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absolute field of view, 433–435, 509
absolute time, 383–384
absolute visual magnitude, 319–320
absorption lines, 323
accretion disk, 235–236
achromatic lens, 429
achromatic objective, 510
aerolites, 278–279
air turbulence, 436
Alpha Centauri, 322
Alphecca, 70
amino acids, 247–248
analog image, 440
Andromeda, 26, 44, 45–46, 77–78
Angstrom, 449
Antarctica, 207–208
antimatter, 101, 343, 345–347, 485–486
aphelion
of Earth, 98
of Mercury, 126
of Venus, 128
Aphrodite, 142
apochromatic objective, 510
apogee, lunar, 90
apparent field of view, 429
apparent visual magnitude, 319–320
arc minutes, 5
arc seconds, 5
Ariadne, 37
Ariel, 253–254
Armstrong, Neil, 481
Arsia Mons, 153
artificial gravity, 131, 137–138, 489–490
Ascraeus Mons, 153
asteroid, 262
asteroid belt, 261–262
astronomical unit, 172
astrophotography, 439–440
attitude, 529
aurora, 459
aurora australis, 105
aurora borealis, 105
axis of rotation, 4
az-el, 13–15
az-el mount, 523–524
azimuth bearing, 523
azimuth/elevation, 13–15
Azores-Bermuda high, 176
Barlow lens, 517–519
barred spiral galaxies, 365–367
basaltic rock, 201
Beila’s Comet, 272
Bell, Jocelyn, 350
beta particles, 394
big dipper, 29–30
binary star, 327
binocular telescope, 506
binoculars, 504–508
basic structure of, 504–505
field of view in, 507–508
optics in, 506–507
size specifications of, 505–506
black hole, 335, 354–360, 375, 376–379, 471
blackbody, 464–465
blackbody radiation, 464–465
blue shift, 363
blue supergiant, 327
Bode, Johann E., 261
Bode’s law, 261–262
Bolton, J., 457
Brahe, Tycho, 230
Bruno, Giordano, 229
buddy system, 489
Caloris Basin, 127
Cannon, Annie, 324
carbonaceous chondrite, 160
Carina, 66
cartesian coordinate plane, 54
Cassegrain reflector, 431
celestial latitude, 9–12
celestial longitude, 9–12
celestial resources, 479
Ceres, 262
Chameleon, 66–67
charge-coupled device, 440–441
chemical rocket, 482–483
chromatic aberration, 429
circumpolar constellations
northern, 27–33
southern, 61–67
clock drive, 527–528
cloud chamber, 473
coma
in telescope, 511
Coma Berenices, 44
coma corrector, 511
anatomy of, 263–273
apparition of, 265
burnouts, 270–272
core of, 264
flare-ups, 270–272
lifespans, 272–273
meteor showers and, 277
orbit of, 265
periodic, 265
compound lens, 429
computerized drive, 528–529
concave lens, 424–425
concave mirror, 426–427
conjunction, 100, 124–125, 147
superior, 124–125
constellations, 25–51
circumpolar, 27–33
of northern-hemisphere autumn, 44–47
of northern-hemisphere spring, 33–39
of northern-hemisphere summer, 39–44
of northern-hemisphere winter, 48–50
of southern-hemisphere autumn, 67–71
of southern-hemisphere spring, 75–79
of southern-hemisphere summer, 79–83
of southern-hemisphere winter, 71–75
converging lens, 422–424
convex lens, 422–424
convex mirror, 425–426
coordinates, southern, 53–59
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 229–230
corona, 332
corpuscular theory, 447
corrector plate, 512
cosmic particles, 472–474
cosmic radiation, 494–495
craters, 274–275
cross hairs, 517
crust, of Earth, 201
Crux, 62–63
Cygnus A, 457
D layer, 204–205
dark matter, 369
dark nebula, 338
Darwin, Charles, 287
December solstice, 59–60
declination bearing, 524
deferent, 227–228
degrees, 4–6
deoxyribonucleic acid, 287
diffraction grating, 438
digital image, 440
Dionysus, 37
directivity, 454
dispersion
in deep space, 352–353
in optics, 421–422
diverging lens, 424–425
diversity effect, 373
Dobsonian mount, 525–526
Dog Star, 48
Drake-Sagan formula, 301
Dubhe, 30
dust tail, 267
orange, 327
red, 327
E layer, 204–205
Earth, 195–209
Antarctica, 207–208
aphelion, 198
atmosphere, 203–205
crust, 201
inner core, 200–201
interior, 200–202
ionosphere, 204–205
land masses, 203
life on, 286–294
mantle, 201
mesosphere, 204
North Atlantic Ocean, 206–207
oblateness, 199
oceans, 202–203
outer core, 200–201
perihelion, 198
precession of axis, 200
Sahara Desert, 208–209
stratosphere, 204–205
thermosphere, 204–205
troposphere, 203–205
year, day, and seasons, 197–199
eastern hemisphere, 8
eclipse, 105–109
lunar, 108–109
solar, 106–108
eclipsing binary, 329–330
ecliptic, 21–22
plane of the, 21
Einstein, Albert, 356, 374, 460–461
El Nino, 202
electrical field, 447
electrical flux, lines of, 448–449
electrolysis of water, 492
electromagnetic field, 447–450
electron, 344–345
electron rest mass, 393
elevation bearing, 523
elliptical galaxies, 363–365
Eltanin, 31
EM spectrum, 450–453
emission wavelengths, 438
Enceladus, 249
entropy, 284–285
epicycle, 227–229
equator, 4
equatorial orbit, 139
equinox
March, 55–56
vernal, 17
equivalence principle, 396–397
erect image, 427
Euclidean space, 357
Europa, 245–246
event horizon, 354–355
evolutionary spiral, 289–290
exit pupil, 506
expectation phenomenon, 365
extraterrestrial life, 478
extreme ultraviolet, 466–468
eye relief, 513
eyepiece, 427–428, 432, 513–515
focusing mount for, 514
Kellner, 514–515
orthoscopic, 514–515
outside barrel diameter of, 514
Plossl, 515
Ramsden, 514–515
Ezekiel, Book of, 300
F layer, 204–205
F1 layer, 204–205
F2 layer, 204–205
field of view
apparent, 429
in binoculars, 507–508
finder scope, 517
first quarter moon, 90–93
“fist rule,” 62
focal length, 423
focal point, 422–423
focal reducer/corrector, 519
focus, 422–423
fork mount, 523
fork mount/wedge, 524–525
fovea, 504
Fowler, W. A., 369
Fraunhofer lines, 323
frequency, 448–449
full moon, 91–93
full-aperture solar filter, 520
fully multicoated optics, 507
fusion engine, 484–485
Gaia hypothesis, 200
gain, 454
Galatea, 188
barred spiral, 365–367
clusters of, 367–368
elliptical, 363–365
Hubble classifications, 366
irregular, 365
radio, 369–370
Galilean moons, 242
Galilean refractor, 427–428
Galileo, 94, 104, 229, 242, 417
Galileo space probe, 244
gas tail, 267
gegenschein, 437
Gemma, 70
general theory of relativity, 395–404, 460–461
geocentric theory, 226
geomagnetic field, 201
geomagnetic poles, 105
geostationary satellites, 11–12
German equatorial mount, 526–527
giant, red, 103, 324, 326, 329
gigahertz, 449
Global Positioning System (GPS), 528–529
Gold, Thomas, 353–354
gravitational assist, 133
gravitational constant, 357
gravitational radius, 356–357
gravitational waves, 359–360
gravity, as unit of acceleration force, 399
gray line, 443
Great Comet of 1744, 269
Great Dark Spot, 188
Great Nebula in Andromeda, 77–78, 458
Great Nebula in Orion, 49, 339
Great Red Spot, 175–176
Green Bank formula, 301–306
greenhouse gas, 144
Greenstein, J. L., 372
Greenwich meridian, 8
half-open interval, 13
Halley’s comet, 260, 263, 265, 268, 272
ham operators, 453
hard ultraviolet, 466–468
Hawking, Stephen, 359
heliocentric theory, 229–233, 321
heliopause, 334
Henry Draper Catalogue, 324
hertz, 448
Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 325
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, 325–326
Hewish, Anthony, 350
high tide, 95
horizontal-plane direction pattern, 455
hours (of right ascension), 18
Hoyle, F., 369
Hubble, Edwin, 364–367, 370–371
Hubble Space Telescope, 237, 372, 441–442
Humason, Milton, 370–371
hydrogen-fusion theory, 102
Hydrus, 64–65
hypersphere, 495
hypotheses, 223–224
ideal coordinate system, 7
Ikeya-Seki, 268
image
analog, 440
digital, 440
erect, 427
inverted, 428
resolution, 504
index of refraction, 419–421
inferior conjunction, 100, 125
infrared spectrum, 463
infrared astronomy, 463–465
interference pattern, 438, 455
interferometry, 455–457
intergalactic distances, 370–371
intergalactic travel, 493–497
International Date Line, 8
interplanetary dust, 263
interplanetary travel, 488–493
interstellar travel, 493–497
inverse-square law, 134
inverted image, 428
ion engine, 483–484
ionosphere, of Earth, 204–205, 452
irregular galaxies, 354
Ishtar, 142
Jansky, Karl, 453
Jastrow, Robert, 497
jet stream, of Earth, 204, 206
June solstice, 57–59
Jupiter, 171–176
belts, 175
atmosphere and weather, 175
composition, 173–174
Great Red Spot, 175–176
magnetosphere of, 174
major moons of, 242–246
radio emissions from, 459
year and day, 172–173
zones, 175
Kant, Immanuel, 236
Kellner eyepiece, 514–515
Kepler, Johannes, 99, 101, 230–231
Keplerian refractor, 428–429, 509–510
Kepler’s laws, 230–231
Kepler’s third law, 99, 101, 231
kilohertz, 448
Kuiper Belt, 192, 260–261, 266
Lagrange points, 250
Laplace, Pierre-Simon Marquis de, 236
Large Magellanic Cloud, 65
last quarter moon, 91–93
latitude, 4–7
celestial, 9–12
law of reflection, 418–419
lens
achromatic, 429
compound, 429
concave, 424–425
converging, 422–424
convex, 422–424
diverging, 424–425
planoconcave, 425
planoconvex, 424
lens sag, 430
libration, 90
light rays, 418
light sail, 487
light-gathering area, 423, 433
light-pollution-reduction (LPR) filter, 521–522
lines of electrical flux, 448–449
lines of magnetic flux, 448–449
little dipper, 28–29
lobes, 455
celestial, 9–12
long-period variable, 331
low tide, 95
Lowell, Percival, 153
luminiferous ether, 382
Luna, 87
lunacy, 97
lunar apogee, 90
lunar day, 95
lunar eclipse, 108–109
lunar filter, 520–521
lunar perigee, 90
lunar tidal wave, 96
Lyttleton, Raymond, 264–265
Magellan, 65
large, 65
small, 64
magnetic field, 447
magnetic flux, lines of, 448–449
magnetospheres, planetary, 491–492
magnitude
absolute visual, 319–320
apparent visual, 319–320
Malthus, Thomas, 292
Malthusian scenario, 292–293
mantle, of Earth, 201
March equinox, 55–56
Mariner 4, 151–152
Mariner 10, 128
Mars, 147–169
atmosphere and weather, 152–153
canals, 153–154
interior, 150–151
life on, 153–154
moons of, 158–162
surface, 151–152
year, day, and seasons, 148–150
mass distortion, 392–395
matter, 343–347
matter-antimatter engine, 485–486
Medusa, 32
Mensa, 64–65
Merak, 30
Mercator projection, 21
Mercury, 123–128, 131–138, 460–461
median radius, 337
megahertz, 448
meridians, 4–5
mesosphere, 204
metal-deficient star, 338
meteor, 263
meteor orbits, 461–462
meteor showers, 276–278
meteoric dust, 263
meteorite, 263
meteoroid origins, 273–274
Michelson, Albert, 382
Michelson-Morley experiment, 382
micrometeoroid, 263
microwaves, 450
Mimas, 250
minutes of arc, 5
Mira, 76–77
Mira variable, 331
Miranda, 251
mirror
concave, 426–427
convex, 425–426
parabolic, 427
paraboloidal, 427
spherical, 427
model star, 331–332
Moon filter, 520–521
Morley, Edward, 382
multiple star, 327
Musca, 62–63
natural satellite, 87
natural selection, 287–289
near infrared, 323
near ultraviolet, 323
dark, 338
emission, 339
planetary, 339–340
nebular theory, 233–238
Neptune, 186–189
composition, atmosphere, and weather, 187–188
Great Dark Spot, 188
moon of, 255–256
year and day, 186–187
19891NR, 188
neutron, 344
new moon, 90–93
Newtonian reflector, 430–431, 510–511
Newton’s third law, 443
night vision, 503
noctilucent clouds, 130
nodes, 455
North Atlantic Ocean, 206–207
north celestial pole, 11, 17, 53
north geographic pole, 4
northern hemisphere, 6
northern lights, 105
nuclear fusion, 101
OBAFGKM, 323–325
objective, 427–428, 432, 435, 510
achromatic, 510
apochromatic, 510
Octans, 66–67
one-way membrane, 356
opposition, 148
optics, 417–422
optoelectronic sensor, 438
orange dwarf, 327
orbital resonance, 189–190, 249–250
order of magnitude, 450
organic chemicals, 247
organisms, 289
Orpheus, 42
orthoscopic eyepiece, 514–515
outer planets, 171–192
Ozma, 295–296
ozone, 204
parabolic mirror, 427
paraboloidal mirror, 427
parallels, 4–5
parsec, 321–322
particle accelerator, 394
partial lunar eclipse, 108
path loss, 462
Pavo, 64
Pawsey, J. L., 455
pedestal support, 522–523
penumbra
of shadow, 106–109
of sunspot, 104–105
Pericles, 26
perigee, lunar, 90
perihelion
of Earth, 98
of Mercury, 126
of Venus, 128
period, 330
phase
first quarter, 91–93
full, 91–93
inferior planets, 124–125
lunar, 90–93
new, 90–93
waning crescent, 91–93
waning gibbous, 91–93
waxing crescent, 90–93
waxing gibbous, 91–93
photometer, 437–438
photosensor, 437
photosynthesis, 287
Piazzi, Guiseppe, 262
Pioneer, 174
pixel, 440
plane of the ecliptic, 21
planetary filter, 522
planetary nebula, 339–340
planetesimal, 235
planetoid, 262
planoconcave lens, 425
planoconvex lens, 424
Pleiades, 44, 49–50, 80–81, 336
Plossl eyepiece, 515
atmosphere, 190
composition, 190
moon of, 255–256
year and day, 190
point of view, 384–386
pointer stars, 30
polar orbit, 136–137
Polaris, 28
porro prism, 506–507
precession, 200
prime meridian, 8
probability, 223–225
probability fallacy, 224
proton, 343–344
protostar, 327
Proxima Centauri, 299
Ptolemaic model, 227–229
Ptolemy, 227
pulsar, 350–354
Pythagoras, 101
quasi-stellar radio source, 372
R R Lyrae variable, 331
radar astronomy, 459–463
radiant, 277–278
radiation counter, 472–473
radiation sickness, 491
radio amateurs, 453
radio astronomy, 453–459
radio galaxy, 369–370, 457, 471
radio sky, 457–458
radio Sun, 458
radio telescope, 453–459
Ramsden eyepiece, 514–515
rays, 274–275
Reber, Grote, 453–454
red dwarf, 327
reflecting telescope
Cassegrain, 431
law of, 418–419
total internal, 420
refracting telescope
Galilean, 427–428
refraction, 419–421
index of, 419–421
refractive index, 419–421
relativity, 381–404
general theory of, 395–404, 460–461
special theory of, 381–395
resolution, 432–433
Reticulum, 64–65
reverse triangulation, 101–102
ribonucleic acid, 287
right-ascension bearing, 524
Ring Nebula, 339
robot astronauts, 480–482
roof prism, 506–507
rotating-cloud theory, 234
Roy G. Biv, 323
Russell, Henry, 325
Ryle, Martin, 455
Sagan, Carl, 301
Sahara Desert, 208–209
Sandage, A., 372
Saturn, 176–180
composition, atmosphere, and weather, 178–179
major moons of, 246–250
rings, 180
year and day, 177–178
Saturn booster, 482
Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope, 270, 512–513
Schwarzchild, Karl, 356
Schwarzchild radius, 356–357
Scooter, 188
Sea of Crises, 94
Sea of Tranquillity, 94
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), 284, 295
seconds of arc, 5
sensitivity, 504
sferics, 453
shepherd moons, 186
Shklovskii, Iosif S., 369
shortwave, 452
sidereal lunar orbital period, 89
siderites, 279
sighting device, 516–517
simultaneity, 381–385
singularity, 354
Sky and Telescope, 502–504
slew rate, 528
Small Magellanic Cloud, 64
soft ultraviolet, 467
solar eclipse, 106–108
solar filter, 519–520
solar flare, 105, 133–134, 271–272, 491
solar tidal wave, 96
solar wind, 462
solstice
December, 59–60
June, 57–59
summer, 18
winter, 18
south celestial pole, 11, 17, 53, 62
south geographic pole, 4
southern coordinates, 53–59
southern cross, 62
southern fly, 62
southern hemisphere, 6
southern lights, 105
Soyuz booster, 482
Space Shuttle, 482
space travel, rigors of, 157
spatial curvature, 398–399
spatial distortion, 390–392
special theory of relativity, 381–395
specific gravity, 177
spectra, stellar, 323–325
spectral classifications, 322–326
spectrograph, 438
spectrophotometer, 467
spectroscope, 130, 323, 438–439
spectroscopy, 104
speed of light, constancy of, 382–383
spherical aberration, 429
spherical mirror, 427
spiral galaxies, 365–367, 377–379
spiral nebulae, 363
Stanley, G., 457
star clusters
galactic, 336
globular, 336–338
open, 336
star diagonal, 516
star tracker, 443
stellar sail, 486–488
stellar spectra, 323–325
stereoscopic telescope, 506
Stickney, 161
stratosphere, of Earth, 204–205
sulfuric acid virga, 142
summer solstice, 18
Sun, 98–109, 333–334, 469, 477–478
Sungrazers, 268
sunspots, 104–105
superclusters, 369
blue, 327
white, 327
yellow, 330
superior conjunction, 124–125
synchronous-orbital radius, 159
synchrotron radiation, 459
synodic lunar orbital period, 88–89
tectonic plates, 276
tektites, 279–280
teleoperation, 480
telepresence, 480–482
telescope
absolute field of view of, 509
accessories, 513–522
aperture of, 508
Cassegrain reflector, 431
choosing, 508–513
focal ratio of, 508–509
f-ratio of, 508–509
Galiliean refractor, 427–428
Keplerian refractor, 428–429, 509–510
Newtonian reflector, 430–431, 510–511
normal-field, 510
rich-field, 510
Schmidt-Cassegrain, 511–512
terahertz, 449
terminator, 443
theories, 223–225
thermosphere, of Earth, 204–205
The War of the Worlds, 154
three-space, 357
tidal theory, 232–233
tidal wave
lunar, 96
solar, 96
tides, 94–97
high, 95
low, 95
time dilation, 299–300, 386–390, 400–401, 485, 495–497
Titius, Johann D., 261
total internal reflection, 420
total lunar eclipse, 108
total solar eclipse, 108
transit, 125
Triangulum, 62–63
Triangulum Australis, 63
tripod, 522
Triton, 255–256
troposphere, of Earth, 203–205
tsunami, 96
Tucana, 64–65
twilight line, 443
Tycho, 279
ultraviolet, 323, 450, 466–469
extreme, 466–468
hard, 466–468
soft, 467
sources of, 468–469
umbra
of shadow, 106–109
of sunspot, 104–105
Uranus, 180–186
composition, atmosphere, and weather, 184–185
major moons of, 250–254
rings, 185–186
year, day, and seasons, 182
Ursa Major, 29–30
Ursa Minor, 28–29
Van Allen radiation belts, 248, 491
variable star, 329–331
Cepheid, 330
eclipsing binary, 329–330
long-period, 331
Mira, 331
RR Lyrae, 331
Venera probes, 129
Venus, 123–125, 128–132, 139–144, 460
vernal equinox, 17
virtual reality, 480
visible light, 450
visual magnitude, 269
Volans, 66
Voyager, 174, 176, 182, 184, 185, 188
waning crescent moon, 91–93
waning gibbous moon, 91–93
War of the Worlds, 154
wavelength, 449
waxing crescent moon, 90–93
waxing gibbous moon, 91–93
Weather Underground, 15, 27, 61, 181, 186, 503
Wells, H. G., 154
western hemisphere, 8
Whipple, Fred, 264
white hole, 376
white supergiant, 327
winter solstice, 18
x-ray stars, 471
x-ray telescope, 470
yellow supergiant, 330
zero-g, 490
19891NR, 188