Abela, Eduardo, 339–40, 374, 377–78
absorption/exclusion model, 819–21, 921, 971, 980n3.
Abstract Expressionism, 570, 668, 706, 868–71, 1088. See also Expressionism; specific artists
abstract forms and abstractions, 379, 396, 397, 399–400, 430, 664, 711. See also Abstract Expressionism
academicism, 340, 346–48, 348n1, 387
Acha, Juan, 594–95, 596, 714–18, 740, 742–44, 753–54, 759–63
Action Painting, 399, 708–9, 711, 726
activism and art, 338, 364–65, 670–72, 1094–95, 1096, 1129–30. See also Etsedrón
¡Adivina! exhibition, Chicago, 897–901
aesthetics survey: overview of, 342, 374–75; Abela on America as source and, 339–40, 374, 377–78; abstract art and, 379, 396, 397, 399–400; Avilés Ramírez on new art and, 342, 380–82; Enríquez on universalism and, 374, 379–80; Ichaso’s summary of, 342, 374, 386–89; Mañach on cultural policy and, 373, 387, 390–96, 396n1; Noé on individualistic art and continental identity synthesis and, 396–401, 664–65; Ramos’s inclusive view and, 374, 382–84, 384n1, 386; Roa on historical tradition of Latin America and, 374, 384–85; Torres Bodet on American themes and, 374–77, 377n1, 386
African populations in the Americas (blacks): Brazil’s national identity and, 305–6; Christianity and, 111; Cuba and, 174–76; ethnicity in Latin American art and, 642; existence of Latin America and, 147; fantastic imagery and, 864, 865; Iberia and, 125; immigration and, 818; melting pot model and, 139, 601; mestiçagem and, 326, 333, 335; Mestizos and, 150; Mexico and, 601; Peru and, 176; racial hierarchy and, 333; self-awareness for promotion of unity and, 277; unity and, 150, 158, 277
Aguirre, Emilio, 879–81
Aguirre, Lope de, 189–93
Alamán, Lucas, 459–64
Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), 133, 141n1, 181, 737
alliances, within Latin America, 425, 449–51. See also spirit and spiritual unification; unity and unification
Almaraz, Carlos, 810, 828, 832, 926
Altamirano, Ignacio Manuel, 693–94, 698
Alvear, Marcelo T. de, 238
Amaral, Antonio Henrique, 915, 1086
Amaral, Aracy A., and topics discussed: Abstract Expressionism, 1088; Etsedrón as mestizo visual language, 596, 753, 754–58, 758nn1–4, 764; fantastic imagery, 859, 911–16; Latin American influences on internationalism, 769–70, 774–77; sociocultural context and differences in Brazil, 58, 741, 744–49, 953
Amaral, Tarsila do, 297, 412, 676, 915, 1086, 1094, 1095
America, as term of use, 88, 166, 605–6, 985, 986, 1085. See also the Americas
Americanism (americanismo), 129–30, 140, 227, 231, 294–95
American League, 201, 204–7. See also multi-homeland (multipatira)
Americanness, 343–44, 406, 409–13
Amerindians. See indigenous peoples and culture; specific indigenous cultures and peoples
Ancient Roots/New Visions, Chicago, 805, 899
Andrade, Mario de, 128–31, 131n1, 468–71, 469–70, 471n1, 773
Andrade, Oswald de, 56–57, 89–95, 95nn1–2, 297–300, 300nn1–6, 1076n14, 1086–87, 1094, 1097
Anglo-Saxon culture and Anglo-Saxons: the Americas and, 121–22, 127; differences and commonalities in the Americas and, 426–27; “gringo” as term of use and, 355, 361n3, 410, 601, 612–13, 614n3; Hispanic America’s differences and similarities with, 483–94; Latin/Saxon opposition and, 54, 117, 121–22, 155, 162, 251–52, 330–31; North America and, 126, 251–52; outsider/outcast paradigm and, 588; Puerto Rico as bridging culture between Hispanic Americans and, 457–58, 472–78; Puritanism and, 127–28, 263, 382, 445, 823; unity and, 150–51, 153, 155, 234. See also Europe; North America; United States; whites
Ante América (Facing the Americas) exhibit, Bogotá, 951–52, 1068–69, 1072–73, 1075, 1075n1
Anthropophagous Manifesto, 56–57, 297–300, 300nn1–6, 1076n14, 1086, 1094. See also cannibalism metaphor
the Antilles, 87, 117, 126, 135, 224, 389. See also Caribbean
APRA (Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance), 133, 141n1, 181, 737
archipelago metaphor, 427, 495
ARCO Foundation, 833, 846, 847, 909
Argentina: activism and, 686–87; Argentinidad/Argentine-ness and, 736, 1085, 1095; art societies in, 550–51; avant-garde and, 669, 677; continental identity and, 57, 286–88, 388; cultural nationalism and, 341, 352; differences in Latin American art and, 667–78; economics and, 124–25, 339; European art influences and, 570–71, 582, 672, 695; historical context and, 1060–61; homogenization of the Americas and, 126, 135; individualistic art and, 399; potential of, 109; rethinking Latin Americanism and, 1057–59; Romanticism and, 357; Rosas and, 464–65; spiritual unification and, 359–60, 494n7; Symposium of the First Latin American Biennial of Sáo Paulo and, 771; uniqueness of Latin American art and, 667–78; unity and, 234–35, 252–53; universalism and, 388; U.S. art exhibitions and, 550, 553n2; U.S. involvement in, 277, 465. See also River Plate (Río de la Plata) region
Art Institute of Chicago, 434, 580–83, 859
Art of the Fantastic exhibit, Indianapolis, 795, 859–65, 911–17, 922–25, 928–29. See also fantastic imagery
art societies, 550–53
Austria, 113, 228–29, 442, 463
authenticity: Chicano art and, 1031; Euro-American curatorial approach and, 924–25, 928–29, 934n15, 1111, 1112–14; fantastic imagery and, 1074; of Latin American thought, 222–31, 331; myth of, 1005–6, 1070, 1073–74, 1101–2, 1111–12. See also mimicry (imitation)
avant-garde: literature and, 128, 231, 237; new art and, 340–41; new artists and, 343; pensador and, 43; synthesis of Latin American art and, 341, 352–61, 361nn1–7, 698; underdevelopment and, 1098; universalism through difference and, 341, 344, 348–51, 946–47. See also indigenous themes and/or avant-garde; specific styles of avant-garde
Avilés Ramírez, Eduardo, 342, 380–82
Aztec culture and Aztecs: overview and history of, 586, 602–4; colonial brutality and, 51, 188n5, 347; MoMA collections/exhibitions and, 559; mural movement and, 1036–37; philosophies in Latin America and, 269; revolution and, 288, 463; spirit and, 533; universalism through difference and, 351, 381; U.S. appreciation of indigenous culture and, 533, 534
Bacon, Francis, 51, 73–81, 91, 262, 677
Bahia, Brazil. See Etsedrón
Barnitz, Jacqueline, and topics discussed: differences and Latin American art, 587, 592, 662, 667–73; differences in Latin American art, 587, 590–91, 592, 662, 667–73; existence of Latin American art, 592, 662–73; uniqueness of Latin American art, 587, 592, 662, 667–73
Baroja, Pio, 296
Barr, Alfred H., Jr., 433, 558–61, 562–68, 591–92
Basel epistola (Columbus), 50–51, 62–67, 99
Bayón, Damián Carlos: on art and opportunities in U.S., 431, 535–40, 540n1; on differences in Latin American art, 590–91, 731–39; on individualistic art, 674–80; on Latin America as term of use, 731–32; Romero Brest’s critique of, 674, 680–84
Beardsley, John, 791, 793, 806–12, 833–44, 844n7, 925–26
Benjamin, Walter, 1063, 1089, 1101
Berni, Antonio, 657, 677, 915, 1057, 1097
“between two waters” perspective, 949, 1003
“The Big Stick” policy, 424, 438, 1044, 1085
Bingham, Hiram, 81–85
blacks (African populations in the Americas). See African populations in the Americas (blacks)
black slaves and slave trade, 111, 116–17, 184, 486, 601. See also African populations in the Americas (blacks)
Blanes, Juan Manuel, 657, 658, 694
Bolívar, Simón, and topics discussed: ethnicity and culture of Latin America, 53–54, 194–95, 511–12; North-South opposition, 160; political unity, 53–54, 193–200, 229, 234–35, 459–60, 701, 703
Bolivia, 109, 120, 124–25, 157, 196, 417, 551, 695
Bolton, Herbert E., 137
Bomfim, Manoel de, and topics discussed: colonial brutality, 54–55, 215–22, 222n1, 332–33, 454–55; conservatism, 54, 221, 334, 335n4; continental identity, 301, 335; European concept of South America, 452–54, 457n1; holistic education system, 55, 241–45, 332; independence, 54–55, 333–35, 335n4; Monroe Doctrine and Latin America, 452–56, 456nn2–3; superficial unity of Latin America, 58–59, 224, 301–6, 306n3; U.S. protector/protectorate relationship, 452, 455–56
Bonevardi, Marcelo, 662–63, 666, 667, 872
border culture: Culture Wars and, 790, 945, 1019–21; immigration and, 610; Multiculturalism and, 45, 946–47, 958–69, 969n1; racial mixing and, 946–47, 970–71, 980
border culture as practice: ethics and, 993–94, 996, 1002n51; ethnicity and, 989, 994, 1000nn30–31; globalization effects on local representation and, 953–54, 1099–1104; ideology between continents and, 45, 947, 948, 982–97, 997nn1–2, 998n3–4, 998nn6–8, 1000n26, 1000nn30–31; immigrant experience and, 983, 998n3, 998n6; Puerto Ricans of New York and, 995–97; racial issues and, 989–90, 1000n30. See also border culture
The Border/La Frontera exhibition, Balboa Park, San Diego, 1019–28, “borderness,” 985–86
Borges, Jorge Luis: on aesthetics, 1063, 1088–89; appropriation and, 931; Argentinidad and, 736; avant-garde and, 677; cannibalism metaphor and, 1072; continental identity and, 1069, 1072; on cultural nationalism, 1085; fantastic imagery and, 915, 923; Far-Western cultures and, 186; on folklore motifs, 1095; labyrinth motif and, 1091, 1125; writings of, 283, 308, 1008
Botero, Fernando, 664, 669, 679, 772, 855, 864, 872–74, 915
Boves, José Thomás, 202
Braque, Georges, 536, 697, 705, 861
Braudel, Fernance, 53, 142–49, 148n1, 171–72
Brazil: overview of, 57–58; activism and, 671; African populations in, 158, 175–76, 759–62, 1095; Americanism and, 332–35; black slave trade and, 116–17; Catholicism and, 116–17, 184; caudillos and, 329–30; conservatism and, 54, 221, 334, 335n4; the cordial man and, 309–10; cultural autonomy of, 58, 324–26; differences and, 735; disconnection of elites and, 58, 307–9; economics and, 124–25, 339, 657–58; as European extension, 325; Hispanic America relationship with, 58, 327–35, 953; homogenization of the Americas and, 126, 135; Iberian influences in, 58, 311–17, 318–23, 323n3, 323n5; independence of, 220; Indigenism and, 738, 1093–94; Indo-American culture and, 327, 329; isolationism and, 58, 440–48, 448n2; Jesuits and, 90, 92, 263, 300n1, 321, 383; Latin/Saxon opposition and, 117, 330–31; literature of, 58, 327–35; Lusitanian Americans and, 157, 169, 171, 327, 329; as melting pot, 325–26; mestiçagem and, 326, 333, 335; Mestiços and, 324–25, 329, 333, 495–96; Modernism and, 297, 325, 748; national identity of, 303–6, 306n3; Pan Americanism and, 330–31; Pindorama as name for, 299, 300n4; potential of, 109–10; rethinking Latin Americanism and, 1057–59; Revista de antropofagia and, 297, 1076n14; Romanticism and, 90, 327; sociocultural context for differences in, 58, 741, 744–49; superficial unity in Latin America and, 58–59, 224, 301–6, 306n3; Symposium of the First Latin American Biennial of Sáo Paulo and, 771; Tupinambá/Tupi-Guarani and, 297–99, 300n1, 363, 1088; uniqueness of Latin American and, 670; unity and, 58–59, 157, 224, 252–53, 301–6, 306n3; U.S. involvement in and, 277. See also Etsedrón; Iberian America; Mestizos; specific rulers
Brazilian art and artists: activism and, 671; art societies in, 551; European art influences and, 572, 642, 672; individualistic art and, 699, 867, 869; MoMA collections/exhibitions and, 867, 869–70; Picasso’s artworks as influence in, 417; sociocultural context and differences in, 58, 741, 744–49; traveling exhibitions of artworks and, 577, 578; U.S. sanctioned artists from, 554. See also Brazil
Breton, André, 690, 863, 921, 1084n3
Bronx Museum of the Arts, 791, 851–58, 902, 910n2, 1005, 1084n6
Buarque de Holanda, Sérgio, 58, 311–17, 318–23, 321–22, 323n3, 323n5
Buntinx, Gustavo, 954, 955–56, 1117–22
Caicedo, José Maria Torres, 54, 200–208, 208nn1–2, 950
Calvinism, 90, 92, 94, 136, 315
Calvo, Charles (Carlos): biographical information about, 105, 106, 166–67; on European intervention, 110, 167–68, 207, 446; Latin America as term used by, 52, 105, 164, 166–69, 168; “Latin race” as term in use and, 52, 167; Napoleon III and, 42, 52, 105, 106–7, 167; on potential of Latin America, 42, 105, 107–10
Camnitzer, Luis, 729, 873–74, 931, 1019n20, 1091–92
Cancel, Luis R., 791, 851–58, 902, 1005
cannibalism metaphor: Anthropophagous Manifesto and, 56–57, 297–300, 300nn1–6, 1076n14, 1094, 1097; globalization of art and, 1127; the other and, 1086; para-definitions and, 1086–89, 1091; Postmodernism and, 1072, 1076n14; Surrealism and, 1097
capitalism, 92, 483–85, 493n4, 797, 816, 877n4, 984–85, 1101. See also economics
CARA, Los Angeles (Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation, Los Angeles), 808, 903
Cardoza y Aragón, Luis, 343–44, 406, 409–13
Caribbean: African-Caribbean art and, 1128; Caribe/Caraiba and, 298, 300n2; contemporary art and, 1127; Créole culture and, 1076n7; immigrant experience and, 983, 1018n10; as Latin American, 1004–5, 1017n3; local art scene reinvention and, 1118–19; racial mixing and, 513n3. See also specific countries
Cartographies exhibition, Manitoba, Canada: overview of, 952; Herkenhoff’s para-definitions for postmodern narratives and, 952–53, 1077, 1085–99; Mesquita on metaphoric cartography for contemporary art and, 952, 953, 1077–84, 1083n1, 1084n3, 1084nn5–6. See also transnational identity
Casanovas, Martí, 57, 286, 289–92, 338, 364–65
Casas, Mel, 879–83
Casimir, Jean, 149–55
Castro, Amilcar de, 853, 1089, 1090
Castro, Fidel, 151, 174, 612, 822, 1120
Catholicism: Brazil and, 116–17, 184; conversion to, 62, 64–65, 67; Cuba and, 116–17; fantastic imagery and, 863–64; Mexico and, 181; sociocultural structures and, 170, 181, 822–24; Spanish colonialism and, 191; spirit of, 488; syncretism and, 326, 792. See also Christianity
Catlin, Stanton L., 590–91, 656–62, 663
caudillos (caudillismo): Brazil and, 329–30;
García Calderón on, 120–21, 124–25, 222, 224–26, 229; Vasconcelos on, 245, 427, 461–62
Central America: overview and use of term, 171; African populations in, 158; art and artists in, 1007–10, 1013; economics and, 124; immigration from, 983, 1004, 1007; Mexico culture influences on art of, 582; potential of, 109; U.S. involvement in, 277, 899, 918. See also specific countries
Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 913, 1073, 1105, 1107–8
Centro Cultural de la Raza, La Jolla, 1019–28
Chapultepec Agreement, 504–8, 509n4
Chateaubriand, François René, Viscount of, 238
Chávez, Patricio, 947, 1019–28
Chevalier, Michel, 52, 111–17, 117nn1–3, 168
Chicago State University Art Gallery. See Hispanic American Art in Chicago exhibition
Chicano art and artists: overview of, 588, 589, 634–37, 1039–41; immigration and, 961; El Movimiento and, 45, 949–50, 976, 1028–42, 1041n3; mural movement and, 809, 976–77, 1036, 1038; rasquachismo and, 949, 976, 1028, 1031–34; syncretism and, 589, 635–37, 949. See also Cuban Americans; Hispanic American art and artists; Puerto Ricans in New York (Nuyoricans); specific exhibitions
Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation (CARA), Los Angeles, 808, 903
The Chicano Movement (El Movimiento), 45, 949–50, 1028–42, 1041n3
Chicanos (Mexican Americans): Christianity and, 602, 614–19; Civil Rights Movement in U.S. and, 587, 588, 600, 790, 796–97, 888, 984, 1022; cultural nationalism and, 621, 626, 629–30, 632; differences and, 819–21; discrimination against, 983, 998n4; duality and, 1027; Greco-Latin culture and, 618, 620, 620n3; historical context and, 589, 621–22, 625–26, 630; identity in U.S. and, 588, 600–614, 614nn1–6, 615, 880, 886, 948; immigrant experience and, 612–13, 621, 626, 630–32; Indianism and, 621, 625–27, 629–30; Indigenism and, 626, 636; melting pot model and, 612, 635; mimicry and, 602, 884; Multiculturalism as homogenization of differences and, 1007–9; as the other, 1039; outsider/outcast paradigm and, 822, 880, 883, 926–27, 972; overview and use of term, 588, 795–96; philosophies in Latin America context for, 589, 623–33, 633n3, 634n13; as La Plebe, 600, 601, 609–10, 614n1; population growth statistics and, 45, 947–48, 983–84, 1004, 1039; as La Raza, 600, 601–2, 608–11; la raza cósmica and, 245, 512, 589, 614–20, 620nn1–3. See also Chicano art and artists; Mestizos; new race(s); skepticism about Latin American art
Chile: activism and, 671; art societies in, 551; colonial brutality in, 189; creation of a continent and, 228; differences and, 735; economics and, 124–25; European art influences and, 582, 642, 673, 695; historical context and, 1061; homogenization of the Americas and, 126, 135; independence of, 220; Indigenism and, 135; potential of, 109–10; unity and, 157, 196; U.S. exhibitions of artists and, 830–31; U.S. involvement in, 277
Chocano, José Santos, 145, 149n4, 294–95
Christianity: African populations and, 111; black slave trade and, 184, 486; conversion of indigenous peoples and, 62, 64–65, 67; Counter-Reformation and, 89–90, 92–94, 792, 820; France and Latin America links and, 111–12, 114–17; Reformation and, 89–90, 792, 817, 820, 822; syncretism and, 184, 326. See also specific religions
Civil Rights Movement in U.S., 586–87, 588, 600, 790, 796–97, 888, 984, 1022. See also United States
Clifford, James, 930, 1103, 1109–10
Cold War, 434, 574, 902, 1088, 1095
Colombia: activism and, 670–71; African populations in, 158; art societies in, 552; European art influences and, 672, 673; naming of, 165; potential of, 109; rethinking Latin Americanism and, 1058; Symposium of the First Latin American Biennial of Sáo Paulo and, 772; unity and, 157, 195–97, 235–36; U.S. exhibitions of artists from, 830–31
colonialism: brutality and, 54–55, 215–22, 222n1, 454–55, 864; continental identity in context of internationalism and, 594–95; decolonization process and, 164, 175, 595, 722, 729, 1031, 1087; fantastic imagery and, 864; mestizaje and, 511; mythologies and, 261–63; new artists inclusion of, 343, 417–19; unity and, 160–62. See also evils of origin concept; neo-colonialism
Columbus, Christopher, 50–51, 62–67, 99, 247–48, 1027
Concretism, 724, 748, 853, 860–61, 914, 1090. See also Neo-Concretism
Conference on Inter-American Relations in the Field of Art (1939), 432, 541–47, 545–52, 550–53. See also U.S. collections
Conference on Studies in Latin American Art at MoMA (1945), 433–34, 562–68, 568–74, 591–92. See also Museum of Modern Art (MoMA); U.S. collections
Congress of the Young People of Colombia, 231–36
conservatism, 54, 221, 334, 335n4, 1010
Constructivism, 340, 676, 852, 914
consumerism, 595–96, 705–14, 711, 725n2, 966–69, 1057–58, 1097. See also economics
Contemporary Art and Literature in Latin America, University of Texas at Austin. See symposium in Austin in 1975
continent(s): “discovery” of, 50–51, 62–67, 96–99, 100, 247–48, 1027; education about, 108; France and, 105–6; labyrinth and, 1091; of semi-, 919, 1071. See also the Americas; North America; South America
continental identity (Latin American identity): overview of, 57, 286; Andrade on, 56–57, 297–300, 468–71; anthropophagy and, 56–57, 297–300; Argentina and, 57, 286–88; art of Latin America and, 57, 286, 292–300; Bomfim and, 301, 335; Braudel on, 144, 146; Casanovas on, 57, 286, 289–92; Criollismo and, 294, 296n1; Freitas on, 468–71; Greco-Latin culture and, 290–92; historical context and, 938–39; Indianism and, 309–10, 621, 625–27, 629–30; individualistic art’s synthesis with, 396–401, 698; Indo-American culture and, 57, 286, 288, 289–92, 294; of Latin America discourse, 432, 541; Orrego on, 57, 286–88, 292–300; Sánchez on, 132–33; U.S. and, 288. See also continent(s); continental identity conferences and debates; differences and commonalities in the Americas; national identity; transnational identity
continental identity and new art, 586–88. See also Chicanos (Mexican Americans); continental identity conferences and debates; continental identity in context of internationalism; skepticism about Latin American art
continental identity conferences and debates: overview of, 595–97; 13th Sáo Paulo Biennial and, 596, 753, 759, 763–67, 769. See also Etsedrón; First Ibero-American Encounter of Art Critics and Visual Artists (Primer encuentro iberoamericano de críticos de arte y artistas plásticos); symposium in Austin in 1975; Symposium of the First Latin American Biennial of Sáo Paulo; specific conferences and symposia
continental identity in context of internationalism: overview of, 592–93; Acha on sociocultural structure of Third World and, 594–95, 714–18; Amaral on cultural nationalism and, 747; Bayón on differences and, 731–39; Latin America as term of use and, 731–32; Lippard on Multiculturalism and, 973–74; Mañach on local and universal in art and, 392; Manrique on individualistic art and, 593, 594, 692–700, 700n1, 701n2; Manrique on uniqueness of Latin American art and, 593, 701–5, 705n1; Mexican artists and, 876–77; Noé on self-image and invention in art and, 593–94, 665, 725–31, 1096; Rasmussen on exhibitions in U.S. and, 876–77; Traba on consumerism of U.S. art and, 595–96, 705–14, 725n2; Traba on individualistic art and, 593, 595, 645–49, 688–92; Ybarra-Frausto on mural movement and, 1037; Yurkievich on specificity and sociocultural structures and, 594–95, 702, 719–25, 725n2. See also status of Latin American art
Continuation Committee, Conference on Inter-American Relations in the Field of Art (1939), 432, 545–52. See also Conference on Inter-American Relations in the Field of Art (1939)
Cordero, Juan Nepomuceno, 346–48, 348n1
the cosmic race (la raza cósmica), 245, 512, 589, 614–20, 620nn1–3, 685
Costa Firme. See Venezuela
Costumbrist (costumbrismo), 523, 645, 691, 734, 780
Counter-Reformation, 89–90, 92–94, 792, 820
Couto, Ribeiro, 309–10
Créole/creole and creole-ization, 303, 454, 545, 1076n7, 1124
Criollismo, 294, 296n1, 526, 695, 719. See also regionalism
Criollos and criollo: overview of, 119, 1070, 1076n7; avant-garde and Latin American synthesis and, 356; Latin America as term of use and, 164–65; as new American, 524, 525–26; new artists and, 402–6; Nuestra América and, 209–10; self-awareness for promotion of unity and, 277; spirit and, 488–89; unity and, 151, 277
criticism issues, 433, 562–68, 587–88, 591–92, 793–94, 808, 845–50. See also specific conferences and symposia
Cruz-Diez, Carlos, 678, 679, 720, 872
Cuba (Juana): African populations in, 174–76; art societies in, 552; black slave trade and, 116–17; Catholicism and, 116–17; Columbus’s “discovery” of, 50, 63, 87; Cuban artists and, 802, 804–5, 830–31, 868; Cuban Revolution and, 174, 586, 1034, 1095, 1129; differences and, 735; French art influences and, 571; indigenous people and, 1093; as Latin American, 1004–5, 1017n3; Latin-ness and, 174–75; modernity and, 821; murals and, 400; patronage and, 566; political art and, 393; traveling exhibitions and, 578–79; U.S. involvement in, 277, 425, 449; Utopia and, 1099. See also specific writers
Cuban Americans, 587, 790, 802, 804–5, 822, 830–31, 868. See also Chicano art and artists; Cuba (Juana); Hispanic art and artists
Cuban art and artists, 802, 804–5, 830–31, 868. See also Chicano art and artists; Cuba (Juana); Hispanic art and artists
Cubism: overview of, 415, 724; devaluation of, 975; new art and, 340, 412; new artists and, 344, 414–17, 676; universalism and, 349. See also avant-garde (cosmopolitan); specific artists
Cuevas, José Luis, 582, 664, 672–73, 751, 1088
Culture Wars, 790, 945, 1019–21. See also border culture
Dallas Museum of Art, 902, 910n2, 922, 923, 925
Day, Holliday T., 795, 859–65, 922–23
The Decade Show, New York, 932, 958, 1005, 1012, 1014–15, 1018n16, 1055n20
decolonization process, 164, 175, 595, 722, 729, 1031
Deira, Ernesto, 397, 662–64, 666, 667, 677, 873
De Kooning, Willem, 538, 677, 707–8, 870, 871
De La Vega, Jorge, 397, 664–65, 873, 915
Derrida, Jacques, 987, 1121–22
de Staël, Madame (Anne-Louise-Germaine), 136
deterritorialization, 959–60, 1098
dictatorships, art, 1088
“discovery(ies)”/re-discovery(ies): of continents, 50–51, 62–67, 96–99, 100, 247–48, 1027; Europe’s need for, 271–72, 274n1; of Latin American art, 966–69; of Machu Picchu, 81–85
Dos Ciudades/Two Cities project, 1022–23
economics: Argentina and, 124–25; Bolivia and, 120, 124–25; Brazil and, 124–25; capitalism and, 92, 483–85, 493n4, 797, 816, 877n4, 984–85, 1101; Central America and, 124; Chile and, 124–25; construct of Latin America and, 52, 118–25, 302; Ecuador and, 120; France and, 42, 52, 105–10; Haiti and, 124; Iberian America and, 124–25; immigrants and, 963, 977, 1025; in Latin America, 52; Paraguay and, 120, 124; patronage and, 431, 434, 566, 658; Peru and, 120, 124–25; Poincaré on, 52, 118–23; Portugal’s commercial exploitation in the Americas and, 321–22; potential of Latin America and, 42, 105, 107–10; Uruguay and, 124; U.S.-Mexican relations and, 797–98, 901–10, 910nn1–2; Venezuela and, 120. See also caudillos (caudillismo); consumerism
Ecuador: art dictatorships and, 1088; art societies in, 552; economics and, 120; individualistic art and, 699; mestizo art schools in, 401, 1093; potential of, 109; traveling exhibitions and, 580; unity and, 157, 235
Eder, Rita, 590–92, 673, 684–87, 687nn1–2, 771
education system, as holistic, 55, 241–45
Ehrenberg, Felipe, 897–901
El Salvador, 183, 443, 552, 906–7, 981n8
The Emergent Decade exhibit, 591, 652–56, 663, 669
England: black slave trade and, 111; colonialism and, 114, 116, 484, 493n1; Latin American nations’ independence and, 446; Monroe Doctrine and, 439, 447; Reformation and, 93; sociocultural structures and, 228, 484–85. See also Europe; specific rulers
Enlightenment, 484, 792, 822, 893, 917, 944
Esteves, Sandra Maria (“not-neither”), 949, 986–87, 994
ethnocentrism: Latin American, 771, 974; Postmodernism and, 959, 964; the West and, 629, 656, 799, 931, 962, 965
Etsedrón: overview of, 596, 670, 753–54, 764–65; Acha on hostile interruption of art and, 596, 753–54, 759–63; Afro-Brazilian culture and, 759–62; Amaral on mestizo visual language and, 596, 753, 754–58, 758nn1–4, 764; Felguérez on individualistic art and, 596, 754, 767–69; as Happening, 766; primitivism and, 757–58, 758n4; Torrens on individualistic art and, 596, 671, 754, 763–66. See also activism and art; Brazil; continental identity conferences and debates
Eurindia, 133, 341, 352–60, 352–61, 361nn1–7, 660
Euro-American curatorial approach: overview of, 798–99, 859, 917–33, 933n5, 934nn15–16, 1074; Modernism and, 920–31, 937; naïve style as ethnicity and, 792, 828–29, 843, 926–27; revision of, 930–33, 931, 1014–15. See also Europe; First World; U.S. exhibitions
Europe: the Americas as necessity for, 271–72, 274n1; Brazil’s effects on, 325; concept of South America in, 452–54, 457n1; continental identity and, 286–88; Eurocentric frameworks and, 55, 236–40, 240n1, 592, 662–73; Greco-Latin culture and, 290–92; indigenous people representations and, 1093; intervention from, 110, 207, 446–47; Latin American art as under influences of, 570–72, 582, 648, 659–60, 672–73; migration from, 122, 425–26, 818; mimicry of ideology and, 100, 125, 218, 234–35, 270–71, 712, 787; Monroe Doctrine and, 424, 438–41, 447; as the other, 930; patronage and, 658; philosophical identity of Latin America and, 266, 268–74; sociocultural structures and, 233, 484–85; trans-culturation and, 919–20, 923, 924, 933n5, 1109; the West’s origins and, 111–12. See also Anglo-Saxon culture and Anglo-Saxons; Euro-American curatorial approach; specific countries
evils of origin concept, 54–55, 215–22, 222n1, 332–33, 454–55. See also colonialism
exotic and exoticism: Americanism/Americanness and, 140, 294, 376, 388, 412–13; disconnection in Latin America and, 307–9; Euro-American curatorial approach and, 928–29, 967; European art influences and, 642–43; exclusion/absorption model and, 921; fantastic imagery exhibitions and, 795, 859–65, 915–16; globalization and, 968; homogenization of art and, 826, 828, 843; indigenous themes and avant-garde synthesis and, 406, 408; Latin America as, 913, 918; MoMA exhibitions’ avoidance of, 875–76; the other and, 914, 1074, 1123, 1125–26; Postmodernism and, 952; the primitive and, 938, 967; self-, 1123, 1125–26; Surrealism and, 921; U.S. collections and exhibitions and, 434, 572, 581–82, 918, 1013, 1018n17; Utopia and, 262
Expressionism, 340. See also Abstract Expressionism; specific artists
ex uno plures (out of one, many), 44, 54, 202
Facing the Americas (Ante América) exhibit, Bogotá, 951–52, 1068–69, 1072–73, 1075, 1075n1
fantastic imagery: aesthetic values and identity and, 859, 911–16; African populations in the Americas and, 864, 865; authenticity and, 1074; Catholicism and, 863–64; colonialism and, 864; exoticism and, 795, 859–65, 915–16; geography of Latin America and, 865; in literature, 915, 923; memories and, 923; Mestizos and, 864; the other and, 914, 927–30; pre-Columbian culture and, 864; representations in exhibitions and, 795, 859–65, 922–23; Surrealism and, 863, 912, 1080, 1084n3. See also Art of the Fantastic exhibit, Indianapolis; Magic Realism
Felguérez, Manuel, 596, 754, 767–69
Ferrer, Rafael, 757–58, 810, 830, 874
Ferrero, Guillermo, 287
Figari, Pedro, 56, 277–83, 591, 640, 676, 697, 915
First Ibero-American Encounter of Art Critics and Visual Artists (Primer encuentro iberoamericano de críticos de arte y artistas plásticos), 596–97, 671, 777–86. See also continental identity conferences and debates
First Latin American Biennial of Sáo Paulo. See Symposium of the First Latin American Biennial of Sáo Paulo
First World, 46, 913–14, 946, 959, 1061–62, 1075n1, 1088. See also Euro-American curatorial approach; Europe; North America; Third World; the West
Flores, Juan, 45, 947, 948, 982–97, 997nn1–2, 998n3–4, 998nn6–8, 1000n26, 1000nn30–31
folklore motifs: African, 158, 175, 762; Brazilian, 158, 326, 762, 767, 769, 772; Chicanos and, 636; Cuban, 175; cultural nationalism and, 1103; ethnicity and, 927; Euro-American curatorial approach and, 830, 831, 926, 927, 1039–40; identity in art and, 636, 641, 1130; limitations of, 366, 372, 590, 638–40, 643–44, 675, 679, 689, 717, 772; local art and, 702; Mexican art and, 398, 520, 885; El Movimiento and, 1031–32; naïve style and, 344, 360; primitivism and, 831; regional, 434, 525
France: affinity between Latin America and, 111; art influences and, 570–71, 642–43; balance of power and, 113–14; black slave trade and, 111; colonialism and, 56, 114; economic potential of Latin America and, 42, 52, 105–10; Eurocentric frameworks in, 55, 236–40, 240n1; intervention in Mexico by, 111–13, 117, 117n3; Latin America as term of use and, 56, 166–70, 172, 181, 1117; Latin-ness and, 167–68, 181; “Latin race” as term in use and, 106; Mexico’s invasion by, 42, 52, 111–17, 117nn1–3, 167–70, 181, 467; religion as link between Latin America and, 111–12, 114–17; Western Christian civilization origins and, 111–12. See also Europe
Francia, José Gaspar Rodríguez de, 120, 333, 443, 464–65
Frank, Waldo: on differences and similarities in the Americas, 483–94, 493n1, 493n4–5, 494n8; reductive approach of, 135; on spiritual unification and aesthetic values, 55–56, 255–61, 483, 639; Utopian vision of, 259–61
Freitas, Newton, 468–71
Freyre, Gilberto, 58, 427, 494–97, 693
La Frontera/The Border exhibition, Balboa Park, San Diego, 1019–28
Futurism, 349–50, 676, 724, 738, 1057, 1095
Gaos, José, 135
García Calderón, Francisco: on Americanism, 227, 231; on caudillismo, 120–21, 124–25, 222, 224–26, 229; on construct of Latin America, 118–25, 302; on creation of a continent, 226–30; literature of, 223, 224; reductive approach of, 135; on social inequalities, 124; on Utopia, 228, 230
García Canclini, Néstor, 919, 930, 954–55, 1056–66, 1071
Garza, Carmen Lomas, 807, 828, 831, 927
Gauguin, Paul, 344, 407, 413, 418, 421, 642, 691
geography of Latin America: overview of, 1091–92; Braudel on, 144–46; Casimir on, 152; differences in, 733, 735; fantastic imagery and, 865; Far-Western cultures and, 179–80, 182–83; insularization and, 1090–91; unity and, 156; Vasconcelos on, 250–51
geometric abstraction, 792, 831, 838, 869–73
geometric art, 362, 794, 852, 863, 923–24. See also Neo-geometricism
Gerchman, Ruebens, 670, 757–58, 1097
Germany, 93, 118, 121–22, 125, 224, 228, 484–85. See also Europe
Gili Gaya, Samuel, 457–58
globalization: exoticism and, 968; global capitalism and, 944; global citizenship and, 138–39; global society and, 720–21, 749, 913, 947, 951–52; local representation and, 953–54, 1099–1104; Multiculturalism and, 944, 945, 1015–16; Postmodernism and, 944, 951; underdevelopment and, 1098; Utopia and, 1061
Goldman, Shifra M., and topics discussed: art dictatorships, 1088; Chicano art, 588, 589, 634–37; homogenization of Hispanic art, 792–93, 807, 826–32, 832n1, 843–44, 844n7; syncretism, 589, 635–37, 948; U.S.-Mexican socioeconomic and political relations, 797–98, 901–10, 910nn1–2, 918, 929
Gómez-Peña, Guillermo, and topics discussed: America, as term of use, 986; Multiculturalism and border culture, 45, 946–48, 958–69, 969n1, 996, 1007, 1017n1, 1019, 1039; the other and Postmodernism, 797, 886–97
Góngora, Leonel, 263, 664, 915
Graham, Robert, 810, 826, 827–28, 832, 838
Greco-Latin culture, 290–92, 618, 620, 620n3
Grieder, Terence, 590–91, 656–62, 663
“gringo” as term of use, 355, 361n3, 410, 601, 612–13, 614n3
Gris, Juan, 349, 536, 697, 871
Guatemala: Americanness in new art and, 343–44, 406, 409–13; indigenous themes and avant-garde and, 343, 406–9; national identity of, 343–44, 406, 409–13; unity and, 157, 235. See also Mayan culture and Mayans
Guayasamín, Oswaldo, 591, 642–44, 646, 691–92, 700, 1088
Guyana, 158, 179, 182–83, 300n2, 971
half-worlds in the Americas, 483. See also differences and commonalities in the Americas
Happenings, 594, 706, 708–9, 716, 766, 873–74, 1031, 1048
Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl, 135–36, 141n1, 737
Herkenhoff, Paulo, 952–53, 1077, 1085–99
Hispanic America and Hispanic Americans: overview and as term of use, 56, 169, 181, 802, 804, 827, 925, 934n16; the Americas as half-worlds and, 426–27; differences and similarities between Anglo-Saxon and, 483–94, 934n16; Hispanic Americanism and, 459–67, 467n1; Iberian America relationship with, 58, 253, 327–35, 440–48, 448n2, 694–95, 953; Iberian urban planning and, 318–23, 323n3, 323n5; Mestizos and, 150; Puerto Rico as bridging culture between Anglo-Saxons and, 457–58, 472–78; sociocultural structures and, 252; Spain’s sociocultural influence in, 56–57, 283–86; spirit and, 488–89, 494n7; unity and, 157; Utopia and, 480. See also differences and commonalities in the Americas; Iberian America; Latin America; Spanish America and Spanish Americans; specific countries
Hispanic American art and artists: as art category, 802–4; Eurocentric frameworks and, 1040; Hispanic America as term of use and, 802, 804, 842–43; Latin American art as term of use and, 842; Latin American as term of use and, 842; Latino/a as term of use and, 802, 842; marginalization of, 793–94, 808, 845–50, 853, 855; scholarship issues and, 793–94, 808, 845–50; as term of use, 802–3, 804–6, 806n2, 925, 934n16; women artists and, 811–12. See also Chicano art and artists; specific exhibitions
Hispanic American Art in Chicago exhibition: Hispanic America as term of use and, 802, 804, 842–43; Latin American as term of use and, 842; Latino/a as term of use and, 802, 842; Sorell on Hispanic American art as term of use and, 802–3, 804–6, 806n2; Weitz on Hispanic American art category and, 802–4; women artists and, 811–12. See also representations in exhibitions
Hispanic art and artists: aesthetic values and, 791, 806–7, 809–12, 839–41; ethnic identity labels and, 802–4, 805; European art influences and, 829; homogenization of, 792–93, 807, 826–32, 832n1, 843–44, 844n7, 1082, 1084n6, 1100, 1103; U.S. exhibitions and, 791, 802, 804–5, 830–31, 839. See also aesthetic values and identity; Cuban art and artists; Hispanic America and Hispanic Americans; Puerto Ricans in New York (Nuyoricans)
Hispanic Art in the United States exhibit, Houston: overview of, 791, 806–9, 830, 902; Chicano as term of use and, 842; criteria for art in traveling exhibitions and, 899; ethnic identity labels and, 830, 843, 844n7, 927; Euro-American curatorial approach and, 922, 925–28; exoticism and, 1013, 1018n17; Goldman on homogenization of Hispanic art and, 792–93, 807, 826–32, 832n1, 843–44, 844n7; Hispanic America as term of use and, 802, 804, 842–43; Latin American as term of use and, 842; Latino/a as term of use and, 802, 842; Livingston and Beardsley on aesthetic values of Hispanic art and, 791, 806–7, 809–12, 925–26; Livingston and Beardsley on curatorial practices and critiques of, 793, 808, 833–44, 844n7; Marzio on marginalization and scholarship issues and, 793–94, 808, 845–50; Paz on Hispanic art and sociocultural structures and, 791–92, 807, 812–25; primitivism and, 830–31, 1013, 1018n17; women artists and, 831
homogenization: of the Americas, 52–53, 126–28, 135, 176, 178, 393; Argentina and, 126, 135; Brazil and, 126, 135; Chile and, 126, 135; construct of Latin America and, 52–53, 126–28, 135, 176, 178; of differences through Multiculturalism, 1007–10; Euro-American curatorial approach and, 917, 922, 925, 930, 1102–3; exoticism and, 826, 828, 843; of Hispanic art, 792–93, 807, 826–32, 832n1, 843–44, 844n7, 1082, 1084n6, 1100, 1103; of Latin America, 934n16; unity and, 154. See also differences in Latin American art
Hughes, Charles Evans, 134
Ibarguren, Carlos, 278
Iberia: African populations in, 125; Brazil and, 58, 311–17; latinismo of, 130; urban planning in Spanish America and, 318–23, 323n3, 323n5; Western Christian civilization origins and, 111–12. See also Portugal; Spain
Iberian America: overview and use of term, 1117–18; economics and, 124–25, 444–45; Hispanic Americanism and, 459–67, 467n1; Hispanic America’s relationship with, 58, 253, 327–35, 440–48, 448n2, 694–95, 953; Indo-Iberian America and, 1090; Latin American art critiques and, 685; “Latin Europe” links with, 111–13; reductive approach and, 171; sociocultural structures and, 181; unity and, 151, 157, 252–53. See also Brazil; Hispanic America and Hispanic Americans; Iberia; Latin America
Ichaso, Francisco, 342, 374, 386–89
Images of Mexico, Dallas, 902, 910n2, 922, 923, 925
imagination, 593–94, 665, 725–31, 1044, 1053n3. See also memory(ies)
imitation (mimicry). See mimicry (imitation)
immigration and immigrants: Caribbean and, 983, 1018n10; from Europe, 122, 425–26, 818; international, 1124; from Third World, 1061–62, 1115n4; U. S. policies and, 1020–21, 1024–26; “whitening” and, 122, 425–26
Impressionism, 349, 649, 659, 712, 723–24. See also specific artists
Inca culture and Incas: as indigenous ancestors, 162, 586; Machu Picchu and, 81–85; MoMA collections/exhibitions and, 559; philosophies in Latin America and, 269; spirit and, 359, 533; universalism through difference and, 351, 381. See also Mexico; Peru
Indianapolis Museum of Art, 795, 859–65, 902, 922–23
Indianism, 309–10, 621, 625–27, 629–30. See also Indigenism
Indians. See indigenous peoples and culture
Indigenism, 140, 626, 636, 669–70, 731, 736–38, 752. See also Americanism (americanismo); Indianism
indigenous peoples and culture: overview and history of, 602–4; aesthetic values of, 135; Amerindians and, 131; Brazil’s national identity and, 305–6; civilization process and, 55, 163, 240; colonial brutality and, 218–20; conversion of, 62, 64–65, 67; disappearance of, 131; encomienda and, 101, 104n4; ethnic unity and, 54, 231–36; existence of Latin America and, 144, 146–47; as identity in art, 638–42; Indianism and, 309–10, 621, 625–27, 629–30; invention of Latin America and, 98–99, 102–3; Jesuits and, 321; Lusitanian Americans and, 157, 169, 171, 327, 329; marginalization of, 181–82; melting pot model and, 139, 601–2; mestiçagem and, 326, 333, 335; Mestizos and, 150, 601–2; mural movement and, 1036–37; mythologies and, 261–63; national identity and, 305–6, 737; Nuestra América and, 209–10; para-definitions and, 1093; philosophies in Latin America and, 625; racial hierarchy and, 333; Romanticism and, 357; spiritual unification and, 359; Surrealism and, 398; unity and, 153, 157–58, 163; U.S.-Mexico border and, 1026–27. See also Indigenism; pre-Columbian culture and peoples; the primitive; specific indigenous peoples
indigenous themes and/or avant-garde: limitations of, 340, 341, 366–67; new artists’ synthesis of, 343, 344, 406–9, 414–17; Picasso and, 344, 414–17; universalism through difference and, 351. See also indigenous peoples and culture
Indo-American culture: overview and use of term, 141, 181–82; Brazil and, 327, 329; continental identity and, 57, 286, 288, 289–92, 294; new art and, 414. See also Mestiços; mestizaje; Mestizos
Indo-Iberian America, and para-definitions, 1090. See also Iberian America
installation practice, in U.S. art museums, 45, 949–50, 1042–55, 1053nn2–3, 1054n14, 1055n20
internationalism and continental identity. See continental identity in context of internationalism; Modernism (modernistas; Modernismo); Postmodernism
International PEN Clubs, 138, 141n5
Isthmus of Panama, 126, 135, 189, 198, 199–200, 907, 988
Italy, 111–12, 113–14, 168, 228, 229
Janus-faced dilemma. See continental identity in context of internationalism
Jesuits: overview of, 94, 317; Brazil and, 90, 92, 263, 300n1, 321, 383; Mestizos and, 493n6; North America and, 258; Paraguay and, 263, 1093
Jiménez, Luis, 807, 810, 826, 828, 830, 874
Johns, Jasper, 871
Juana (Cuba). See Cuba (Juana)
Juárez, Benito, 167, 170, 459, 461, 463–67, 610, 614n5
Kahlo, Frida, 890, 915, 921, 924, 934n15, 1092, 1099
Kant, Immanuel, 207–8
Kinetic art, 677, 686, 750, 872, 914
Kirstein, Lincoln, 431–32, 558–61, 1118
Klee, Paul, 711
Klintowitz, Jacob, 771, 774, 777
Kluge, Alexander, 991–92
Kuitca, Guiliermo, 874, 916, 1077, 1085, 1089, 1091
Laclau, Ernesto, 1045–46, 1052
LACMA (Los Angeles County Museum of Art), 543, 799n1, 810, 832
Lam, Wifredo: abstract forms and indigenous culture and, 719; aesthetic values and identity search by, 915; African-Caribbean content and, 1128; avant-garde and, 921; cultural nationalism and, 648; differences in Latin American art and, 591; European art influences and, 672, 700; exhibitions from U.S. collections and, 581; individualistic art and, 643–44, 677, 690–92, 700, 781; MoMA collections and exhibitions and, 868; Surrealism and, 921, 1128
Lamartine, Alphonse de, 238
Lamennais, Frédéric de, 201
languages: of Latin America, 151–54, 156, 159–60, 181–82, 383, 1098; Spanish language in North America and, 357, 947–48, 983–84, 985–88, 990–91, 994–96
Latin America: overview of, 40–46, 52; destiny of, 55, 261–65, 265n1, 271; ethnocentrism in, 771, 974; historical context and, 145–46, 374, 384–85; immigrations to, 150–51, 184, 207, 233; invention of, 51–52, 95–104, 104n4, 593, 701, 703; languages of, 151–54, 156, 159–60, 181–82, 383; literature of, 58, 222–24, 242, 327–35, 331; meaning of, 98–100; naming of, 51, 86–88, 88n1; origins of, 127–28, 146–47; philosophical identity of, 180, 266–74; potential of, 42, 105, 107–10; South-South perspective and, 931, 1069–70, 1119, 1128; tensions in, 56–57, 275–77, 283–86. See also the Americas; construct of Latin America; continent(s); continental identity (Latin American identity); differences and commonalities in the Americas; Hispanic America and Hispanic Americans; Iberian America; “new world” (New World); North America; North-South axis; pre-Columbian culture and peoples; South America; South-South perspective; Third World; Utopia; the West; specific countries
Latin America, as term of use: Bayón on, 731–32; Brazil and, 324, 326; Calvo on, 166–69; as construct for ideologies and politics, 155, 162, 562, 568–69, 956; Criollos and, 164–65; France and, 56, 105, 166–70, 172, 181, 1117–18; reductive approach and, 129; Rouquié on, 178, 180–82; unity and, 155, 162, 562, 568–69
Latin American art: overview and use of term, 590, 638–44, 842; historical context for, 1090; political art and, 393–94, 429, 591, 691, 697, 701n2, 738, 877n4, 1081; remapping America and, 950, 1047–48, 1053; synthesis of, 341, 352–61, 361nn1–7, 698. See also aesthetics survey; differences in Latin American art; local and universal in art; marginalization; new art; new artist(s); skepticism about Latin American art; status of Latin American art; uniqueness of Latin American art; specific groups
Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century exhibit, New York, 795–96, 866–77, 877n4, 878n17
Latin American Collection of the Museum of Modern Art exhibit, 433, 554–57. See also U.S. exhibitions
Latin American Exhibition of Fine Arts, New York, 433, 554–57
Latin American identity (continental identity). See continental identity (Latin American identity)
Latin Americanism, 54, 231–36, 233, 589, 954–55, 1056–66, 1056–67
The Latin American Spirit exhibit, New York, 791, 851–58, 902, 910n2, 1005, 1084n6
Latin Americas, 53, 164, 166, 171–72
latinismo (Latinism), 130
Latin-ness: Catholicism and, 168, 170, 181; construct of Latin America and, 53, 164–77, 177n6; Cuba and, 174–75; France and, 167–68, 181; Italy and, 168; melting pot model and, 181–82; Mexico and, 176; Portugal and, 167–68; the primitive and, 938; Spain and, 167–68; unity and, 150; U.S. and, 168, 170
Latino/a, 40–46, 137, 802, 842, 934n16, 956, 983, 997n2. See also Latin America
Latino-American, as term of use, 1003–4, 1017n3
“Latin race, “ as term of use, 52, 111, 113–14, 117, 167
Latin/Saxon opposition, 54, 117, 121–22, 155, 162, 251–52, 330–31. See also Anglo-Saxon culture and Anglo-Saxons
Lefebvre, Henri, 706–9
Le Parc, Julio: individualistic art and, 677–78, 700, 720; on sociocultural and art links, 596–97, 671, 777–78, 783–86
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 710–11, 729
Lima, Oliveira, 224, 329, 330–31
Lippard, Lucy R., 45, 947–48, 970–80, 980nn2–3, 981n6, 981n8, 1017n4
literature of Latin America, 58, 222–24, 242, 327–35, 331
Livingston, Jane, and topics discussed: aesthetic values of Hispanic art, 791, 806–7, 809–12, 926; curatorial practices and critiques of Hispanic Art in the United States, 793, 808, 833–44, 844n7
local and universal in art: aesthetics survey summary and, 342, 374, 386–89; cultural policy and, 373, 387, 390–96, 396n1; globalization effects on local representation and, 953–54, 1099–1104; internationalism and, 392; local art scene reinvention and, 954, 955–56, 1117–22; post-colonialism and, 55, 1119; universalism and, 342, 374, 386–89. See also regionalism
Lopéz, Félix, 827–28, 838, 927
Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), 543, 799n1, 810, 832
Los Four exhibit, 799n1, 810, 832
Los Tres Grandes, 417. See also Mexican muralism; Orozco, José Clemente; Rivera, Diego; Siqueiros, David Alfaro
Luján, Gilbert, 636, 810, 827, 832
Lusitanian Americans, 157, 169, 171, 327, 329. See also Mestiços
Macció, Rómulo, 396–97, 664, 677, 873
Machu Picchu, 81–85. See also Inca culture and Incas; Peru
Les magiciens de la terre, Paris (Magicians of the Earth), 913, 1073, 1105, 1107–8
Magic Realism, 863, 916, 1064, 1080, 1129. See also fantastic imagery; realism
MALAF (Mexican American Liberation Art Front), 883–84
Mañach, Jorge, 373, 387, 390–96, 396n1
manifestos, and para-definitions, 1092. See also specific manifestos
Man Ray, 708
Manrique, Jorge Alberto, and topics discussed: individualistic art and modernism, 593, 594, 692–700, 700n1, 701n2; invention of Latin America, 702, 705n1; Latin American as term of use, 701, 703; the other and Latin America, 593, 695, 703; uniqueness of Latin American art, 593, 701–5, 705n1
MARCO, Monterrey, Mexico, 1016–17
Marcuse, Herbert, 706–7
marginalization: Hispanic American artists and, 793–94, 808, 845–50, 853, 855, 1013; of peoples and cultures, 58, 181–82, 327–28; re-center production and, 797, 886–97, 940; representations in exhibitions and, 793–94, 808, 845–50, 853, 855; scholarship issues and, 793–94, 808, 845–50. See also representations in exhibitions
Mariátegui, José Carlos, 255, 286, 737–38, 1089, 1094
Martí, José: continental identity in context of internationalism and, 693–94, 698; de-colonization and, 729, 949–52, 1042–47; national identity and, 693–94, 698, 1042–47, 1051–52, 1053n2, 1071; North-South opposition and, 160; on Nuestra América, 53, 160, 208–15, 510, 949–52, 951–52, 1042–47, 1051–52, 1053n2, 1068–69; on obsolete academicism in Mexico, 340, 346–48, 348n1, 387; religious metaphors and, 1044–45; remapping America and, 950, 1047–48; on U.S. self-confident native art, 429, 514–19
Martinez, Daniel J., 1050–51, 1055n20
Martín Fierro (periodical), 283, 285, 308, 357, 389, 402, 693
Martín Fierro movement, 693
Martinière, Guy, 53, 164–77, 177n6
marvelous and marvelous realism, 923, 1092–93. See also fantastic imagery; realism