Preface: On the High Line
1. Hallo, W., ‘Antediluvian Cities’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volume 23, no. 3, 1971, p. 57.
2. Rousseau, J.-J., www.memo.fr/en/dossier
3. Rae, D., Urbanism and its End, Yale University Press, 2003, p.225.
Chapter 1: What is a City?
1. Jacobs, J., The Economy of Cities, Pelican, 1972, p. 42.
2. Polo, M., The Travels of Marco Polo, www.gutenberg.org, Book 2, Chapter 11
3. Jacobs, J., The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Modern Library, 1993, pp. 66–70.
4. Batty, M., Complexity in City Systems: Understanding, Evolution and Design, UCL Working Paper 117, March 2007, p. 2.
5. Weaver, W., ‘Science and Complexity’, American Scientist 36, 1948.
6. Ibid.
7. Jacobs, J., 1993, p. 50.
8. Koolhaas, R. et al, Mutations, ACTAR, 2000, p. 11.
9. Granovetter, M., ‘The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited’, Sociological Theory, Volume 1,1983, p. 2.
10. Lehrer, J., ‘A Physicist Solves the City’, New York Times, 17 December 2010.
11. Ibid.
12. Bettencourt, L. and West, G., ‘A Unified Theory of Urban Living’, Nature, 21 October 2010.
13. Lehrer, J., 17 December 2010.
Chapter 2: Inside the Beehive
1. www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-10321233
2. Preston, C., The Bee, Reaktion Books, 2006, p. 55.
3. Shakespeare, Henry V, Act 1 Scene 2, pp. 188–92.
4. Preston, C., 2006, p. 57.
5. Hollis, L., The Phoenix: The Men Who Made Modern London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007, p. 339.
6. Jacobs, J., 1993, p. 40.
7. Seeley, T. D., Beehive Democracy, Princeton University Press, 2010, p. 5.
8. Hobbes, T., Leviathan, Kindle Edition, Chapter 13, paragraph 9.
9. Ai Weiwei, ‘The City: Beijing’, Newsweek, 28 August 2011.
10. Hack, K., Margolin, J.-L. et al, Singapore from Temasek to the 21st Century: Reinventing the Global City, NUS Press, 2010, p. 337.
11. Wood, A. T., Asian Democracy in World History, Routledge, 2004, p. 82.
12. Clark, G. and Moonen, T., ‘The Business of Cities: City Indexes in 2011’, www.thebusinessofcities.com, pp. 12–3.
13. Hack, K., Margolin, J.-L. et al, 2010, p. 325.
14. ‘Singapore Faces Life without Lee’, New York Times, 15 May 2011.
15. Ibid.
16. www.ida.gov.sg/Aboutus/20100611163838.aspx
17. Hack, K., Margolin, J.-L. et al, 2010, p. 375.
18. Ifill, G., The Breakthrough: Politics and Race in the Age of Obama, Doubleday, 2009, p. 143.
19. www.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/nyregion/mayor-cory-booker-says-he-felt-terror-in-fire-rescue.html?ref=corybooker
20. www.big.dk/projects/tat/
21. Dailey, K., ‘Cory Booker’s Snowspiration’, Newsweek, 27 January 2011.
22. Coleman, E., From Public Management to Open Governance: A New Future or the More Things Change the More They Stay the Same, dissertation, University of Warwick, April 2011, p. 37.
23. Ibid., p. 36.
24. Ibid., p. 38.
Chapter 3: Building Between Buildings
1. Squires, N., ‘Scientists Investigate Stendhal Syndrome’, Daily Telegraph, 28 July 2010, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/7914746/Scientists-investigate-Stendhal-Syndrome-fainting-caused-by-great-art.html
2. Barney, S. A. et al, The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, CUP, 2006, Book XV.
3. Mairet, P., Pioneer of Sociology: The Life and Letters of Patrick Geddes, Lund Humphries, 1957, p. 184.
4. Ibid., p. 185.
5. Hollis, L., The Stones of London: A History in Twelve Buildings, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2011, p. 310.
6. Le Corbusier, Essential Le Corbusier: L’Esprit Nouveau Articles, Architectural Press, 1998, p. 8.
7. Ibid., p. 45.
8. Hall, P., Cities of Tomorrow, Blackwell, 2002, p. 222.
9. Le Corbusier, 1998, p. xxv.
10. Ibid., p. 227.
11. Jencks, C., Le Corbusier and the Tragic View of Architecture, Allen Lane, 1973, p. 74.
12. Flint, A., Wrestling with Moses: How Jane Jacobs Took on New York’s Master Builder and Transformed the American City, Random House, 2011, p. 37.
13. Ibid., p. 43.
14. Rybczynski, W., Makeshift Metropolis: Ideas About Cities, Scribner, 2011, p. 55.
15. Flint, A., 2011, p. 87.
16. Ibid., p. 145.
17. Rybczynski, W., 2011, p. 59.
18. Jacobs, J., 1993, p. 5.
19. Whyte, W., City: Rediscovering the Centre, Doublday, 1988, p. 3.
20. Ibid., p. 7.
21. Ibid., p. 57.
22. Ibid., p. 9.
23. Tellinga, J., from talk, 12 November 2010, International New Town Conference, www.newtowninstitute.org
24. Gehl, J. and Koch, J., Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space, Island Press, 2011, p. 29.
25. Gehl, J. and Gemzoe, L., New City Spaces, Danish Architectural Press, 2003, p. 54.
26. Ibid., p. 58.
27. ‘The Origin of the Power of Ten’, www.pps.org/reference/poweroften
28. Tactical Urbanism, Volume 1, pp.1–2.
Chapter 4: A Creative Place
1. www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010–11/04/david-cameron-silicon-roundabout
2. travel.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/travel/23bilbao.html
3. www.guggenheimbilbao.es/uploads/area_prensa/notas/en/PR_Results_2010.PDF
4. www.nytimes.com/2007/02/01/arts/design/01isla.html
5. Bettencourt, L., Lobo, J. et al, Growth Innovation, Scaling and the Pace of Life in Cities, PNAS, 16 April 2007, p. 7, 303.
6. Schama, S., The Embarrassment of Riches, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 347
7. Ibid., p. 303.
8. UN, Creative Economy, UN, 2010, p. 38.
9. Florida, R., Who’s Your City?, Basic Books, 2008, p. 99.
10. Moretti, E., The New Geography of Jobs, Houghton Mifflin, 2012, Introduction.
11. Florida, R., 2008, p. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 71.
13. www.londonlovesbusiness.com/comment/the-debate-is-tech-city-working
14. www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2011/12/stuck-or-content/770
15. Sassen, S., Urban Age Project, LSE, 2011, p. 56.
16. www.techhub.com/about.html
17. www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/nov/27/tech-city-digital-startups-shoreditch
18. Nathan, M., 2012, pp. 109–10.
Chapter 5: Rebooting the Community
1. Novak, M. and Highfield, R., Super Cooperators: Beyond the Survival of the Fittest, Canongate, 2011, introduction.
2. www.economist.com/node/21541709
3. Jaffe, E., 21 March 2012, www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2012/03/why-people-cities-walk-fast/1550
4. Jacobs, J., 1993, pp. 77–8.
5. Griffith, P., Norman, W., O’Sullivan, C. and Ali, R., Charm Offensive: Cultivating Civility in 21st-Century Britain, Young Foundation, 2011, p. 25.
6. Ibid.
7. Lindsay, G., ‘Demolishing Density in Detroit’, Fast Company, 5 March 2010.
8. www.cardiff.ac.uk/socsi/undergraduate/introsoc/simmel.html
9. Smith, D., The Chicago School: A Liberal Critique of Capitalism, Macmillan Education, 1988, p. 123.
10. Sorkin, M., Twenty Minutes in Manhattan, Reaktion Books, 2009, p. 89.
11. CEQR Technical Manual, March 2010.
12. Wilson, J. Q. and Kelling, G. L., ‘Broken Windows’, Atlantic Monthly, 1982, from www.manhattan-institute.org
13. Bratton, W. and Tumin, Z., Collaborate or Perish: Reaching Across Boundaries in a Networked World, Crown Business, 2012, Chapter 1.
14. Nagy, A. R. and Podolny, J., ‘William Bratton and the NYPD’, Yale School of Management, Yale Case 07-015, 12 February 2008, p. 14.
15. www.economist.com/node/12630201
16. Putnam, R., Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, Simon & Schuster, 2001, p. 115.
17. Ibid., p. 19.
18. Minton, A., Ground Control: Fear and Happiness in the 21st-Century City, Penguin, 2009, p. 21.
19. Griffiths, R., The Great Sharing Economy, Cooperatives UK, Penguin, 2012, p. 1.
20. Ibid., pp. 4–11.
21. www.shareable.net/blog/policies-for-a-shareable-city
22. www.shareable.net/blog/policies-for-a-shareable-city-11-urban-agriculture
23. www.theuglyindian.com
Chapter 6: Trust in the city
1. www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/article1221799
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/23/obama-trayvon-martin-tragedy
5. Jacobs, J., 1993, p. 73.
6. Fukuyama, F., Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, Penguin, 1996, p. 7.
7. Putnam, R., 2001, p. 137.
8. Uslaner, E., The Moral Foundations of Trust, CUP, 2002, p. 33.
9. www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/15/Trust-in-Professions.aspx
10. www.gallup.com/poll/122915/trust-state-government-sinks-new-low.aspx
11. www.gallup.com/poll/149906/Supreme-Court-Approval-Rating-Dips.aspx
12. www.gallup.com/poll/122897/Americans-Trust-Legislative-Branch-Record-Low.aspx
13. news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8159141.stm
14. Norris, C., McCahill, M. and Wood, D., The Growth of CCTV: A Global Perspective, Surveillance and Society, www.surveillance-and-society.org/cctv.htm
15. NYCLU, Fall 2006, p. 2.
16. Graham, S., Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism, Verso, 2011, p. xv
17. Graham, S., ‘Olympics 2012 security: welcome to lockdown London’, www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/mar/12/london-olympics-security-lockdown-london
18. news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/4294693.stm
19. www.guardian.co.uk/education/2006/jun/20/highereducationprofile.academicexperts
20. Graham, S., 2011, p. 263.
21. arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2011/08/53-of-mobile-users-happy-to-hand-over-location-data-for-coupons.ars
22. www.theinternetofthings.eu/content/new-years-contest-panopticon-metaphor-internet-things---why-not-if-it-were-opposite
23. Goodyear, S., ‘Do Gated Communities Threaten Society?’, 11 April 2012, www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2012/04/do-gated-communities-threaten-society/1737
24. Wilkinson, R. and Pickett, K., The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone, Penguin, 2010, p. 62.
25. Dorling, D., So You Think You Know About Britain, 2011, p. 73.
26. Milanovic, B., The Haves and the Have-Nots, Basic Books, 2012, p. 72.
27. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/10/30/nyregion/where-the-one-percent-fit-in-the-hierarchy-of-income.html?ref=incomeinequality
28. UN-Habitat, State of the World Cities 2011–12, UN-Habitat, 2011, p. 74.
29. Ferrari Ballas, M., ‘Transportation Barriers of the Women of Pudahuel’, Santiago Planning Forum, 13/14, 2009, p. 124.
30. Berg, N., ‘Why China’s Urbanisation Isn’t Creating a Middle Class’, 29 February 2012, www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2012/02/why-chinas-urbanization-isnt-creating-middle-class/1357
31. Lefebvre, H. (ed. Elden, S. and Kofman, E.), Key Works, Continuum, 2003, p. 7.
32. Harvey, D., introduction to Lefebvre, H., 1991, p. 158.
33. Lefebvre, H., trans. Nicholson-Smith, D., The Production of Space, Blackwell, 1991, p. 494
34. pmarcuse.wordpress.com/2012/03/25/blog-10-the-changes-in-occupy-and-the-right-to-the-city
35. Harvey’s lecture can be found at www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkKXt6lTTD4
36. Mullins, C., Festival on the River: The Story of the Southbank, Penguin, 2010, p. 48.
37. Burnham, S., Trust Design, Part Four, ‘Public Trust’ Supplement to Volume 30, 2011, p. 7, ww.w.premsela.org
38. scottburnham.com/projects
Chapter 7: Walking in Dharavi
1. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11854177
2. Roy, A., ‘Capitalism: A Ghost Story’, Outlook India, 26 March 2012, www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280234
3. Kasarda, J. and Lindsay, G., Aerotropolis: The Way We’ll Live Next, Penguin, 2011, p. 6.
4. Hollis, L., 2011, pp. 268–9.
5. Riis, J., 1889, Chapter 6, www.bartleby.com/208
6. UN-Habitat, The Challenge of the Slums, UN-Habitat, 2003, p. 10.
7. Perlman, J., Favela: Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro, OUP, 2010, p. 321.
8. Harber, A., Diepsloot, Jonathan Ball, 2012, p. 12.
9. Ibid., p. 62.
10. Neuwirth, R., Stealth of Nations, Pantheon Books, 2011, p. 18.
11. Ibid., p. 19.
12. Saunders, D., Arrival City, Vintage, 2011, Preface.
13. Arputham, J., Developing New Approaches for People-centred Development, Environment and Urbanisation, 2008, p. 320.
14. Ibid., pp. 332–3.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. articles.latimes.com/2008/sep/08/
18. Echanove, M. and Srivastava, R., The Slum Outside, URBZ.net, 20 April 2011, p. 1.
19. de Soto, H., The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, Bantam Press, 2000, pp. 301–2.
20. Burra, S., Community-based, Built and Managed Toilet Blocks in Indian Cities, Environment and Urbanisation, 2003, p. 20.
21. Mehta, S., The Urban Age, LSE, 2011, p. 107.
22. Neuwirth, R., Shadow Cities, Routledge, 2004, pp. 133–4.
23. www.iisd.org/50comm/commdb/desc/d16.htm
24. Brand, S., Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto, Atlantic Books, 2010, p. 26.
25. www.forbes.com/2010/06/15/forbes-india-jockin-arputham-poverty-alleviation-opinions-ideas-10-arputham_2.html
26. www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/urbz-crowdsourcing-the-city
27. www.airoots.org
28. www.airoots.org/2009/09/the-tool-house-expanded
Chapter 8: Maximum City
1. Engels, F., The Condition of the Working Class in England, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/condition-working-class/ch04.htm
2. Jordan Smith, D., ‘Cellphones, Social Inequality and Contemporary Culture in Nigeria’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, no. 3, 2006, p. 500.
3. Aker, J. and Mbiti, B., ‘Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa’, Centre for Global Development Paper 211, June 2010, p. 2.
4. Ibid., p. 3.
5. Florida, R., 7 December 2011, www.theatlanticcities.com/technology/2011/12/how-twitter-proves-place-matters/663
6. www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/dec/07/bbm-rioters-communication-method-choice
7. www.democracynow.org/2011/2/8/asmaa_mahfouz_the_youtube_video_that
8. Nunns, A. and Idle, D., Tweets from Tahrir, OR Books, 2011, p. 208.
9. Ibid., p. 210.
10. Ibid.
11. UN Commission on Human Rights, Report from OHCHR Fact-finding Mission to Kenya, 6–28 February 2008, 19 March 2008, p. 16.
12. vimeo.com/9182869
13. david.tryse.net/googleearth/
14. www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eIPM6D-LOg&feature=player_embedded#
15. Ratti, C., ‘Smart, Smarter, Smartest Cities’, MIT TV, 19 April 2011, techtv.mit.edu/collections/senseable/videos/12257-smart-smarter-smartest-cities
16. Townsend, A., ‘Blended Reality: What Would Jane Jacobs Think of Facebook’, 12 June 2007, www.planetizen.com/node/28807
17. Southerton, D. G., Chemulpo to Songdo IBD: Korea’s International Gateway, 2009, p. 103.
18. Post, N., ‘Liveable Cities Get Smarter’, Engineering News Record, 12 December 2011, p. 34.
19. Arthur, C., The Thinking City, BBC Focus, January 2012, p. 56.
20. Townsend, A., Maguire, R. et al, A Planet of Civic Laboratories, Institute for the Future, 2011.
21. IBM Institute for Business Value, How Smart is Your City?, 2009, p. 3.
22. Ibid., p. 12.
23. Ibid., p. 13.
24. Ratti, C., ‘Raising the Cloud’, raisethecloud.org/#project
Chapter 9: Moving Around
1. Hammer, J., ‘The World’s Worst Traffic Jam’, Atlantic, July/August 2012, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/07/world-8217-s-worst-traffic-jam/9006/#.T_wqIdE_-qE.email
2. www.tsp.gatech.edu/sweden/compute/cpu.htm
3. Adamatzky, A. et al, ‘Are motorways rational from slime mould’s point of view?’ ArXiv, 13 March 2012, p. 1.
4. Peter, P. F., Time, Innovation and Mobilities, Routledge, 2006, p. 154.
5. Mayor, J. and Coleman, B., The Social and Emotional Benefits of Good Street Design, Brighton and Hove City Council/Civitras, August 2011, p. 27.
6. www.chinasignpost.com/2011/01/dying-for-a-spot-chinas-car-ownership-growth-is-driving-a-national-parking-space-shortage
7. Owen, D., Green Metropolis, Riverhead, 2010, p. 48.
8. Transport for London, Travel in London: Key Trends and Developments, report no. 1, TfL, 2009, pp. 2–3.
9. Walker, J., Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking about Public Transit can Enrich our Communities, Island Press, 2011, Introduction.
10. McKibben, B., Hope, Human and Wild, Milkweed Editions, 2007, p. 64.
11. Rhinehart, N., ‘Public Spaces in Bogotá: An Introduction’, University of Miami Inter-America Law Review, Winter 2009, p. 200.
12. Ibid., p. 201.
13. www.pps.org/articles/epenalosa-2
14. www.planetizen.com/node/17468
15. Rhinehart, N., 2009, p. 203.
16. Cain, A., ‘Applicability of Bogotá’s Transmilenio BRT System to the United States’, National Bus Rapid Transit Institute, May 2006, pp. 41–2.
17. www.pps.org/articles/epenalosa-2
18. Thompson, C., ‘Why New Yorkers Last Longer’, 13 August 2007, nymag.com/news/features/35815/index1.html
19. www.walkonomics.com/blog/2011/04/getting-our-obese-cities-walking-again
20. Florida, R., ‘America’s Most Walkable Cities’, 10 December 2010, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/12/americas-most-walkable-cities/67988/
21. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/7590210/Expressway-roads-along-Seine-to-be-closed-after-40-years.html
22. www.preservenet.com/freeways/FreewaysPompidou.html
23. www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/02/paris-seine-riverside-expressway-pedestrian
Chapter 10: How Many Lightbulbs Does It Take To Change A City?
1. Corner, J., ‘Lifescape – Fresh Kills Parkland’, www.nyc.gov/freshkills park
2. Lehrer, J., 2010.
3. Glaeser, E. and Kahn, M., The Greenness of Cities, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2008, p. 30.
4. Florida, R., ‘Why Young Americans…’, 10 April 2012, www.theatlanticcities.com/commute/2012/04/why-young-americans-are-driving-so-much-less-than-their-parents/1712
5. Kahn, M., 2010, Chapter 1.
6. Vidal, J., ‘Masdar City – a Glimpse of the Future in the Desert’, 26 April 2011, www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/apr/26/masdar-city-desert-future
7. Moore, M., ‘Chinese move to the eco-city of the future’, 18 March 2012, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9151487/Chinese-move-to-their-eco-city-of-the-future.html
8. Williams, A. and Donald, A., The Lure of the City: From Slums to Suburbs, Pluto Press, 2011, p. 137.
9. www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/about/about.shtml
10. www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/bikestats.shtml#crashdata
11. transalt.org/about
12. www.nytimes.com/2011/11/16/realestate/commercial/for-those-who-pedal-to-work-a-room-to-store-their-bikes.html
13. ‘Greener, Greater New York’, April 2011, p. 3.
14. Williams, A. and Donald, A., 2011, p. 141.
15. Beavan, C., No Impact Man, Piatkus, 2011, p. 183.
16. Ibid., p. 190.
Chapter 11: A Place Called Home
1. Jackson, A., London’s Metroland, Capital Transport Publishing, 2006, p. 59.
2. www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html
3. Williams, A. and Donald, A., 2011, p. 59.
4. Ehrlich, P., Population Bomb, Ballentine Books, 1968, p. 1.
5. Pearce, F., Peoplequake: Mass Migration, Ageing Nations and the Coming Population Crash, Eden Project Books, 2010, Introduction.
6. Williams, A. and Donald, A., 2011, p. 63.
7. Ibid., p. 39.
8. UNFPA Youth Supplement, 2007, p. 7.
9. Florida, R., Gulden, T. and Mellender, C., The Rise of the Mega-Region, Martin Prosperity Institute, October 2007, p. 2.
10. superflex.net/tools/superkilen
11. vimeo.com/14679640
12. Davis, M., Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US City, Verso, 2001, p. 67.
13. Sassen, S., 2001, p. 333.
14. www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=238966
15. Wealth Report, KnightFrank/Citiprivatebank.com, 2012, p. 17.
16. Clark, G. and Moonen, T., The Honor Chapman Report: London 1991–2012: The Building of a World City, April 2012, pp. 28–36.
17. Arkarasprasertkul, N., Politicisation and the Rhetoric of Shanghai Urbanism, www.scholar.harvard.edu/non/publications, 2008, p. 44.
18. Campanella, T., The Concrete Dragon: China’s Urban Revolution and What it Means For the World, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008, Introduction.