Index

Note: Illustrations are indicated by an i following the page number

Aboriginal economies, 77, 145

Aboriginal land claims, 199–200

Aboriginal mental and aesthetic culture, 3

Aboriginal plant knowledge, 81, 219n33

Aboriginal pre-colonial economies, 56–7, 59–60

Aboriginal religion

innovation and conservation, 70–2

See also Dreaming, spiritual propagation

Acacia seed maintenance rites, 34

academy, authority of, 21

‘agricultural’ implements

Bogan picks, 161–7

cylindro-conical stones (cylcons), 157–61

juan knives, 167–9

types categorised by Pascoe, 156–7

agricultural societies, emergence of, 10

agriculture, 85

as bar to colonisation, 217n4

definition, 8, 86, 87

glamorising of, 90

incipient agriculture, 74, 89

proto-agriculture, 58–9, 74, 87

reasons not adopted by the Old People, 11–15, 62

resistance to, 62–5, 90–1, 149–50

Alberts, Eileen, 194

Alcheringa (ABC documentary), 134–5

Allam, Lorena, 160

Allen, Harry, 16, 71, 77

Altman, Jon, 40, 145

Ampeybegan, Johnny Lak Lak, 30i

Anbara group, 79

Anderson, Chris, 65, 145

Anindhilyakwa people, 81

Anmatyerr language, 49–50

anthropology

activism in support of Indigenous causes, 62

‘armchair’ anthropologists, 61

participant-observation studies, 61–2

study of Aboriginal economies, 145

aquaculture, 101–2, 123, 196

archaeological classifications, 189

archaeological investigations, surveys and research, 142, 145, 180, 196–7

‘armchair’ anthropologists, 61

Arnhem Land

fish traps, 20, 20i, 101, 102

influence of missionaries, 65

looking after country, 84

resistance to gardening, 64

seasonal camps, 116

spiritual propagation, 40–2

types of shelters, 117

use of fire, 53–4

Arrernte people, 35–7

Austin, Peter, 46

Australia, evidence for human occupation, 1, 170, 172, 173, 174

Australia and the Origins of Agriculture (Gerritsen), 3, 4

Australia Day, 198

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), 141–2

Bagshaw, Geoffrey, 49, 223n71

Baker, John Sterry (Boraltchou), 22

banana, 12

band sizes, 122

banyan trees, 81

baobab trees, 82

Barrett, Charles, 129

barramundi maintenance site, 28–9, 29i

Bates, Daisy, 37

Batey, Isaac, 148

Bathurst Island mission, 63

bee increase rite, 32

Bellwood, Peter, 8, 10

Berndt, Catherine, 34, 40, 53, 64, 96, 131–2, 138

Berndt, Ronald, 33, 34, 40, 41–2, 53, 64, 96, 131–2, 138, 143

Beveridge, Peter, 107, 155

Black, Lindsay, 160

Blandowski, William, 195

Bleakey, JW, 129

Blundell, Valda, 107

bodily adornments, 40–1, 67, 97, 229n2

Bogan picks, 161–7

Bourke, Colin, 138

Bowler, Jim, 172

Bradley, John, 42–3

Bradshaw rock art, 16

Bramwell, Elsie, 162

Brewarrina fish traps, 17, 17i, 19, 71, 101

Brough Smyth, Robert, 111

Buckley, William

on band mobility, 125–6, 144

band movements recorded by, 22, 106, 204–9

on camp sizes, 121–2

on clothing, 95, 234n6

described by Stapylton, 146–7

on dwellings, 107, 108–10

on Lake Condah eel traps, 143

on women’s clothing, 95

Budj Bim (Mount Eccles), 178

Builth, Heather, 70, 186–8, 189, 190, 191–2, 194, 195, 197

Bunbujee, Kelly, 43

Bunha-bunhanga exhibition, 166

bunya nut, 87

Burarra Dictionary, 49

Burning Questions (Langton), 56–7

bush harvesting practices, 58

bushfires, 188–9, 191

cabbage palms, 81

Campbell, Alastair, 87, 92

camps

size, 119–23, 236n2

wet-season camps, 136–7

Cane, Scott, 142

Cape York Peninsula

cultural influence by Torres Strait peoples, 48

dwellings, 116, 116i, 124, 124i, 136

mobility, 135

resistance to gardening and agriculture, 62–3

spiritual propagation, 25–32

tuber conservation, 79–80

See also Wik people

carpet snake maintenance rites, 33, 34

carving, long yam carvings, 25, 25i

castaways, 22, 58

Central Australia

food storage, 218n10

plant use, 86

seed broadcasting, 88

spiritual propagation, 34–7

Chase, Athol, 26, 62–3, 83, 228n31

Chaseling, Wilbur, 63–4

Chewings, Charles, 129, 130

Clarke, Anne, 183, 184, 185, 189

Clarke, Philip, 6, 18–19, 56

Clemens, Helen, 18

clothing, 5, 19

absence of, 67

bodily adornments, 40–1, 67, 97, 229n2

ceremonial use, 93, 95, 99, 99i

footwear, 96, 234n1, 234n9

gender differences, 94–6

grass skirts, 99, 99i

kangaroo skin cloaks, 93, 94i

paperbark aprons, 96, 96i, 234–5n11

possum skin cloaks, 93, 95

regional differences, 96–100

sewn clothing, 69, 93

symbolic use, 100

women’s aprons, 96, 96i, 98, 98i, 100, 234–5n11

women’s utility pads, 99, 100

See also picture section in book

coconuts, 11

Collins, David, 97–8

colonisation, presence of agriculture as bar to, 217n4

Condah Swamp, 179, 180, 193

Cooksey, Thomas, 158–9

cosmology, 15

Coutts, Peter, 179, 180, 181, 182, 189, 190

Cribb, Roger, 84, 141

Cuddie Springs site, 72–3

cultivation, 8, 60, 86–9

cultural diversity, 131

cultural relativism, 131

culture, reflection in language, 46

cycad maintenance rites, 42–3

cylcons, 157–61

damming, 233n5

Dark Emu in the Classroom, 101

flaws and errors of fact, 123–4

Dark Emu (Pascoe)

arguments presented in, 2, 6–7, 10, 74–5

flaws, omissions and errors, 14, 23, 43–4, 46, 52, 61, 72–3, 87, 89, 103–4, 112, 117–18, 128, 145–55, 170, 173, 174, 183, 187, 199–201

labels and definitions, 6–11

positive contribution of, 4–6

as revelation, 15–20

social evolutionism in, 9, 66–73

sources, 20–2, 61, 145–55

success of, 22–3

See also Young Dark Emu (Pascoe)

Darling Basin peoples, 77

Davidson, DS, 75

Davis, James (Duramboi), 22, 119

Dawson, James, 179, 190–1, 195

Dawson, John, 105

demand-sharing, 28, 221n11

digging sticks, 166–7, 169

dingo maintenance rites, 35

dingoes, 194, 255n81

Dix, Warwick, 88–9

Diyari people, 46

domiculture, 83–4, 85, 86

Dreaming, 12, 13, 15, 65, 70–2, 86

duck nets, 18i

Duncan-Kemp, Alice, 91

dwellings

Buckley’s descriptions, 109–10

Cape York types, 124, 124i

in classical period, 4

descriptions of, 16

domed structures, 117–18

dry-season shelter, Cape York, 116i

huts, 118–19

permanent housing, 68, 69, 105–6, 108, 144

Punga-style dwelling, 124i

regional differences, 66–7, 130

seasonal use, 17, 19, 66, 106, 115–19, 136–7, 236n5

‘shelter’ trees, 191, 192i, 194

use of stone, 107–15, 116, 143, 180–90, 238n32, 238n39

‘villages,’ 107, 147, 153, 155, 181, 183, 236n5, 245n82

See also picture section in book

eaglehawk maintenance rites, 33

ecological agency, 7, 9, 52–3, 54, 59, 91–2, 130, 153

Edwards, Bill, 138

eels

short-finned eels (Anguilla australis), 179

traps at Lake Condah, 19, 70, 101, 102, 143, 144, 178i

Elkin, AP, 34, 38, 62, 130, 132

Ellis, Bob, 82–3

emu maintenance rites, 34, 36–7

environmental management

fire management, 18, 52–6, 58

pre-1788, 4, 7

See also spiritual propagation

Etheridge, Robert, 152–3, 157, 159–60

evolutionary schemes, 9–10

Fantin, Shaneen, 117

farming

distinguished from horticulture, 8

learnt at missions, 229n55

fire management, 4, 18, 52–6, 58

‘firestick farming,’ 54–5

firewood, collection of, 117, 118i

First Australians, arrival, 1, 202–3

First Footprints (ABC TV series), 142

First Nations People, 1

fish traps

Brewarrina fish traps, 17, 17i, 71, 101

Glyde River fish trap, 101, 102–3

Lake Condah fish and eel trap, 19, 70, 101, 102, 143, 144, 176, 178i, 179–80, 182, 191, 196–7

Toolondo, 179

weirs, 19i, 19–20, 20i, 101, 220n45

fishing, 9i, 101–2

fishing nets, 17, 18i, 19

Flinders, Johnny, 48, 64

Flinders, Matthew, 110–11

Flinders Island language, canoe-related vocabulary, 48–9

Flinders Ranges, distribution of iga (native orange), 82–3

Flood, Josephine, 144

food preservation, 187, 190

food storage, 5–6, 18, 89, 132, 150, 151, 155, 218n10

foragers, 7

Frank, Rudy, 179, 190

Frankel, David, 148

Fuller, Tilly, 128

Gaiarbau (Willie MacKenzie) (Duungidjawu man), 33

game nets, 154–5

Gammage, Bill, 3, 4, 13–14, 18–19, 53, 108, 143, 166, 219n38

‘garden magic’, 12

gardening vocabulary

in Aboriginal languages, 49–51

in Torres Strait languages, 47–8

Garrwa people, 42–3

Gerritsen, Rupert, 3, 4, 6, 14, 67, 68, 87, 88, 108, 169

Gertz, Harry. See picture section in book

Gill, Edmund, 170

Gillen, Frank, 35, 36

Gilmore, Mary, 81, 88

Glyde River fish trap, 19, 101, 102–3

Goodale, Jane, 234n11

Gothachalkenin, Rupert, 29

grain storage, 89

Gregory, AC, 153, 167, 169, 246–7n26

Gregory, JW, 159

Grey, George, 147

Griffin, GF, 138

Griffiths, Tom, 66, 70

grindstones, 72, 75–7, 76i, 77i

Groote Eylandt, 81

Gsell, Francis Xavier, 63

Gulf of Carpentaria, 42–3

Gunditjmara people, 67, 183

guralal root, 81

Gurambara, Lily, 40, 49, 223n71

hairy yam/may ka’ err (Dioscorea bulbifera), 31–2

Hallam, Sylvia, 87, 128

Hamm, Giles, 183

Hardwick, Jeff, 82

Harper, Walter, 157, 158–9

Harris, David, 64, 82

Head, Lesley, 74

Heath, Jeffrey, 40

Henry, Jim, 170

hereditary chiefdoms, 186, 187

High Cliffy Island, 107, 108

hoes, 152, 157

honey maintenance rites, 33

Hopkins River midden, 170–3

Horsman, Robyn, 127–8

horticulture

absence horticultural vocabulary in traditional Australia, 46–7

definition, 7–8

incipient horticulture, 79

missionary support for, 65

pre-1788, 12

reasons not adopted by the Old People, 11–15, 62

resistance to, 62–5, 90–1, 149–50

in Torres Strait, 46

Horton, David, 141, 174–5

housing. See dwellings

Howitt, AW, 33

Hughes, Philip, 179, 190

Hume, Hamilton, 150

Hunn, Eugene, 56

hunter-gatherer-cultivators, 60, 74

hunter-gatherers

challenge to orthodox views on, 176

definition, 7

differences from agricultural farming peoples, 10

label problem, 74

hunter-gatherers-plus, 9, 11, 57, 74, 81

hunting and gathering

complexity of, 8–9

knowledge and skills required, 9

reversion to, 59

and shift to farming, 10, 59, 176

hunting nets, 17, 18i

Hynes, Ross, 83

iga (native orange), 82–3

incipient agriculture, 74, 89

incipient horticulture, 79

increase rituals. See spiritual propagation

Ingram, Alexander, 110

invasion of Australia, 1

irrigation, 89

Irvine, FR, 87

Japaljarri, Engineer Jack, 65

Jingulu language, 50

Jones, Jonathon, 166

Jones, Rhys, 52, 53–4, 74, 79, 83–4, 122

juan knives, 167–9

Kaberry, Phyllis, 37, 58, 133

Kala Lagaw Ya language, 47

kangaroo farming, 174–5

Kangaroo Island, 174

kangaroo maintenance rites, 33, 34

kangaroo skin cloaks, 93, 94i

Karrajarri language, 223n60

Kaurna language, 51

Kaytetye language, 50

Keen, Ian, 21, 33, 41, 43, 59–60, 74, 77, 193

Kelly, Caroline Tennant, 32

Kenyon, Alfred, 107, 110

Kerrup Jmara people, 183

Kikuyu people, 59

Kimber, Dick, 88

Kimberley region, spiritual propagation, 37–8

King, Phillip Parker, 112–13

Knight, James, 168

Kul-ler-kul-lup, 111, 238n30

Kumbaingeri (Gumbaynggirr) language, 33

Kŭnai people, 33

Lake Condah

caching of live fish, 195–6

drainage works, 180

fish and eel trap system, 19, 70, 101, 102, 143, 144, 178i, 179–80, 182, 191, 196–7

geography of environs, 178–9, 182, 184, 187

Indigenous activities in mid to late 1800s, 190–1

map of region, 177i

migratory fish, 178–9

natural abundance, 176, 193–4

population, 181–2, 190, 196

semi-sedentism, 181–2, 183

smoking of eels in trees, 190–5

stone circles, 180–90, 185i, 196

Lake Condah Mission, 63, 180, 188–9

Lake Killalpaninna, 46

Lamilami, Lazarus, 65, 81

Landis Gothachalkenin, Billy, 44

Langton, Marcia, 56–7, 140, 141

language, reflection of culture in, 46

language countries map, 141

language group intermarriage, 237n14

Lardil people, 43, 127–8

Latz, Peter, 35, 55, 86, 138

Lawrence, Roger, 77

Levitt, Dulcie, 81

Lindsay, HA, 79, 135

Lofgren, Mance E, 88–9

Long, Jeremy, 120

Lourandos, Harry, 9, 122, 179, 182

Lovett, Johnny, 190

Maasai people, 59

Mabo, Eddie, 54

Mabo case, 54, 227n14

Mabuiag language, 47–8

Macassans, 11, 13, 49, 237–8n27

MacDougall, David, 142

MacDougall, Judith, 142

MacKenzie, William, 231n17

Macquarie Aboriginal Words (Thieberger and McGregor), 47

Maddock, Ken, 25, 229n6

Madjedbebe site, 202

magpie goose egg maintenance site, 29–31, 30i

Maiden, JH, 81

Malak Malak people, 39–40

Malinowski, Bronislaw, 12, 225n7

Manne, Robert, 140

marriage, 237n14

Martin, David, 31

Massola, Aldo, 137, 176, 179, 188

Mathews, RH, 160

McCarthy, Fred, 53, 75, 130, 133, 134, 161, 162

McConnel, Ursula, 22, 26–8, 32, 62, 80, 98–9, 133

McGregor, Bill, 47

McKenzie, Kim, 142

McKinlay, John, 151

McLean Irinyili, Mick, 72

McNiven, Ian, 172, 197

Meehan, Betty, 53, 79, 83–4, 145

Meggitt, Mervyn, 34

Memmott, Paul

on Aboriginal dwellings, 4, 16, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117

on increase rites, 43

on mobility in wet season, 127–8

Merlan, Francesca, 40

Meryam Mir language, 47–8

middens, 84–5, 170–3

Midinyan, Queenie, 40

Milingimbi Island, 40, 64

millstones, 72, 75–7, 76i, 77i

Milne, Edmund, 160

Minong people, 33

missionaries, 63–4, 65

Mitchell, Thomas, 17, 95, 145–6, 148–50, 151, 153, 166, 167

mobility

Buckley’s records, 106, 125–6, 204–9

degrees of, 115

hapless nomadism debunked, 130–43

ill-informed views on, 129

monsoon-belt peoples, 127–8

pattern across Australia, 106

seasons and, 115

sedentism and, 126–7, 143–4

semi-sedentary land use, 128, 133–4

Morgan, John, 125

Mornington Island, 43

Morrill (or Murrells), James, 22

moulting ducks species maintenance, 31

See also picture section in book

mountain trout (Galaxia spp.), 179, 252n10

Mountford, Charles P, 129, 130

mourning caps, 17, 17i, 36

mulga seed ceremony, 34

Mulvaney, John, 137

Murinbata people, 82

Murray Island (Mer), 54

mussel maintenance rites, 40

Myers, Fred, 143

native title, 54, 199

nets, 17, 18i, 154

New Zealand, reversion to hunting and gathering, 59

Ngarinyin people, 33

Ninganga, Ida, 42

nonda plum, 31, 218n7

Noone, Harold, 162

Noongar Dictionary, 49

Nunggubuyu (Wubuy) people, 40–1

O’Brien, Peter, 220n47

O’Connor, Sue, 107, 108

Old People, 2

Onus, Bill, 134i, 134–5

outrigger canoes, 48

Page, Edward, 148

Palmer, Edward, 81

paperbark aprons, 96, 96i, 234–5n11

participant-observation studies, 61

Pascoe, Bruce. See Dark Emu (Pascoe)

Passi, David, 54

Peemuggina, Noel, 4, 227n15

Pelletier, Narcisse, 22, 58, 95

Perkins, Rachel, 141

Peterson, Nicolas, 34, 44, 120

picks, 161–7

Piddington, Ralph, 38

Pilbara region, spiritual propagation, 39

Pink, Olive, 62

Pintupi people, 143

pituri, 86

plant domestication, 68

plant knowledge, 81, 219n33

Pootchemunka, Dorothy, 31

See also picture section in book

population distribution, in 1788, 77, 78i

possum skin cloaks, 93, 95

possums, 81

pottery, 17, 68, 69

Povinelli, Elizabeth, 26, 145

professional knowledge, versus lay knowledge, 21

proto-agriculture, 58–9, 74, 87

Radcliffe-Brown, Rex, 33, 38–9, 77

rainmaking rituals, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 41, 91

rain-serpent maintenance sites, 33

Raymond, Pompey, 4

Reed, AW, 130

religious propagation, 12, 44–5

reproduction of species. See spiritual propagation

resource management

methods, 56–8

See also spiritual propagation

Reynolds, Henry, 140

Rice, James, 54

Robinson, George Augustus, 179

Rolls, Eric, 72

Rose, Fred, 22, 145

Rosengren, Neville, 184, 187

Roth, Walter, 119

Rottnest Island, 173–4

Roughsey, Elsie, 128

San people, 59

Sandall, Roger, 34, 142

Saunders, Christina, 183

Saunders, Keith, 190

Saunders, Linda, 183

sealing industry, 174

seasons, 116–17, 239n45

sedentism, 13, 68, 115, 125, 126, 143

seed broadcasting, 50

seed gathering, 17, 77

seed grinding, 32, 72–3, 75–7, 86

seed planting/sowing, 87–9, 90, 91, 92, 154, 155

semi-cultivation, 87

semi-sedentary land use, 128, 133–4, 242n32

settlement, 1

sharing, 150, 151, 246n16

Sharp, Lauriston, 22, 26, 136, 218n7

shell middens, 84–5, 170–3, 171i

shelter. See dwellings

‘shelter’ trees, 191, 192i, 194

Shepherdson, Ella, 64

shifting cultivation, 8

shovels, 166

Silcock, JL, 232n23

Sir Edward Pellew islands, 111

slash-and-burn horticulture, 8

Smith, Mike, 72, 75

Smith, Walter (Arabana man), 88

Smyth, Dermot, 80

social evolutionism, 9, 66–73, 87, 90, 131

South-east Australia, spiritual propagation, 32–3

species abundance, places of, 43

Spencer, WB, 35, 36, 129, 234n11

spiritual propagation

baobab myth, 82

Cape York Peninsula, 25–32

Central Australia, 34–7

combined with physical conservation, 35–7

as dominant mode of resource management, 43–5

the Dreaming and, 12, 13, 15, 43, 65, 86, 90

extent of practice, 24

ignoring of culture of, 14

Kimberley region, 37

rituals, 19, 24–5

significance of, 131

South-east Australia, 32–3

south-west of Western Australia, 37

Top End and Gulf of Carpentaria, 39–43

use of cylcons, 160–1

Stanner, Bill, 61, 82, 119, 134, 223n66

Stapylton, Granville, 146–7

stingray maintenance rites, 40

Stolen Generations, 140

stone tools

blades, 167–9

classification, 162

picks, 162–7

on Rottnest Island, 173–4

storage of food, 5–6, 18, 89, 132, 150, 151, 155, 218n10

Strehlow, TGH, 37, 246n16

Sturt, Charles, 150, 151, 153

subsistence modes

analysis of, 229n7

combining of, 8

Sullivan, Tom, 160

surplus food production, 150

surplus resources, 150–1

Sutton, Peter, 3–4

Sutton, Thomas. See picture section in book

swamp grass bulbs maintenance site, 31

sweat, 26

Sweeney, Gordon, 119–20

swidden horticulture, 8

Tanami Desert people, 55–6

Tapnguk, Jimmy, 40

taro, 12

technological innovation, 70–2

The Biggest Estate on Earth (Gammage), 3

Thieberger, Nick, 47

Thomas, William, 106, 107, 111, 236n2, 238n30

Thomson, Barbara, 22

Thomson, Donald, 22, 62, 72, 102, 117, 124, 135, 138–9

Tindale, Norman

on Aboriginal economies, 57

on damming, 233n56

on incipient horticulture, 79, 89

map of distribution of seed grinding, 75

on mobility, 135, 143

on proto-agriculture, 58–9

research interests, 241n14

on sedentism, 126–7

on species maintenance rituals, 35

on stone blades, 168

on territory and residence of language groups, 108

on use of fire, 52–3

Tiwi people, 96, 234–5n11

Todd, Andrew, 147

Tonkinson, Robert, 34, 138

Toolondo fish trap, 179

Torres Strait languages, gardening vocabulary, 47–8

tortoises, 81

totemic centres, 27i, 27–8, 37

totems, 15

transplanting species, 81–6

trout, 179

tuber conservation, 79–81

Umpithamu language, 221n9

Vaarzon-Morel, Petronella, 36, 55, 56

vegetation planting myths, 82

Victorian Archaeological Survey (VAS), 180, 183, 184, 185, 197

Waddy, Julie, 81

Waliwararra, Kitty, 40

Walker, Johnny (Kuku Yalanji man), 65

Walmbeng, Cecil, 84

Walmbeng, Mary, 31

See also picture section in book

Walmbeng, Rex, 84, 84i

Walsh, Fiona, 14

Walshe, Keryn, 3

Warlpiri language, 35

Warlpiri people, 34–5, 44, 128, 143

Warner, Lloyd, 41, 117

watercraft, 48, 71, 103–4

See also picture section in book

waterlilies, 81

wattle grub maintenance sites, 33

weather control rituals, 15, 33, 34, 41, 44

Webb, Len, 81, 231n17

Wells, Edgar, 65

Western Australia, spiritual propagation in south-west, 37–9

Western Desert peoples, 142–3

Western Desert Pitjantjatjara people, 33

Western District, Victoria, 125–6, 143–4

whaling industry, 174

Where the Ancestors Walked (Clarke), 18–19

White, Cyril, 80

Wiil people, 33

Wik people

absence of agriculture, 80–1

clothing, 98–100, 234n1

food storage, 6

hunting, 4

mobility, 138–9

mourning dance, 99i

shelter types, 117

spiritual propagation, 25–32

treatment of resources, 25

use of fire, 54–5, 55i

well digging, 44

yam conservation, 79–80

Wik region, totemic centres, 27i, 27–8

Wik-Mungkan language, 26, 28

Wik-Ngathan language, 28, 55

Williams, Nancy, 56

Williams, RM, 119

Winterbotham, Lindsey Page, 33

Wiradjuri language, 50–1

Wolfe, Patrick, 140

Wolmby, Alan, 25

Wolmby, Isobel, 28, 44

See also picture section in book

Wolmby, Morrison, 227n15

Wolmby, Ray, 4, 29

Wolmby, Silas, 227n15

Wood, Ray, 12, 48

wooden tools, 169

Worsnop, Thomas, 110, 112, 113

yabby maintenance rites, 40

yam maintenance sites, 33, 40

yams, 12, 25, 31–2, 77, 79–80, 82, 91, 131, 147–8, 153, 228n31

Yankunytjatjara people, 86

Yanyuwa language, 43

Yanyuwa people, 42–3

yarrinyarri (nutgrass) maintenance rites, 38, 39i

Yawarawarrka people, 34

Yawuru season names, 116–17

Yegera (Yaygirr) language, 33

Yen, Douglas, 91

Yibarbuk, Dean, 56

Yirrkala mission, 63–4

Yir-Yoront people, 71

Yolngu people, 41, 67, 102, 139

Young Dark Emu (Pascoe)

flaws and errors of fact, 72–3, 103, 118, 123

success of, 23

Yukumbil (Yugambeh) language, 33

Yunkaporta, Bruce, 9i

Yunkaporta, Marjorie, 29, 31

Yunkaporta, Perry, 227n15

Yunkaporta, Ursula, 227n15

Yurumua (Nunggubuyu youth), 40–1