^{[BACK TO †]} 36:28: S Eze 11:17 ; S 14:11 ; 34:24 ; 37:14 , 27 ; Zec 8:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:29: Eze 34:29

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:30: Lev 26:4–5 ; S Eze 34:13–14 ; Hos 2:21–22

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:31: Isa 6:5 ; S Jer 31:19 ; S Eze 6:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:32: Eze 16:63

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:32: Dt 9:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:33: S Lev 16:30

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:33: S Lev 26:31

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:33: S Isa 49:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:35: S Ge 2:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:35: Am 9:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:36: S Jer 42:10 ; S Eze 17:22 ; 37:14 ; 39:27–28

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:37: Zec 10:6 ; 13:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:37: Ps 102:17 ; Jer 29:12–14

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:38: 1Ki 8:63 ; 2Ch 35:7–9

^{[BACK TO †]} 36:38: S Ex 6:2

Ezekiel 37

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:1: S Eze 1:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:1: S Eze 11:24 ; Lk 4:1 ; Ac 8:39

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:1: Jer 7:32

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:1: S Jer 8:2 ; Eze 40:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:3: Dt 32:39 ; S 1Sa 2:6 ; Isa 26:19 ; 1Co 15:35

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:4: Jer 22:29

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:5: S Ge 2:7 ; Ps 104:29–30 ; Rev 11:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:6: S Ex 6:2 ; Eze 38:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:9: ver 14 ; Ps 104:30 ; Isa 32:15 ; Eze 39:29 ; Zec 12:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:9: Jer 49:36 ; Da 7:2 ; 8:8 ; 11:4 ; Zec 2:6 ; 6:5 ; Rev 7:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:10: S Eze 12:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:10: Rev 11:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:11: S Job 17:15 ; S La 3:54

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:12: ver 21 ; Dt 32:39 ; 1Sa 2:6 ; Isa 26:19 ; Jer 29:14 ; Hos 13:14 ; Am 9:14–15 ; Zep 3:20 ; Zec 8:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:13: S Ex 6:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:13: S Eze 17:24 ; Hos 13:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:14: S ver 9 ; S Isa 11:2 ; Joel 2:28–29

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:14: S Jer 43:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:14: Eze 36:27–28 , 36 ; Rev 11:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:16: S 1Ki 12:20 ; 2Ch 10:17–19

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:16: Nu 17:2–3 ; 2Ch 15:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:17: ver 24 ; Isa 11:13 ; S Jer 50:4 ; Hos 1:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:18: S Eze 24:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:19: Zec 10:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:21: S ver 12 ; S Isa 43:5–6 ; S Eze 20:42 ; 39:27 ; Mic 4:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:22: S Eze 17:22 ; S 34:13–14

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:22: Isa 11:13 ; Jer 33:24 ; S 50:4 ; Hos 1:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:23: Eze 43:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:23: S Jer 7:24

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:23: Eze 11:18 ; S 36:28 ; Na 2:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:24: Isa 55:4 ; Hos 3:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:24: S 1Sa 13:14 ; S Isa 32:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:24: Zec 13:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:24: Ps 78:70–71 ; S Jer 30:21 ; S Eze 21:27

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:25: S Eze 28:25

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:25: S Ezr 9:12 ; Am 9:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:25: S Ps 89:3–4 ; Isa 11:1 ; S Eze 34:23–24

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:26: S Nu 25:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:26: S Ge 9:16 ; S Dt 29:14 ; S Heb 13:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:26: S Jer 30:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:26: Lev 26:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:26: S Eze 16:62

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:27: S Lev 26:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:27: S Eze 34:30 ; S 36:28 ; S 2Co 6:16 *

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:28: S Ex 31:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 37:28: Eze 43:9 ; Hos 1:10–11 ; Zep 3:15

Ezekiel 38

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:2: ver 14 ; Eze 39:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:2: S Ge 10:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:2: S Eze 27:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:3: Eze 39:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:4: S 2Ki 19:28

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:4: S Isa 43:17 ; Eze 29:4 ; 39:2 ; Da 11:40

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:5: S Ge 10:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:5: S Ge 10:6 ; S Eze 27:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:6: S Ge 10:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:6: S Ge 10:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:6: S Eze 32:30

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:7: S Isa 8:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:8: Isa 24:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:8: S Isa 11:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:8: ver 14 ; Jer 23:6 ; S Eze 28:26 ; Joel 3:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:9: Isa 25:4 ; 28:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:9: ver 16 ; Jer 4:13 ; Joel 2:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:9: Rev 20:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:10: S Jer 17:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:10: Ps 36:4 ; Mic 2:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:11: S Ge 34:25

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:11: Jer 49:31 ; Zec 2:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:13: S Ge 10:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:13: S Ge 25:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:13: S Ge 10:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:13: Isa 10:6 ; 33:23 ; S Jer 15:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:14: S ver 8 ; S Lev 25:18 ; S Jer 16:15 ; Zec 2:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:15: Eze 32:30

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:15: Eze 39:2 ; Rev 20:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:16: S ver 9

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:16: Joel 3:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:16: S Lev 10:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:16: Isa 29:23 ; Eze 39:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:19: Isa 24:18 ; Joel 2:10 ; 3:16 ; S Rev 6:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:19: Ps 18:7 ; S Eze 5:13 ; Hag 2:6 , 21

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:20: S Ex 15:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:20: Isa 42:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:20: Job 14:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:20: S Ps 76:8 ; Hos 4:3 ; Na 1:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:21: Isa 66:16 ; Jer 25:29

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:21: S 1Sa 14:20 ; S 2Ch 20:23 ; Hag 2:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:22: Isa 66:16 ; Jer 25:31 ; S Eze 36:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:22: S Eze 14:19 ; S 28:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:22: S Ex 9:18 ; Ps 18:12 ; Rev 16:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:22: S Ge 19:24 ; S Rev 9:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:22: S Eze 13:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 38:23: Eze 20:42 ; S 36:23 ; S 37:6

Ezekiel 39

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:1: Rev 20:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:1: S Ge 10:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:1: S Eze 27:13 ; S 38:2 , 3

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:2: S Eze 32:30

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:2: S Eze 38:4 , 15

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:3: Hos 1:5 ; Am 2:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:3: Ps 76:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:4: S Ge 40:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:4: ver 17–20 ; S Jer 25:33 ; S Eze 29:5 ; S 33:27

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:5: S Eze 32:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:6: S Eze 30:8 ; Rev 20:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:6: S Ge 10:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:6: S Jer 25:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:6: S Ex 6:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:7: S Ex 20:7 ; S Eze 13:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:7: S Isa 49:26

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:7: S Isa 12:6 ; S 54:5 ; S Eze 20:9 ; S 36:16 , 23

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:8: Eze 7:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:9: Ps 76:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:9: S Ps 46:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:10: S Ex 3:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:10: S Isa 14:2 ; S 33:1 ; Hab 2:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:11: S Isa 34:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:11: S Eze 38:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:12: Dt 21:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:13: Eze 28:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:17: S Job 15:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:17: S Eze 32:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:18: S Ps 22:12 ; Jer 51:40

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:19: S Lev 3:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:20: S Isa 56:9 ; S Jer 12:9 ; Rev 19:17–18

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:21: Ex 9:16 ; Isa 37:20 ; S Eze 38:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:23: Isa 1:15 ; 59:2 ; S Jer 22:8–9 ; S 44:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:24: 2Ki 17:23 ; Jer 2:17 , 19 ; 4:18 ; S Eze 7:22 ; Da 9:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:25: S Jer 33:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:25: S Jer 30:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:25: Isa 27:12–13 ; S Eze 16:53

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:26: S 1Ki 4:25 ; S Jer 32:37 ; S Eze 38:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:26: Isa 17:2 ; Eze 34:28 ; Mic 4:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:27: S Eze 37:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:28: Ps 147:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:28: S Eze 36:23 , 36

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:29: S Dt 31:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:29: S Isa 11:2 ; S Eze 37:9 ; S Ac 2:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 39:29: S Eze 16:42

Ezekiel 40

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:1: S 2Ki 25:7 ; Jer 39:1–10 ; 52:4–11

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:1: S Eze 1:3 ; S 29:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:2: S Ex 24:10 ; Da 7:1 , 7

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:2: S Jer 31:12 ; S Eze 17:22 ; Rev 21:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:3: S Eze 1:7 ; Rev 1:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:3: Eze 47:3 ; Zec 2:1–2 ; Rev 11:1 ; 21:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:4: S Dt 6:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:4: Jer 26:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:4: Eze 44:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:5: Eze 42:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:6: S Eze 8:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:7: ver 36

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:14: S Ex 27:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:16: ver 21–22 ; 2Ch 3:5 ; Eze 41:26

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:17: Rev 11:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:17: Eze 41:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:17: Eze 42:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:19: Eze 46:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:19: ver 23 , 27

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:21: ver 7

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:21: ver 30

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:22: ver 49

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:22: S ver 16 , 26

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:23: S ver 19

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:24: ver 32 , 35

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:25: ver 33

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:26: S ver 22

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:27: ver 32

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:27: S ver 19

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:28: ver 35

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:29: ver 7

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:29: ver 25

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:30: ver 21

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:31: ver 22

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:31: ver 34 , 37

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:32: S ver 24

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:33: ver 7

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:34: ver 22

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:35: Eze 44:4 ; 47:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:35: S ver 24

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:36: ver 7

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:37: ver 22

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:37: ver 34

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:38: S 2Ch 4:6 ; Eze 42:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:39: Eze 46:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:39: Lev 4:3 , 28

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:39: S Lev 7:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:39: ver 42

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:42: Ex 20:25

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:42: ver 39

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:45: 1Ch 9:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:46: Eze 42:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:46: Nu 18:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:46: S 2Sa 8:17 ; S Ezr 7:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:46: Nu 16:5 ; Eze 43:19 ; 44:15 ; 45:4 ; 48:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:47: Eze 41:13–14

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:48: 1Ki 6:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:49: ver 22 ; 1Ki 6:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 40:49: S 1Ki 7:15

Ezekiel 41

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:1: ver 23

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:2: 2Ch 3:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:4: 1Ki 6:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:4: S Ex 26:33 ; Heb 9:3–8

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:6: Eze 40:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:6: S 1Ki 6:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:7: 1Ki 6:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:14: Eze 40:47

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:15: Eze 42:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:16: 1Ki 6:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:16: ver 25–26 ; 1Ki 6:15 ; Eze 42:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:18: S 1Ki 6:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:18: Ex 37:7 ; S 2Ch 3:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:18: S 1Ki 6:29 ; 7:36

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:18: Eze 10:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:19: S Eze 10:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:21: ver 1

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:22: S Ex 30:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:22: S Ex 25:23 ; S Eze 23:41

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:23: ver 1

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:23: 1Ki 6:32

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:24: 1Ki 6:34

^{[BACK TO †]} 41:26: ver 15–16 ; Eze 40:16

Ezekiel 42

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:1: ver 13

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:1: S Ex 27:9 ; Eze 41:12–14

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:1: Eze 40:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:3: Eze 41:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:3: Eze 41:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:4: Eze 46:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:9: Eze 44:5 ; 46:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:10: Eze 41:12–14

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:10: ver 1

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:13: Eze 40:46

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:13: ver 1

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:13: Eze 41:12–14

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:13: Jer 41:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:13: S Lev 10:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:13: Lev 14:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:13: S Ex 29:31 ; S Lev 6:29 ; 7:6 ; 10:12–13 ; Nu 18:9–10

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:14: Lev 16:23 ; Eze 44:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:14: Ex 29:9 ; S Lev 8:7–9

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:15: Eze 43:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:20: Eze 40:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:20: Eze 43:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:20: Zec 2:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:20: Eze 45:2 ; Rev 21:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 42:20: S Eze 22:26

Ezekiel 43

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:1: S 1Ch 9:18 ; S Eze 8:16 ; 42:15 ; 44:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:2: S Ps 18:4 ; S Rev 1:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:2: Isa 6:3 ; Rev 18:1 ; 21:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:4: Eze 1:28

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:4: Eze 10:19 ; 44:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:5: S Eze 11:24

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:5: S Eze 3:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:5: S Ex 16:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:5: S Isa 6:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:7: S Jer 3:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:7: S Eze 37:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:7: S Lev 26:30 ; S Eze 20:29 , 39

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:9: Eze 37:26–28

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:10: S Eze 16:61

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:11: Eze 44:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:12: Eze 42:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:12: S Eze 17:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:13: S Ex 20:24 ; 2Ch 4:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:15: Isa 29:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:15: S Ex 27:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:16: Rev 21:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:17: ver 20 ; Eze 45:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:17: Ex 20:26

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:17: S Ex 27:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:18: Ex 40:29

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:18: Lev 1:5 , 11 ; Heb 9:21–22

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:19: S Lev 4:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:19: S 2Sa 8:17 ; S Ezr 7:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:19: Nu 16:40 ; S Eze 40:46

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:20: S Lev 4:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:20: S ver 17

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:20: Lev 16:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:21: Ex 29:14 ; Heb 13:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:23: Ex 29:1 ; S Lev 22:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:24: S Lev 2:13 ; Mk 9:49–50

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:25: S Lev 8:33

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:25: S Ex 29:37

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:27: Lev 9:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:27: S Isa 60:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 43:27: S Ex 32:6 ; S Lev 17:5

Ezekiel 44

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:1: S Eze 43:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:2: Eze 43:4–5

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:3: S Ex 24:9–11

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:3: Eze 46:2 , 8

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:4: S Eze 40:35

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:4: S Isa 6:4 ; S Eze 10:4 ; Rev 15:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:4: Da 8:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:5: S Eze 42:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:5: Eze 40:4 ; 43:10–11

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:6: S Eze 3:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:7: S Lev 26:41

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:7: Ge 17:14 ; Ex 12:48 ; Lev 22:25

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:8: Lev 22:2 ; Nu 18:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:9: Joel 3:17 ; Zec 14:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:10: Ps 95:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:10: Nu 18:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:11: 2Ch 29:34

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:11: Nu 3:5–37 ; S 16:9 ; S 1Ch 26:12–19

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:12: S Jer 18:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:12: Ps 106:26

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:12: 2Ki 16:10–16 ; Jer 14:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:13: S Eze 16:61

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:13: Nu 18:3 ; Hos 5:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:14: 1Sa 2:36 ; 2Ki 23:9 ; S 1Ch 23:28–32

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:15: S 2Sa 8:17 ; S Ezr 7:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:15: S Ex 29:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:15: S Jer 33:18 ; S Eze 40:46 ; Zec 3:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:16: S Eze 41:22

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:16: Lev 3:16–17 ; 17:5–6 ; Nu 18:5 ; S 1Sa 2:35 ; Zec 3:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:17: Rev 19:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:18: S Ex 28:39 ; S Isa 3:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:18: S Ex 28:42

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:18: S Lev 16:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:19: S Lev 6:27

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:19: Ex 39:27–29 ; Lev 6:10–11 ; S Eze 42:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:20: Eze 5:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:20: S Lev 21:5 ; Nu 6:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:21: S Lev 10:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:22: Lev 21:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:23: S Eze 22:26

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:23: S Ge 7:2 ; Lev 13:50 ; 15:31 ; Jer 15:19 ; Hag 2:11–13

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:24: Dt 17:8–9 ; 19:17 ; 21:5 ; S 1Ch 23:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:24: S Lev 23:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:24: 2Ch 19:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:25: Lev 21:1–4

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:26: Nu 19:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:27: S Nu 3:28

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:27: S Lev 4:28 ; Nu 6:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:28: S Nu 18:20 ; Dt 18:1–2 ; S Jos 13:33

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:29: Lev 6:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:29: S Lev 27:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:29: Nu 18:9 , 14 ; S Jos 13:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:30: Nu 18:12–13 ; S 2Ch 31:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:30: S Nu 15:18–21

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:30: S Lev 25:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:30: S 2Ch 31:10 ; Ne 10:35–37

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:31: S Lev 11:39

^{[BACK TO †]} 44:31: S Ex 22:31 ; S Lev 11:40

Ezekiel 45

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:1: S Nu 34:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:1: Eze 48:8–9 , 29

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:2: Eze 42:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:4: S Eze 40:46

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:4: Eze 48:10–11

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:5: Eze 48:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:6: Eze 48:15–18

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:7: Eze 48:21

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:8: S Nu 26:53 ; Eze 46:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:9: Ps 12:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:9: S Jer 22:3 ; Zec 7:9–10 ; 8:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:10: Dt 25:15 ; S Pr 11:1 ; Am 8:4–6 ; Mic 6:10–11

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:10: S Lev 19:36

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:11: Isa 5:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:12: Ex 30:13 ; Lev 27:25 ; Nu 3:47

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:15: S Lev 1:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:15: Lev 6:30

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:17: S Nu 10:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:17: S Lev 23:38 ; Isa 66:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:17: S 1Ki 8:62 ; S 2Ch 31:3 ; Eze 46:4–12

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:18: Ex 12:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:18: S Lev 22:20 ; Heb 9:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:18: S Lev 16:16 , 33

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:19: S Eze 43:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:19: Lev 16:18–19

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:20: Lev 4:27

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:21: S Ex 12:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:22: Lev 4:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:23: S Nu 22:40 ; S Job 42:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:23: Nu 28:16–25

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:24: Nu 28:12–13

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:24: Eze 46:5–7

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:25: Dt 16:13

^{[BACK TO †]} 45:25: Lev 23:34–43 ; Nu 29:12–38

Ezekiel 46

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:1: S Eze 40:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:1: S 1Ch 9:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:1: ver 6 ; Isa 66:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:2: ver 8

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:2: Eze 40:39

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:2: ver 12 ; S Eze 44:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:3: S Isa 66:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:3: Lk 1:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:5: ver 11

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:6: ver 1 ; S Nu 10:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:6: S Lev 22:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:7: Eze 45:24

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:8: ver 2

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:8: Eze 44:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:9: S Ex 23:14 ; S 34:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:10: 2Sa 6:14–15 ; Ps 42:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:11: ver 5

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:12: S Eze 45:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:12: S Lev 7:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:12: ver 2

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:13: S Ps 5:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:13: Ex 29:38 ; S Nu 28:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:14: Nu 15:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:14: Da 8:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:15: S Ex 29:42

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:15: S Ex 29:38 ; Nu 28:5–6

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:16: 2Ch 21:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:17: S Lev 25:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:18: 1Sa 8:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:18: S Lev 25:23 ; Eze 45:8 ; Mic 2:1–2

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:19: S Eze 42:9

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:19: Eze 42:4

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:20: S Lev 6:27

^{[BACK TO †]} 46:20: ver 24 ; Zec 14:20

Ezekiel 47

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:1: S Isa 55:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:1: Ps 46:4 ; Joel 3:18 ; Rev 22:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:2: S Eze 40:35

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:3: S Eze 40:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:5: S Ge 2:10

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:5: Isa 11:9 ; Hab 2:14

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:7: ver 12 ; Rev 22:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:8: S Dt 1:1 ; S 3:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:8: Isa 41:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:9: Isa 12:3 ; 55:1 ; Jn 4:14 ; 7:37–38

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:10: S Isa 19:8 ; Mt 4:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:10: S Jos 15:62

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:10: Eze 26:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:10: S Ps 104:25 ; Mt 13:47

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:10: S Nu 34:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:11: S Dt 29:23

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:12: ver 7 ; Rev 22:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:12: S Ps 1:3

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:12: S Isa 55:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:12: S Ge 2:9 ; S Jer 17:8 ; Eze 36:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:13: Nu 34:2–12

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:13: S Ge 48:16 ; S 49:26

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:14: S Ge 12:7 ; S Dt 1:8 ; S Eze 36:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:15: Nu 34:2

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:15: ver 19 ; S Nu 34:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:15: Eze 48:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:16: 2Sa 8:8

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:16: Nu 13:21 ; S Jer 49:23 ; Eze 48:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:17: Eze 48:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:18: S Eze 27:18

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:19: Dt 32:51

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:19: S Ge 15:18 ; Isa 27:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:19: S ver 15 ; Eze 48:28

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:20: S Nu 13:21 ; Eze 48:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:20: Nu 34:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:22: S Eze 36:12

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:22: S Dt 24:19 ; S Isa 14:1 ; Mal 3:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:22: S Lev 24:22 ; Nu 15:29 ; 26:55–56 ; Isa 56:6–7 ; Ro 10:12 ; Eph 2:12–16 ; 3:6 ; Col 3:11

^{[BACK TO †]} 47:23: S Dt 10:19

Ezekiel 48

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:1: S Ge 30:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:1: Eze 47:15–17

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:1: S Eze 47:20

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:2: Jos 19:24–31

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:3: Jos 19:32–39

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:4: Jos 17:1–11

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:5: Jos 16:5–9

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:5: Jos 17:7–10

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:5: Jos 17:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:6: Jos 13:15–21

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:7: Jos 15:1–63

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:8: ver 21

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:9: S Eze 45:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:10: ver 21 ; S Eze 45:3–4

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:11: S 2Sa 8:17

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:11: S Lev 8:35

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:11: Eze 14:11 ; S 44:15

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:13: Eze 45:5

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:14: S Lev 25:34 ; 27:10 , 28

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:16: Rev 21:16

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:18: Eze 45:6

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:21: ver 8 , 10 ; Eze 45:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:23: Jos 18:11–28

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:24: S Ge 29:33 ; Jos 19:1–9

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:25: Jos 19:17–23

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:26: Jos 19:10–16

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:27: Jos 13:24–28

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:28: S Ge 14:7

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:28: S Nu 34:6 ; Eze 47:19

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:29: S Eze 45:1

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:34: S 2Ch 4:4 ; Rev 21:12–13

^{[BACK TO †]} 48:35: S Isa 12:6 ; S 24:23 ; S Jer 3:17 ; 14:9 ; Joel 3:21 ; Rev 3:12 ; S 21:3

[BACK TO 1:1–28] Forced into Babylonian exile far from the Lord’s temple with its symbolic evocations of God’s glory (see notes on Ex 26:1 ; 40:34 ; Ps 24:2 ; see also Ps 24:8–10 ; 26:8 ; 29:9 ; 96:6 and notes), Ezekiel is inaugurated into his prophetic mission (see 1:1 and note) with an overwhelming vision of God’s glory (see note on 1:28 )—much as Isaiah was granted an awesome vision of God enthroned on high and attended by winged “seraphim” (see Isa 6:1–2 and notes) at the inauguration of his prophetic ministry (cf. 1Ki 22:19 and note).

[BACK TO 1:1] my thirtieth year. Ezekiel’s age. According to Nu 4:3 , a person entered active priestly ministry in his 30th year. Denied the ministry of the priesthood, Ezekiel received another commission—that of prophet. Kebar River. A canal of the Euphrates near the city of Nippur, south of Babylon, and possibly a place of prayer for the exiles (see Ps 137:1 ; cf. Ac 16:13 ). visions of God. A special term, always in the plural and always with the word “God” (not with the more personal “L ORD ”). The expression precedes this and the two other major visions of the prophet ( 8:3 ; 40:2 ).

[BACK TO 1:2] fifth year of the exile. Verses 2–3 , written in the third person (the only third-person narrative in the book), clarify the date in v. 1 . King Jehoiachin. Was forced to accompany an early group of exiles to Babylon in 597 BC (see Introduction: Background ). Ezekiel was among them and received his prophetic call in 593 (see chart ).

[BACK TO 1:3] Ezekiel. The prophet’s name occurs elsewhere in the book only in 24:24 (see note there) and thus frames the first major literary unit in his message. His name means “God is strong” (cf. 3:14 ), “God strengthens” (cf. 30:25 ; 34:16 ) or “God makes hard” (cf. 3:8 ). priest. Member of a priestly family. hand of the L ORD. A phrase occurring seven times in the book (see also 3:14 , 22 ; 8:1 ; 33:22 ; 37:1 ; 40:1 ), indicating an overpowering experience of divine revelation.

[BACK TO 1:4] I looked. Introduces the first part of the vision: storm and living creatures (vv. 4–14 ). The “I looked” of v. 15 introduces the second part: wheels and the glory of the Lord. a windstorm. A storm cloud—accompanied by wind, lightning and thunder—often served as a symbol of God’s powerful and active presence (see Ex 19:16–18 ; Ps 18:7–15 ; 77:16–19 and notes; cf. Job 38:1 ).

[BACK TO 1:5] four living creatures. “Four,” which stands for completeness (cf. the four directions in Ge 13:14 and the four quarters of the earth in Isa 11:12 ), is used often in this chapter—and over 40 times in the book. The living creatures, called “cherubim” in ch. 10 , are throne attendants (see Ex 25:18 and note). Here (see v. 10 and note) they contribute to the whole complex scenario that symbolically represents God’s creation. These four creatures (cf. the “seraphim” of Isa 6:2–4 ) appear again in Rev 4:7 . They were often depicted in the paintings and sculptures of the Middle Ages, but in this later use they represent the four Gospels. their form … human. God’s noblest creature on earth (see v. 10 and note).

[BACK TO 1:6] four faces. See v. 10 and note. four wings. Signifying their mobility as throne attendants of the heavenly King, who is ever on the move through history.

[BACK TO 1:7] like those of a calf. Perhaps indicates agility (cf. Ps 29:6 ; Mal 4:2 ).

[BACK TO 1:10] face of a human being. God’s appointed ruler on earth (see Ge 1:26–28 ; Ps 8:3–8 and notes). a lion. The most ferocious of wild animals known in Israel and Mesopotamia, and reputedly the strongest of such beasts (see Jdg 14:18 ). an ox. The most powerful of domesticated animals. an eagle. The mightiest of the birds. Cf. Rev 4:7 and note.

[BACK TO 1:12] straight ahead … without turning. In their mobility they were multidirectional (see v. 14 ). the spirit. The directing presence in the cherubim (see v. 20 ).

[BACK TO 1:13] like burning coals. Cf. Ps 18:8 . like torches. Cf. Ge 15:17 .

[BACK TO 1:15] wheel. Also symbolic of mobility (see note on v. 12 ).

[BACK TO 1:16] topaz. The precise identification of this stone is uncertain. See Ex 28:20 (and NIV text note), where the stone appears in the priestly breastplate. a wheel intersecting a wheel. Probably two wheels intersecting at right angles in order to move in all four directions (see v. 17 ). The imagery symbolizes the omnipresence of God.

[BACK TO 1:18] full of eyes. Symbolizes God’s all-seeing nature (cf. notes on Zec 3:9 ; 4:10 ).

[BACK TO 1:22] vault. The same word occurs in Ge 1:6–8 , where its function is to separate the waters above from the waters below. Here it separates the creatures from the glory of the Lord. like crystal … awesome. Cf. Rev 4:6 and note; 15:2 .

[BACK TO 1:25] stood with lowered wings. Awaiting a word from the throne.

[BACK TO 1:26] Above the vault … on the throne. Cf. Ex 24:10 . a figure like that of a man. Ezekiel is reporting his vision of God, but he carefully avoids saying he saw God directly (see Ge 16:13 ; Ex 3:6 ; Jdg 13:22 ).

[BACK TO 1:28] appearance of the likeness. See note on v. 26 . glory of the L ORD. See note on 1:1–28 . When God’s glory was symbolically revealed, it took the form of brilliant light (see Ex 40:34 and note; Isa 6:3 ). What is remarkable about Ezekiel’s experience is that God’s glory had for centuries been associated with the temple in Jerusalem (see 1Ki 8:11 ; Ps 26:8 ; 63:2 ; 96:6 ; 102:16 ). Now God had left his temple and was appearing to his exiled people in Babylonia—a major theme in the first half of Ezekiel’s message (see 10:4 ; 11:23 ). In his vision of the restored Jerusalem the prophet saw the glory of the Lord returning ( 43:2 ). I fell facedown. See Ge 17:3 ; Ex 3:6 ; cf. Isa 6:5 .

[BACK TO 2:1–3:15] God does not abandon his covenant people even though he banishes them from the promised land because of their long history of rebellion against him. He commissions Ezekiel to bring his word to those in exile, still calling them by their covenant name, “Israel” (see 2:3 ; 3:4–5 , 7 ; cf. Am 8:11 and note). Ezekiel’s mission to the exiles overlapped that of Jeremiah, another member of a priestly family called to the prophetic office, whose mission was to the Israelites still living in and around Jerusalem.

[BACK TO 2:1] Son of man. See NIV text note; a term used 93 times in Ezekiel, emphasizing the prophet’s humanity as he was addressed by the transcendent God (see note on Ps 8:4 ). Da 7:13 and 8:17 are the only other places where the phrase is used as a title in the OT. Jesus’ frequent use of the phrase in referring to himself showed that he was the eschatological figure spoken of in Da 7:13 (see, e.g., Mk 8:31 and note).

[BACK TO 2:2] the Spirit came into me and raised me to my feet. The Spirit of God governs and empowers the prophet’s entire ministry (see 11:5 ; 36:27 ; 37:14 ; 39:29 ; see also 3:12 and note).

[BACK TO 2:3] to a rebellious nation. A theme that became a keynote of Ezekiel’s preaching.

[BACK TO 2:6] briers and thorns … scorpions. Vivid images of those who would make life difficult for the prophet.

[BACK TO 2:10] On both sides. Normally, ancient scrolls were written on one side only. See Ex 32:15 and note. lament and mourning and woe. Although Ezekiel was later commanded to preach hope (see note on 33:1–48:35 ), his initial commission (until the fall of Jerusalem) was to declare God’s displeasure and the certainty of his judgment on Jerusalem and all of Judah.

[BACK TO 3:1] eat this scroll. Ezekiel must ingest the Lord’s message that he is commissioned to bring to the exiles, so that it becomes, as it were, a very part of his being (cf. Jer 15:16 and note).

[BACK TO 3:3] sweet as honey in my mouth. What Jeremiah experienced emotionally ( Jer 15:16 ) was experienced by Ezekiel in a more sensory way: Words from God are sweet to the taste (see Ps 19:10 ; 119:103 )—even when their content is bitter (see Rev 10:9–10 ).

[BACK TO 3:6] Surely if I had sent you to them , they would have listened. For the greater readiness of other peoples to hear and heed the word of God, see Jnh 3:5 ; Mal 1:10–11 ; Mt 11:20–24 ; Ro 10:20–21 .

[BACK TO 3:9] I will make your forehead like the hardest stone. Strength and courage were necessary equipment for a prophet, especially when preaching judgment. Jeremiah was similarly equipped (see Jer 1:18 ; cf. Isa 50:7 ).

[BACK TO 3:10] listen carefully and take to heart. The prophet is to stand in marked contrast to the people, who do not listen.

[BACK TO 3:11] Go now to your people in exile. Ezekiel’s ministry was to the exilic community, most of whom refused to believe that God would abandon Jerusalem and the temple. After the fall of Jerusalem, therefore, they were strongly inclined to despair.

[BACK TO 3:12–15] The dramatic conclusion to Ezekiel’s call experience, with echoes of his initial vision.

[BACK TO 3:12] the Spirit lifted me up. See v. 14 ; 8:3 ; 11:1 , 24 ; 37:1 ; 43:5 ; cf. 2:2 and note.

[BACK TO 3:14] in bitterness and in the anger of my spirit. The prophet, knowing the righteousness of God’s anger, personally identified with the divine emotions. strong hand of the L ORD on me. See note on 1:3 .

[BACK TO 3:15] Tel Aviv. The only mention of the specific place where the exiles lived. In Babylonian the name meant “mound of the deluge” and was used to refer to ancient cities that had been reduced to mere mounds (tells ). When used of the modern Israeli city of Tel Aviv, this name is understood to mean “hill of new growth” (cf. Ex 12:2 and note). seven days. The traditional period of mourning (see Ge 50:10 ; 1Sa 31:13 ). deeply distressed. Because of his horror over Judah’s impending doom (cf. Ezr 9:3–4 ; Job 2:13 and note; Da 8:27 ).

[BACK TO 3:16–21] Ezekiel’s appointment to serve as a “watchman” for Israel—a metaphor drawn from urban life. His special task as watchman is spelled out here; its urgency is more fully elaborated in ch. 18 .

[BACK TO 3:17] I have made you a watchman. In ancient Israel, watchmen were stationed on city walls to serve as the eyes of the city (see 2Sa 18:24–27 ; 2Ki 9:17–20 ; SS 3:3 ; 5:7 ; Isa 52:8 ; 62:6 ), especially to warn of approaching danger (see 33:2–3 , 6 ; Ps 127:1 ; Isa 21:6 ; 56:10 ; Jer 6:17 ; Hos 9:8 ).

[BACK TO 3:20] I put a stumbling block before them. Those who have abandoned righteousness and embraced what is evil will be put to the test by the Lord himself (see 14:9 ; cf. Dt 13:3 ; 2Sa 24:1 and note; 2Ch 32:31 ; Ps 66:10 and note; see also Mt 6:13 ).

[BACK TO 3:22–27] God places severe limitations on Ezekiel’s freedom to carry out his mission, very likely to signify that the Lord knows that the exiles will not be responsive to his warnings.

[BACK TO 3:22] hand of the L ORD. See note on 1:3 .

[BACK TO 3:25] you … they will tie with ropes. Perhaps better: “you … will be tied with ropes” (metaphorically)—the Hebrew construction sometimes is equivalent to a passive. Reference is to the restraints that God will place on Ezekiel’s movements (cf. 4:8 ).

[BACK TO 3:26] you will be silent. Verses 26–27 indicate that the prophet would be unable to speak except when he had a direct word from the Lord. His enforced silence underscored Israel’s stubborn refusal to take God’s word seriously—and was itself a part of God’s judgment on his rebellious people (see 7:26 and note; 20:3 , 31 ). This condition was relieved only after the fall of Jerusalem ( 24:27 ; 33:22 ). From that time on Ezekiel was given messages of hope, which he continually shared with his fellow exiles.

[BACK TO 4:1–5:17] By means of a series of symbolic acts, Ezekiel is to portray the siege of Jerusalem and its outcome. In 4:1–3 the siege itself is portrayed; in 4:4–8 Ezekiel symbolically bears the punishment of the people of Israel and Judah; in 4:9–17 Ezekiel’s assigned food symbolizes both the limitations of food that those under siege will suffer and the fact that they and the exiles will be forced to eat food the law specified to be “unclean” and therefore prohibited; in 5:1–4 Ezekiel is instructed to shave off his hair and use it to symbolize that only a small remnant of Israel will be left from God’s unfolding judgment; in 5:5–17 these symbolic acts are explained.

[BACK TO 4:1] take a block of clay. The first of several symbolic acts to be performed by the prophet. After inscribing a likeness of the city of Jerusalem on a moist clay block, Ezekiel was to place around it models of siege works to represent the city under attack (v. 2 ). He was then to place an iron pan (perhaps a baking griddle) between himself and the symbolized city (v. 3 ) to indicate the unbreakable strength of the siege.

[BACK TO 4:3] you shall besiege it. Ezekiel’s own presence in the scene signified that the siege would actually be laid by the Lord himself. sign. For Ezekiel as a “sign,” see also 12:6 , 11 ; 24:24 , 27 . These references to “sign” mark off significant literary transitions in the book (see notes on 12:1–28 ; 24:15–27 ).

[BACK TO 4:4] You are to bear their sin. A representative rather than a substitutionary bearing of sin. The prophet’s action symbolized the punishment Israel would suffer for her sins; it did not remove the sins.

[BACK TO 4:5] for 390 days. The 390 years (see v. 6 ) may represent the period from the time of Solomon’s unfaithfulness to the fall of Jerusalem. Correspondingly, the 40 years of v. 6 may represent the long reign of wicked Manasseh before his repentance (see 2Ki 21:11–15 ; 23:26–27 ; 24:3–4 ; 2Ch 33:12–13 ).

[BACK TO 4:6] on your right side. Lying on his left side (v. 4 ) while facing Jerusalem (v. 7 ) probably placed Ezekiel to the north of the symbolic city (v. 1 ); lying on his right side would then have placed him to the south—signifying the northern and southern kingdoms, respectively.

[BACK TO 4:7] prophesy against her. By means of his symbolic actions.

[BACK TO 4:9] Take wheat and barley , beans and lentils , millet and spelt. A scant, vegetarian diet representing the meager provisions of a besieged city.

[BACK TO 4:15] cow dung. When thoroughly dried, it was commonly used in the Near East as a fuel for baking and is still sometimes so used even today. Ezekiel again showed his sensitivity to things ceremonially unclean (see note on 1:3 ), and God graciously responded to the prophet’s objection by allowing this substitute for human excrement.

[BACK TO 5:1–17] The fate of the people of Jerusalem in the judgment that is about to overtake them—only the merest remnant will be left (cf. notes on 2Ki 19:30–31 ; Isa 1:9 ; 10:20–22 ).

[BACK TO 5:1] take a sharp sword. What Isaiah had expressed in a metaphor ( Isa 7:20 ) Ezekiel acted out in prophetic symbolism.

[BACK TO 5:2] with drawn sword. See 12:14 ; 21:3–5 ; 30:25 ; 32:10 ; Ps 7:12–13 and note.

[BACK TO 5:5] This is Jerusalem. After wordlessly acting out the symbols (beginning in 4:1 ), Ezekiel received and probably related the divine explanations. center of the nations. God had chosen for his people Israel and for his earthly temple a place at the crossroads of the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe so that Israel and what he does for them might be a strong witness to the nations that he is the one and only God with whom all peoples have to do and from whom alone come life and blessing. This made Israel’s responsibility and judgment all the more severe (see also 38:12 and note).

[BACK TO 5:6] more than the nations … around her. See v. 7 ; 16:47–48 ; 2Ki 21:9 ; Am 3:9 and note.

[BACK TO 5:8] I myself am against you. A short and effective phrase of judgment used often by Ezekiel (see 13:8 ; 21:3 ; 26:3 ; 28:22 ; 29:3 , 10 ; 30:22 ; 34:10 ; 35:3 ; 38:3 ; 39:1 ; see also Jer 23:30–32 ; 50:31 ; 51:25 ; Na 2:13 ; 3:5 ). inflict punishment on you in the sight of the nations. Just as he had acted to bring about Israel’s freedom and privileged position as his people (see Lev 26:45 ; Jos 2:11 ; 5:1 ; cf. Isa 52:10 ).

[BACK TO 5:10] parents will eat their children. Cannibalism, the most gruesome extremity of life under siege (see 2Ki 6:28 ), was threatened as a consequence of breaking the covenant ( Dt 28:53 ; see Jer 19:9 and note; La 2:20 ; Zec 11:9 and note).

[BACK TO 5:11] as surely as I live. A divine oath, revealing God’s unalterable intention. It is used often in Ezekiel (see 14:16 , 18 , 20 ; 16:48 ; 17:16 , 19 ; 18:3 ; 20:3 , 31 , 33 ; 33:11 , 27 ; 34:8 ; 35:6 , 11 ; see also Heb 6:13 and note). you have defiled my sanctuary. See ch. 8 .

[BACK TO 5:13] spent my wrath on. An expression frequently used by the Lord in this book (see 6:12 ; 7:8 ; 13:15 ; 20:8 , 21 ). they will know that I the L ORD have spoken. See 17:21 ; 36:36 ; 37:14 ; see also 6:7 and note.

[BACK TO 5:15] a reproach and a taunt , a warning and an object of horror. A fourfold list (see note on 1:5 ).

[BACK TO 5:16–17] These verses contain echoes of the threatened forces of judgment for covenant unfaithfulness found in Dt 32:22–25 . Note especially that God’s “arrows” of judgment are the four main causes of death among the peoples of the ancient Near East: famine, disease, sword (violent death at human hands) and wild beasts (see 14:12–21 ; see also 6:11–12 ; 7:15 ; 12:16 ; cf. 34:25–31 ; see also Jer 14:12 and note; cf. Rev 6:8 ).

[BACK TO 5:16] my … arrows. A widely used metaphor for God’s judgments (see note on Ge 9:13 ).

[BACK TO 6:1–14] After announcing judgment on Jerusalem (chs. 4–5 ), Ezekiel is instructed to pronounce judgment on the whole land; the “mountains of Israel” were the heavily cultivated central highlands (see Ps 104:13–15 and note), which also provided the principal sites for the pagan sanctuaries set up to worship the Baals. The judgment Ezekiel is to pronounce echoes Lev 26:27–39 .

[BACK TO 6:3] high places. Open-air sanctuaries of Canaanite origin, condemned throughout the OT. The high places, together with the “altars,” “incense altars” and “idols” (v. 4 ), make up a list of four objects (see note on 1:5 ).

[BACK TO 6:4] incense altars. Made of baked clay, about two feet high, usually inscribed with animal figures and idols of Canaanite gods. idols. The Hebrew word is a derisive term (see note on Lev 26:30 ) used especially by Ezekiel (38 times, as opposed to only 9 times elsewhere in the OT).

[BACK TO 6:7] you will know that I am the L ORD. See 36:11 and note. This assertion that God’s mighty acts in history (his dealings with Israel and the nations in judgment and redemption) will result in his being known and acknowledged by Israel and the nations echoes throughout chs. 6–39 (see Introduction: Themes ; see also 5:13 and note).

[BACK TO 6:9] those who escape will remember me. The corrective outcome God intends from the severe judgment to come (see v. 10 ). their adulterous hearts … lusted after their idols. See Ex 34:15 and note.

[BACK TO 6:11] Strike your hands together and stamp your feet. A command to Ezekiel to punctuate his words of judgment with symbolic acts (see 21:14 , 17 )—acts of quite different intent from those of Israel’s enemies in 25:6 . sword , famine and plague. See 5:16–17 and note.

[BACK TO 6:14] I will stretch out my hand against. A common expression in Ezekiel (see 14:9 , 13 ; 16:27 ; 25:7 ; 35:3 ). Diblah. Perhaps the Beth Diblathaim of Jer 48:22 , a city in Moab; or Riblah, a city north of Damascus on the Orontes River (see NIV text note).

[BACK TO 7:1–27] God’s word of judgment on the “mountains of Israel” ( 6:2 ; see ch. 6 and note on 6:1–14 ) is elaborated in the fateful declaration that God’s patience with Israel’s stubborn rebelliousness has run out: “The end! The end has come” (v. 2 ; see vv. 3 , 6 , 24 ; see also Jer 51:13 ; La 4:18 ; cf. Am 7:8 ; 8:2 ).

[BACK TO 7:7] The day. The “day of the L ORD ’s wrath” (v. 19 ), i.e., the day of reckoning when God brings down his righteous judgments on the wickedness of his people (see also vv. 10 , 12 ). Ezekiel’s language may be a deliberate echo of the “day of the L ORD ” of which many of the prophets spoke (see Am 5:18 and note). panic , not joy. Cf. Am 5:20 (“darkness, not light”).

[BACK TO 7:8] pour out my wrath. A common expression in Ezekiel (see 9:8 ; 14:19 ; 20:8 , 13 , 21 ; 22:31 ; 30:15 ; 36:18 ).

[BACK TO 7:12] Let not the buyer rejoice. Advice similar to that of Jesus (see Mt 24:17–18 ).

[BACK TO 7:15] sword … plague and famine. See 5:16–17 and note.

[BACK TO 7:17] Every hand will go limp. See 21:7 ; 30:25 ; Isa 13:7 and note; Jer 6:24 ; 47:3 and note; 50:43 ; Zep 3:16 and note.

[BACK TO 7:18] They will put on sackcloth … every head will be shaved. As signs of intense mourning (see Ge 37:34 ; Job 1:20 ; Isa 15:2 ; Rev 11:3 and notes).

[BACK TO 7:19] They will throw their silver. See Isa 2:20 .

[BACK TO 7:20] beautiful jewelry. See Ex 32:2–4 .

[BACK TO 7:22] the place I treasure. The Jerusalem temple.

[BACK TO 7:23] full of bloodshed … violence. See 9:9 ; 11:6 ; 12:19 ; see also 2Ki 21:16 ; 24:4 ; Jer 19:4 ; 22:17 ; La 4:13 ; Mic 3:10 ; Hab 1:2–4 ; cf. Hab 2:8 , 12 , 17 .

[BACK TO 7:24] pride of the mighty. The Jerusalem temple, described by the word “pride” (as in 24:21 ; 33:28 ).

[BACK TO 7:26] prophet … priestly … elders. There would be no guidance from God and no direction from the elders (see 1Sa 28:6 ; Am 8:11–12 and note on 8:11 ; Mic 3:6–7 ; see also Jer 18:18 and note).

[BACK TO 7:27] king … prince. Here both nouns probably refer to the same person, namely, King Jehoiachin. clothed with. See note on Ps 109:29 . people of the land. The full citizens of Judah (those holding inherited family property and subject to military service; see 12:19 ; 45:16 , 22 ; 46:3 ).

[BACK TO 8:1–11:25] The vision has six movements: (1) God shows Ezekiel the idolatry practiced in the temple in Jerusalem (ch. 8 ); (2) God pronounces his judgment on the idolaters there (ch. 9 ); (3) Ezekiel is shown God’s glory departing from the temple (ch. 10 ); (4) God declares that the complacent Jerusalemites will not escape his judgment ( 11:1–13 ); (5) God promises that the exiles, whom those still in Jerusalem have written off, will be restored ( 11:14–21 ); and (6) the conclusion of the vision ( 11:22–25 ).

[BACK TO 8:1–8] Ezekiel is shown four examples of idolatrous worship being carried on in the very temple of the Lord: (1) “idol of jealousy” (v. 5 ), (2) “crawling things and unclean animals” (v. 10 ), (3) “mourning the god Tammuz” (v. 14 ), and (4) “bowing down to the sun” (v. 16 ).

[BACK TO 8:1] In the sixth year , in the sixth month on the fifth day. Sept. 17, 592 BC —the second of 13 dates in Ezekiel (see chart ). This one, like those in 1:2 and 40:1 , introduces a vision. sitting in my house. The exiles were free to build houses (see Jer 29:5 ). elders of Judah were sitting before me. They also had freedom of movement, assembly and worship (see 14:1 ; 20:1 ). A year and two months after his inaugural vision and preaching, the prophet commanded a hearing. Some have seen in such meetings the beginnings of the synagogue form of worship. hand of the Sovereign L ORD. See note on 1:3 .

[BACK TO 8:2] figure like that of a man. An angel, similar in appearance to the vision of God in 1:26–27 . like fire … as bright as glowing metal. A way of describing the blinding brightness of the divine messenger (see Mt 28:3 ; cf. Ac 9:3 ).

[BACK TO 8:3] The Spirit lifted me up. See 3:12 and note. took me to Jerusalem. Ezekiel had been directed to prophesy stern judgments on Jerusalem (chs. 1–7 ). Now he was transported to Jerusalem in visions of God (see 11:24 ) and shown the reason for the judgments. idol that provokes to jealousy. Any idol in the temple provoked the Lord to jealousy (see Ex 20:5 and note), but this one seems to be a statue of Asherah, the Canaanite goddess of fertility, which Josiah had removed some 30 years previously (see 2Ki 23:6 ).

[BACK TO 8:5] idol of jealousy. See note on v. 3 .

[BACK TO 8:10] all kinds of crawling things and unclean animals. Probably reflecting Egyptian influence (cf. 2Ki 23:31–35 ).

[BACK TO 8:11] Jaazaniah. Not the same person as in 11:1 . Ironically, the name means “The L ORD hears,” and the irony is sharpened by the quotation in v. 12 .

[BACK TO 8:14] Tammuz. The only Biblical reference to this Babylonian fertility god. The women of Jerusalem were bewailing his dying (which supposedly happened seasonally at the height of the summer heat), which they thought caused the annual summer die-off of the vegetation. According to some interpreters, he is alluded to in Da 11:37 (“the one desired by women”; see note there).

[BACK TO 8:16] twenty-five men. A representative number (see 11:1 ). With their backs toward the temple. Almost all ancient temples were oriented toward the east. Worshiping the sun as it rose required people to turn their backs to the temple. bowing down to the sun. For other references to sun worship, see Dt 4:19 ; 17:3 ; 2Ki 23:5 , 11 ; cf. 2Ki 17:16 ; 21:3 , 5 ; Jer 43:13 .

[BACK TO 8:17] fill the land with violence. See 7:23 and note. putting the branch to their nose. A ceremonial gesture in pagan worship, not documented elsewhere in the Bible.

[BACK TO 9:1–11] See note on 8:1–11:25 .

[BACK TO 9:1] loud voice. The thunderous voice of God (see Ex 19:19 and NIV text note; see also Ps 29 ).

[BACK TO 9:2] six men coming from the direction of the upper gate. These six guardian angels of the city, plus the seventh clothed in linen, came from the place where the idol that provoked to jealousy stood (see 8:3 and note).