Endnotes
Chapter 1
1 Van Niekerk, Dolf. 1972. Die son struikel. Johannesburg: Perskor Publishers.
Chapter 2
1 Wilkens, I. & Strydom, H. 2012. The Super Afrikaners: Inside the Afrikaner Broederbond. Johannesburg and Cape Town: Jonathan Ball. Foreword by Max du Preez.
2 The report was written in Afrikaans and has been translated here into English.
3 Until Standard 4 (Grade 6) Eugene attended Laerskool Christiaan Beyers in Springs and for his Standard 5 year he went to Baanbreker Laerskool in Boksburg.
4 This political and cultural organisation was in favour of replacing the Union with an Afrikaner republic and was against South Africa’s participation in the Second World War. In the 1940s, when it became increasingly paramilitary, the Ossewabrandwag was banned.
5 Initially called Nongqai now Servamus.
6 Compiled from: De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for the Unisa criminologist, Prof. A. van der Hoven, as part of her evaluation for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996. Supplemented with information from my personal discussions with De Kock.
7 De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for the Unisa criminologist, Prof. A. van der Hoven, as part of her evaluation for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996. Supplemented with information from my personal discussions with De Kock.
8 Compiled from: De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for Prof. A. van der Hoven, as part of her evaluation for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996. Supplemented with information from my personal discussions with De Kock.
9 Compiled from: De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for Prof. A. van der Hoven, as part of her evaluation for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996.
10 Van der Hoven, A. Evaluation report re mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, Case No. CC 266/94. At the time, Van der Hoven was with Unisa’s Department of Criminology and testified on behalf of De Kock for mitigation of punishment.
Chapter 3
1 From August 1967 military service was obligatory for all white South African men above the age of 16 years.
2 De Kock, E. & Gordin, J. 1998. A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press.
3 De Kock, E. & Gordin, J. 1998. A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press.
4 De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for criminologist Prof. A. Van der Hoven as part of her evaluation report in mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996.
5 Ibid.
6 Sergeant Johan Kuhn, Constable Robert Swart, Constable Erhard Strydom, Constable Donnie Hough and Constable Willem Conradie were captured on 8 March 1974 while they were swimming in the Zambezi River.
7 De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for criminologist Prof. A. van der Hoven, as part of her evaluation report in mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996.
8 Henderson, J.L. 1990. Heroes and Hero Makers. In C. Jung et al. Man and His Symbols. London: Penguin Arkana.
9 Van der Hoven, A. 1996. Evaluation report in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, Case No. CC 266/94.
Chapter 4
1 Jansen, A. 2012. Eenheid 6: Die Oosrand brand. e-Nongqai 3(7), July 2012.
2 Scholtz, L. 2013. Die SAW in die Grensoorlog, 1966–1989. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
3 De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for criminologist Prof. A. van der Hoven as part of her evaluation report for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996.
4 From special Operation Koevoet, later called Ops K and then simply Koevoet (Crowbar).
5 Compiled from: De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for criminologist Prof. A. van der Hoven as part of her evaluation report for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996; and De Kock, E.A. ‘Red Horse War’, Unpublished manuscript.
6 Marlantes, Karl. What it is Like to Go to War. London: Corvus, 2011.
Chapter 5
1 De Kock, E. & Gordin, J. 1998. A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press.
2 Pittaway, J. Koevoet: The Men Speak. Unpublished manuscript.
3 Stiff, P. 2004. The Covert War: Koevoet Operations Namibia 1979–1989. Alberton: Galago Publishing.
4 Baker, D. Unpublished manuscript, copy in author’s possession. According to Baker, Derrick Botha handled administration. Interpretation of intelligence and interaction with 5 Recce was carried out by Jan Potgieter and Andy van der Walt. Investigation was Coetzee Els and Eric Winter’s responsibility. The operational investigation teams were divided as follows: Z4 under Sakkie du Plessis and André Erwee; Z6 under Diempie du Plessis and Timol Coetzee (at Ombalantu); and Z8 under Joos Engelbrecht (at Oganjera). Willem Botha and Okkie Marais handled Oshivelo. Sakkie van der Merwe and Dicks Dietrichsen were stationed at Onaimwandi, where captured SWAPO soldiers were held. At the fighting groups’ base, George Steyn and Chris Nell were responsible for recruitment, training, salaries, logistics and the welfare of the special constables.
5 Feinstein, A. 2011. Battle Scarred: Hidden Costs of the Border War. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
6 De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for criminologist Prof. A. van der Hoven as part of her evaluation for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996. Translated here into English.
7 De Kock, E. ‘Red Horse War’. Unpublished manuscript, copy in author’s possession.
8 Bradley died tragically on 31 March 2013, the night before he was due to leave his home in Durban to attend the unveiling of the Koevoet Wall of Remembrance at the Voortrekker Monument. He was attacked by robbers in his home and shot dead.
9 Hattingh, Dawid. Unpublished manuscript, copy in author`s possession.
10 Ibid.
11 Marlantes, Karl. 2011. What it is Like to Go to War. London: Corvus.
Chapter 6
1 Marlantes, K. 2011. What it is Like to Go to War. London: Corvus.
2 Junger, S. ‘Why Veterans Miss War’. TED conference, January 2014. Available at www.ted.com/talkssebastian_junger_why_veterans_miss_war.
3 Spaarwater, M. 2012. A Spook’s Progress: From Making War to Making Peace. Cape Town: Zebra Press.
4 Hanton, L. As quoted in in Koevoet – The Men Speak. Unpublished manuscript by Jonathan Pittaway.
5 De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for criminologist Prof. A. van der Hoven as part of her evaluation for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996.
6 De Kock, E.A. ‘Red Horse War’, Unpublished manuscript.
7 Letter from E. de Kock to P. Stiff. Copy in author’s possession.
8 De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for criminologist Prof. A. van der Hoven as part of her evaluation for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996.
9 Ibid.
10 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
11 Ibid.
Chapter 7
1 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
2 Van der Hoven, Anna. Evaluation report for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996. Translated here into English.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Craig Michael Williamson is a former policeman who was unmasked as a spy in 1980. He received amnesty from the TRC for the murders of Jeanette and Katryn Schoon and Ruth First (Joe Slovo’s wife).
6 Anonymous: ‘Bomb blast at ANC London office’, The Guardian, 14 March 1982.
7 Drogin, Bob. ‘Apartheid spy tied to ’86 assassination of Sweden’s Palme’ in the Los Angeles Times, 27 September 1996, see http://articles.latimes.com/1996-09-27/news/mn-48144_1_apartheid-spy.
8 Klein Angola was a residential area in a cul-de-sac behind the Oshakati General Hospital. People of different nationalities, including German and Angolan-Portuguese residents, as well as the Koevoet loners, lived there. Four houses on both sides of the dirt road were used as barracks for the Alpha and Bravo groups.
9 De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for criminologist Prof. A. van der Hoven as part of her evaluation for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996.
10 De Kock, E.A. Handwritten report for criminologist Prof. A. van der Hoven as part of her evaluation for mitigation of sentence in State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock, 1996.
11 De Kock, E.A. ‘Red Horse War’. Unpublished manuscript.
Chapter 8
1 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
2 Johan Coetzee. ‘Die stigting van Vlakplaas en die Teen-Terroriste Eenheid’. Undated and unsigned. Memorandum in the possession of Hennie Heymans.
3 Coetzee was commissioner of police from 1 June 1983 to 30 June 1987.
4 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002. Additional information has been taken from our numerous discussions.
5 Johan Coetzee. ‘Die stigting van Vlakplaas en die Teen-Terroriste Eenheid’. Undated and unsigned. Memorandum in the possession of Hennie Heymans.
6 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
7 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
8 The SOE decoration was awarded between 1979 and 2004. Recipients are entitled to the post-nominal letters SOE, which stands for the latin Stella Officii Egregii. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Police_Star_for_Outstanding_Service
9 See http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Home.html.
10 See http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/pr/1999/p990618a.htm.
11 De Kock, E. & Gordin, J. 1998. A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press, p. 135.
12 Ibid, p. 134.
13 On 14 August 1986 the alleged MK operators Mbongeni Kone (MK Bernard), Shadrack Msolwa Sithole, Assen Jeremia Thimula (MK Tallman) and Mzwandile Hadebe (MK Zandile) were shot dead in an ambush near the Swaziland border on the Nerston–Amsterdam road.
14 Four members of the Chesterville Youth Organisation, namely Russell Mngomezulu, Muntuwenkosi Dlamini, Russell Mthembu and Sandile Khawula, were murdered during an operation in May/June 1986 by Vlakplaas askaris. See http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/reports/volume3/chapter3/subsection20.htm?t=%2BVlakplaas&tab=report.
15 See http://www.sabctrc.saha.org.za/reports/volume2/chapter2/subsection29.htm and https://web.stanford.edu/class/history48q/Documents/EMBARGO/2chap2.htm.
16 See http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/reports/volume6/section3/chapter1/subsection13.htm?t=%2BVlakplaas&tab=report
17 Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Volume 2. See http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf.
18 See http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/reports/volume1/chapter5/subsection13.htm?t=%2BVlakplaas&tab=report.
19 De Kock, E. & Gordin, J. A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press.
20 Laurence, P. 1990. Death squads: Apartheid’s Secret Weapon. London: Penguin Forum Series.
21 Ibid.
22 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
23 Ibid.
24 De Kock, E. & Gordin, J. 1998. A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press, p. 139.
25 Marlantes, K. 2011 What it is Like to Go to War. London: Corvus.
26 https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02264/05lv02335/06lv02357/07
27 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
28 Ibid. After Vlakplaas’s activities came to light in 1989, Eugene was warned by a general that the media planned to visit the farm and he was asked to ‘clean up’ the place. According to him, the weapons were first moved to the police farm called Daisy and later to a police training centre at Maleoskop before they were taken to the Police College in Pretoria.
29 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Klatzow, D. 2011. Steeped in Blood: The Life and Times of a Forensic Scientist. Cape Town: Zebra Press, p. 94.
33 In January 1991, on orders from Eugene de Kock, Sikhakhane was kidnapped and murdered by Vlakplaas operators in Greytown. He was dissatisfied that he had not been permanently appointed by the police and threatened to return to the ANC. Vlakplaas operator Willie Nortjé gave evidence before the TRC that he took Sikhakhane into the bush near Greytown, shot him with an AK-47, and left the body for the wildlife to consume. Evidence was presented that the police had a problem with Sikhakhane and had called in the help of Vlakplaas. De Kock received amnesty for the murder of Sikhakhane. See http://m24arg02.naspers.com/argief/berigte/dieburger/1996/03/29/12/18.html and http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/documents/amntrans/pietermaritzburg/53696.htm.
34 According to De Kock, Lieutenant-General Johan le Roux, former head of the West Rand security police, told him that he never wanted to see Japie Maponya again in Krugersdorp. De Kock understood that this meant Maponya had to be murdered. De Kock said that Maponya was captured and taken to Vlakplaas were he was interrogated about his brother Odirile, who was an MK member. Maponya was tortured and the next day De Kock took him to Swaziland where he was to be murdered. He was accompanied by David van der Walt, Willie Nortjé and Eugene Fourie. They collected a variety of garden tools from Freek Pienaar of Piet Retief and went to a plantation just this side of the Swaziland border. Nortjé shot Maponya in the head with a 9 mm pistol and De Kock then stood above the dead man and hit the corpse with a spade over the head. Sapa, ‘De Kock hit victim with spade to ensure death’, 13 July 1999; see also http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1999%5C9907/p990713c.htm.
35 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
36 The Sanhedrin was the highest court in ancient Israel. In the New Testament the Sanhedrin held the series of mock trials that eventually led to the crucifixion of Jesus. See www.gotquestions.org/Sanhedrin.html
37 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
38 Ibid.
39 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
40 De Kock, E. & Gordin, J. 1998. A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press.
41 Open letter from Eugene de Kock to Jacques Pauw, July 2014. In author’s possession. Translated from the Afrikaans.
42 Van der Merwe, J. ‘Ope brief aan Helen Zille oor Eugene de Kock’, 13 July 2014. See http://praag.co.za/?p=25772.
43 Van der Merwe, J. ‘A Crying Shame that Colonel De Kock has not been Pardoned,’ 13 July 2014. See http://praag.org/?p=14695.
44 Open letter from Eugene de Kock to Jacques Pauw, July 2014. In the author’s possession.
Chapter 9
1 Dlamini, J. 2014. Askari. Auckland Park: Jacana Media.
2 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
3 TRC: Final report, volume 2, chapter 3, section 66: see http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/reports/volume2/chapter3/subsection66.htm&tab=report.
4 Dlamini, Jacob. Askari. Auckland Park: Jacana Media, 2014.
5 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Dlamini, J. 2014. Askari. Auckland Park: Jacana Media.
9 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
10 Ibid.
11 Dlamini, J. 2014. Askari. Auckland Park: Jacana Media.
12 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
13 Ibid.
14 Dlamini, J. 2014. Askari. Auckland Park: Jacana Media.
15 Ibid.
16 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
17 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
18 De Kock, E.A. ‘The Betrayal of Glory Sedibe – Combat name: MK September’, 5 September 2011, abridged. Copy in author’s possession.
19 Donaldson, A. ‘Glory Sedibe and the Boers’, 3 December 2014. See http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=847294&sn=Detail
20 De Kock, E.A. ‘The Betrayal of Glory Sedibe – Combat name: MK September’, 5 September 2011, abridged. Copy in author’s possession.
21 Ibid.
22 Dlamini, J. 2014. Askari. Auckland Park: Jacana Media; see also Rebecca Davis, ‘Betrayal Chronicles: The Agonising Case of Apartheid’s Black Collaborators’, Daily Maverick, 5 December 2014.
Chapter 10
1 Van der Hoven, A. ‘Evaluation report in the case State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock’, case number CC 266/94.
2 ‘Investigative inquiry: Wilhelm Riaan Bellingan’, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 12 February 1997, pp. 35-64, translated.
3 Ibid.
4 Van der Hoven, A. ‘Evaluation report in the case State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock’, case number CC 266/94.
5 This act was revoked on 31 March 1993. See the submission of General Krappies Engelbrecht to the TRC on 24 October 1996.
6 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
Chapter 11
1 Laurence, P. 1990. Death Squads: Apartheid’s Secret Weapon. London: Penguin Forum Series.
2 Ibid.
3 Human Rights Watch. 1991. ‘The Killings in South Africa: The Role of the State Security Forces and the Response of the State’, at http://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/southafrica1/5.htm#_ftn17. See also Harms Commission of Inquiry Records 1990, Historical Papers, William Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand, at http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/inventory.php?iid=8255; and Laurence, P. 1990. Death Squads: Apartheid’s Secret Weapon. London: Penguin Forum Series.
4 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
5 See http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/amntrans%5C1999/99081631_pre_990823pt.htm, ‘On resumption: 23 August 1999 – Day 5’.
6 Human Rights Watch. 1991. ‘The killings in South Africa: The role of the State Security Forces and the Response of the State’, at http://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/southafrica1/5.htm#_ftn17.
7 The operatives at Vlakplaas were Dave Baker, Riaan Bellingan and Martiens Ras.
8 The operatives at Midrand were Paul van Dyk, Louw van Niekerk and Wouter Mentz.
9 The operatives in Waterkloof were Eugene de Kock, Willie Nortjé, Dawid Brits, Snor Vermeulen and Lionel Snyman.
10 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
11 See http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/amntrans%5C1999/99081631_pre_990823pt.htm, ‘On resumption: 23 August 1999 – Day 5’.
12 See www.justice.gov.za/trc/amntrans/1999/99081631_pre_990819pt.htm. According to the transcript, Operation Excalibur led to the tracing of a large number of weapons that had been smuggled illegally into South Africa.
13 Among other things, Operation Vula enabled Nelson Mandela (still in jail at the time) to make contact with Oliver Tambo (then ANC president in exile). Padraig O’Malley writes in Shades of Difference: Mac Maharaj and the Struggle for South Africa that Operation Vula was centralised mainly in Natal and that between 1988 and 1990 large quantities of weapons were brought into, and hidden in, South Africa. Operation Vula is described as one of the ANC’s most successful operations. See http://www.armsdeal-vpo.co.za/articles10/vula.html.
14 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
15 The Goldstone Commission, officially known as the Commission of Inquiry Regarding the Prevention of Public Violence and Intimidation, was appointed to investigate the political violence and intimidation that took place between July 1991 and April 1994. The chairman was Judge Richard Goldstone. See http://www.anc.org.za/themes.php?t=Goldstone%20Commission&y=1992.
16 O’Mally, P. ‘Provision of weapons to the IFP’, see https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02264/05lv02335/06lv02357/07l; and http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/originals/finalreport/volume2/html/BMvolume2_s1ch7_pg23.htm.
17 O’Mally, P. ‘Provision of weapons to the IFP’, see https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02264/05lv02335/06lv02357/07l.
18 Potgieter, De Wet. ‘Eugene de Kock’s Explosive 64-tonne Question’. Daily Maverick, 27 March 2013.
19 O’Malley, P. ‘Political Violence in the Era of Negotiations and Transition, 1990-1994’, see https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02264/05lv02335/06lv02357/07lv02372/08lv02379.htm.
20 O’Malley, P. ‘Political Violence in the Era of Negotiations and Transition, 1990-1994’, see https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02264/05lv02335/06lv02357/07lv02372/08lv02379.htm.
21 Novello, A. Handwritten notes compiled during the court case, dated 17 September 1996.
22 De Kock, E. & Gordin, J. 1998. A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press.
23 De Beer, E. ‘Vlakplaas-base wis glo van gru-moord’, 28 January 1995, at http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1995/01/28/5/2.html
24 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
25 See http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/decisions%5C2001/ac21141.htm.
26 Open letter from Eugene de Kock to Jacques Pauw, July 2014. In author’s possession. Translated from the Afrikaans.
27 De Kock, E. & Gordin, J. 1988. A Long Night`s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press.
28 Ibid.
29 Open letter from Eugene de Kock to Jacques Pauw, July 2014. In author’s possession.
30 According to Hennie Heymans, this was the covert collection unit of military intelligence, with Brigadier ‘Tolletjie’ Botha in command.
31 Eugene maintained that all declarations for the various commissions of enquiry – particularly the Harms Commission – were drawn up by General [then Brigadier] Krappies Engelbrecht. ‘We just had to sign. We did not make any declarations ourselves. The police could not risk letting us draw up our own submissions. Claims registers, travel and accommodation registers, documents such as security reports and all possible proof was traced and removed or destroyed. In this way we wiped out all records and any proof that might [later] have exonerated us.’
A former police officer, Marius Morland, explained that in about March 1994 an order was issued to the police to destroy all secret documentation. A second order was sent out in August 1994 that under no circumstances were any documents in police possession to be destroyed, not even dossiers. That order still stands today. (Information provided by Hennie Heymans.)
32 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
33 Novello, A. Handwritten notes made during the court case, dated 17 September 1996. She also mentions that Eugene feared for the safety of his wife and children and said he would not be able to testify if they were still in the country.
34 De Kock, E.A. ‘Application to take an early pension’, 1993; ‘Settlement agreement between the SAP and E.A. de Kock’, 1993.
Chapter 12
1 The IPA is the biggest police organisation in the world and there is no discrimination of any kind among members on grounds of rank, gender, race, colour, language or religion.
2 De Kock, E. & Gordin, J. 1998. A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press.
3 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Gideon Nieuwoudt (1951–2005), a former member of the Security Branch, was involved in many incidents of torture and the murders of anti-apartheid activists including Steve Biko, the Cradock Four and the Pebco Three. He was a deeply feared policeman: his interrrogation methods involved wet sacks, poison and torture instruments. He had more than five sittings before the TRC. SABC, ‘Truth Commission: Special Report’, Episode 68, Section 2. See http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/tvseries/episode68/section2/transcript1.htm?t=%2BMotherwell+%2Bcar+%2Bbomb&tab=tv.
7 SABC, ‘Truth Commission: Special Report’, Episode 68, Section 2. See http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/tvseries/episode68/section2/transcript1.htm?t=%2BMotherwell+%2Bcar+%2Bbomb&tab=tv.
8 According to De Kock, they included Herman Barend du Plessis, Johannes Martin Van Zyl, Marthinus Ras and Wybrand du Toit.
9 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
10 Ibid.
11 Minister Adriaan Vlok and General Johan van der Merwe also admitted guilt in 2007 in a criminal hearing on the charge of Rev. Frank Chikane’s attempted murder. They received suspended sentences. See Wanneburg, G. 2007. ‘Adriaan Vlok spared jail’, Mail & Guardian, 17 August 2007, at http://mg.co.za/article/2007-08-17-adriaan-vlok-spared-jail.
12 Van der Hoven, A. ‘Evaluation report in the matter of State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock’, case number CC 266/94.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Van der Merwe, J. 2010. Trou tot die dood toe: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiemag. Johannesburg: Praag.
16 Acccording to Hennie Heymans, General Johan van der Merwe told him Eugene had specifically asked to be placed at Vlakplaas.
17 Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Investigation section 29-19, November 1996. Questions and answers with Brigadier Willem Frederick Schoon, pp. 22–23.
18 Ibid., pp. 67–73.
19 Van der Merwe, J. 2010. Trou tot die dood toe: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiemag. Johannesburg: Praag, p. 402. Quotations translated from the original Afrikaans.
20 Ibid., p. 402.
21 Kotzé, J. 2012. Mean Streets: Life in the Apartheid Police. Bloemfontein: Smashwords.
22 Giliomee, H. 2003. The Afrikaners: Biography of a People. Cape Town: Tafelberg, pp. 641–642.
23 Heunis, J. 2007. Die Binnekring: Terugblikke op die Laaste Dae van Blanke Regering. Johannesburg and Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers. Quotation translated from the original Afrikaans.
24 De Kock, E. & Gordin, J. 1998. A Long Night’s Damage: Working for the Apartheid State. Saxonwold: Contra Press.
25 Ibid.
26 Junger, S. ‘Why Veterans Miss War’. TED talk presented in January 2014. See www.ted.com/talks/sebastian_junger_why_veterans_miss_war
27 Van der Hoven, A. ‘Evaluation report in the matter of State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock’, case number CC 266/94.
28 Bing, E. 2013. Unmaking of the Torturer. Pretoria: Lapa.
29 Marlantes, K. 2011. What it is Like to Go to War. London: Corvus.
Chapter 13
1 Van der Merwe, J. Abridged version of the sentencing proceedings in the matter of State v Eugene Alexander de Kock, case number CC 266/94, 1996.
2 Ibid.
3 Van der Hoven, A. ‘Evaluation report in the matter of State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock’, case number CC 266/94.
4 Eugene de Kock as quoted in Van der Hoven, A. ‘Evaluation report in the matter of State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock’, case number CC 266/94.
5 Van der Hoven, A. ‘Evaluation report in the matter of State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock’, case number CC 266/94.
6 Ibid.
7 Van der Merwe, J. Abridged version of the sentencing proceedings in the matter of State v Eugene Alexander de Kock, case number CC 266/94, 1996.
8 Van der Hoven, A. ‘Evaluation report in the matter of State vs Eugene Alexander de Kock’, case number CC 266/94, p. 29.
9 Van der Merwe, J. Abridged version of the sentencing proceedings in the matter of State v Eugene Alexander de Kock, case number CC 266/94, 1996.
Chapter 14
1 Bizos, G. 2000. No One to Blame? In Pursuit of Justice in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip, p. 236.
2 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
3 As quoted in De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
4 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
5 As quoted in De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
6 De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
7 Ibid.
8 Gobodo-Madikizela, P. 2004. A Human Being Died that Night. Cape Town: David Philip.
9 See http://www.faithandleadership.com/multimedia/pumla-gobodo-madikizela-forgiveness-possible.
10 ‘Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela, Review: Dare We Hope? Facing our Past to Find a New Future’, at http://karinamagdalena.com/tag/pumla-gobodo-madikizela/.
11 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Leopold%27s_Ghost.
12 As quoted in De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002.
13 Novello, A. Handwritten notes made during the court case, dated 17 September 1996.
14 As quoted in De Kock, E. ‘Application for presidential pardon: Mr Eugene Alexander de Kock’, 11 June 2002. See also attachment to De Kock’s application: Affidavit by Felicia Mathe (previously Dlodlo), sworn and signed at Johannesburg on this 3rd day of June 2002.
Chapter 15
1 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Max.
2 Verster, JP, Report to Pieter Botha, attorney, regarding the prisoner Eugene Alexander de Kock, 30 July 2009. Copy in possession of author. Original document in Afrikaans.
3 Compiled from Verster, JP, Report to Pieter Botha, attorney, regarding the prisoner Eugene Alexander de Kock, 30 July 2009. Copy in author’s possession.
4 Ibid.
5 Turner, Jann. ‘Eugene: From Apocalypse now to Scotland the Brave’, The Weekly Mail & Guardian, 28 May 1999. Copy in author’s possession.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 De Kock, L, ‘Psychological Report: Eugene de Kock’, 20 May 2002. Copy in author’s possession.
9 Du Toit, HG [chief social worker: Pretoria Local Prison], ‘Social Work Report: Eugene de Kock’, 20 May 2002. Copy in author’s possession.
10 Ibid.
11 Geldenhuys, M., Coetzee, J. & Van der Merwe, J., ‘Representations regarding presidential pardon or reprieve in terms of Section 84 of the Constitution of South Africa with regard to convictions and/or terms of imprisonment: Colonel de Kock’, 18 May 2002. Copy in author’s possession.
Chapter 16
1 Brink, A.P. 1970. Fado. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. Quotation freely translated from the original Afrikaans.
2 Rex, T. 2012. 6 Ster: Binne die ingewande van Pretoria-Sentraal. Pretoria: Lapa.
3 Ibid. Quotations translated from the original Afrikaans.
4 The diary entries are translated from the original Afrikaans.
5 Coetzee, C. 1998. Op soek na generaal Mannetjies Mentz. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
Chapter 17
1 Croucamp, P. ‘De Kock wás die apartheidstaat’, Rapport, 10 January 2010, at http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/rapport/2010/01/12/RH/17/PietDeKock.html. Quotation translated from the original Afrikaans.
2 Nearly 85 000 survivors of apartheid-related human-rights violations are members of the Khulumani Support Group, which was started by survivors who testified at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. See http://www.khulumani.net/reconciliation/item/986-free-de-kock-as-tribute-to-legacy-of-mandela.html.
3 Croucamp, P. ‘Vyande sal De Kock laat gaan’, Netwerk24, 22 July 2014, at http://www.netwerk24.com/stemme/2014-07-22-vyande-sal-de-kock-laat-gaan. Quotation translated from the original Afrikaans.
4 See http://www.polity.org.za/polity/govdocs/pr/2000/pr0531b.html for more information.
5 Quinn, J. ‘De Kock ordered my sister’s killing – and no, his debt is not paid’, 24 June 2014, at http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-06-27-op-ed-de-kock-ordered-my-sisters-killing-and-no-his-debt-is-not-paid/#.VMDanNKUeSo.
6 Gobodo-Madikizela, P. 2003. A Human Being Died that Night. Cape Town: David Philip.
7 Marsh, M. ‘The Day I Hugged Prime Evil’, The Guardian, 9 June 2014.
8 Gobodo-Madikizela, P. 2003. A Human Being Died that Night. Cape Town: David Philip.
9 Ibid.
10 In June 1995 the Constitutional Court abolished the death penalty after the president at the time, FW de Klerk, had placed a moratorium on it in 1990. See http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/sa-constitutional-court-abolishes-death-penalty-0.
11 By 2014 the Missing Persons Task Team had exhumed and recovered the remains of 97 activists, returned them to their families and facilitated reburial arrangements. See http://www.justice.gov.za/events/2014events/20140816-trc.html.
Chapter 18
1 Krog, A. 1998. Country of My Skull. Johannesburg: Random House.
2 Howarth, N. 2012. War in Peace. Alberton: Galago Publishing.
3 Marlantes, K. 2011. What it is Like to Go to War. London: Corvus.
4 Giliomee, H. 2003. The Afrikaners: Biography of a People. Cape Town: Tafelberg.