Chapter 1. Irreconcilable Differences
1. Charles J. Ingersoll, Historical Sketch of the Second War between the United States of America and Great Britain (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1845), 1: 20–23.
2. Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict (Chicago and Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 20–21.
3. Edward Preble to Robert Smith, October 23, 1803, Letters and Papers of Edward Preble, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division. See also numerous reports from John Rodgers, Stephen Decatur, Isaac Hull, Jacob Jones, and David Porter to the secretary of the Navy regarding British attempts to lure or impress U.S. Navy sailors, in Letters Received by the Secretary of the Navy from Commanders, National Archives and Records Administration [hereafter NARA], Record Group [hereafter RG] 45, microfilm roll [hereafter MR] 147.
4. Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 1: 36–38.
5. George C. Daughan, If by Sea: The Forging of the American Navy—from the American Revolution to the War of 1812 (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 276–77.
6. Walter R. Borneman, 1812: The War That Forged a Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 39–41. See also Lisa R. Morales, The Financial History of the War of 1812 (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2009).
7. Hickey, Forgotten Conflict, 17–19.
8. Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 1: 23–27.
9. Timothy Pickering to Rufus King, October 26, 1796, Timothy Pickering Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
10. James Madison, Message to Congress, Declaration of War, June 1, 1812, American State Papers, House Journal, 456–58.
11. Resolution of Maryland Legislature, November 26, 1811, in William H. Marine, The British Invasion of Maryland, 1812–1815 (Baltimore: Society of the War of 1812 in Maryland, 1913), 1–2.
12. Joseph H. Nicholson, quoted in Marine, British Invasion, 4.
13. Charles E. Trow, The Old Shipmasters of Salem, with Mention of Eminent Merchants (New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1905), 12–13; Report of Albert Gallatin to Congress, February 27, 1812, 12th Cong., 1st sess., American State Papers, Commerce and Navigation, 1: 926–28.
14. Trow, Shipmasters of Salem, 13.
15. Hickey, Forgotten Conflict, 55.
16. J. Thomas Scharf, The Chronicles of Baltimore (Baltimore: Turnbull Brothers, 1874), 309–16.
17. Various historians have estimated the antiwar population as 35 percent to 45 percent of Americans. See Hickey, Forgotten Conflict; Daughan, If by Sea; and Everett T. Thomlinson, The War of 1812 (New York: Silver Burdett and Company, 1906). The latter, although old, uses individual stories to detail Americans’ and Canadians’ views on the war.
18. William L. Calderhead, “A Strange Career in a Young Navy: Captain Charles Gordon, 1778–1816,” Maryland History Magazine 72, no. 3 (1972): 373–74.
19. Ibid.
20. Register of Officer Personnel United States Navy and Marine Corps and Ships’ Data, 1801–1807 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1945), 21.
21. Ibid.
22. Department of the Navy, Proceedings of the General Court Martial of Commodore James Barron, Captain Charles Gordon, Mr. William Hook and Captain John Hall of the United States Ship Chesapeake in June, 1808 (Washington, D.C.: Jacob Gideon Jr., 1822), 98–100.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., 6.
25. Ibid., 421.
26. Ibid., 422–23.
27. Ibid., 440.
28. Charles Gordon to Paul Hamilton, July 29, 1809, Letters of Masters Commandants to the Secretary of the Navy, NARA, RG 147, MR 2.
29. Paul Hamilton to Charles Gordon, August 19, 1809, Letters of Navy Secretaries to Officers, NARA, RG 149, MR 8.
30. Ibid., 57.
31. Marine, British Invasion, 2.
32. Federalist Republican, June 20, 1812, quoted in Marine, British Invasion, 7–8.
33. Exact and Authentic Narrative of the Events That Took Place in Baltimore the 27th and 28th of July Last, Carefully Collected from Some of the Eyewitnesses (Baltimore, Md., 1812) [hereafter Events], 4.
34. Ibid., 6.
35. Ibid., 5.
36. Ibid.
37. Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore, 338–39.
38. Events, 8.
39. Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore, 337–38.
40. Ibid., 339.
41. Calderhead, “A Strange Career,” 382.
42. Charles Gordon to John Bullus, May 7, 1812, Charles Gordon Collection, Miscellaneous Papers, New York Public Library.
43. Calderhead, “A Strange Career,” 386.
44. Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore, 339.
Chapter 2. A Very Exposed Coast
1. Historical Register of the Army of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903) [hereafter Army Register], 48.
2. Ibid., 63.
3. Ibid., 65.
4. Number of Troops in the Last War with Great Britain, 35th Cong., 1st sess. (n.s.) [hereafter Number of Troops], 2.
5. Ibid., 4.
6. Ibid., 3.
7. John R. Elting, Amateurs to Arms: A Military History of the War of 1812 (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books, 1991), 13–15, 136–39.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Report of Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton, December 14, 1811, American State Papers, Naval Affairs, 265.
11. Ibid.
12. See Chipp Reid, Intrepid Sailors: The Legacy of Preble’s Boys and the Tripoli Campaign (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2012).
13. Report of Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton, November 26, 1809, American State Papers, Naval Affairs [hereafter Hamilton Report to Congress], 202.
14. Howard I. Chapelle, History of the American Sailing Navy: The Ships and Their Development (New York: W. W. Norton, 1949), 189–91.
15. Annals of Congress, 9th Cong., 2nd sess., February 10, 1807, 460; Hamilton Report to Congress, 204.
16. Chapelle, Sailing Navy, 196–212.
17. Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Paine, September 6, 1807, Thomas Jefferson Papers, ser. 1, Library of Congress.
18. Albert Gleaves, James Lawrence (New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1904), 57–58.
19. Ibid., 58.
20. Ibid., 56.
21. Hamilton Report to Congress, 204.
22. Jefferson to Paine, September 6, 1807.
23. James R. Jacobs and Glenn Tucker, The War of 1812: A Compact History (New York: Hawthorne Books, 1969), 197.
24. F. Edward Wright, Maryland Militia, War of 1812 (Silver Spring, Md.: Family Line, 1979), 1: 16.
25. Ibid., 1: 20.
26. Jacobs and Tucker, The War of 1812, 197.
27. Robert Wirth and Thomas Pinder, unpublished research for Wells-McComma VFW Post, Edgemore, Md.
28. William James, The Naval History of Great Britain from the Declaration of War by France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV (London: R. Bentley, 1878), 4: 230.
29. James Scott, Recollections of a Naval Life (London: Richard Bentley, 1834), 3: 123.
30. Harold L. Peterson, The Book of the Continental Soldier (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1968), 42.
31. Oswald Tilghman, History of Talbot County, Maryland, 1661–1861 (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1915), 2: 157–59.
32. Marine, British Invasion, 48.
33. Ibid.
34. Calderhead, “A Strange Career,” 382.
35. John Warren to John W. Croker, January 9, 1813, Papers of Admiral Alexander I. Cochrane, Admiralty Letters to Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren, 1812–1814, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, MS2340 [hereafter Warren Orders].
36. Christopher T. George, Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay (Shippensburg, Pa.: White Maine Books, 2000), 12–13.
37. Ibid., 13.
38. John Philips Cranwell and William Bowers Crane, Men of Marque: A History of Private Armed Vessels out of Baltimore during the War of 1812 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1940), 371–401.
39. See Edgar Stanton Maclay, A History of American Privateers (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1899), for a complete story on privateers and their impact on the British economy. Maclay scatters statistics throughout the book.
Chapter 3. The Gathering Storm
1. Claude Berube and John Rodgaard, A Call to the Sea: Captain Charles Stewart of the USS Constitution (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2005), 66–68.
2. Ibid., 68.
3. Charles Stewart to William Jones, February 5, 1813, in Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, ed. William S. Dudley, (Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1985) [hereafter Documentary History], 2: 311.
4. Benjamin Bryan, Constellation log, February 3, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 393.
5. Charles Stewart to William Jones, February 3, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 311.
6. Log of HMS San Domingo, February 4–5, 1813, Public Records Office, London [hereafter PRO], ADM 512834.
7. Two books, both by Andrew Lambert, are invaluable for the study of Britain’s admirals and the Royal Navy in the Age of Sail: Admirals (London: Faber and Faber, 2009), and War at Sea in the Age of Sail (New York: Collins, 2005).
8. Dictionary of National Biography (London: Smith, Elder, and Company, 1908–9), 20: 679–72.
9. Ibid.
10. James Pack, The Man Who Burned the White House: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772–1853 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1987), 265.
11. Hickey, War of 1812, 283.
12. John W. Croker to North American station captains, July 10, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 185.
13. Adm. John Warren to Admiralty Lord John W. Croker, October 5, 1812, in Warren Orders.
14. Adm. John Warren to Admiralty Lord John W. Croker, January 9, 1813, in Warren Orders.
15. Log of HMS San Domingo, February 4–6, 1813.
16. Pack, George Cockburn, 24–30.
17. Scott, Recollections, 2: 119.
18. Ibid., 1: 15.
19. John W. Croker to George Cockburn, October 31, 1812, Sir George Cockburn Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division [hereafter Cockburn Papers].
20. Journal of George Cockburn, February 18, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
21. John Warren to George Cockburn, February 15, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
22. George Burdett to John Warren, February 9, 1815, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 271.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. George Burdett to John Warren, February 14, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
27. Maclay, History of American Privateers, 225–29; Donald A. Petrie, The Prize Game: Lawful Looting on the High Seas in the Days of Fighting Sail (New York: Berkley, 1999), 9–11, 147–63.
28. Brian Lavery, Nelson’s Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1793–1815 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1987), 116, 131.
Chapter 4. Lighting the Fuse
1. Norfolk Herald, February 5, 1813.
2. William F. Carson, “Norfolk and Anglo-American Relations, 1805–1815” (master’s thesis, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 1965), 124.
3. Charles Stewart to William Jones, March 22, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 316.
4. Cockburn journal, March 11, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
5. James Fenimore Cooper, History of the Navy of the United States (New York: Singer and Townsend, 1856), 2: 157.
6. Scott, Recollections, 3: 74–75.
7. Charles Stewart to William Jones, March 17, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 315.
8. Charles Stewart to William Jones, March 22, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 316.
9. George Cockburn to John Warren, March 13, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
10. George Cockburn to Commissioners of Victualing, May 19, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
11. William James, Naval History of Great Britain (London: R. Bentley, 1878), 3: 227.
12. John Croker to John Warren, March 20, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
13. Charles Ball, Fifty Years in Chains (New York: Dover, 1970), 469.
14. George Cockburn to Kendall Addison, June 11, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
15. Frank A. Cassell, “Slaves of the Chesapeake Bay Area and the War of 1812,” Journal of Negro History 57, no. 2 (1972): 144–55.
16. Ball, Fifty Years in Chains, 471.
17. Scott, Recollections, 3: 80.
18. Ibid., 81.
19. Ibid.
20. James Polkinghorne to John Warren, April 3, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 340.
21. Ibid.
22. Scott, Recollections, 3: 83.
23. Polkinghorne to Warren, April 3, 1813.
24. James, Naval History, 3: 225–26.
25. Log of HMS Fantome, April 8, 1813, PRO, ADM 51/2295; Scott, Recollections, 3: 92.
26. Elias Jones, History of Dorchester County, Maryland (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1902), 254.
27. Cockburn journal, April 12, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
28. Deposition of John Gibson, American State Papers, Military Affairs, 1: 363.
29. George Cockburn to John Warren, April 19, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
30. Ibid.
31. John Warren to John Croker, May 28, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
32. George Cockburn to John Warren, May 2, 1813, Cockburn Papers; Scott, Recollections, 2: 100.
33. Scott, Recollections, 3: 101–2.
34. Ibid.
35. Niles’ Register, May 15, 1813.
36. George Cockburn to John Warren, May 3, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
37. Ibid.
38. Marine, British Invasion, 35.
39. Cockburn to Warren, May 3, 1813.
Chapter 5. By Land and by Sea
1. Elting, Amateurs to Arms, 116–27.
2. Ibid., 103–8.
3. Levin Winder to Thomas Foreman, May 28, 1813; and Levin Winder to Caleb Hawkins, May 28, 1813, Maryland Governor and Council Letterbook, 1796–1818, Maryland State Archives, Annapolis [hereafter Governor’s Letterbook].
4. Winder to Foreman, May 28, 1813.
5. William Martin and Walter Dorsey to Levin Winder, May 25, 1813, Governor’s Letterbook.
6. Ibid.
7. Marine, British Invasion, 49–51.
8. Winder to Foreman, May 28, 1813.
9. Scott, Recollections, 3: 118–19.
10. Ibid., 120–22.
11. Log of HMS Mohawk, May 5, 1813; George Cockburn to John Warren, May 6, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
12. Adm. George Cockburn’s report to Adm. John Warren, May 6, 1813, in John Marshall, Royal Naval Biography; or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag Officers, Superannuated Rear Admirals, Retired Captains, Post Captains and Commanders (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1830), suppl. 3, p. 244.
13. George Johnston, History of Cecil County, Maryland (Elkton, Md., 1881), 420.
14. George Cockburn to John Warren, May 6, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
15. Johnston, Cecil County, 420.
16. Cockburn to Warren, May 6, 1813.
17. Deposition of Joshua Ward, American State Papers, Military Affairs, 1: 360.
18. Deposition of John Allen, American State Papers, Military Affairs, 1: 361.
19. Letter of Dr. Edward Scott, May 1813, Bryan Family Archives, Chestertown, Md.
20. Ibid.
21. Hulbert Footner, Rivers of the Eastern Shore—Seventeen Maryland Rivers (Cambridge, Md.: Read Books, 1944), 344–46.
22. Cockburn to Warren, May 6, 1813.
23. Niles’ Weekly Register, May 15, 1813.
24. Cockburn journal, May 17, 1813, Cockburn Papers; San Domingo log, May 8 and May 13, 1814.
25. San Domingo log, May 11, 1813; Scott, Recollections, 3: 116.
26. George Cockburn to John Stackpole, May 18, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
27. Ibid.
28. William Jones to Charles Gordon, February 16, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 331.
29. Charles Gordon to William Jones, February 16, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 331.
30. William Jones to Charles Gordon, April 15, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 349.
31. Ibid.
32. Charles Gordon to William Jones, April 18, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 350.
33. Charles Gordon to William Jones, May 19, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 351.
34. Ibid., 2: 352.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Jones to Gordon, April 15, 1813.
38. Charles Gordon to William Jones, June 21, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 353.
39. Ibid., 2: 352.
Chapter 6. Target: Norfolk
1. Henry Earl Bathurst to Col. Thomas Beckwith, March 20, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 326.
2. Log of HMS Barrosa, 358–65; Paul Harris Nicolas, Historical Record of the Royal Marine Forces (London: Thomas and William Boone, 1845), 2: 242.
3. George Cockburn orders, July 12, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
4. Napier, Life and Opinions, 1: 222.
5. Stuart Lee Butler, A Guide to Virginia Militia Units in the War of 1812 (Athens, Ga.: New Papyrus Publishing, 1988), 227–43.
6. John Cassin to William Jones, June 21, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 358–59.
7. Robert Taylor to John Armstrong, June 18, 1813, quoted in George, Terror on the Chesapeake, 42.
8. Dictionary of Naval Biography (London, 1909), 2: 191–92.
9. Ibid., 14: 41–43.
10. Napier, Life and Opinions, 1: 224.
11. George Cockburn journal, June 12, 1813, and June 16, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
12. Butler, Virginia Militia Units, 173.
13. James Saunders to George Cockburn, June 20, 1813, Cockburn Papers; Cassin to Jones, June 21, 1813.
14. John Warren to George Cockburn, June 21, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
Chapter 7. The Battle of Norfolk
1. James Faulkner, letter, June 10, 1813, James Faulkner Papers, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.
2. Butler, Virginia Militia Units, 232, 242.
3. Ibid.
4. Thomas Crabbe, “Recollections of the Last War,” United States Nautical Magazine 1 (1846): 341–44.
5. Henry Beatty to Moses Myers, undated letter, Henry Beatty Collection, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.
6. Napier, Life and Opinions, 1: 223–25; Scott, Recollections, 3: 104–5.
7. Napier, Life and Opinions, 1: 217.
8. James Jarvis to Leopold P. C. Cowper, February 12, 1849, Report of the Select Committee on the Defense of Craney Island, Virginia General Assembly, House of Delegates, 1848 [hereafter Defense of Craney Island], 18.
9. Ibid., 20–24.
10. Ibid., 21; James Faulkner to Elisha Boyd, July 6, 1813, Faulkner Papers.
11. Robert Taylor to John Armstrong, July 4, 1813, printed in Norfolk Gazette, July 14, 1813.
12. Napier, Life and Opinions, 1: 228; Defense of Craney Island, 24.
13. Ibid., 25–26.
14. Scott, Recollections, 3: 141–43.
15. William James, Naval History, 6: 232.
16. Scott, Recollections, 3: 145.
17. Defense of Craney Island, 21, 24.
18. Sydney Beckwith to Robert Taylor, July 6, 1813, American State Papers, Military Affairs, 1: 378–79.
19. Log of HMS San Domingo, June 22, 1813.
20. Ibid.; Scott, Recollections, 3: 145.
21. John Warren to John Croker, June 24, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 360.
22. John Warren to Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, June 23, 1813, unbound manuscript collection of the correspondence between Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren and Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, First Lord of the Admiralty, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England [hereafter Warren-Dundas correspondence].
23. Defense of Craney Island, 21.
24. Butler, Virginia Militia Units, 231.
25. John Warren to Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, June 26, 1813, Warren-Dundas correspondence.
26. Thomas Beckwith to John Warren, June 26, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 363; Log of HMS San Domingo, June 22, 1813.
27. Stapleton Crutchfield to James Barbour, June 28, 1813, printed in National Intelligencer, July 6, 1813.
28. Ibid.
29. Cockburn journal, June 24–25, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
30. Crutchfield to Barbour, June 28, 1813.
31. Ibid.
32. John Cooper to Charles Mallory, June 28, 1813, printed in Niles’ Weekly Register, July 10, 1813.
33. Nicolas, Royal Marines, 2: 244.
34. Crutchfield to Barbour, June 28, 1813; Cooper to Mallory, June 28, 1813.
35. Ibid.
36. Nicolas, Royal Marines, 2: 245.
37. Beckwith to Warren, June 26, 1813.
38. Ibid.; Crutchfield to Barbour, June 28, 1813.
39. George Cockburn journal, June 25, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
40. Niles’ Weekly Register, August 21, 1813.
41. John Warren to Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, July 6, 1813, Warren-Dundas correspondence.
42. Beckwith to Taylor, July 6, 1813; Napier, Recollections, 3: 151.
43. Robert Taylor to Thomas Beckwith, July 5, 1813, American State Papers, Military Affairs, 1: 379.
44. George Cockburn journal, June 28, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
45. John Warren to Robert Taylor, June 29, 1813, American State Papers, Military Affairs, 1: 376.
Chapter 8. Off the Beaten Path
1. Marine, British Invasion, 52.
2. Ibid., 54.
3. John Warren to George Cockburn, March 6, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
4. John Farnum to Nathaniel Shaler, July 13, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 186.
5. The War (newspaper), July 20, 1813.
6. John Warren to Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, July 6, 1813, Warren-Dundas correspondence.
7. Nicolas, Royal Marines, 2: 246–47.
8. Thomas Singleton to William Hawkins, July 24, 1813, Governor William Hawkins Letterbook, North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh.
9. Farnum to Shaler, July 13, 1813.
10. Napier, Life and Opinions, 1: 214.
11. George Cockburn to John Warren, July 12, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
12. Ibid.
13. Farnum to Shaler, July 13, 1813; Cockburn to Warren, July 12, 1813.
14. Nicolas, Royal Marines, 2: 248.
15. Singleton to Hawkins, July 24, 1813.
16. Ibid.
17. Cockburn to Warren, July 12, 1813.
18. Log of HMS Sceptre, July 14, 1813; Singleton to Hawkins, July 24, 1813.
19. Cockburn to Warren, July 12, 1813.
20. George Cockburn to John Warren, July 19, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 365–66.
21. Log of HMS Diadem, July 2, 1813.
22. John Warren to Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, July 2, 1813, and July 22, 1813, Warren-Dundas correspondence.
23. Log of HMS Junon, June 28–29, 1813.
24. Logs of HMS Barrosa, HMS Junon, HMS Mohawk, and HMS Narcissus, June 30, 1813; National Intelligencer, July 9, 1813.
25. National Intelligencer, July 9, 1813.
26. Log of HMS Junon, July 3, 1813.
27. Robert F. Fulton, Torpedo War and Submarine Explosives (New York: William Elliott, 1810), 27.
28. James T. de Kay, The Battle of Stonington: Torpedoes, Submarines, and Rockets in the War of 1812 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1990), 29.
29. Scott, Recollections, 3: 69–72.
30. Log of HMS Plantagenet, July 27, 1813; Easton Star, August 10, 1813.
31. William Jones to Elijah Mix, August 25, 1813, Letters of the Secretary of the Navy to Junior Officers, NARA, RG 45.
32. Log of HMS Plantagenet, July 24, 1813.
33. Jones to Mix, August 25, 1813.
34. Ibid.
35. John Warren to John Croker, July 29, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 1: 368–69.
36. John Warren to Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, June 1, 1813, Warren-Dundas correspondence.
37. Charles Morris, Autobiography of Commodore Charles Morris (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 61–63.
38. Henry McClintock to William Jones, July 19, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 1: 368.
39. National Intelligencer, July 19, 1813.
40. Morris, Autobiography, 62–63.
41. Henry McClintock to William Jones, July 19, 1813.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Log of HMS Barrosa, July 20, 1813; Nicolas, Royal Marines, 2: 247.
46. Thomas Beckwith to Henry Goulburn, July 23, 1813, Warren-Dundas correspondence.
Chapter 9. The Long, Hot Summer
1. Cockburn journal, July 26, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
2. National Intelligencer, July 29, 1813.
3. Charles Morris to William Jones, July 18, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 370.
4. William Jones to Charles Morris, July 18, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 372.
5. John Warren to Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, July 22, 1813, Warren-Dundas correspondence.
6. John Warren to Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, August 23, 1813, Warren-Dundas correspondence.
7. Cockburn journal, August 6–7, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
8. Scott, Recollections, 3: 159–60.
9. Oswald Tilghman, History of Talbot County, Maryland (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1915), 2: 161.
10. Charles Morris to William Jones, August 13, 1813, Letters of Captains to the Secretary of the Navy, NARA, RG 45.
11. Morris, Autobiography, 63.
12. Tilghman, Talbot County, 2: 161.
13. Maine, British Invasion, 54.
14. Tilghman, Talbot County, 2: 161.
15. Ibid., 2: 157–60.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., 2: 164.
18. Henry Baker to George Cockburn, August 10, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Tilghman, Talbot County, 2: 166.
22. J. C. Adams, undated letter in Samuel A. Harrison Manuscript Collection, Maryland Historical Society, MS 432.
23. Interview with Thomas Auld, James Harrison Manuscript Collection.
24. James Polkinghorne to Henry Baker, August 10, 1815, Cockburn Papers.
25. George Cockburn to John Warren, August 10, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
26. Cockburn journal, August 10, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
27. Wright, Maryland Militia, 1: 46.
28. John Warren to John Croker, August 23, 1813, Warren-Dundas correspondence.
29. Wright, Maryland Militia, 1: 49–50.
30. William Nicholson to Thomas Wright, August 13, 1813, Maryland Historical Society, Manuscript MS 1846 [hereafter Nicholson Report].
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Napier, Life and Opinions, 1: 215.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., 1: 216.
37. Nicholson Report.
38. William Nicholson, letter to the editor, Easton Star, August 23, 1813.
39. Nicholson Report.
40. Wright letter to the editor, August 23, 1813.
41. Napier, Life and Opinions, 1: 220.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
Chapter 10. Bay Blues
1. John Warren to Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, September 6, 1813, Warren-Dundas correspondence.
2. Logs of HMS Mohawk and HMS San Domingo, August 28, 1813.
3. John Croker to John Warren, November 4, 1813, Papers of Sir Alexander Cochrane—Admiralty Letters Addressed to Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren and Delivered to Admiral Cochrane on His Assuming Command, MS 2340, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.
4. Napier, Life and Opinions, 1: 230; Nicolas, Royal Marines, 2: 250.
5. Cockburn journal, October 21, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
6. Robert Barrie to Mrs. George Clayton, September 4, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 384–85.
7. Samuel Jackson to Robert Barrie, September 23, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 385–86.
8. Robert Barrie to George Cockburn, October 12, 1813, Cockburn Papers.
9. Ibid.
10. Log of HMS Dragon, November 1, 1814; National Intelligencer, November 12, 1813.
11. Log of HMS Dragon, November 3, 1813.
12. George Pedlar to Robert Barrie, November 5, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 395.
13. Robert Barrie to John Warren, November 14, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 395–96.
14. Report of the Treasury Department, December 16, 1813, American State Papers, Finance, Senate, 13th Cong., 2nd sess., 2: 648.
15. Report of the Treasury Department, January 10, 1814, American State Papers, Finance [hereafter Treasury Report], 2: 649–50.
16. Albert Gallatin to James Madison, March 5, 1813, and April 6, 1813, James Madison Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, ser. 1 [hereafter Madison Papers].
17. U.S. Department of Commerce, Historical Statistics of the United States from Colonial Times to 1970, pt. 2, p. 1115.
18. Treasury Report, January 10, 1814.
19. Gene Allen Smith, The Slaves’ Gamble: Choosing Sides in the War of 1812 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 96.
20. Robert Barrie to John Warren, November 16, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 396.
21. Smith, Slaves’ Gamble, 94–95; Ball, Adventures, 348–54.
22. Henry Adams, History of the United States of America during the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 7: 44; Borneman, 1812, 252–56.
23. James Madison to John Armstrong, September 8, 1813, Madison Papers, ser. 3.
24. Albert Gallatin to James Madison, April 16, 1813, Madison Papers, ser. 3.
25. Alexander Cochrane, The Fighting Cochranes (London: Quiller Press, 1983), 141–48.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., 311.
28. Alexander Cochrane to Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, March 25, 1814, Correspondence and Papers of Admiral the Honorable Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane Royal Navy, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division [hereafter Cochrane Papers].
29. Cochrane, Fighting Cochranes, 237–39.
30. Ibid., 245–48.
31. Robert Stewart Lord Castlereagh, Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry (London: William Shoberl, 1848–51), 9: 34–35.
32. Alexander Cochrane to George Cockburn, April 28, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
33. Alexander Cochrane to Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville, March 10, 1814, Cochrane Papers.
34. Ibid.
35. Alexander Cochrane to Earl Henry Bathurst, March 25, 1814, Cochrane Papers.
36. George Prevost to Alexander Cochrane, May 17, 1814, Cochrane Papers.
37. Alexander Cochrane to Earl Henry Bathurst, July 1, 1814, Cochrane Papers.
38. Alexander Cochrane to George Cockburn, July 1, 1814, Cochrane Papers.
39. Henry Goulburn to John Croker, March 18, 1813, Cochrane Papers.
40. Walter Lord, By Dawn’s Early Light (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), 37–38; Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1998), 21.
41. Earl Henry Bathurst to Alexander Cochrane, May 20, 1814, Cochrane Papers.
42. Ibid.
43. Alexander Cochrane proclamation, April 2, 1814, Cochrane Papers.
44. Smith, Slaves’ Gamble, 93.
45. James Madison to John Armstrong, May 20, 1814, Madison Papers, ser. 3.
Chapter 11. Sloops, Frigates, and Galleys
1. Charles Morris, Autobiography of Commodore Charles Morris, U.S. Navy (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 68.
2. Howard I. Chapelle, History of the American Sailing Navy (New York: W. W. Norton, 1949), 233.
3. Morris, Autobiography, 71.
4. Charles Morris to William Jones, December 31, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 401.
5. Ibid., 2: 402.
6. Morris, Autobiography, 72.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. For officers’ reactions to Lawrence’s death, see Morris, Autobiography; Alexander Slidell McKenzie, The Life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1840); Cooper, History of the Navy of the United States of America; and Fletcher Pratt, Preble’s Boys (New York: William Sloane, 1950), 155–56.
11. Charles Gordon to William Jones, October 12, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 388.
12. Ibid., 2: 387.
13. Charles Stewart to William Jones, October 18, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 370.
14. Benjamin Bryan to William Jones, November 13, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 394.
15. William Jones to Charles Gordon, October 28, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 393.
16. Charles Gordon to William Jones, December 3, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 398.
17. William Jones to Charles Gordon, January 5, 1814, in Michael J. Crawford, Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, vol. 3 (Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center), 6.
18. Charles Gordon to William Jones, February 11, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 8.
19. Joseph Tarbell to William Jones, February 15, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 8.
20. Charles Gordon to William Jones, February 24, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 10.
21. William Jones to Charles Gordon, April 15, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 13.
22. Report of William Jones to Congress, February 6, 1813, American State Papers, Naval Affairs, 1: 285.
23. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir of Commodore Joshua Barney (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1832), 115–17; Louis Norton, Joshua Barney: Hero of the Revolution and 1812 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2000), 78–80.
24. Biography of Joshua Barney from Captain Barney’s Victory over the General Monk (Philadelphia, 1806); William Frederick Adams, Joshua Barney, U.S.N (Springfield, Mass., 1910); Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir; Hubert Footner, Sailor of Fortune: The Life and Adventures of Commodore Barney, U.S.N. (New York: Harper Brothers, 1940); Norton, Joshua Barney; Ralph D. Paine, Joshua Barney: A Forgotten Hero of Blue Water (New York: Century, 1924).
25. Joshua Barney to William Jones, undated letter, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 463.
26. Samuel Smith to William Jones, June 10, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 148.
27. William Jones to Samuel Smith, June 17, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 149–50.
28. Paine, Forgotten Hero, 168–69.
29. William Jones to Joshua Barney, September 2, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 360.
30. Joshua Barney to William Jones, December 15, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 399.
31. Walter Lord, By Dawn’s Early Light (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), 26.
32. Joshua Barney to William Jones, December 17, 1813, in Dudley, Documentary History, 2: 399.
Chapter 12. Old Tricks
1. Scott, Recollections, 3: 178.
2. Robert Barrie to Eliza Clayton, March 14, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 18.
3. Alexander Cochrane to George Prevost, March 11, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 38.
4. Alexander Cochrane to George Cockburn, April 27, 1813, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 51–52.
5. Cockburn journal, April 27, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
6. George Cockburn to John Warren, April 18, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
7. George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, April 28, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
8. George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, April 29, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
9. George Cockburn to William Hammond, May 19, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
10. George Cockburn to John W. Croker, September 2, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
11. Smith, Slaves’ Gamble, 112.
12. Cockburn to Cochrane, April 28, 1814; Scott, Recollections, 3: 119–20.
13. George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, May 10, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
14. Donald G. Shomette, Flotilla: The Patuxent Naval Campaign in the War of 1812 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 65.
15. George Watts to George Cockburn, May 3, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
16. James Ross to George Cockburn, May 29, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
17. Ibid.
18. The War (newspaper), June 14, 1814.
19. Cockburn to Cochrane, April 29, 1814.
20. William Jones to Joshua Barney, April 18, 1814, Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 55.
21. Joshua Barney to William Jones, April 14, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 54.
22. Joshua Barney to William Jones, May 12, 1814, Letters of Captains to the Secretary of the Navy, NARA, RG 45, MR 148.
23. Joshua Barney to William Jones, January 14, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 33.
24. Barney to Jones, April 4, 1814.
25. Orders to Spence to send his men to the flotilla, William Jones to Robert Spence, April 4, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 25; condition of the sailors sent to the flotilla in Joshua Barney to William Jones, April 15, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 54.
26. Joshua Barney to William Jones, April 15, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 54.
27. Joshua Barney to William Jones, May 4, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 56–57.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Joshua Barney to William Jones, May 11, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 58.
31. Shomette, Flotilla, 66.
32. George Cockburn to Robert Barrie, May 31, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
33. Robert Barrie to George Cockburn, June 1, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 78.
34. Joshua Barney to William Jones, June 3, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 80.
35. Barrie to Cockburn, June 1, 1814.
36. Barney to Jones, June 3, 1814; Barrie to Cockburn, June 1, 1814.
37. Barney to Jones, June 3, 1804.
38. Barrie to Cockburn, June 1, 1814.
39. Barney to Jones, June 3, 1804.
40. Barrie to Cockburn, June 1, 1814.
41. George Cockburn to Robert Barrie, June 3, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
Chapter 13. Up a Creek
1. Joshua Barney to William Jones, June 3, 1813, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 81.
2. William Jones to Joshua Barney, June 6, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 82.
3. Robert Barrie to George Cockburn, June 3, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
4. Scott, Recollections, 3: 229–31.
5. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 256.
6. George Cockburn to Robert Barrie, June 3, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
7. Robert Barrie to George Cockburn, June 11, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 89.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 257–58.
11. Joshua Barney to William Jones, June 11, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 88–89; Robert Barrie to George Cockburn, June 11, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
12. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 258; Barrie to Cockburn, June 11, 1814.
13. Joshua Barney to William Jones, June 13, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 99.
14. Barrie to Cockburn, June 11, 1814.
15. Joshua Barney to William Jones, June 20, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 105.
16. Barney to Jones, June 13, 1814.
17. Barrie to Cockburn, June 11, 1814; Robert Barrie to George Cockburn, June 14, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
18. Charles Gordon to William Jones, June 12, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 91.
19. Ibid., 3: 92.
20. Charles Gordon to William Jones, June 29, 1814, in Crawford Documentary History, 3: 93.
21. Charles Gordon to William Jones, July 18, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 96.
Chapter 14. Fire on the Patuxent
1. Samuel Miller Papers, U.S. Marine Corps Museum, Quantico, Va.
2. Ibid.; Edwin N. McClellan, “History of the Marine Corps 1807 to 1812,” Marine Corps Gazette, March 1923 (electronic version).
3. William Jones, “Condition of the Navy, and the Progress Made in Providing Materials and Building Ships, March 18, 1814,” report to U.S. Senate, American State Papers, Naval Affairs, 1: 311–13.
4. William Jones to Franklin Wharton, June 10, 1814, in “Proceedings of Court of Enquiry into the Conduct of the Marines at St. Leonard’s Creek, Case No. 169,” NARA, RG 125, MR 273 [hereafter Miller Enquiry].
5. Edwin N. McClellan, History of the U.S. Marine Corps (Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps History Branch, 1925), ch. 10, p. 24.
6. Roster of Marines at St. Leonard and Bladensburg, Samuel Miller Papers.
7. William Jones to Joshua Barney, June 12, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 98.
8. Joshua Barney diary, quoted in Marine, British Invasion, 64–65.
9. Testimony of 1st Lt. Benjamin Richardson, Miller Enquiry.
10. Joshua Barney to William Jones, June 16, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 101–2.
11. Ibid.
12. Notes of Judge Advocate General, Miller Enquiry.
13. Robert Barrie to George Cockburn, June 19, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. American and Commercial Daily Advertiser, June 20, 1814.
19. Maryland Republican, June 25, 1814.
20. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 258.
21. Barrie to Cockburn, June 19, 1814.
22. George Cockburn to Robert Barrie, June 19, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
23. Joshua Barney to William Jones, June 20, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3:104.
24. Testimony of 1st Lt. Benjamin Richardson, Miller Enquiry.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Barney to Jones, June 20, 1814.
28. William Jones to Joshua Barney, June 14, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 100.
29. Ibid.
30. Joshua Barney to William Jones, June 16, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 101.
31. William Jones to Joshua Barney, June 18, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 102.
32. Ibid.
33. Barney to Jones, June 20, 1814.
34. William Jones to Joshua Barney, June 20, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 107.
35. Barney to Jones, June 20, 1814.
36. William Jones to Joshua Barney, June 21, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 109.
37. McClellan, Marine Corps History, ch. 11, p. 5. In 1834 Congress enacted legislation that placed the Marine Corps firmly under the Department of the Navy.
Chapter 15. The Battle of St. Leonard Creek
1. Testimony of Col. Henry Carberry, Miller Enquiry.
2. Deposition of Commodore Joshua Barney, Miller Enquiry.
3. Ibid.; testimony of Col. Decius Wadsworth, Miller Enquiry.
4. Testimony of 1st Lt. Benjamin Richardson, Miller Enquiry.
5. John Geoghegan to Joshua Barney, July 14, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 125.
6. Deposition of Joshua Barney, Miller Enquiry.
7. Thomas Brown to George Cockburn, June 23, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
8. Ibid.
9. Geoghegan to Barney, July 14, 1814.
10. Ibid.
11. National Intelligencer, July 19, 1814, letter of officers, 38th U.S. Infantry.
12. Testimony of Col. Henry Carberry and Maj. George Keyser, Miller Enquiry.
13. Testimony of Capt. Alfred Grayson and 1st Lt. Benjamin Richardson, Miller Enquiry.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Geoghegan to Barney, July 14, 1814.
17. Log of HMS Narcissus, June 26, 1814.
18. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 261.
19. National Intelligencer, July 29, 1814; Report of Col. Decius Wadsworth to Secretary of War John Armstrong, July 26, 1814, Miller Enquiry.
20. Ibid.
21. Testimony of Capt. Alfred Grayson, 1st Lt. Benjamin Richardson, and Lt. William Nicoll, Miller Enquiry; Samuel Miller to Franklin Wharton, June 27, 1814, published in the National Intelligencer, July 7, 1814.
22. Testimony of John Geoghegan, Miller Enquiry.
23. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 261.
24. Ibid., 259.
25. Joshua Barney to Louis Barney, June 27, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 123.
26. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 259.
27. Geoghegan to Barney, July 14, 1814.
28. National Intelligencer, July 2, 1814.
29. Miller to Wharton, June 27, 1814.
30. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 260; J. Barney to L. Barney, June 27, 1814.
31. Miller to Wharton, June 27, 1814.
32. Testimony of Col. Henry Carberry, Miller Enquiry.
33. Testimony of Col. Decius Wadsworth, Col. Henry Carberry, and Maj. George Keyser, Miller Enquiry.
34. Testimony of Col. Henry Carberry and Capt. Alfred Grayson, Miller Enquiry.
35. Testimony of 1st Lt. Benjamin Richardson, Miller Enquiry.
36. Deposition of Joshua Barney, Miller Enquiry.
37. National Intelligencer, July 9, 1814.
38. Thomas Brown to George Cockburn, June 27, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
39. Testimony of Col. Decius Wadsworth and Capt. Alfred Grayson, Miller Enquiry.
40. Ibid.
41. Testimony of Capt. Alfred Grayson and 1st Lt. Benjamin Richardson, Miller Enquiry.
42. National Intelligencer, July 9, 1814; extract from T. P. Andrews journal, June 26, 1814.
43. Testimony of Capt. Thomas Carberry, Miller Enquiry.
44. Joshua Barney to William Jones, June 26, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 123; log of HMS Loire, June 26, 1814.
45. Brown to Cockburn, June 27, 1814.
46. J. Barney to L. Barney, June 27, 1814.
47. Ibid.; Brown to Cockburn, June 27, 1814.
Chapter 16. Retribution and Recrimination
1. National Intelligencer, July 1–10, 1814.
2. Decision of Board of Officers, Miller Enquiry.
3. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 262.
4. Thomas E. King to Benjamin King, quoted in Shomette, Flotilla, 165.
5. Alexander Cochrane to George Cockburn, July 1, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
6. George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, July 17, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
7. Alexander Cochrane, General Order, July 18, 1814, Cochrane Papers.
8. George Cockburn to Robert Barrie, July 14, 1814; George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, July 17, 1814; George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, July 19 and 21, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
9. Cockburn journal, July 19, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
10. George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, July 21, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
11. Scott, Recollections, 3: 242–43.
12. Ibid, 3: 245–46.
13. Cyril Field, Britain’s Sea Soldiers: A History of the Royal Marines (Liverpool: Lyceum Press, 1924), 1: 299.
14. Joseph Nourse to George Cockburn, July 23, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
15. Ibid.
16. Joshua Barney to William Jones, July 21, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 147.
17. Joshua Barney to William Jones, July 24, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 148.
18. Nourse to Cockburn, July 23, 1814.
19. Cockburn journal, July 29–30, 1814, Cockburn Papers; Alexander Stuart to John Armstrong, July 24, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 167.
20. Scott, Recollections, 3: 250.
21. Frederick Chamier, Life of a Sailor (New York: J. J. Porter, 1833), 201.
22. The Petitions and Accompanying Papers relating to an Act of Congress for the Relief of Stephen Henderson, U.S. Treasury Department, Records of Various Settlements, NARA, RG 70, folder 862 [Henderson Claim].
23. Ibid.
24. Scott, Recollections, 3: 254–55.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 3: 256.
27. Cockburn journal, August 4, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
28. Deposition of Maj. Gen. Alexander Parker, Henderson Claim.
29. Scott, Recollections, 3: 258.
30. Ibid., 259.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid., 260–61.
34. George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, August 8, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
35. George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, August 13, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
36. Field, Sea Soldiers, 1: 300.
Chapter 17. Prelude to Disaster
1. John S. Williams, History on the Invasion of Washington (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1857), 45–48.
2. Ibid., 48.
3. Ibid., 47.
4. Richard M. Johnson et al., Report of the Committee on the Capture of Washington, American State Papers, Military Affairs [hereafter Johnson Report], 1: 524–25.
5. Williams, History on the Invasion of Washington, 77.
6. Ibid., 43.
7. William Winder to John Armstrong, July 9, 1814, in Report of Brig. Gen. William H. Winder, Johnson Report, 568.
8. Williams, History on the Invasion of Washington, 65.
9. Scott, Recollections, 3: 282.
10. Ibid.
11. William Jones to Joshua Barney, August 19, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 185.
12. Joshua Barney to William Jones, August 20, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 186.
13. William Jones to Joshua Barney, August 20, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 187.
14. William Jones to David Porter, August 19, 1814, and William Jones to John Rodgers, August 19, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 199.
15. George Gleig, Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans (London: John Murray, 1879), 54.
16. George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, August 22, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
17. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 268.
18. Williams, History on the Invasion of Washington, 66.
19. Report of John Van Vess, Johnson Report, 581.
20. Johnson Report, 527.
21. James Monroe to James Madison, August 23, 1814, Johnson Report, 539.
22. Johnson Report, 527.
23. Winder, Johnson Report, 555.
24. Ibid.
25. James Monroe to William Jones, August 19, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 197.
26. Report of Lt. Col. Jacint Laval, Johnson Report, 570.
27. Gleig, Campaigns of the British Army, 57.
28. Winder, Johnson Report, 556.
29. Ibid.
30. Report of Capt. Benjamin Burch, Johnson Report, 574.
31. Ibid.
32. Report of Brig. Gen. Tobias E. Stansbury, Johnson Report, 561.
33. George Cockburn to Alexander Cochrane, August 23, 1814, Cockburn Papers.
Chapter 18. The Bladensburg Races
1. Report of Brig. Gen, Tobias Stansbury, Johnson Report, 561.
2. Gleig, Campaigns of the British Army, 63.
3. William Winder to John Armstrong, August 24, 1814, in Documents Accompanying the Report of the Committee Appointed on the Twenty-Third of September Last to Inquire into the Causes and Particulars of the Invasion of the City of Washington by the British Forces in the Month of August, 1814 (Washington, D.C.: A and G Way Printers, 1814) [hereafter Committee Inquiry], 115.
4. Report of William Winder, Committee Inquiry, 117.
5. Report of Benjamin Burch, Johnson Report, 574.
6. Report of John Armstrong, Committee Inquiry, 80.
7. Winder, Committee Inquiry, 146.
8. Ibid.
9. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 261.
10. Report of Joshua Barney, Committee Inquiry, 283.
11. Armstrong, Committee Inquiry, 81.
12. Ibid.
13. Stansbury, Johnson Report.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Report of James Monroe, Johnson Report, 537; Williams, History on the Invasion of Washington, 282.
17. Ibid.
18. Monroe, Johnson Report.
19. Stansbury, Johnson Report.
20. Gleig, Campaigns of the British Army, 65.
21. Report of Benjamin Burch, Johnson Report, 574.
22. Report of William H. Winder, August 27, 1814, Committee Inquiry, 548.
23. Stansbury, Johnson Report, 562.
24. Report of William Pinkney, Johnson Report, 573.
25. Report of Walter Smith, Johnson Report, 565.
26. Report of Richard Rush, Johnson Report, 542.
27. Gleig, Campaigns of the British Army, 66; Stansbury, Johnson Report, 562.
28. Gleig, Campaigns of the British Army.
29. Ibid.
30. Pinkney, Johnson Report.
31. Report of Joseph Sterrett, Johnson Report, 568.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.; Pinkney, Johnson Report.
34. Pinkney, Johnson Report.
35. Winder, Committee Inquiry, 134.
36. Stansbury, Johnson Report, 562.
37. Barney, Committee Inquiry, 262.
38. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 265.
39. Ball, Fifty Years in Chains, 468.
40. Report of Walter Smith, Johnson Report, 565.
41. Report of Col. Jacint Laval, Committee Inquiry, 239.
42. Smith, Johnson Report, 566.
43. Barney, Johnson Report, 263.
44. Gleig, Campaigns of the British Army, 67.
45. Samuel Miller to David Henshaw, December 24, 1843, Samuel Miller Papers.
46. Barney, Johnson Report, 263.
47. Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1998), 83.
48. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 266–67; Scott, Recollections, 291.
49. Mary Barney, Biographical Memoir, 268; Scott, Naval Recollections, 292.
50. Winder, Committee Inquiry, 169.
51. Report of Hanson Catlett, Johnson Report, 586.
52. Winder, Committee Inquiry, 168.
Chapter 19. Fire and Ruin
1. Scott, Recollections, 3: 295.
2. Pitch, Burning of Washington, 87–88.
3. Thomas Tingey to William Jones, August 27, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 215.
4. William Jones, memorandum, August 24, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 215.
5. Mordecai Booth to Thomas Tingey, August 24, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 210.
6. Gleig, Campaigns of the British Army, 68.
7. Scott, Recollections, 3: 296.
8. Ibid., 301.
9. Report of Thomas Tingey, Johnson Report, 578.
10. Scott, Recollections, 3: 301.
11. Ibid., 304.
12. Ibid., 305.
13. Ibid., 305–6; Pitch, Burning of Washington, 137–38.
14. Scott, Recollections, 3: 308.
15. Williams, History on the Invasion of Washington, 268–69; Pitch, Burning of Washington, 138–39.
16. Scott, Recollections, 3: 313.
17. Edward Delaval Hungerford Elers Napier, The Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir Charles Napier (London: Hurst and Blankett, 1862), 78.
18. Ibid., 79.
19. Ibid., 80.
20. James Gordon to Alexander Cochrane, September 9, 1814, Cochrane Papers.
21. Report of John Morton, November 4, 1814, Johnson Report, 587.
22. Ibid.
23. William Winder to Samuel Dyson, August 24, 1814, in Williams, History on the Invasion of Washington, 272.
24. Samuel Dyson to John Armstrong, August 29, 1814, Johnson Report, 588.
25. Gordon to Cochrane, September 9, 1814.
26. Napier, Life and Correspondence, 80.
27. Ibid.
28. General Orders, Tenth Military District, November 17, 1814, Johnson Report, 588.
29. William Jones to John Rodgers, August 29, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 243.
30. Ibid.
31. William Jones to Oliver Hazard Perry, August 29, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 244.
32. William Jones to David Porter, August 29, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 244.
33. David Porter to William Jones, September 7, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 251–52; Oliver Hazard Perry to William Jones, September 3, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 248; John Rodgers to William Jones, September 3 and September 5, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 248–51.
34. Ibid.
35. Gordon to Cochrane, September 9, 1814.
36. Peter Parker to Alexander Cochrane, August 30, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 233.
37. Peter Parker to Alexander Cochrane, August 29, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 232.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Bills and Resolutions, 22nd Senate, 1st sess., March 9, 1832, S. Bill 141.
41. Chamier, Life of a Sailor, 1, 207.
42. Log of HMS Menelaus, August 30, 1814.
43. Edward F. Wright, Maryland Militia: War of 1812 (Silver Spring, Md.: Family Line, 1979), 1, 38.
44. Philip Reed to Benjamin Chambers, September 3, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 235–36.
45. Chamier, Life of a Sailor, 1, 211.
46. Ibid.; Reed to Chambers, September 3, 1814.
47. Henry Crease to Alexander Cochrane, September 1, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 234–35.
48. Ibid.
49. Reed to Chambers, September 3, 1814; Maine, British Invasion, 122.
Chapter 20. Baltimore
1. Pitch, Burning of Washington, 183–84.
2. John Rodgers to William Jones, September 7, 1814, in Crawford, ed., Documentary History, 3: 286.
3. Samuel Smith to James Monroe, September 17, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 291.
4. John Rodgers to William Jones, September 23, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 300.
5. Ibid.; Pitch, Burning of Washington, 185.
6. Rodgers to Jones, September 23, 1814.
7. Gleig, Campaigns of the British Army, 93.
8. Ibid.
9. Arthur Brooke to Earl Bathurst, September 17, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 282.
10. Gleig, Campaigns of the British Army, 95.
11. Scott, Recollections, 3: 337.
12. Smith to Monroe, September 17, 1814.
13. Gleig, Campaigns of the British Army, 96.
14. Smith to Monroe, September 17, 1814.
15. Brooke to Bathurst, September 17, 1814, 3: 283.
16. James Williams, Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences of the Late War between Britain and the United States (London, 1818), 2: 321.
17. Brooke to Bathurst, September 17, 1814.
18. Alexander Cochrane to John Croker, September 17, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 287.
19. Lt. Henry Newcomb to John Rodgers, September 10–14, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 292–93.
20. Cochrane to Croker, September 17, 1814.
21. George Armistead to James Monroe, September 24, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 303.
22. Arthur Brooke to Alexander Cochrane, September 13, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 277.
23. Armistead to Monroe, September 24, 1814.
24. Ibid.
25. Solomon Rutter to John Rodgers, September 14, 1814, Rodgers Family Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.
26. Williams, Full and Correct Account, 2: 323.
27. Brook to Bathurst, September 17, 1814, 3: 284.
28. Ibid.
29. Scott, Recollections, 3: 344.
30. Alexander Cochrane to George Cockburn, September 13, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 277.
31. Scott, Recollections, 3: 345.
32. Arthur Brooke to Alexander Cochrane, September 14, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 278.
33. Alexander Cochrane to Charles Napier, September 13, 1814, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 278.
34. Elers Napier, Charles Napier, 1: 89–90.
35. Ibid.; Henry Newcomb to John Rodgers, September 18, 1814, Rodgers Family Papers.
36. Elers Napier, Charles Napier, 1: 91; Armistead to Monroe, September 24, 1814.
37. Ralph Eshelman, Scott Sheads, and Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812 in the Chesapeake: A Reference Guide to Historic Sites in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 345.
38. Robert G. Stewart, “The Battle of the Ice Mound, February 7, 1815,” Maryland Historical Magazine 70, no. 4 (1975): 372–78; Eshelman et al., The War of 1812 in the Chesapeake, 149–50.
39. Elting, Amateurs to Arms, 285–93, 310–17.
40. Ibid.
41. Charles Gordon to Benjamin Crowninshield, February 15, 1815, in Crawford, Documentary History, 3: 365.