Editors
C. Stephen Foster, Stephen D. Anesi and Peter Y. Chang

Uveitis

A Quick Guide to Essential Diagnosis

1st ed. 2021
Editors
C. Stephen FosterMD, FACS, FACR
Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Waltham, MA, USA
Stephen D. AnesiMD, FACS
Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Waltham, MA, USA
Peter Y. ChangMD
Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Waltham, MA, USA
ISBN 978-3-030-52973-4e-ISBN 978-3-030-52974-1
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52974-1
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
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Preface

Ocular inflammation is not at all romantic. In fact, few ophthalmologists like it at all. Even fewer choose to devote careers studying the subject and caring for patients with it. Those who have invested their intellect, time, and energy in the conception of this work are the unusual few who derive great pleasure from diagnosing and treating ocular inflammatory diseases. It is our hope that this book can help other eye care professionals in taking on the challenge of managing patients with uveitis.

C. Stephen Foster
Waltham, MA, USA
Contents
1 Diagnosis Flowchart 1
2 Seronegative Spondyloarthropa​thies 3
3 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 9
4 Scleroderma 15
5 Fuchs’ Heterochromic Iridocyclitis 21
6 Sarcoidosis 25
7 Adamantiades-Behçet’s Disease 31
8 Polyarteritis Nodosa 37
9 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis 41
10 Relapsing Polychondritis 45
11 Pars Planitis 49
12 Multiple Sclerosis 53
13 Lens-Induced Uveitis 59
14 Tubulointerstiti​al Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome 63
15 Birdshot Retinochoroidopa​thy 67
16 Sympathetic Ophthalmia 71
17 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome 75
18 Multifocal Choroiditis and Panuveitis 81
19 Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome 85
20 Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy 89
21 Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis 93
22 Serpiginous Choroiditis 97
23 Subretinal Fibrosis and Uveitis Syndrome 101
24 Punctate Inner Choroidopathy 105
25 Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy 109
26 Syphilis 113
27 Lyme Disease 119
28 Bartonella 125
29 Tuberculosis 129
30 Leptospirosis 133
31 Brucellosis 137
32 Whipple’s Disease 143
33 Rickettsial Diseases 147
34 Leprosy 151
35 Herpesviruses 155
36 Rift Valley Fever 163
37 Measles (Rubeola) 167
38 Rubella 171
39 Emergent Viral Infections 175
40 Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome 185
41 Candidiasis 189
42 Coccidioidomycos​is 193
43 Cryptococcosis 199
44 Sporotrichosis 203
45 Pneumocystosis 207
46 Toxoplasmosis 211
47 Acanthamoeba 217
48 Giardia Lamblia 221
49 Trypanosomiasis 225
50 Other Vector-Borne Parasitic Infections 229
51 Toxocariasis 237
52 Ascariasis 241
53 Onchocerciasis 245
54 Loiasis 249
55 Cysticercosis 253
56 Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis 257
57 Schistosomiasis 261
58 Ophthalmomyiasis​ 265
59 Ophthalmia Nodosa 269
60 HIV-Associated Uveitis 273
61 Endophthalmitis 281
62 Vitreoretinal Lymphoma 289
63 Ocular Leukemia 293
64 Ocular Metastasis 295
65 Uveal Melanoma 297
66 Benign Lymphoid Hyperplasia of the Uvea 301
67 Juvenile Xanthogranuloma 303
68 Retinitis Pigmentosa 307
69 Intraocular Foreign Body 311
70 Drug-Induced Uveitis 313
71 Uveitis During Pregnancy 319
Appendix I:​ SUN Nomenclature 321
Appendix II:​ Pharmacopeia 325
Index 333
Contributors
Khawla AbusamraMD
Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
Aniruddha AgarwalMD
Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
Miriam Baron BarshakMD
Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Pooja V. BhatMD
Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Peter Y. ChangMD
Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Waltham, MA, USA
David S. ChuMD
Rutgers University, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Newark, NJ, USA
Metropolitan Eye Research and Surgery Institute, Palisades Park, NJ, USA
Christopher D. ConradyMD, PhD
University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center – Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Mark DaceyMD
Uveitis Service, Colorado Retina Associates, P.C, Denver, CO, USA
Laura EggenschwilerMD
Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
May Ibrahim El RashedyMD, PhD
Department of Ophthalmology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
Artur FilipowiczDO
Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Waltham, MA, USA
Muhammad HassanMD
Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Boonsiri HunchangsithMD
Banphaeo Eye Hospital (Public Organization), Banphaeo, Thailand
Samendra KarkhurMD
Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
Mahmut KayaMD
Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
Miaoli LinMD, PhD
C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
Arash MalekiMD
Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Waltham, MA, USA
Kayla N. MosesBA
Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Waltham, MA, USA
Quan Dong NguyenMD, MSc
Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Marina PeskinaMD
Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Waltham, MA, USA
Ravand Samaeekia
Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Zeynep SeymenMD, FEBO
Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
Yael Sharon
Metropolitan Eye Research and Surgery Institute, Palisades Park, NJ, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
Karen Wingartz SmallMD
Professional Eye Care, Mission of Sight, Jamaica, Chattanooga, TN, USA
Andrew Phillips StephensonBS
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Anh N. T. TranBS
Department of Ophthalmology, Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Koushik TripathyMD, FRCS (Glasgow)
Department of Vitreoretina and Uvea, ASG Eye Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Jordan A. UeberrothMD
Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Waltham, MA, USA
Albert T. VitaleMD
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Howard S. YingMD, PhD
Boston Eye Care Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
Catherine Q. ZhuBS
Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA