19:10 not fitting for a fool to live in luxury. Or to have honor (26:1).
19:11 patience. See 14:29; 15:18; 16:32; Ecc 7:9; Jas 1:19. overlook an offense. See 12:16; 29:11; 2Sa 16:11–12.
19:12 See 16:14–15 and notes. A king’s rage is like the roar of a lion. Almost identical to the first line of 20:2.
19:13 foolish child. See 17:21,25. quarrelsome wife. Also denounced in 21:9,19; 25:24; 27:15. Stirring up dissension is condemned throughout Proverbs (see 6:14 and note).
19:14 prudent wife. See 12:4 and note; see also 18:22.
19:15 See 6:11; 10:4 and notes.
19:16 See 13:13; 15:10; 16:17 and notes.
19:17 kind to the poor. See note on 14:21; see also 14:31. lends to the LORD. The Lord regards it as a gift to him (cf. Mt 25:40).
19:18 Discipline your children . . . not . . . to their death. See note on 13:24.
19:19 hot-tempered. Cf. 14:16–17,29; 15:18. rescue them. A key directive against enabling the sinner.
19:22 desires . . . unfailing love. But such loyalty is difficult to find (cf. 14:22; 20:6). See article. better to be poor than a liar. See vv. 1,28; 6:12.
19:23 fear of the LORD. See note on 1:7. leads to life. See note on 10:11. untouched by trouble. See 3:2; 14:26 and notes.
19:24 Almost identical to 26:15. sluggard. See note on 6:6.
19:25 Flog a mocker. See v. 29; 14:3; 21:11; see also notes on 1:22; 17:10; 21:24. the simple. Not to be confused with the mocker (see note on 1:4).
19:26 robs . . . father and drives out . . . mother. Children were expected to take care of their parents when they were sick or elderly (cf. Isa 51:18). Robbing them (cf. Jdg 17:1–2) and attacking or calling down curses on them (Ex 21:15,17) were serious crimes (see note on Ex 21:17). shame and disgrace. See 10:5; 13:5. Instead, honor them (Ex 20:12; Eph 6:2).
19:28 corrupt witness. See v. 5; see also note on 6:19. gulps down evil. Cf. the description of those “who drink up evil like water” (Job 15:16; see Job 34:7).
19:29 Penalties . . . for mockers. See v. 25. beatings for the backs of fools. See 10:13; 14:3; 26:3. “A man reaps what he sows” (Gal 6:7).
20:1 Wine is a mocker and beer a brawler. Those who overindulge become mockers and brawlers (see Hos 7:5 and note). Proverbs associates drunkenness with poverty (see 23:20–21 and note), strife (23:29–30) and injustice (31:4–5). led astray. See Ge 9:21 and note; Isa 28:7.
20:2 See 16:14; 19:12 and notes.
20:3 quick to quarrel. See 6:14; 17:14,19; 18:6.
20:4 Sluggards. See note on 6:6. but find nothing. See 13:4; 21:25–26.
20:5 purposes. Or “motives” (cf. 16:1–2). deep waters. Cf. 18:4. draws them out. As if from a well.
20:6 unfailing love. See notes on 19:22; Ps 6:4; see also article. a faithful person who can find? Cf. Ecc 7:28–29.
20:7 blameless lives. See note on 2:7. blessed are their children. See 13:22; see also note on 14:26.
20:8 See v. 26 and note. winnows out all evil. See 16:10; Ps 11:4.
20:9 pure . . . clean . . . without sin. No one is without sin (cf. Job 14:4; Ro 3:23; 1Jn 1:8,10)—but those whose sins have been forgiven have “clean hands and a pure heart” (Ps 24:4; see also 51:1–2,9–10).
20:10 See notes on 11:1; 16:11; Lev 19:35.
20:13 sleep . . . grow poor. See 24:33–34.
20:14 It’s no good, it’s no good! Prices were often agreed upon by bargaining, so the buyer is questioning the quality of the article in order to buy it more cheaply.
20:15 Gold . . . rubies. Wisdom is valued more highly than gold or rubies (3:14–15; 8:10–11).
20:16 Repeated in 27:13. See note on 6:1. Take the garment. A garment could be taken as security for a debt (Dt 24:10–13). Anyone who foolishly assumes responsibility for the debt of a stranger, whose reliability is unknown, or of a wayward woman, whose unreliability is known, ought to be held accountable, even to the point of taking their garment as a pledge.
20:17 tastes sweet. Cf. the sweet food prepared by the adulterous woman in 9:17. Zophar observes that evil is sweet in the mouth of the wicked but turns sour in their stomachs (Job 20:12–18). See note on 10:2.
20:18 advice . . . guidance. See 15:22; Lk 14:31.
20:20 curses their father or mother. Punishable by death (see 19:26; Ex 21:17 and notes; Lev 20:9; cf. Pr 30:11, 17). their lamp . . . snuffed out. They will die (see note on 13:9).
20:21 inheritance claimed too soon will not be blessed. Cf. 19:26; see the sad experience of the son who “squandered his wealth in wild living” (see Lk 15:12–13 and notes).
20:22 I’ll pay you back. Vengeance was God’s prerogative. He would repay the wicked for their actions (see 24:12,29; Dt 32:35; Ps 94:1 and notes; see also Ro 12:19). Wait for the LORD. See Ps 27:14 and note; 37:34.
20:24 See notes on 3:5–6; 16:9.
20:25 dedicate something. Promise to make a special gift to the Lord if he answers an earnest request (Lev 27:1–25; 1Sa 1:11). rashly. See Dt 23:21; Jdg 11:30–31,34–35 and note on 11:30. When a vow was made hastily, it was sometimes not carried out (cf. Ecc 5:4–6 and note on 5:6).
20:26 See v. 8. winnows. See note on Ru 1:22. threshing wheel. The wheel of the threshing cart that separated the grain from the husk (cf. Isa 28:27–28). The wicked will be separated from the righteous and duly punished.
20:27 God shines his lamp on people and views their most private thoughts. See 27:19 and note; cf. 15:11; Heb 4:12–13 and notes.
20:28 Love and faithfulness. See 3:3; 14:22; Ps 26:3 and note. keep a king safe . . . secure. Benevolence and kindness endear a king to his people and encourage them to be loyal subjects (cf. 16:12 and note).
20:29 their strength. Cf. Jer 9:23. gray hair the splendor of the old. See 16:31 and note.
20:30 Blows and wounds scrub away evil. Stern punishment is necessary to restrain evil. Proverbs often refers to fools whose backs are beaten (10:13; 14:3; 19:29; 26:3), but even then, because they are fools, they may not change their ways (cf. 17:10; see 27:22 and note).
21:1 In the LORD’s hand the king’s heart. God controls the lives and actions even of kings, such as Nebuchadnezzar (Da 4:31–32,35) and Cyrus (Isa 45:1–7; cf. Ezr 6:22; cf. also Ro 13:1–6 and notes). channels toward all who please him. Cf. 16:1,4,9 and notes.
21:2 think their own ways are right. See 14:12; 16:2. weighs the heart. See 16:2; 24:12; Job 31:6 and notes. Ancient Egyptian paintings depict a deity weighing a human heart on scales to determine whether the weight of its sins is heavier than a feather.
Weighing the heart from the Egyptian Book of the Dead at the British Museum. “A person may think their own ways are right, but the LORD weighs the heart” (Pr 21:2).
Wikimedia Commons, PD-US
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21:3 what is right and just. See note on Ps 119:121. more acceptable . . . than sacrifice. A theme also found in the Prophets (see Isa 1:11–15 and note). See v. 27; see also note on 15:8. See photo.
21:4 Haughty eyes. See note on 6:17. proud heart. See 16:5,18.
21:5 plans of the diligent lead to profit. See note on 10:4. haste. Either rash actions (see 19:2 and note) or a desire to get rich quick (see 13:11 and note; 20:21; 28:20).
21:6 fortune made by a lying tongue. See note on 10:2; cf. 19:1. fleeting vapor. See 13:11; Ecc 1:14 and notes. deadly snare. Cf. 5:22; 7:23.
21:7 violence of the wicked will drag them away. See 1:18–19 and notes.
21:9 Repeated in 25:24. corner of the roof. Roofs were flat, and small rooms could be built there (2Ki 4:10). quarrelsome wife. See 19:13 and note. A quarrelsome person is condemned in 26:21.
21:10 crave evil. See 4:16; 10:23. their neighbors get no mercy. Cf. 14:21.
21:12 Cf. Job 34:17. house of the wicked . . . to ruin. See 10:25 and note; 14:11.
21:13 cry of the poor. See notes on 14:21; Ex 22:21–27; see also Pr 22:22–23; 28:27. also cry out and not be answered. See note on 1:28. Cf. the fate of the rich man (Lk 16:19–31) and the unmerciful servant (Mt 18:23–35). Contrast Ps 118:5 (see note there).
21:14 gift . . . bribe. See note on 17:8; see also 18:16; 19:6. soothes anger . . . wrath. Perhaps that of an offended party (6:34–35). “Money talks.”
21:15 joy to the righteous. See 11:10 and note. terror to evildoers. See 10:29 and note; Ro 13:3.
21:16 Graphically illustrated by a man who succumbs to an adulterous woman (see 2:18 and note; 5:23; 7:22–23; 9:18).
21:17 wine and olive oil. Both were associated with lavish feasting (23:20–21; Am 6:6). Olive oil was also used in various lotions or perfumes, some of which were very expensive (Jn 12:5).
21:18 The wicked become a ransom for the righteous. Close to the thought of 11:8. In Isa 43:3–4 God gave three nations to Persia in exchange for Persia’s willingness to release the exiles of Judah (see note on Isa 43:3).
21:20 store up choice food. See 3:10 and note; 8:21. olive oil. See note on v. 17; see also Dt 7:13.
21:21 pursues righteousness. See 15:9 and note. finds life. See 10:2 and note. life, prosperity and honor. Benefits for those who seek wisdom (see note on 3:2; see also 3:16; 8:18; cf. 22:4).
21:22 wise . . . pull down the stronghold. Probably another way of saying, “Wisdom is better than strength” (Ecc 9:16). Cf. 24:5; cf. also 2Co 10:4, where spiritual weapons “have divine power to demolish strongholds.”
21:23 See 13:3 and note; 18:21.
21:24 “Mocker” is his name. See note on 1:22. God mocks and punishes such a person for their “insolent fury” (cf. v. 11; 3:34; 19:25,29).
21:25 craving of a sluggard. See notes on 6:6; 13:4.
21:26 give without sparing. The righteous are prosperous, so they can share with those in need (see Ps 37:25–26; 112:9; cf. Eph 4:28).
21:27 The sacrifice of the wicked is detestable. See notes on v. 3; 15:8.
21:28 false witness will perish. See 19:5,9.
21:29 bold front. Cf. the behavior of the adulterous woman in 7:13.
21:30 no plan that can succeed against the LORD. Because he is sovereign and controls people and nations (see v. 1; 16:4,9 and notes; 19:21; 1Co 3:19–20).
21:31 horse. God often cautions against trusting in horses and chariots for victory (e.g., Ps 20:7; 33:16–17; Hos 1:7; cf. Dt 17:16; Isa 31:1–3). victory rests with the LORD. See 1Sa 17:47; Ps 3:8 and notes.
22:1 good name. Its value is recognized also in 3:4; 10:7; Ecc 7:1. better than silver or gold. Like the possession of wisdom (see 3:14 and note; 16:16).
Proverbs often holds out the stick and the carrot to motivate people to the best type of behavior and attitudes. Those actions it characterizes as wise often are accompanied by reward, and those it characterizes as foolish are said to result in punishment. Indeed, the ultimate reward for wise behavior is life, and for foolish behavior is death.
However, these rewards and punishments are often misunderstood by modern readers, who take them as promises. The proverb form is not in the business of giving out guarantees. For instance, consider Pr 22:6:
Start children off on the way they should go,
and even when they are old they will not turn from it.
This proverb provides strong motivation for a parent to provide proper education. “The way they should go” is defined by the values and principles in Proverbs. But what exactly does the second part of the proverb tell us? Again, Proverbs does not give promises; rather, it tells us the best course to a desired end, all things being equal.
Of course, children are more likely to be godly if they are trained in such a way. But other factors may enter in. Perhaps the child will fall in with a bad peer group against the advice of the parents (see 1:8–19). The parents should nonetheless follow the advice of 22:6 and increase the likelihood that their children will stay on the right path.
“Menna’s Lament” deals with a headstrong child who ignores his father’s advice.
Kim Walton, courtesy of the Oriental Institute Museum
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22:2 Maker of them all. See 14:31 and note.
22:3 prudent . . . take refuge. Cf. 14:8. simple. See note on 1:4; see also 9:16.
22:4 See 18:12. Humility is the fear of the LORD. Associated also in 15:33 (see note on 1:7). riches and honor and life. Benefits for those who seek wisdom (see note on 3:2; see also 3:16; 8:18; cf. 21:21).
22:5 snares and pitfalls. Evil (cf. 15:19). stay far from them. By taking the “highway of the upright” (16:17).
22:6 A proverb, not a prophecy or promise (see Introduction: The Nature of a Proverb; see also article and photo). Start children off. Cf. Ge 18:19. Instruction (1:8) and discipline (22:15) are primarily involved. way they should go. The right way, the way of wisdom and righteousness (see 4:11 and note). old. Or “grown.”
22:7 The rich. See note on 10:15. the borrower is slave to the lender. One of the reasons why putting up security for someone else (v. 26) was frowned upon (cf. Ne 5:4–5).
22:8 Whoever sows injustice reaps calamity. See 12:21. “A man reaps what he sows” (Gal 6:7; see also Hos 8:7 and note). rod they wield in fury. Their ability to oppress others (see Ps 125:3 and note; Isa 14:5–6).
22:9 The generous will . . . be blessed. See note on 11:25. share their food. See 14:21 and note; see also Dt 15:7–11.
22:10 Drive out the mocker. See note on 1:22; cf. Ge 21:9–10. out goes strife . . . insults. Cf. 17:14; 18:3; 20:3.
22:11 pure heart. Cf. Ps 24:4. speaks with grace. Characteristic of the wise in Ecc 10:12. king for a friend. Cf. v. 29.
22:12 The eyes of the LORD keep watch. See 5:21; 15:3; Job 31:4; 34:21; Ps 121:3–8; Jer 16:17; Heb 4:13. over knowledge. God protects those who have knowledge (cf. Ps 1:6; 34:15). frustrates . . . the unfaithful. Overrules their plans and desires (see 16:9; 21:30 and notes).
22:13 The sluggard (see note on 6:6) creates excuses to avoid work (26:13).
22:14 mouth of an adulterous woman. Her seductive words (see note on 5:3; see also 2:16; 7:5). deep pit. Perhaps a well or a hunter’s trap (see 5:22 and note; 7:22; 23:27). The language here may also have sexual connotations.
22:15 rod of discipline. See note on 13:24.
22:16 oppresses the poor. Condemned also in 14:31; 28:3. gives gifts to the rich. Perhaps bribes (see 17:8 and note; 18:16; 19:6). poverty. See 21:5; 28:22 and note.
22:17—24:22 A new section that returns more to the style of chs. 1–9. For its relationship to the Egyptian “Wisdom of Amenemope,” see Introduction: Date; see also photo. Pr 22:17–21 forms the introduction to this section and is also to be numbered as the first “Saying”—as in Amenemope. It emphasizes the importance of wisdom (v. 17) and “knowledge” (v. 20): “Teach” (vv. 17,19) and “teaching” (v. 21) are derived from the same root as the Hebrew for “knowledge.”
22:17 Pay attention and turn your ear to. See 4:20; 5:1. sayings of the wise. See 24:23; a title, like “proverbs of Solomon” in 10:1. apply your heart to. See 23:12; Ps 4:7 and notes; Pr 24:32. The opening saying of Amenemope begins similarly: “Give your ears, hear . . . give your heart to understand.”
Hieratic ostracon from the tomb of Nespekashuty that includes the beginning of “The Wisdom of Amenemope,” c. 525–404 bc. See chart.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Public Domain
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22:18 it is pleasing. See 2:10; 16:24 and notes.
22:19 that your trust may be in the LORD. See note on 3:5.
22:20 thirty sayings. There are 30 units in 22:17—24:22. The separate units are marked off by numbered sayings in the NIV text. Most of them are two or three verses long, but see 22:17–21 and 23:29–35. The Egyptian “Wisdom of Amenemope” also contains 30 sections (see chart).
22:21 those you serve. Possibly parents or guardians, or some official to whom a messenger was entrusted to “bring back truthful reports.”
22:22 Do not exploit the poor. See v. 16; 14:31. do not crush the needy in court. See Isa 1:17 and note.
22:23 the LORD will take up their case. See 23:11 and note; Ps 12:5; 140:12; Isa 3:13–15; Mal 3:5. will exact life for life. See Ex 22:21–27 and note.
22:24 Do not make friends. Cf. 12:26. hot-tempered. The characteristics of “hot-tempered” people are given in 14:16–17; 15:18; 29:22.
22:25 may learn their ways. “Bad company corrupts good character” (1Co 15:33; see note on Ps. 1:1). ensnared. See note on 5:22; see also 12:13; 13:14; 29:6.
22:27 your very bed will be snatched from . . . you. You will be reduced to poverty.
22:28 ancient boundary stone. See 15:25 and note.
22:29 skilled in their work. Those who perform their duties well and diligently will advance in their careers. serve before kings. Like Joseph, an administrator (Ge 41:46); David, a musician (1Sa 16:21–23); and Huram, a worker in bronze (1Ki 7:13–14).
23:2 put a knife to your throat. Take drastic measures, if necessary, to avoid becoming dependent on such costly fare. gluttony. Cf. the similar warning in vv. 20–21.
23:3 Do not crave his delicacies. Repeated in a different context in v. 6. deceptive. Perhaps the meaning is that the ruler wants to obligate you in some way, even to influence you to support a wicked scheme (cf. Ps 141:4).
23:4 Do not wear yourself out to get rich. The desire to get rich can ruin a person physically and spiritually. “For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil” (1Ti 6:10; cf. 15:27; 28:20; Heb 13:5).
23:5 riches . . . are gone. Our trust must be in God, not in riches (Jer 17:11; Lk 12:20–21; 1Ti 6:7–10,17).
23:6 begrudging host. One “eager to get rich” (28:22).
23:7 See NIV text note. his heart is not with you. Cf. 26:24–25. heart. See vv. 12,15,17,19,26; Ps 4:7 and note.
23:8 vomit. Out of disgust or shame at the insincerity of the host.
23:9 scorn your prudent words. Fools “despise wisdom” (1:7) and hate knowledge and correction (1:22; 12:1). They heap abuse on one who rebukes them (9:7).
23:10 ancient boundary stone. See note on 15:25; see also 22:28 and photos, here and here. fatherless. Oppressing the widow and the fatherless is strongly denounced (see Isa 10:2; Jer 22:3; Zec 7:10 and note).
23:11 Defender. Guardian-redeemer or protector, someone who helped close relatives regain land (see Lev 25:25 and note) or who avenged their death (Nu 35:12,19). God is a “father to the fatherless, a defender of widows” (Ps 68:5). See notes on Ru 2:20; Isa 41:14; Jer 31:11; see also Jer 50:34. will take up their case. See Ps 12:5; 140:12; Isa 3:13–15; Mal 3:5.
23:12 Apply your heart to. An echo of 22:17.
23:15 See 10:1 and note; see also v. 24; 27:11; 29:3. My son. See 1:8 and note.
23:16 what is right. The Hebrew word for this phrase is translated “smoothly” in v. 31. The same lips can be blessed by producing “right” speech or cursed by savoring wine that goes down “smoothly.”
23:17 Do not . . . envy sinners. See 3:31; 24:1,19. fear of the LORD. See notes on 1:7; 3:7.
23:18 future hope. See 24:14,20; Ps 37:37; Jer 29:11.
23:19 right path. Cf. 4:25–26.
23:20 Do not join. See 1:15; 12:26 and note. those who drink too much wine. Drunkenness is also condemned in vv. 29–35; 20:1 (see note there); cf. Dt 21:20; Mt 24:49; Lk 21:34; Ro 13:13; Eph 5:18; 1Ti 3:3.
23:21 gluttons. See v. 2; 28:7; cf. Mt 11:19. become poor. See 21:17. drowsiness. Cf. the poverty that overtakes the sluggard in 6:9–11 (see notes there).
23:22 do not despise your mother. Cf. 1:8; 10:1; 15:20; 30:17.
23:23 Buy the truth . . . wisdom . . . insight. See 4:5; see also 4:7 and note.
23:24–25 See v. 15; 27:11; see also 10:1 and note.
23:27 deep pit . . . narrow well. From which it is difficult to escape or retrieve satisfying water. deep pit. See note on 22:14. wayward wife. See note on 2:16; see also 5:20; 7:18–20. well. The same metaphor is used of women in general in the Akkadian “Pessimistic Dialogue” (see chart).
23:28 lies in wait. See 6:26; 7:12; Ecc 7:26. multiplies the unfaithful. Cf. 7:26.
23:29–35 A vivid description of the physical and psychological effects of drunkenness.
23:29 Who has woe? Cf. the woes pronounced on drunkards in Isa 5:11,22. strife. See 20:1 and note. bruises. Cf. the “beatings for the backs of fools” in 19:29.
23:30 linger over wine. Drink too much (see v. 20; 1Sa 25:36). mixed wine. Wine mixed with spices (see 9:2; Ps 75:8; Isa 5:22 and notes).
23:32 bites like a snake. Death will be the result (cf. Nu 21:6).
23:33 see strange sights . . . imagine confusing things. Perhaps a reference to the delirium that afflicts the alcoholic.
23:34 You will be like one sleeping on the high seas. Your head will be spinning.
23:35 They beat me, but I don’t feel it! The over-consumption of wine has produced an inability to register pain. so I can find another drink. Pain and misery do not prevent drunkards from repeating their folly (cf. 26:11; 27:22; Isa 56:12; Am 4:1).
24:1 Do not envy. See v. 19; Ps 37:1. do not desire their company. See 1:15; 12:26 and note; 23:20.
24:2 plot violence. See 1:11; 6:14; Job 15:35; Ps 5:9 and notes; 38:12.
24:3 house. Symbolic of the life of an individual or a family. is built. Cf. the similar expression in 9:1.
24:4 rare and beautiful treasures. Wisdom promises to bestow wealth on those who love her (8:21).
24:5 wise . . . knowledge. An echo of 22:17–21. prevail through great power. See note on 21:22.
24:6 Strategy is more important than strength.
24:8 plots evil. See v. 2 and note. schemer. Cf. “those who devise wicked schemes” (12:2; cf. also 14:17).
24:9 schemes of folly are sin. Cf. 1:10–19; 9:13–18. people detest a mocker. Because mockers are proud, insulting (9:7) and quarrelsome (22:10). See note on 1:22.
24:11 those being led away to death. Perhaps the innocent condemned to die (cf. 17:15; Isa 58:6–7).
24:12 we knew nothing about this. See Jas 4:17. does not he who weighs the heart perceive it? God knows even our thoughts and motives (see 16:2; 21:2 and note; Ps 94:9–11). repay everyone. See v. 29; 20:22; Ps 5:10 and notes. according to what they have done. See Mt 16:27 and note.
24:14 wisdom is like honey for you. It nourishes and brings healing (see 16:24 and note). future hope. Contrast v. 20; see Ps 9:18; 37:37; Jer 29:11.
24:15 lurk. See 1:11 and note; 12:6; Ps 10:9–10.
24:16 seven times. Many times (see 6:16; Job 5:19 and note; cf. Pr 26:16). rise again. God promises to uphold and rescue the righteous (cf. Ps 34:19; 37:24; Mic 7:8). wicked stumble. See v. 22; 4:19; 6:15 and note; 11:3,5.
24:17 Do not gloat. See 17:5 and note; cf. Ps 137:7 and note.
24:19 Almost identical to Ps 37:1; see v. 1; 3:31; 23:17.
24:20 no future hope. For himself or his posterity (contrast v. 14; 23:18; see Ps 37:2, 28,38). lamp . . . will be snuffed out. See note on 13:9.
24:21 Fear the LORD and the king. Submission to civil authority is also commanded in Ecc 8:2–5. 1Pe 2:17 reads, “Fear God, honor the emperor,” and Ro 13:1–7 urges the same obedience (see notes there). These passages all view the king as a terror to the wicked (cf. 20:8,26).
24:22 those two. God and the king. sudden destruction . . . calamities. God’s judgment is more common (6:15; 11:3,5), but the power of the king is seen in 20:8,26.
24:23–34 An appendix to 22:17—24:22, giving five additional sayings of the wise.
24:23 partiality in judging is not good. See 18:5 and note.
24:24 You are innocent. See 17:15 and note. will be cursed by peoples. Just as they “curse the one who hoards grain” (11:26).
24:25 rich blessing. See 10:6 and note; Dt 16:20.
24:26 honest answer. Cf. 16:13. like a kiss. Cf. the “gracious words” that are “sweet to the soul” in 16:24.
24:27 get your fields ready. Plan carefully and acquire the means as you build your house. build your house. See v. 3 and note.
24:28 testify . . . without cause. See 3:30; Job 2:3. use your lips to mislead. See 6:19 and note; 12:17; 25:18.
24:29 I’ll do to them as they have done to me. The opposite of the Golden Rule: “Do to others what you would have them do to you” (Mt 7:12). I’ll pay them back. See v. 12. A spirit of revenge is discouraged also in 20:22 (see note there); cf. 25:21–22; Mt 5:43–45; Ro 12:17–19.
24:30 sluggard. See note on 6:6.
24:31 thorns . . . weeds. See 15:19 and note; cf. Isa 34:13.
24:32 I applied my heart to. See 22:17; 23:12 and note; Ps 4:7 and note.
24:33–34 See 6:10–11 and note on 6:11.
25:1—29:27 Another collection of Solomon’s proverbs, similar to 10:1—22:16.
25:1 proverbs of Solomon. See notes on 1:1; 10:1. compiled by the men of Hezekiah. There was a great revival in the reign of Hezekiah (c. 715–686 bc), who restored the singing of hymns to its proper place (2Ch 29:30). His interest in “the words of David” corresponds to his support of this compilation of Solomon’s proverbs. Solomon was the last king to rule over all Israel during the united monarchy; Hezekiah was the first king to rule over all Israel (now restricted to the southern kingdom) after the destruction of the divided monarchy’s northern kingdom.
25:2–7 Appropriately enough, kings are the subject of this initial series of proverbs compiled by King Hezekiah’s men to honor King Solomon.
25:2 to conceal a matter. God gets glory because humans cannot fully understand his universe or the way he rules it (see Dt 29:29; Job 26:14 and note; Isa 40:12–24; Ro 11:33–36). to search out a matter. A king gets glory if he can uncover the truth and administer justice (1Ki 3:9; 4:34).
25:3 are unsearchable. Cannot be understood—like the four things in 30:18–19. Yet God controls the hearts of kings (see note on 21:1).
25:4 Remove the dross from the silver. A process compared to the purification of society in general and rulers in particular in Isa 1:22–25; Eze 22:18; Zec 13:8–9; Mal 3:2–3.
25:5 his throne will be established through righteousness. See note on 16:12; see also 20:26.
25:6 in the king’s presence. Probably at a feast (cf. 23:1). Jesus spoke about the place of honor at a wedding feast (Lk 14:7–11).
25:7 Come up here. Cf. “Friend, move up to a better place” (Lk 14:10); contrast Isa 22:15–19.
25:8 do not bring hastily to court. A warning about the seriousness of disputes (17:14) and the need to exercise caution (24:28).
25:9 do not betray another’s confidence. If you do, you are a gossip (see 11:13; 20:19; cf. Ro 1:29; 2Co 12:20).
25:10 shame you . . . charge against you will stand. A good name is one of life’s most valuable possessions (see 22:1 and note).
25:11 gold . . . silver. Cf. the fruit of wisdom in 8:19.
25:12 earring of gold. Comparable to the beautiful wreath and necklace that represent the adornment of wisdom and sound teaching (1:9; 3:22; 4:9). rebuke of a wise judge. Cf. the “life-giving correction” of 15:31.
25:13 snow-cooled drink at harvest time. Probably a drink cooled by snow from the mountains; it did not snow at harvest time. See 26:1; contrast 10:26; see also photo. trustworthy messenger. See 13:17 and note.
Tablet provides a record of Mari king Zimri-Lim building an ice house in Terqa to store ice brought down from the mountains.
Louvre Museum/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain
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25:14 clouds . . . without rain. An image applied to false teachers in Jude 12 (see note on Jude 12–13).
25:15 Through patience a ruler can be persuaded. Cf. 14:29. gentle tongue. See note on 15:1.
25:18 club . . . sword . . . arrow. Cf. Ps 57:4; Jer 9:8. false testimony. See note on 6:19; see also 24:28; Ex 20:16.
25:19 broken tooth . . . lame foot. Relying on Egypt was like leaning on a splintered reed (Isa 36:6).
25:20 sings songs to a heavy heart. The exiles were reluctant to sing the songs of Zion (Ps 137:3–4).
25:21 Kindness to one’s enemy is also encouraged in 20:22; Ex 23:4–5 (see note there). give him food . . . water. At Elisha’s request, a trapped Aramean army was given a great feast and then sent home (2Ki 6:21–23; cf. 2Ch 28:15).
25:22 heap burning coals on his head. Horrible punishment reserved for the wicked (Ps 140:10). Here, however, it is kindness that will hurt the enemy (cf. the broken bone of v. 15) but perhaps win him over. Alternatively, the expression may reflect an Egyptian expiation ritual, in which a guilty person, as a sign of his repentance, carried a basin of glowing coals on his head. The meaning here, then, would be that in returning good for evil—and so being kind to your enemy (Ro 12:20)—you may cause him to repent or change. the LORD will reward you. Even if the enemy remains hostile (cf. 11:18; 19:17).
25:23 north. Perhaps northwest (cf. Lk 12:54). sly tongue. One that spreads slander (cf. 10:18).
25:24 Echoed from 21:9 (see note there).
25:25 good news from a distant land. See Ge 45:25–28.
25:26 muddied spring. Cf. Eze 34:18–19. the righteous who give way. Perhaps through bribery (cf. 17:8; 29:4; Isa 1:21–23).
25:27 too much honey. See v. 16.
25:28 city whose walls are broken through. Defenseless and disgraced (cf. Ne 1:3 and note). person who lacks self-control. See 16:32 and note.
26:1–12 As kings are the subject of the series of proverbs that begins ch. 25 (see note on 25:2–7), so fools are the subject at the beginning of ch. 26.
26:1 rain in harvest. It rarely rains in the Holy Land from June through September, but see 1Sa 12:17–18. honor is not fitting for a fool. See v. 8.
26:2 undeserved curse does not come to rest. When David was cursed by Shimei, he realized that the curse would not take effect because he was innocent of the charge of murdering members of Saul’s family (2Sa 16:8,12).
26:3 rod for the backs of fools. See 14:3; 19:29.
26:4 Do not answer a fool according to his folly. Do not stoop to his level (see 23:9; Mt 7:6 and notes).
26:5 Answer a fool according to his folly. Sometimes folly must be plainly exposed and denounced. Thus vv. 4–5 do not contradict each other, as often claimed.
26:6 Sending a message by the hands of a fool. He will likely misrepresent the one who sends him, or in some other manner frustrate the sender’s purpose (see 13:17 and note).
26:8 Like tying a stone in a sling. A fool with authority wields a formidable weapon, but it is useless in his hands—as useless as a stone that is tied, not placed, in a sling. honor to a fool. See v. 1.
26:9 Fools reciting proverbs will do as much damage to themselves and others as a drunkard wielding a thornbush.
26:10 one who hires a fool or any passer-by. Abimelek hired “reckless scoundrels” to help him murder his half brothers and set up a brief and ill-fated rule (Jdg 9:4–6).
26:11 As a dog returns to its vomit. Quoted in 2Pe 2:22 with reference to false teachers (see note there). fools repeat their folly. Drunkards return to their drinks (see 23:35 and note).
26:12 wise in their own eyes. This phrase is applied to the sluggard in v. 16 and the rich in 28:11; cf. 26:5. There is more hope . . . than for them. Repeated in 29:20.
26:13–16 A series of proverbs that focuses on the sluggard (see notes on 25:2–7; 26:1–12).
26:14 Sluggards love to sleep. As a door turns on its hinges without going anywhere, so the sluggard rolls over on his bed and still does no work.
26:16 wiser in his own eyes. See v. 12 and note. seven. Many (see note on 24:16).
26:17 grabs a stray dog by the ears. To do so immediately creates a disturbance and risks attack. See photo.
Marble sarcophagus of Thracian horseman with hunting dog (Roman, 1st century ad). “Like one who grabs a stray dog by the ears is someone who rushes into a quarrel not their own” (Pr 26:17). In the ancient Near East, dogs were not domesticated pets as they are today. They were used mainly for hunting or would roam outside villages as scavengers.
Klearchos Kapoutsis, CC BY 2.0
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26:18 Like a maniac shooting. Cf. the archer in v. 10. flaming arrows. Could easily ignite sheaves of grain (cf. Zec 12:6).
26:19 I was only joking! Explaining it as a prank is a poor excuse.
26:21 kindling strife. See 6:14 and note.
26:22 Identical to 18:8 (see note there).
26:23 coating of silver dross on earthenware. Silver dross was a cheap substance used to make pottery look different from the clay it actually was. This fits the analogy in the simile very well (a false and deceptive exterior). With a different word division, the Hebrew can read “Like glaze overlaid on earthenware . . . ” The current NIV rendering is somewhat problematic because silver dross would not normally be used over earthenware—instead, it would be discarded. Discoveries at Ugarit have yielded a word meaning “glaze” (spsg), which is cognate to the problematic Hebrew phrase in this verse. This has been adopted by many commentators and recent English versions and makes the point more clearly. Just as beautiful glaze can hide the ugly clay beneath, so beautiful language can hide the ugly heart beneath. Cf. the clean outside of the cup and dish (Lk 11:39; cf. Mt 23:27). fervent lips with an evil heart. The speech of an adulterous woman is seductive (see 2:16; 5:3 and notes).
26:24 in their hearts they harbor deceit. See 12:20.
26:25 their speech is charming. See Jer 9:8. seven. A number symbolizing completeness (see note on v. 16). For seven things the Lord detests, see 6:16–19.
26:26 exposed in the assembly. See 5:14; Lk 8:17.
26:27 Whoever digs a pit will fall into it. “The trouble they cause recoils on them” (Ps 7:16). See 1:18 and note; 28:10; 29:6; Est 7:10 and note; 9:25; Ps 7:15; Ecc 10:8–9; Ob 15 and note.
26:28 lying tongue hates those it hurts. See 10:18. flattering mouth works ruin. See 29:5; cf. 16:13.
27:1 Cf. the words of the rich fool and God’s response in Lk 12:19–20; cf. also Pr 16:9; Isa 56:12; Mt 6:34; Jas 4:13–16.
27:2 Let someone else praise you. See Jer 9:23–34; 1Co 1:31; 2Co 10:12,18.
27:4 who can stand before jealousy? See 6:34; SS 8:6.
27:5 open rebuke. Called “life-giving correction” in 15:31; cf. Gal 2:14.
27:6 See 28:23. Wounds from a friend. Called a “kindness” in Ps 141:5 (see note there). enemy multiplies kisses. See 5:3 and note; Mt 26:49.
27:7 loathes honey. Cf. 25:16,27.
27:8 anyone who flees from home. They have lost their security and may be vulnerable to temptation (cf. 7:21–23) and harm from others.
27:9 Perfume. See note on 21:17. incense. Cf. the one “perfumed with myrrh and incense” (SS 3:6). bring joy to the heart. See v. 11. pleasantness of a friend. See 16:21,24 and notes.
27:10 Do not fail a friend in need; when in need rely on friendship rather than on mere family relationships. relative far away. The relative is distant, being both out of sight and out of mind.
27:11 Be wise, my son. See 10:1 and note. then I can answer anyone who treats me with contempt. Wise children serve as a powerful testimony that the parents who have shaped them have shown themselves to be people of worth.
27:12 the simple. See note on 1:4. keep going and pay the penalty. See 7:22–23; 9:16–18.
27:13 Identical to 20:16 (see note there).
27:14 blesses their neighbor. Perhaps to win the neighbor’s favor (cf. Ps 12:2).
27:17 sharpens another. Develops and improves the other’s character.
27:18 will eat its fruit. Cf. 2Ti 2:6. will be honored. See Ge 39:4; Mt 25:21; Lk 12:42–44; Jn 12:26.
27:19 one’s life reflects the heart. And the condition of one’s heart indicates one’s true character (Mt 5:8).
27:20 Death and Destruction. See note on Job 26:6; see also Pr 15:11. are never satisfied. Their appetite is insatiable (30:15–16; Isa 5:14; Hab 2:5). neither are human eyes. See Ecc 4:8.
27:21 crucible . . . gold. See 17:3; Ps 12:6 and note. people are tested by their praise. People must not become proud, and they must be wary of flattery (cf. 12:8; Lk 6:26).
27:22 mortar. A bowl (Nu 11:8). pestle. A club-like tool for pounding grain in a mortar. you will not remove their folly. In spite of severe punishment, fools refuse to change (see note on 20:30; see also 26:11; Jer 5:3 and note).
27:23–27 A section praising the basic security afforded by agricultural pursuits—reflecting the agricultural base of the ancient economy.
27:23 give careful attention to your herds. Like Jacob, with Laban’s flocks (Ge 31:38–40).
27:24 riches do not endure. See notes on 23:5; Mt 6:19. crown is not secure. Cf. 29:14. Even kings may lose their wealth and power (Job 19:9; La 5:16).
27:25 hay is removed. This began in March or April.
27:26 price of a field. See 31:16.
27:27 goats’ milk. In the ancient world goats’ milk was as common as cows’ milk (Isa 7:21–22). female servants. See 31:15.
28:1 The wicked flee. See Lev 26:17; Ps 53:5 and notes. bold as a lion. Like David in 1Sa 17:46; cf. 2Sa 22:33–37.
28:2 it has many rulers. Israel’s rebellion often brought frequent and rapid change in leadership (1Ki 16:8–28; 2Ki 15:8–14; 23:29—24:17). ruler with discernment . . . maintains order. A wise ruler will be successful (see 8:15–16; 16:12 and note; 24:5; 29:4).
28:3 who oppresses the poor. See 14:31 and note. driving rain. Describes the destructive power of Assyria’s king in Isa 28:2 (see note there). The gentle rain is compared to a righteous king in Ps 72:6–7.
28:4 instruction. The teachings of wisdom (3:1; 7:2) and the law of Moses (Ps 119:53). praise the wicked. Cf. Ro 1:32 and note. who heed it. See v. 7; 29:18; cf. v. 9. resist them. See Eph 5:7,11.
28:5 who seek the LORD. Who fear him (see note on 1:7). understand it fully. They know “what is right and just and fair” (2:9).
28:6 blameless. See v. 18; 2:7; Ps 15:2 and notes.
28:7 heeds instruction. See note on v. 4. companion of gluttons. See 23:20–21 and notes. disgraces his father. “Bad company corrupts good character” (1Co 15:33).
28:8 interest or profit from the poor. Prohibited in Ex 22:25 (see notes on Ex 22:25–27; Lev 25:36; Eze 18:8). amasses it for another. See 13:22 and note; cf. Lk 12:20. kind to the poor. See 14:31 and note.
28:9 my instruction. See note on v. 4. their prayers are detestable. Like the sacrifice of the wicked in 15:8 (see note there; see 3:32 and note; see also Ps 66:18; Isa 1:11–15 and note; 59:1–2; Jer 11:14).
28:10 fall into their own trap. See note on 26:27. blameless. See note on 2:7. good inheritance. See 3:35; Heb 6:12; 1Pe 3:9.
28:11 The rich are wise in their own eyes. Like the fool (26:5) or the sluggard (26:16).
28:12 there is great elation. See 11:10 and note. people go into hiding. See v. 28; Ps 55:6–8 and note.
28:13 Whoever conceals their sins does not prosper. See Ps 32:3–5 and note. one who confesses and renounces them finds mercy. Note the joy of forgiveness in Ps 32:5,10–11 (cf. 1Jn 1:9 and note).
28:14 whoever hardens their heart. Like the pharaoh (Ex 7:13), and like the Israelites who tested the Lord at Meribah and Massah (see Ps 95:8 and note; Ro 2:5).
28:15 roaring lion. Full of rage and murderous intent (cf. 19:12; Mt 2:16; 1Pe 5:8). charging bear. See 17:12 and note. wicked ruler. See v. 12.
28:16 one who hates ill-gotten gain will enjoy a long reign. Unlike those who love such gain (see 1:19 and note).
28:17 will seek refuge in the grave. Perhaps the sense is that the murderer is so tormented by a guilty conscience that he tries to commit suicide.
28:18 blameless . . . perverse. Contrasted also in v. 6; 19:1. will fall into the pit. Cf. 11:5.
28:19 chase fantasies. See 12:11 and note.
28:20 richly blessed. With God’s gifts and favors (3:13–18; 10:6; Ge 49:26; Dt 33:16). one eager to get rich will not go unpunished. Cf. similar warnings in 20:21; 23:4 (see notes there).
28:21 To show partiality is not good. See 18:5 and note; 24:23. will do wrong for a piece of bread. Perhaps a reference to a bribe, however small (cf. Eze 13:19 and note).
28:22 stingy. See 23:6. eager to get rich. A warning to them is given in v. 20; cf. similar warnings in 20:21; 23:4 (see note there). poverty awaits them. Because it is the generous who prosper (see note on 11:25).
28:23 Whoever rebukes a person. See Gal 2:14; cf. 15:31; 25:12. who has a flattering tongue. See 26:28; 29:5; cf. 16:13.
28:24 Whoever robs their father or mother. See note on 19:26; cf. Mt 15:4–6; Mk 7:10–12.
28:25 stir up conflict. See note on 6:14. will prosper. As does also the generous person (see 11:25 and note) and the one who is diligent (13:4).
28:26 who walk in wisdom. Equals “whoever trusts in the LORD” in 29:25; cf. 3:5–6.
28:27 give to the poor. See note on 14:21. will lack nothing. Generosity is the path to blessing (see 11:24; 14:21 and notes; 19:17). close their eyes to them. See 21:13.
28:28 people go into hiding. See v. 12 and note. righteous thrive. See 11:10; 29:2.
29:1 stiff-necked after many rebukes. See note on Ex 32:9. Eli’s sons died because of their stubbornness (see 1Sa 2:25 and note). will suddenly be destroyed—without remedy. Identical to 6:15. Cf. the fate of the mockers in 1:22–27.
29:2 When the righteous thrive, the people rejoice. See 11:10 and note. when the wicked rule, the people groan. See 28:12; Jdg 2:18 and notes.
29:3 man who loves wisdom brings joy to his father. See 10:1 and note. companion of prostitutes squanders his wealth. See 5:10; 6:26; Lk 15:13 and notes.
29:4 By justice a king gives a country stability. See 16:12 and note. bribes. See 17:8 and note.
29:5 Those who flatter their neighbors. See 28:23.
29:6 snared by their own sin. See 1:18 and note; 22:5.
29:7 The righteous care about justice for the poor. As Job did (see Job 29:11–17 and note on 29:12–13); see also Jer 22:16 and note; Jas 1:27; cf. Pr 19:17; 22:22; 29:14.
29:8 Mockers stir up a city. See notes on 6:14; 11:11; see also 26:21. Mockers. See 1:22 and note. the wise turn away anger. See Jas 3:17–18.
29:9 the fool rages and scoffs. Like an angry bear (17:12) or the tossing sea (Isa 57:20–21).
29:10 The bloodthirsty hate a person of integrity. Their schemes are described in 1:11–16; cf. Ps 5:6.
29:11 give full vent to their rage. See v. 9 and note; 14:16–17. bring calm in the end. See 16:32 and note.
29:12 all his officials become wicked. Cf. Isa 1:23.
29:13 The LORD gives sight. See Ex 4:11; Ps 94:9.
29:14 See Isa 9:7; cf. Pr 27:24.
29:15 A rod and a reprimand. See note on 13:24. left undisciplined. Allowed to run wild.
29:16 When the wicked thrive. See v. 2; 11:11 and note; 28:12,28. righteous will see their downfall. See 10:25 and note; 14:11; 21:12.
29:17 Discipline your children. Teach them and train them (see 13:24 and note; 22:6).
29:18 revelation. A message from God given through a prophet; a prophetic vision (1Sa 3:1; Isa 1:1; Ob 1). people cast off restraint. Possibly an allusion to the sinful actions of the Israelites while Moses was on Mount Sinai (see Ex 32:25 and note). blessed is the one who heeds wisdom’s instruction. See 28:4 and note; see also 8:32.
29:19 cannot be corrected by mere words. Servants, like children (vv. 15,17), must be disciplined (see note on 22:6).
29:20 who speaks in haste. See 10:19; 17:27–28; Jas 1:19,26. There is more hope . . . than for them. Identical to 26:12.
29:21 A servant pampered. See v. 19 and note.
29:22 angry person stirs up conflict. See note on 6:14; see also 15:18.
29:23 See 15:33 and note; see also 18:12.
29:24 they are put under oath. They will be held responsible for failing to testify (cf. Lev 5:1).
29:25 Fear of man. Cf. 1Sa 15:24; Isa 51:12; Jn 12:42–43. whoever trusts in the LORD is kept safe. See 18:10; 28:26 and notes; cf. 3:5–6.
29:26 Many seek an audience. See 1Ki 10:24. it is from the LORD that one gets justice. God controls a king’s actions (see note on 21:1) and defends the cause of the poor and the just (cf. Job 36:6).
29:27 The final proverb in this second Solomonic collection (chs. 25–29) highlights in the starkest terms the opposing perspectives that characterize the righteous and the wicked (cf. Ps 1:6 and note).
30:1–33 The first of two chapters that serve as an appendix to Proverbs.
30:1 sayings. See 22:17 and note; 24:23. Fourteen of Agur’s sayings are recorded in this chapter. Agur son of Jakeh. Nothing is known about Agur or Jakeh, or about the recipient of this “inspired utterance,” Ithiel. inspired utterance. Usually the message of a prophet (see note on Isa 13:1 [“prophecy”]).
30:2 I am only a brute, not a man. In his humility that denies even normal human understanding, Agur actually displays godly wisdom.
30:3 knowledge of the Holy One. See 9:10 and note.
30:4 The use of rhetorical questions to express God’s greatness as Creator occurs also in Job 38:4—39:30; Isa 40:12–31 (see note there). gathered up the wind. Cf. Ps 135:7. wrapped up the waters in a cloak. See Job 26:8; 38:8–9. What is . . . the name of his son? Throughout Proverbs the “son” is the one who learns wisdom from his father. In the OT God’s “son” is typically Israel or Israel’s king. In the NT Jesus is God’s unique and greatest Son. Surely you know! God similarly challenged Job (see Job 38:4–5 and note).
30:5 Almost identical to Ps 18:30. shield. See notes on 2:7; Ps 3:3. those who take refuge in him. See 14:32; 18:10.
30:6 Do not add to his words. Cf. Moses’ warning to the Israelites in Dt 4:2 (see note there); cf. also Rev 22:18–19 and note.
30:7 Two things. The use of lists characterizes Agur’s sayings (vv. 15,18,21,24,29).
30:8 my daily bread. Cf. Job 23:12 and the Lord’s Prayer (see Mt 6:11 and note).
30:9 I may have too much and disown you. Moses predicted that the Israelites would forget God when their food was plentiful and their herds large (Dt 8:12–17; 31:20). Who is the LORD? Or, Why should I serve him (see Job 21:14–15)? become poor and steal. Cf. 6:30.
30:10 you will pay for it. Since the accusation is false, the servant’s curse will be effective (cf. 26:2 and note)—so do not suppose you can take advantage of a servant’s lowly position.
30:11 curse their fathers. Cf. v. 17; see 20:20 and note.
30:12 those who are pure in their own eyes. Like the Pharisee in Lk 18:11 (cf. Isa 65:5 and note).
30:13 whose eyes are . . . haughty. See note on 6:17; see also Isa 3:16.
30:14 whose teeth are swords . . . whose jaws are . . . knives. The wicked are like ravenous beasts that devour the prey (Job 29:17). to devour the poor . . . the needy. Cf. Ps 14:4; Mic 3:2–3 and notes.
30:15,18,21,29 three . . . four. See notes on 6:16; Job 5:19; Am 1:3.
30:15 leech has two daughters. “Two daughters” is metaphorical for the two suction discs with which this parasite draws blood from its victims.
30:16 grave. Its appetite is never satisfied (Isa 5:14; Hab 2:5). barren womb. In ancient Israel, a wife without children was desolate, even desperate (cf. Ge 16:2 and note; 30:1; Ru 1:11–13, 20–21; 1Sa 1:6,10–11; 2Ki 4:14 and note).
30:17 The eye. Haughty and disdainful (v. 13). mocks a father . . . an aged mother. See v. 11 and note; 15:20. will be pecked out by the ravens . . . the vultures. The loss of an eye was a terrible curse (see the story of Samson in Jdg 16:21). Since vultures normally devoured the dead (see Jer 7:33 and note; Mt 24:28), the meaning may be that the body of a disgraceful son will lie unburied and exposed.
30:18–19 These four “ways” are difficult to understand because they move in a sublime or surprising manner, their destinations are mysterious and none of them leaves a track that can be readily followed.
30:19 way of an eagle. Soaring and swooping majestically (cf. Job 39:27; Jer 48:40; 49:22). way of a man with a young woman. Probably a reference to the mystery of courting and how it leads to consummation.
30:20 adulterous woman. See 2:16 and note. She eats and wipes her mouth. Eating food is used as a metaphor for making love also in 9:17 (see note there; see also 7:18 and note).
30:22 servant who becomes king. See 19:10.
30:23 servant who displaces her mistress. Perhaps because she was able to bear a child, whereas the wife was barren (cf. Hagar and Sarah in Ge 16:1–6).
30:26 hyraxes. Rock badgers. in the crags. Which provide a refuge for them (Ps 104:18).
30:27 locusts have no king. Cf. the ant in 6:6–8. advance together in ranks. Locusts are portrayed as a mighty army in Joel 2:2–9 (see note on Joel 2:2). See also photo.
30:28 found in kings’ palaces. Lizards climb stone walls easily.
30:30 lion, mighty among beasts. See 2Sa 1:23; Mic 5:8.
30:31 he-goat. Goats were used to lead flocks of sheep (Jer 50:8).
30:32 exalt yourself. Pride is condemned in 8:13; 11:2; 16:18. plan evil. Cf. 6:14; 16:27. clap your hand over your mouth. Stop your plotting immediately (cf. Job 21:5; 40:4).
30:33 churning . . . twisting . . . stirring up. See Introduction: The Nature of a Proverb. stirring up anger produces strife. See notes on 6:14; 15:1; see also 29:22.
31:1–9 This brief section, consisting of three proverbs, may be of non-Israelite origin. King Lemuel is otherwise unknown. The threefold advice Lemuel’s mother gives him highlights two major temptations of royalty (sexual promiscuity [vv. 2–3] and drunkenness [vv. 4–7]), as well as one of its primary obligations (defending the poor and needy [vv. 8–9; see Jer 22:15–16 and notes]).
31:1 inspired utterance. See note on 30:1. his mother. This entire chapter emphasizes the role and significance of wise women. In the ancient Near East, the queen mother was often an influential figure (see 1Ki 1:11–13 and note on 1:11).
31:2 answer to my prayers. Hannah also prayed for a son (see 1Sa 1:11 and note).
31:3 your strength on women. A warning against accumulating a large harem and engaging in sexual indulgence (see 5:9–11; 1Ki 11:1; Ne 13:26 and notes).
31:4 It is not for kings . . . to drink wine. Woe to the land whose rulers are drunkards (Ecc 10:16–17; cf. Pr 20:1 and note; see Hos 7:5 and note).
31:5 deprive all the oppressed of their rights. See 30:14; Ex 22:21–27 and notes; see also 17:15; Isa 5:23; 10:2.
31:6–7 Not a justification for overindulgence (see v. 4 and note), but an acknowledgment of the legitimacy of dulling pain and suffering with medicine or other pain killers (see 1Ti 5:23 and note; cf. Ps 104:15).
31:8–9 The king represents God as the defender of the poor and needy (see 16:10 and note; Ps 82:3; cf. Lev 19:15; Job 29:12–17; Isa 1:17 and note).
31:10–31 The epilogue: an acrostic poem (see NIV text note) praising the “wife of noble character” (v. 10). It corresponds to 1:1–7 as it describes a “woman who fears the LORD” (v. 30; see note on 1:7). This idealized woman can also be understood as a personification of wisdom. Like wisdom, she is “worth far more than rubies” (v. 10; see 3:15; 8:11), and those who find her “receive favor from the LORD” (8:35; 18:22). Terms used to describe this ideal woman are used to describe personified wisdom in other parts of the book (1:20; 8:1; 9:1), inviting the reader to embrace wisdom as they would embrace a spouse. Because Christ is “wisdom from God” (1Co 1:30; cf. Col 2:3), the appeal to embrace personified wisdom is ultimately fulfilled by embracing Christ by faith.
31:10 wife of noble character. Also used to describe Ruth. In fact, in the Hebrew Bible the book of Ruth follows Proverbs. Like Ruth (Ru 3:11), this woman is described with a Hebrew term that is often applied to warriors to indicate valor or strength (Jdg 6:12). She is also “her husband’s crown” (12:4; see note there).
31:12 She brings him good. See 18:22; 19:14. The rest of the chapter delineates the ways she does this.
31:13 flax. Its fibers were made into linen and linen garments (see note on Ex 25:4; see also Pr 31:19, 22,24; Isa 19:9).
31:14 like the merchant ships. She is an enterprising person (see v. 18). See photo.
Roman merchant ship (Pompeii, 1st century ad). Proverbs 31:14 describes a wife of noble character as being “like the merchant ships, bringing her food from afar.”
Z. Radovan/www.BibleLandPictures.com
Return to the main text.
31:15 She gets up while it is still night. She is the opposite of the sluggard (see 6:9–10; 26:14 and note). portions for her female servants. See 27:27; Lk 12:42.
31:16 considers a field . . . plants a vineyard. Her work is not limited to the indoor, domestic world of the ancient household, but includes participation in business and commerce in the public sphere. She shows good judgment—unlike the sluggard, whose vineyard is overgrown with thorns and weeds (24:30–31). See photo.
31:17 sets about her work vigorously. See 10:4 and note.
31:18 her trading is profitable. Like wisdom, she is “worth far more than rubies” (v. 10; see note there). Wisdom “is more profitable than silver” (3:14; see note there).
31:19 distaff . . . spindle. In the ancient world, women did the work of spinning thread.
31:20 opens her arms to the poor. See note on 14:21; see also 22:9; Job 31:16–22.
31:21 clothed in scarlet. Of high quality, probably made of wool (cf. 2Sa 1:24; Rev 18:16).
31:22 fine linen. Associated with nobility (see notes on 7:16; Ex 25:4; see also Ge 41:42). purple. Linked with kings (Jdg 8:26; SS 3:10) or the rich (Lk 16:19; Rev 18:16).
31:23 city gate. The place where business and legal matters were conducted (see note on 1:21).
31:24 linen garments. See Jdg 14:12 and note; Isa 3:23. merchants. Cf. v. 18.
31:25 clothed with strength and dignity. See Ps 109:29 and note; Isa 52:1; 1Ti 2:9–10. The opposite is to be “clothed with shame and disgrace” (Ps 35:26). she can laugh at the days to come. She is free of anxiety and worry (cf. Job 39:7).
31:26 faithful instruction. She is a wise and loving counselor (1:8; 6:20).
31:28 blessed. That is, one who enjoys happy circumstances and from whom joy radiates to others. See Ge 30:13; Ps 72:17; SS 6:9; Mal 3:12; cf. Ru 4:14–15.
31:29 do noble things. The husband’s reference to his wife’s “noble” deeds climaxes the main body of the poem (vv. 10–29) that celebrates her “noble” character (v. 10). He further asserts that she surpasses all other women—she is, indeed, “worth far more than rubies” (v. 10). Cf. Isa 32:8.
31:30–31 A concluding reflection on the main body of the poem. Although this ultimate conclusion to Proverbs is shaped with the ideal woman in view, it commends “the fear of the LORD” and faithfulness (“her works”; 31:31) to all its readers.
31:30 Charm is deceptive. Cf. 5:3 and note. beauty is fleeting. See 1Pe 3:3–5 and notes; cf. Job 14:2. who fears the LORD. See note on 1:7.
31:31 Honor her for all that her hands have done. Honor comes through “humility” and “the fear of the LORD” (22:4). See v. 16; 12:14 and notes. city gate. See v. 23 and note.