69, 343

rebellion, Castle Hill, 1804 194

Cook, Joseph 308

‘coolies’ 83, 273

Coppin, George 133

craniology 32–33; see also

anthropometry; physiognomy

crime and the Irish

arrests 201–03, 201, 204, 210

assault 198

capital punishment see executions

in colonial NSW and Queensland 207–11

in colonial Victoria 199–207

in England 197–99

female crime 206, 207

in Ireland 197–99

male crime 210

murder 215–18, 219–24

politicisation of 197

prostitution 199, 204, 207

public order offences 198–99, 202–04, 206–07, 210

rape 290–92

statistics 200–11, 201, 204, 205, 208, 209

vagrancy 198, 199, 202, 228–29

violent crime 204

see also convicts; police; violence and the Irish

Crisp, LF 304

Cruikshank, George 135–36

Cruikshank, Isaac 135

culture 2–4, 25; see also race

Curthoys, Ann 12, 29, 345

Cusick (or Cusack), James 217–18

Cuthbert, Margaret 262

Dad and Dave 151–52

Dáil Éireann 325, 330

Dalley, William Bede 91–92, 143, 292–94, 298

Dampier, Alfred 133, 146

D’Arcy, Michael 273–74

Darrell, George 133

Davitt, Michael 292, 296–97, 310

Day, Edward Denny 55–56

Deakin, Alfred 105, 117, 155, 281–82, 286

de Gobineau, Arthur 109

Democratic Labor Party 334

Democratic Party 328

Denham, Arnold 147–48

De Nie, Michael 27

Deniehy, Daniel 91

Denison, Thomas Stewart 86–87

Dennis, CJ 151–52

deportations, Irish 123–27, 331

de Quartrefages, Armand 41

de Valera, Éamon 330–31

diaspora, Irish 3–4, 19

in Britain 3, 27–28

in Australia 3, 5–8

in the United States 3, 26

Dibbs, George 290, 291

Dilke, Charles 83

Dillon, John (assisted immigrant) 127

Dillon, John (Irish home rule leader) 46, 101–02

Dixon, Miriam 14–15, 345

Dobson, Catherine 250, 252–53

Dodson, Patrick 71

Doherty, Eva 54

domestic servants, Irish 164–68, 173–79

‘Bridget’ 88, 89, 114, 164–68, 166, 182, 187, 188

cartoons 88, 89, 166, 182

Catholic Preferred advertisements 189–93

marriage to Chinese men 82–83, 88–89

masters and servants acts 180–81

‘Mrs Murphy’ 164

No Irish Need Apply advertisements 168, 174, 177

power of servants over mistresses 181, 182, 183

Douglass, Henry Grattan 90–91

Dowling, James 55

Doyle, Sister Angela Mary 2

Dry, Richard 279

Dryer, Albert 324

Duffy, Charles Gavan 66, 141, 142, 154, 156, 221, 273, 279, 280–81, 283–86

Duffy, John Gavan 140, 141

Durack, Mary 59

Durack, Patrick 58–59

Durkin, Tom 132, 145–46, 148, 149, 150, 161

Dyson, Edward 79

economic collapse, Irish, 2008 343

Edgeworth, Maria 146

education

Catholic schools 53

free, secular in Victoria 286, 287–88

national system in Ireland 50

state aid to church schools 13, 155, 274–75, 287, 298, 307, 328, 333, 336

state funded 97–98

Elmslie, George 288

‘Emancipists’ 271–72

Empire Settlement Act 1922 112–16, 121

employment 163–93, 206; see also No Irish Need Apply

English common law 32

English language 50

Esson, Louis 85

ethnicity 111–12, see also race

eugenics 104, 105–112, 119–20, 125

Eureka Stockade 194

Evatt, HV 124, 334

‘Exclusives’ see free settlers

executions

arbitrariness of death penalty 214, 224, 230

in Ireland 312

Irish hangman 226

of men 211–19, 219–24, 226–31, 290–92

in NSW 290–92

in Victoria 201, 213, 219–24, 226–31

of women 213–14, 222, 224

fairies, Irish belief in 251

Famine, Great Irish 6–7, 31, 342

Famine orphans 7, 90, 175, 206–07, 349

Federation, Australian 102–04

Feeney, Edward 216–17

Fenians (Irish Republican Brotherhood)

and assassination attempt on Prince Alfred 136, 138, 185, 276

in Australia 140, 141, 142–44, 276

in cartoons 134–44

in England 136, 139, 185, 276

in Ireland 136, 185, 330

in United States 28, 136, 187, 276

Finnane, Mark 210–11

First World War 307–11; see also conscription

Fitzpatrick, David 263, 309

Flynn, Johanna 256–57

Fogarty, Martin 215

Foley, Gary 71

forced migration see convicts

Francis, James G 286

Francis, RD 210

Fraser, Malcolm 322

Freeman, Edward Augustus 39

free settlers 6–7, 38, 270–71

free trade versus protectionism 117, 290

Fried, Rebecca 169

frontier wars 54–58

Froude, JA 293–94

Fulham, Margaret 81–82

Fuller, George 329

Gaelic League

in Australia 44, 65, 72

in Ireland 72, 324

Gaelic Revival movement 44–45

Gallipoli see First World War Garner, Steve 28

Garry, Aileen 339

Garton, Stephen 260–62

Garvan, Brigit 81

Garvan, Patrick 94

Gately, Michael 225–26

gender stereotypes 27, 79, 193, 214, 222, 254–55, 331

Gibney, Matthew 69

Gillen, Frank 62–63, 72

Gillray, James 134–35

Ginger Meggs 152–53

Glassey, Thomas 296

Glynn, Patrick McMahon 100–01, 118–19

gold rushes

Chinese and Irish miners 75–79

display of Irish symbols on goldfields 78–79

Lambing Flat riots 78–80, 91

Pegleg Gully riots 77

Governor, Jimmy 52

Grattan Address 142, 289

Haddon, Alfred C 34–36, 44, 111–12

Hage, Ghassan 345–46

Hall, Catherine 25

Hamilton, Celia 300

Harper, Charles 69

Hayter, HH 200, 202–06

Heraghty, Richard 218, 227

Herlihy, Joanna 254–55

Hetherington, Isabella 70

Hiberno-English 53, 145, 255

Hicks, Mary Jane 290–92

Higgins, Henry Bournes 100–01

Higgins, Michael D 71

Higinbotham, George 228–29

Hirst, John 13, 195

history

Australian historians and the Irish 8–19, 194–96

Irish family history 342–43

oral histories 338–40

Hogan, Edmond J (Victorian premier) 288

Hogan, (Father) Edmund 44–45

Hogan, James Francis, 19–10, 56–57, 293

Hogan, Margaret 82

Hogan, Michael 280

Hogan, Thomas 226–27

Holt, Bland 133

home rule movement 45, 63

in Australia 99–103, 142–44, 276, 306, 308–23

in Ireland 39, 44, 46, 153, 270, 295, 308–16

Irish Parliamentary Party 101, 142, 301, 307, 309, 313, 316

in UK 308–09

Hoolan, John 296

Hopkins, Livingston (‘Hop’) 132, 143, 181, 182

Horne, Donald 159–60, 162

Hughes, WM 112–13, 312–14, 324

humour

Australian with Irish roots 151–53

see also bulls; cartoons; jokes, anti-Irish

Hunt, David 348–49

Hunter, John 16

Huxley, Julian 111–12

Huxley, Thomas 32

Ignatiev, Noel 25–26

immigration

21st century 337–43

assisted 6–8, 272–73; see also Empire Settlement Act 1922

descendants of 19th-century immigrants 340

insanity, and exclusions and deportations 121–22, 124–26

inter-war 112, 115–16, 332

Irish excluded 117–18, 122–23

Irish deported 123–27, 331

restricted see Immigration Restriction Act 1901; Immigration Restriction Bill 1901; white Australia policy

Immigration Act 1920 331

Immigration Restriction Act 1901–25 76, 112, 116–26

amendments 118–19

dictation test 116–18, 121–22

Immigration Restriction Bill 1901 100–01

imperial federation 293

Indigenous Australians

cartoons 95, 96

domestic servants 190

comparisons with the Irish 41, 64–65

friendships with Irish Australians 70–71

and frontier wars 54–58

Indigenous-Irish marriages 50–53, 59–61, 72

and Irish-Australian missionaries 68–70

Irish-Australian protectors of 67–68

and Irish anthropologists 62–65

and Irish-language words 53

Irish violence against 51, 54–58, 70

massacres of 55–58

removal of mixed-race children 51–52, 59–62, 70

Inglis, Ken 294

intelligence testing 107–08

International Workers of the World 314

Ireland, Richard 225

Irish-Australian politicians 66–67, 94, 100–01, 112–13, 142, 153–59, 156, 158, 214, 279–81, 295–96, 299–02, 314

Irish-Australian premiers 154, 277–80, 298, 303–04

in colonial NSW 288–94

in colonial Queensland 294–98

in colonial Victoria 280–88

statistics 277, 278, 303

Irish-Australian prime ministers 97, 304–05, 305

Irish-Australian writers 24, 161

Irish Catholics see Catholics, Irish

Irish Civil War, 1922–23 330–31

Irish clubs and societies 338, 341

Irish Free State, 1922–37 28, 114–16, 330–31, 333

Irish Land War, 1879–82 139, 141, 155, 157; see also Fenians; Irish home rule

Irish language 5, 53, 324, 342

Irish National Association (INA) 323–24, 330–32, 340–41

Irish Parliamentary (home rule) Party 101, 142, 301, 307, 313, 316

Irish Protestants see Protestants, Irish

‘Irish question’ 32, 323

Irish ‘race’ see race

Irish rebellions 268–69

1798 Rebellion 16, 27, 135, 169, 268–69, 342

1848 Rebellion 154, 283

1916 Dublin Easter Rising 307, 309, 312, 323, 339

Irish Republic 333, 339, 347

Irish Republican Army (IRA) 71, 114, 325–26, 332

Irish Republican Brotherhood see Fenians

Irish studies 342

Irish War of Independence, 1919–21 28, 113, 325–26, 330–32

Jageurs, John Davitt 310–11

Jageurs, Morgan 310–11

James, JS (‘The Vagabond’) 214, 225–26, 246–47

Jennings, Patrick 279, 288, 290–92

Jensen, Richard 168–69

job advertisements 170–80; see also No Irish Need Apply

jokes, anti-Irish 18, 23, 88, 146, 151, 347–49; see also bulls; cartoons; stereotypes of the Irish

Jones, William Ernest 105

Kalgoorlie race riot, 1934 125

Kearns, Linda 331–32

Kelly, James 220, 222

Kelly, Ned 147–48, 157, 158, 196, 287, 349

Kelly outbreak, 1878–80 148, 155, 194, 196, 287

Kiernan, Colm 278, 301

King, Philip Gidley 16

Kingsley, Charles 41

Kingston, Charles Cameron 279

Knox, Robert 31–32

Labor Party see Australian Labor Party

Lalor, Peter 154, 227

Lang, John Dunmore 38

Larkin, John 259–60

larrikins 85, 151, 157, 290–92

Lew Shing, William 81

Liberal Party

Australian 322, 347

British 13, 142, 282, 311

Lindsay, Jack 22

Lindsay, Norman 319, 320

Lloyd George, David 314, 316

Long, Retta 70

Loyalty League 328–29

lunacy legislation

in Australia 243–46

and exclusions and deportations 121–22, 124–26

in Ireland 239–40

‘lunatic asylums’ 124, 245–46, 264

attendants 246–47

in Australia 232–38, 246–57

doctors 241, 248–50, 255–60, 264–65

in England 240–42

female patients 247–50, 249, 250–57, 261–62, 265

Gladesville Asylum, Sydney 250–60

in Ireland 238–238

Kew and Yarra Bend Asylums, Melbourne 246–47

male patients 248–49, 258–61, 265

medical records 247–50

statistics 232–38, 235, 236, 237

‘typical lunatic’ in colonial Australia 260–65

see also lunacy legislation; mental illness among the Irish

Lynch, Billy 51

Lynch, Patrick 314

Lyng, Jens Sorensen 108–11

McCalman, Janet 262

McCarron, Barry 75

McCarthy, Angela 263

McCarthy, Hannah 253–54

McCarthy, Jeremiah 127

McCarthy, Tom 78, 80

McConville, Chris 178, 302

MacDonagh, Oliver 274

McEncroe, John 273–74

McGarry, Francis 69–70

McGettigan, Seamus 338–39

McGinness, Val and Joe 51–52

McGorry, Patrick 1

McGrath, Ann 29, 50–51

McIntyre, Ann 178

Macintyre, Stuart 282, 284

McKenna, Clancy 61

McKibbin, Ross 17

Macky, William Dill 307

McMahon, Charles 155, 156

McMahon, James 225

McMahon, Richard 197

Macnaghten, Terence 113–14

MacRaild, Don 169, 174, 189

Macrossan, John Murtagh 94

madness see lunacy legislation; ‘lunatic asylums’; mental illness among the Irish

Mahon, Hugh 101

Maloney, Thomas 220, 223

Maloney, William 118–19

Manning, Frederick Norton 234–36, 248, 250, 262

Mannix, Daniel 17, 105

and the ALP 333–34, 336

and conscription 312, 314–15, 317, 322, 324–25

‘disloyalty’ to England 322–26, 328–29

and Ireland 316, 326, 327, 330–32

marriage

Catholic Ne Temere decree 306, 329

Chinese-Irish 75, 80–90, 349

Indigenous-Irish 50–53, 59–61, 72

interracial 42–43, 63–64

Protestant-Catholic 52, 175, 306, 329

Marsden, Samuel 23, 38

Martyr, Philippa 124–25

massacres, Indigenous

Forrest River 57–58

Myall Creek 55–57

masters and servants acts 180–81

May, Phil 132

Mayhew, Henry 199

men, Irish

comic Irish man 144–53 in ‘lunatic asylums’ 248–49, 258–61, 265

in popular culture 130–34, 159–62, 194–96

see also Fenians; politicians

mental hospitals see ‘lunatic asylums’

mental illness among the Irish 239, 245–46

in Australia 232–38, 235, 236, 237, 241, 251–60, 263–65

in England 240–42

in Ireland 238–238, 264

see also lunacy legislation; ‘lunatic asylums’

Menzies, Robert 17, 322, 333

migration see convicts; diaspora, Irish; immigration

miners 75–79; see also gold rushes

miscegenation 42–43, 63–64, Mitchell, Robert M 125

Molesworth, Henrietta and Robert 22, 225

Moore, George Fletcher 55

Moran, Patrick 92, 143, 184, 292, 294, 300, 306, 333

Morgan, Sharon 206

Morris, Grahame 347, 349

Mount Rennie rape case 290–92

Movement, The (Catholic Social Studies Movement) 334

Muldoon’s Picnic 160

Munro Ferguson, Ronald 308

Murphy, Francis 155, 156

Neville, AO 61

No Irish Need Apply (NINA) 163–64, 183

in Australia 95, 96, 170–84, 206

Catholic Preferred advertisements 189–93

English or Scotch Preferred advertisements 177–79

Irish responses to 179–81, 183–84

Protestant Preferred advertisements 173, 184–189, 273

in UK and US 168–70, 174, 189

Noone, Val 342

Northern Ireland 8, 28, 51, 239, 330, 333, 338, 342–43

O’Brien, Anne 261

O’Brien, Joseph 44

O’Brien, Mary 48

O’Connell, Daniel 31, 56, 153, 270–74, 281–82, 285

O’Connell’s ‘Tail’ 270–74

O’Connor, Robert Ignatius 125

O’Donnell, Ian 197

O’Dowd, Bernard 93

O’Farrell, Ernest (‘Kodak’) 161

O’Farrell, Henry James 136–37, 185

O’Farrell, Patrick 4, 8–11, 18–19, 23, 28–29, 195–96, 200, 232–33, 241, 274, 302, 335, 346

O’Flanagan, Michael 331

O’Kelly, Christopher 341

O’Kelly, JJ 331

O’Leary, Cornelius 67–68

O’Loghlen, Bryan 154–55, 157, 158, 159, 187, 218, 227, 279, 283, 286–88, 289

oral histories 338–40

Orange Order 117, 275, 280, 307–08, 319, 328

Osborne, WA 102, 105–06, 108, 124–25

O’Shanassy, John 66–67, 154, 183, 214, 279, 280–83, 287–88

O’Shea divorce 294–95, 301

Overseas Settlement Committee (Britain) 112–13

‘Paddy’ 144–45

Parker, Frank Critchley 317, 318–19

Parker, PH 83

Parkes, Henry 92, 98, 137, 142, 292, 294

Parnell, Charles Stewart 153, 157

partition of Ireland 311, 316, 330, 333

pastoralists 58–61

Paterson, AB (‘Banjo’) 151

Patsy O’Wang 86–87

Peel, Robert 273

physiognomy 131, 220, 256; see also anthropometry; craniology

plays 86–87, 133, 147, 151, 159, 160

Plunkett, John Herbert 55–57, 271

Polding, John B 68

police

in Australia 198, 245

comic Irish policemen 146–48, 149, 150

and lunacy laws 244–46

Royal Irish Constabulary 113, 245–46, 325–26

and vagrancy laws 198–99, 202, 206–08

see also crime and the Irish; violence and the Irish

popular culture

men in 130–34, 159–62, 194–96

women in 164

poverty 82, 118, 121, 209, 241, 261–62

Price, John 219–24

Protestant defence associations 117, 307, 328–29; see also Orange Order

Protestant Preferred advertisements 173, 184–89, 273

Protestants

and Aboriginal missions 70

in Australian politics 299

Irish 5, 7, 22, 319, 320

Irish-Australian 322

Ulster Protestants 106, 319, 321–22

public order offences 198–99, 202–04, 206–07, 210

Queensland Irish Association 1, 44, 341

Quinn, James 97–98

race 24–27

distinctiveness of Irish as positive 24, 43–46

negative racial stereotyping of the Irish 22–23, 26, 28, 30–43, 104, 128

racial hierarchies 24, 37–40, 48–49, 105–12

racism 46–47

and religion 37, 106

Saxons and Celts 30–36

science 30–36, 108, 111

theories 30–36, 42, 105–12, 128

see also eugenics; stereotypes of the Irish; white Australia policy; whiteness

Real, Ellen 178

rebellions see Irish rebellions

Redmond, John 288, 301, 309, 311, 316

Redmond, William 288, 301

Reece, Bob 50–51

Reid, George 117–18

Republicanism, Irish 28; see also Fenians

Rickard, John 12–13, 305

Ripley, William Z 107–08

Robbery Under Arms 146

Robertson, George William 272–73

Robson, LL 310

Royal Irish Constabulary 113, 245–46, 325–26

Rudd, Steele 151–52, 160

Ryan, James 258

Ryan, Thomas J 296

St Patrick’s Day 1–4, 150, 323, 326–27, 339, 340

Sands, Bobby 343

Santamaria, BA 333–34

Scalmer, Sean 284–85

Scott, Elizabeth 222, 224

Scott, Ernest 16, 109

Scullin, James 97, 127, 305

sectarianism 13, 15, 28, 152–53, 155, 194, 196, 269, 280, 287, 297–98, 305–07, 322, 328–29

self-government, Irish see home rule movement

Serle, Geoffrey 284, 286–87

servants see domestic servants, Irish

Seymour, Charles 296

Sharkey, Winifred 250–51

Sharp family 52

Simons, JJ 97

Sinclair, Eric 250, 254, 259

Sinn Féin 112–14, 306–07, 314–17, 323–25

Smith, Henry 220–23

Spencer, Baldwin 63, 105

stereotypes of the English 133

stereotypes of the Irish 22–23, 26, 28, 30–43, 104, 128, 130–34, 159–62, 281, 346–49

as ape-like 41, 135, 141, 145, 162, 182, 187, 188, 225–26, 317, 319, 320

comic Irish man 144–53

comic Irish policemen 146–48, 149, 150

drunken 150

gendered 27, 79, 193, 214, 222, 254–55, 331

as impoverished 82, 106, 344

Irish artists complicit in stereotyping 161

Irish responses to 43–46, 160

larrikins 85, 151, 157, 290–92

as lazy 73, 74, low moral character 39–40, 164

men 79, 88, 131

physical appearance 30, 32–37, 79, 135, 161–62, 256–57

as political threat 153–59, 268–69, 344

as stupid 41, 144–53, 164, 347–48

as violent 23, 39–40, 79, 150, 194–96, 211, 229, 231, 342, 348–49

women 79, 82–83, 164, 175, 255

see also cartoons; Fenians; jokes, anti-Irish; No Irish Need Apply

Stewart, Charles 228–29

Stratton, Jon 29

Sudan contingent, 1885 143, 187, 188, 293–94, 298

Swift, Roger 197–98

Syme, David 282–83

syphilis 116, 135

Talbot, John 94

Tammany Hall 153–54

theatre impresarios 133

Theodore, EG 332

Therry, Roger 55–56, 271

Thomson, Alexander 41

Throssell, George 279

Topp, AM 23, 30, 39, 43–44, 200–04, 211–12, 214, 224, 230

Torrens, Robert 279

Tory (British Conservative) Party 270, 273, 282, 311

Troubles, Northern Ireland, 1968–98 28, 338, 342–43

Trove, National Library of Australia 170–71, 184

tuberculosis 116, 122, 124–27

Twopeny, Richard 165, 177

Ulster Protestants 106, 319, 321–22

unionists, Irish and British 309, 316

United Irishmen 136

vagrancy 198–99, 202, 206–08, 228–29

violence and the Irish

against Chinese people 78–80, 91

against Indigenous people 51, 54–58, 70

Irish as a violent people 23, 39–40, 79, 150, 194–96, 211, 229, 231, 342, 348–49

see also crime and the Irish; Fenians; frontier wars

Walker, Denis 340–41

Walsh, Tom 124

Ward, Russel 14

white Australia policy 74–75, 96–103, 116

Catholic attitudes to 96–104, 315

see also Immigration Restriction Act 1901–25

whiteness

and Irish home rule 46, 100–03

of Irish 40–41, 43, 49, 102–03, 105–12, 159–60, 162, 344, 346

Mediterranean and Nordic Irish 105–12

whiteness studies 26–27

Williamson, JC 133

women, Irish

and crime 206–07

executions of 213–14, 222, 224

in ‘lunatic asylums’ 247–57, 249, 261–62, 265

in popular culture 164

stereotypes of 79, 82–83, 164, 175, 255

see also domestic servants, Irish; marriage

workers’ rights 300

Wren, John 326, 328

writers 22, 24–25, 41–42, 88, 130–33, 151, 161, 348–49

Young Ireland movement 273, 283, 285

Young, Robert 25

Young, Thomas 77