PART EIGHT, CHAPTER 29
2 Pepys Diary, vi. 51 (6 Mar. 1665).
3 NMM, BHC2750, 2770.
4 CSPD 1665–6, p. 591.
5 TNA, PROB 5/5350.
6 Oppenheim, 329.
7 Additional instructions regarding clothes: NMM, ADL/A/4
8 TNA, ADM 106/3537, ‘pursers’ folder.
9 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv 137, 186, 193, 204, 210–11, 263–4, 297, 325, 337, 496–7, 583.
10 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 160–1; Fox, Distant Storm, 31.
11 Boteler’s Dialogues, 66.
12 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 167.
13 Barlow’s Journal, i. 54, 59–60.
14 Barlow’s Journal, i. 127.
15 Baltharpe, Straights Voyage, 59.
16 Teonge Diary, 44.
17 G&T, 89–90.
18 Teonge Diary, 169–71.
19 NHL, MS 121/9, p. 139.
20 Teonge Diary, 42.
21 G&T, 88–9.
22 Mainwaring, ii. 32–3; Lavery, Arming and Fitting, 182–3.
23 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 161–2.
24 Boteler’s Dialogues, 257.
25 Rupert and Monck 83; Lavery, Arming and Fitting, 179–82.
26 NMM, ADL/A/4.
27 Boteler’s Dialogues, 62.
28 Journals and Narratives, 109. For the foul state of bilges, see Three Sea Journals of Stuart Times, 115.
29 Teonge Diary, 31.
30 J J Simmons, Those Vulgar Tubes: External Sanitary Accommodations aboard European Ships of the Fifteenth through Seventeenth Centuries (1998), 6–11, 42–51.
31 NMM, ADL/A/4.
PART EIGHT, CHAPTER 30
1 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 244.
2 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 248–9.
3 G&T, 100.
4 Three Sea Journals of Stuart Times, 117.
5 J D Davies,‘“The Strongest Island in the Whole Universe”; Aspects of Anglo-Maltese Naval Relations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, Transactions of the Naval Dockyards Society, 5 (forthcoming).
6 TNA, SP 101/80, 13 July 1683. Cf. G&T, 85, 92.
7 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 248; G&T, 112–13.
8 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 244–6.
9 TNA, SP 46/116/158.
10 BL, Sloane MS 505, fos. 72–4.
11 Baltharpe, Straights Voyage, 31.
12 Tangier Papers, 6, 8, 9, 12–13, 14.
13 TNA, PROB 4/17623; BL, Sloane MS 1745, p. 7.
14 Pepys Diary, i. 169 (5 June 1660).
15 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 247.
16 Teonge Diary, 29, 36, 158, 217, 259.
17 TNA, PROB 4/17623.
18 BL, Sloane 1745, p. 3 and passim.
19 R G Holman, ‘The Dartmouth, a British Frigate Wrecked off Mull, 1690: 2. Culinary and Related Items’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 3 (1974), 264.
20 Pepys Diary, i. 131 (7, 8 May 1660), 162 (28 May 1660), 169 (5 June 1660).
21 Teonge Diary, 235.
22 The Diary of John Evelyn, ed. E S de Beer (Oxford, 1955), iii. 412 (23 June 1665).
23 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 135.
24 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 245.
25 Baltharpe, Straights Voyage, 57–9; Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 246.
26 Baltharpe, Straights Voyage, passim; Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 249.
27 Pepys Diary, ix. 5–6 (2 Jan. 1668).
28 G&T 90.
29 Teonge Diary, 29.
30 Teonge Diary, 36.
31 Rupert and Monck, 48.
32 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 252–5.
33 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 253–4.
34 G&T, 92.
35 J D Davies, ‘Jennens, Sir William (bap. 1634, d. 1704?), naval officer’, ODNB.
36 TNA, ADM 2/1745, p. 45 (I am grateful to Peter Le Fevre for this reference).
37 TNA, ADM 1/5253; Bod., Rawl. MS A314, C972.
38 Tangier Papers, 5.
39 S J Stark, Female Tars: Women Aboard Ship in the Age of Sail (1996), 83–5.
40 TNA, PROB 5/3966.
41 TNA, PROB 5/2046.
42 TNA, PROB 4/14174.
43 G&T, 68–9, 78–9. Cf. P Earle, Sailors: English Merchant Seamen, 1650–1775 (1998), 55–64.
44 TNA, PROB 4/14421.
45 TNA, PROB 5/5350.
46 TNA, PROB 5/4427–9.
PART EIGHT, CHAPTER 31
1 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 219.
2 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 219, 221
3 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 221–2.
4 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 222.
5 G&T, 98.
6 NHL, MS 121/13, p. 120; R E Glass, ‘Naval Courts Martial in Seventeenth Century England’, in W B Cogar, ed., New Interpretations in Naval History: Selected Papers from the Twelfth Naval History Symposium Held at the United States Naval Academy, 26–27 October 1995 (Annapolis, Md., 1997), 53–4.
7 Journals of the House of Commons, vi (5 March 1649).
8 British Naval Documents, 275–81; Rodger, Command, 59.
9 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 219.
10 13° Car. 11 St. 1 c. 9.
11 N A M Rodger, Articles of War (Havant, 1982), 13. There were originally thirty-five articles and one proviso relating to the powers of the Lord High Admiral, but this was usually printed as a thirty-sixth article.
12 Rodger, Articles, 8.
13 Rodger, Articles, 13–19.
14 NMM, ADL/A/4.
15 Rodger, Articles, 19.
16 Pepys MS 2853, pp. 163–7, 169, 176; CSPD 1677–8, 346, 359, 366–7, 379, 381.
17 NHL, MS 121/13, p. 126.
18 Rupert and Monck, 31; Sandwich Journal, 215; Glass, ‘Courts Martial’, 54–5.
19 Pepys Diary, 13 and 19 March 1669.
20 After all, Pepys’s list of sea-officers does include his eccentric brother-in-law Balthasar St Michel, nominally captain of the Deal Yacht from February 1678 to January 1679: Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 383; TNA, ADM 10/15, p. 88.
21 Bod., Rawl. MS A314, passim.
22 Bod., Rawl. MS A171, fo. 48 (I am grateful to Peter Le Fevre for this reference and for discussion of this issue); Rawl. MS A314, fos. 5, 24v. The change in favour of allowing written evidence alone was not made until 1745.
23 Lincolnshire Archives Office, Lincoln, Jarvis MS IX/1/A/4, 1, 4, 5 Feb. 1675.
24 BL, Additional MS 37,999, fo. 72.
25 TNA, ADM 1/5253, fo. 9.
26 Bod., Rawl. MS A314, fo. 24v.
27 Bod., Rawl. MS A314,12 July 1677.
28 TNA, ADM 106/316/331.
29 NHL, MS 121/13, p. 122.
30 Glass, ‘Courts Martial’, 58.
31 Glass, ‘Courts Martial’, 56.
32 E.g. Bod., Rawl. MS A314, fo. 19.
33 Glass,‘Courts Martial’, 57–8.
34 Glass, ‘Courts Martial’, 59–60. Cf. Pepys Diary, ix. 505 (1 Apr. 1669).
35 TNA, ADM 1/5253, fo. 8; Tangier Papers, 117–18.
36 Naval Minutes, 323. In fact, the man convicted of her loss was her lieutenant: Glass, ‘Courts Martial’, 61.
37 J K Laughton, rev. J D Davies, ‘Graydon, John (d. 1726), naval officer’, ODNB.
38 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 220.
39 Bod., Rawl. MS A314, 3 June 1678.
40 G&T, 96.
41 Bod., Rawl. MS A314, fo. 24v; G&T, 64.
42 Bod., Rawl MS C.972, fos. 9–14.
43 TNA, ADM 1/5253, fo. 4.
44 TNA, ADM 1/5253, fos. 33, 47, 67.
45 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 220.
46 However, this may be a false impression generated by the greater amount of evidence available from 1660 and (especially) 1673 onwards.
47 BL, Additional MS 10,117, fo. 138.
48 G&T, 97.
49 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 220 and n. 37.
50 Bod., Rawl. MS A314, fo. 2v.
51 TNA, ADM 1/5253, fo. 11.
52 Bod., Rawl. MS A314, fo. 9; NMM, ADM/L/A32, 25 June 1687; J Dennis, An Essay on the Navy (1702), 9.
53 Bod., Rawl. MS A314, fo. 5; Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant, 105.
54 Mainwaring, ii. 436.
55 Teonge Diary, 124–5.
56 Bod., Rawl. MS C972, fos. 31–2; TNA, ADM 106/24/32.
57 Teonge Diary, 39.
58 Teonge Diary, 55; G&T, 98.
1 Lavery, Nelson’s Navy, 141.
2 British Naval Documents, 279.
3 Rodger, Articles of War, 16–17.
4 Rodger, Articles, 28.
5 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 228.
6 CSPD 1664-5, 541, 551, 554.
7 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 286.
8 Bod., Rawl MS A314, fos. 7–8.
9 Bod., Rawl MS A314, fo. 9
10 Allin Journals, ii. 206.
11 G&T, 85.
12 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 15–41; W R D Jones, Thomas Rainborowe (c.1610–1648): Civil War Seaman, Siegemaster and Radical (Woodbridge, 2005), 95–108.
13 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 59, 350–1.
14 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 229–30.
15 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 289; G&T, 85.
16 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 286.
17 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 287.
18 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 288.
19 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 290–2.
20 Pepys Diary, vi. 288, (4 Nov. 1665); Further Correspondence, 74; G&T, 137.
21 G&T, 82–3, 147–8.
22 Pepys Diary, viii. 251 (5 June 1667); G&T, 82.
23 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 282.
24 Coventry MS 95, fos. 269, 275.
25 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 283.
26 G&T, 83–4.
27 TNA, ADM 1/5253, fos. 27, 36.
28 Barlow’s Journal, i. 94–7.
29 Three Sea Journals of Stuart Times, 117.
30 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 285–6; G&T, 147.
31 Suffolk Record Office, Ipswich Branch, HD 36/A/216.
32 CSPD 1665–6, 453–4.
33 Bod., Rawl. MS A314, fos. 17–20.
34 TNA, ADM 1/5253, fo. 27.
35 NMM, ADL/A/4, fifth order for government of ships.
36 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 284.
PART EIGHT, CHAPTER 33
1 Teonge Diary, 248.
2 G&T, 94.
3 HMC, Finch MSS, ii. 238.
4 Bod., Rawl. MS A187, fo. 345. There was a similarly disastrous shipboard epidemic twenty years earlier: J Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 44–9.
5 CSPD 1664–5, 100, 103, 105–6.
6 ‘The Journal of John Weale, 1654–6’, ed. J R Powell, in The Naval Miscellany, 4, ed. C Lloyd (NRS, 1952), 123.
7 Centre for Kentish Studies, Maidstone, U.1515/O.3, 11 Aug. and 27 Nov. 1670; 15, 17 May 1671.
8 Journals and Narratives, 143, 146, 148–9.
9 Fox, Distant Storm, 34; Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 89–90.
10 BL, Additional MS 9311, fos. 125–6.
11 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 168.
12 Devon Record Office, Exeter, DQS 128/55/1.
13 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 34–5.
14 Medway Archives and Local Studies Centre, Strood, Kent, DRc.Aob/23.
15 Yonge Journal, 48–9.
16 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 100–1, 148–9.
17 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 149–50.
18 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 152–3.
19 Yonge Journal; Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 154–7.
20 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 157.
21 CSPD 1665–6, 269.
22 TNA, ADM 1/3554/140.
23 TNA, ADM 106/3539, pt. 1, ‘surgeons’ folder.
24 Barlow’s Journal, i. 213–14.
25 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 8–9.
26 V C Barber, ‘The Sapphire: A British Frigate, Sunk in Action in Bay Bulls, Newfoundland, in 1696’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 6 (1977), 310; C J M Martin, ‘The Dartmouth, A British Frigate Wrecked off Mull, 1690’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 7 (1978), 33.
27 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 73.
28 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 111.
29 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 132.
30 Yonge Journal, 41–2. Cf. Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 167.
31 Barlow’s Journal, i. 119.
32 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 16–17.
33 M Bell, ‘Alkin, Elizabeth [nicknamed Parliament Joan] (c.1600–1655?), nurse and spy’, ODNB.
34 Barlow’s Journal, i. 122.
35 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 19.
36 London Metropolitan Archives, H.I./ST/A67/24; Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 127.
37 London Metropolitan Archives, H.I./ST/BI/1.
38 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 24–6, 127, 129.
39 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 105, 127; Bod., Rawl. MS A195A, fos. 252–4; Nottingham University Library, MS PwV 60, 24 July 1686, Povey to Southwell.
40 BL, Sloane MS 505, fo. 71.
41 Teonge Diary, 246.
42 G&T, 95.
43 CSPD 1666–7, 18.
44 Naval Minutes, 2, 94, 275; Pepys Diary, vi. 145 (2 July 1665)
45 Pepys Diary, ix. 200 (15 May 1668); for Holles’s funeral, see CSPD 1672, 288.
PART EIGHT, CHAPTER 34
1 D Hepper, British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650–1859 (Rotherfield, 1994), 3, 13.
2 Pepys Diary, i. 313 (9 Dec. 1660).
3 Barlow’s Journal, ii. 420–1.
4 Hepper, Warship Losses, 14.
5 Teonge Diary, 190.
6 Hepper, Warship Losses, 3, 6.
7 NMM, ADL/A/4; BL, Additional MS 9,314, fo. 39v.
8 Hepper, Warship Losses, 3, 10.
9 Hepper, Warship Losses, 3, 8, 12, 19.
10 BL, Additional MS 10,117, fo. 160.
11 TNA, ADM 106/286/346.
12 Teonge Diary, 228.
13 Barlow’s Journal, ii. 414, 416.
14 Barlow’s Journal, i. 61.
15 Hepper, Warship Losses, 2, 9, 11.
16 BL, Additional MS 10,117, fos. 134–5.
17 Allin Journals, i. 184–5.
18 D Buisseret, ‘The Loss of HMS Norwich at Port Royal, 1682’, MM 54 (1968), 403–7.
19 Hepper, Warship Losses, 8, 9, 10, 13.
20 Hepper, Warship Losses, 3, 9.
21 P M Cowburn, ‘Christopher Gunman and the Wreck of the Gloucester, MM 42 (1956), 113–26, 219–29.
22 Teonge Diary, 182, 194.
23 BL, Sloane MS 2439, fo. 18v.
24 G&T, 94.
25 Barlow’s Journal, i. 33.
26 TNA, ADM 1/5253, fo. 31.
PART EIGHT, CHAPTER 35
1 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 293–5, 298.
2 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 296, 303–4.
3 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 297–300 (quotation from p. 298)
4 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 306–7.
5 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 323.
6 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 324.
7 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 325–8.
8 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 326–7.
9 G&T, 112.
10 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 358–60.
11 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 372.
12 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 362, 365–7; G&T, 126–8.
13 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 372–3.
14 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 373–4.
15 G&T, 111–12, 130–2.
16 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 307, Rodger, Articles of War, 13.
17 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 307–8.
18 Book of Common Prayer (1662).
19 G&T, 104–5.
20 TNA, ADM 52/15, pt. 5 (I am grateful to Dr Peter Le Fevre for this reference.)
21 Teonge Diary, 117.
22 Bod., Tanner MS 282, fo. 72.
23 Bod., Rawl. MS A171, fos. 2–3.
24 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 309, 321–3; Tangier Papers, 168.
25 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 311–18.
26 G Taylor, The Sea Chaplains (Oxford, 1978), 87.
27 G&T, 20, 105–7.
28 A Marshall, ‘Oates, Titus (1649–1705), informer’, ODNB.
29 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 383.
30 Rodger, Command, 124.
31 G&T, 106.
32 Rodger, Command, 125–6.
33 RD Cornwall,‘Frampton, Robert (bap. 1622, d. 1708), bishop of Gloucester and nonjuror, ODNB
34 E Vallance,‘Woodroffe, Benjamin (1638–1711), college head’, ODNB; W Marshall, ‘Ken, Thomas (1637–1711), bishop of Bath and Wells and nonjuror’, ODNB.
35 Taylor, Sea Chaplains, 112.
36 G&T, 107–9.
37 G&T, 121–6.
38 G&T, 109.
39 G&T, 111.
40 G&T, 109–16.
41 G&T, 113–15.
42 Quoted by T Harris, Restoration: Charles II and his Kingdoms (2005), 286.
43 G&T, 112–13.
44 G&T, 201–2.
45 Davies, Admirals’, 89–91.
PART NINE, CHAPTER 36
1 A Coats, ‘Efficiency in Dockyard Administration, 1660–1800’: A Reassessment’, in R Harding, ed., Naval History 1680–1850, (2006), 420.
2 Bod., Rawl. MS A174, fo. 6.
3 B Dietz, ‘Dikes, Dockheads and Gates: English Docks and Sea Power in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, MM 88 (2002), 147–52; J Coad, The Royal Dockyards, 1690–1850: Architecture and Engineering Works of the Sailing Navy (1989), 90–1.
4 Bod., Rawl. MS C429.
5 NMM, AND 9, p. 230.
6 Bod., Rawl. MS A464, fo. 128.
7 Such as John Tippetts’ 1670 report which recommended a yard at Erith; BL, Additional MS 9307, fo. 98.
8 The Journal of William Schellinks Travels in England, 1661–1663, ed. M Exwood and H L Lehmann (Camden Fifth Series, 1, 1993), 45; L Magalotti, Travels of Cosmo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, through England, during the Reign of King Charles II (1821), 355–61; D Defoe, A Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain, ed. P Rogers (1971 edn), 123-7 (quotation from p. 123).
9 Knighton, Pepys and the Navy, 99.
10 Pepys Diary, v. 256–7 (29 Aug. 1664).
11 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 463; Further Correspondence, 15–19.
12 Bod., Rawl. MS A174, fos. 19–24; Rawl. MS A213.
13 Bod., Rawl. MS A213.
14 See e.g. Bod., Rawl MS A195A, fo. 280.
15 J Coad, The Royal Dockyards, 1690–1850: Architecture and Engineering Works of the Sailing Navy (Aldershot, 1989), 80, 122–3.
16 Coad, Royal Dockyards, 49.
17 BL, Kings MS 43.
18 TNA, SP 46/136/50; Pepys Diary, iv. 225–6 (11 July 1663).
19 Bod., Rawl. MS A460, passim.
20 Pepys Diary, v. 202, 231 (12 July and 3 Aug. 1664)
21 Pepys Diary, iv. 7 (7 Jan. 1663).
22 T W Courtney, ‘Excavations at the Royal Dockyard, Woolwich, 1972–1973’, Post-Medieval Archaeology, 8 (1974), 5–7; Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 441–2.
23 T W Courtney,‘Excavations at the Royal Dockyard, Woolwich, 1972–1973, Part 2’, Post-Medieval Archaeology, 9 (1975), 42 102.
23 A J Marsh, ‘The Navy and Portsmouth under the Commonwealth’, in J Webb, N Yates and S Peacock, eds, Hampshire Studies (Portsmouth, 1981), 119–21.
24 J Goss, Portsmouth-Built Warships, 1497–1967 (Emsworth, 1984).
25 J Ehrman, The Navy in the War of William III (Cambridge, 1953), 86–7.
26 BL, Additional MS 60,386, ‘Memorandum concerning the Navy and Officers’, 3 May 1679.
27 BL, Kings MS 43.
28 CSPD 1671–2, 38, 96.
29 A Saunders, Fortress Builder: Bernard de Gomme, Charles II’s Military Engineer (Exeter, 2004), 133–57.
30 BL, Kings MS 43; Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 588.
31 Pepys Diary, i. 305; Bod., Rawl. MS A174, fo. 392.
32 TNA, ADM 42/646, Harwich ordinary paybook.
33 W R Powell, ‘Silas Taylor of Harwich (1624–78): Naval Affairs, Espionage, and Local History’, Essex Archaeology and History, 25 (1994), 174–84.
34 NHL, MS 121/13, p.230.
35 Bod., Rawl. MS A213.
36 TNA, ADM 2/1753, p. 49.
37 BL, Kings MS 43.
38 TNA, ADM 106/3538, pt. 2; Savile, ‘Royal Dockyards’, 121. All dockyard porters could sell beer within the yard to quench the thirst of the workers, but they were specifically prohibited from selling it from their houses: TNA, ADM 7/633, fos. 88–91.
39 T M Harris, ‘The Dockyard Town of Sheerness’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 101 (1984), 248–60 .
40 A Coats, ‘Power Relations in Deptford and Woolwich Dockyards in the 17th and 18th Centuries’, Shipbuilding on the Thames and Thames Built Ships, ed. J R Owen (West Wickham, 2003), 105; Pepys Diary, x. 95.
41 A rare survival can be found in Bod., Rawl. MS C429.
42 E.g. TNA, ADM 49/132/57 and passim.
PART NINE, CHAPTER 37
1 D C Coleman, ‘Naval Dockyards under the Later Stuarts, Economic History Review, 6 (1953–4), 139.
2 TNA, ADM 106/3538, pt, 1, ‘workmens’ wages’ folder; NMM, CHA/E/1/A, 3 Mar. 1674.
3 Pepys MS 2873, p. 191.
4 Bod., Rawl. MS A464, fo. 25
5 A Coats, ‘Efficiency in Dockyard Administration, 1660–1800’: A Reassessment’, in Harding, ed., Naval History 1680–1850, 416–17.
6 B Pool, Navy Board Contracts 1660–1832 (1965), 6–7. I am grateful to Ann Coats for clarifying the responsibilities of the commissioners and the other yard officers.
7 BL, Additional MS 60,386, fo. 125; Rodger, Command, 103–4.
8 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 83–5.
9 BL, Additional MS 60,386, fo. 15. However, Cox had substantial experience of dockyards, having been master attendant at both Chatham and Deptford.
10 G E Aylmer, The State’s Servants: The Civil Service of the English Republic (1973), 157–8;
11 Savile, ‘Royal Dockyards’, 97, 105, 107–9, 136 (quotation from p. 105).
12 TNA, ADM 7/633.
13 Pepys and the Second Dutch War, 64–5.
14 TNA, ADM 7/633. Cf. NMM, CHA/A/1, a chance survival of the books that all storekeepers must have kept.
15 TNA, ADM 7/633
16 C Knight, ‘ “Carpenter” Master Shipwrights’, MM 18 (1932), 411–16.
17 Autobiography of Phineas Pett, pp. l-li.
18 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 248.
19 TNA, ADM 7/633
20 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 557.
21 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 619–20.
22 Knighton, Pepys and the Navy, 93–4. Hosier was the father of Admiral Francis Hosier (1673–1727), the subject of the polemical poem and song lyric, ‘Admiral Hosier’s Ghost’.
23 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 63.
24 Journals and Narratives, 5; TNA, ADM 2/1750, p. 195; Pepys MS 2857, p. 107.
25 TNA, ADM 7/633, sv ‘the clerk of the cheque’; Bod., Carte MS 74, fos. 225–6.
26 TNA, ADM 7/633; A Coats, ‘Efficiency’, 419–20.
27 TNA, ADM 49/132/26.
28 TNA, ADM 7/633
29 Bod., Rawl. MS A185, fo. 122.
30 Pepys Diary, ii. 13, 69 (14 Jan. and 10 Apr. 1661); Fox, Distant Storm, 20.
31 Bod., Rawl. MS A179, fos. 53–6.
32 TNA, ADM 6/428, ‘Carpenters’.
33 Pepys MS 2853, fo. 417.
34 Bod., Rawl. MS A187, fos. 315–20.
35 Bod., Rawl. MS C429, fos. 67–70.
36 TNA, ADM 106/3539, 3540,
37 BL, Additional MS 9311, fos. 93–4.
38 Pepys MS 2266, p. 108.
39 NMM, CHA/E/1/A, 3 Mar. 1674.
40 TNA, ADM 106/3538, pt. 2; Savile, ‘Royal Dockyards’, 116–17.
41 Savile, ‘Royal Dockyards’, 119.
42 H E Richardson, ‘Wages of Shipwrights in HM Dockyards, 1496–1788’, MM 33 (1947), 266.
43 TNA, ADM 7/633.
44 TNA, ADM 7/633.
45 R J B Knight, ‘From Impressment to Task Work: Strikes and Disruption in the Royal Dockyards, 1688–1788’, in K Lunn and A Day, eds, History of Work and Labour Relations in the Royal Dockyards (1999), 4, 6.
46 NMM, AND 9, p. 85. Cf. ibid., pp. 136, 143, 161, 177.
47 E.g. Savile, ‘Royal Dockyards’, 115.
48 TNA, ADM 7/633.
49 TNA, ADM 49/132/15; Coats, ‘Power Relations’, 109–10; Savile, ‘Royal Dockyards’, 121–2.
50 TNA, ADM 7/633.
51 Coats, ‘Power Relations’, 110; Savile, ‘Royal Dockyards’, 114.
52 TNA, ADM 7/633.
53 Further Correspondence, 171; Savile, ‘Royal Dockyards’, 96–7; TNA, ADM 2/1754, pp. 140–3.
54 Coats, ‘Power Relations’, 105–6.
55 Bod., Rawl. MS A187, fo. 66; Savile, ‘Royal Dockyards’, 112.
56 Bod., Rawl. MS A174, fo. 251.
57 Coats, ‘Power Relations’, 105.
58 R J B Knight, ‘Impressment to Task Work’, 4–5, 7.
59 CSPD 1663–4, 242.
60 Coats, ‘Power Relations’, 110.
61 Knight,‘Impressment to Task Work’, 6–7.
62 Richardson, ‘Wages of Shipwrights’, 266–7.
63 Pepys and the Second Dutch War, 69–70.
64 TNA, ADM 1/3546, fos. 6–9; Coats, ‘Power Relations’, 111.
65 TNA, ADM 1/3546, fos. 511, 615.
66 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 156–7, 429–30.
67 NMM, POR/B/2, fo. 13; TNA, ADM 49/132/12, 15, 16; Richardson, ‘Wages of Shipwrights’, 266–7; Knight, ‘Impressment to Task Work’, 6–7, 9–10.
68 Letter of Sir John Mennes to Edward Gregory, 14 July 1668, in the private collection of Mr Richard Endsor.
69 E.g. TNA, ADM 49/132/24.
70 TNA, ADM 49/132/44; CSPD 1663–4, 249.
71 TNA, ADM 106/294/186.
72 TNA, ADM 49/132/43; ADM 42/379, 1047; Bod., Carte MS 74, fos. 225–6; Oppenheim, 364.
73 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 18; Pepys MS 1534, p. 31.
74 J M Haas, A Management Odyssey: The Royal Dockyards, 1714–1914 (Lanham, Md., 1993), passim.
75 Coats, ‘Efficiency’, 413–29 and passim; Coats, ‘A Radically Different Bureaucracy, 65–78.
PART NINE, CHAPTER 38
1 J D Davies, ‘Devon and the Navy in the Civil War and Dutch Wars, 1642–88’, in Duffy et al., eds, New Maritime History of Devon, i. 174–5. Cf. Pepys Diary, viii. 58 (13 Feb. 1667).
2 BL, Additional MS 9311, fo. 129.
3 J D Davies, ‘The Naval Agents at Plymouth, 1652–88, in Duffy et al., eds, New Maritime History of Devon, i. 179.
4 A Saunders, Fortress Builder: Bernard de Gomme, Charles II’s Military Engineer (Exeter, 2004), 106–29.
5 Barlow’s Journal, i. 73–4.
6 J D Davies, ‘Wales and Mr Pepys’s Navy’, Maritime Wales / Cymru a r Mor, 11 (1987), 110–11.
7 The West Blockhouse directly overlooked the bay where Henry Tudor had landed.
8 Pepys Diary, i. 300–1.
9 TNA, SP 46/116/131.
10 J Thuillier, History of Kinsale (4th edn, Kinsale, 1994), 61–2 and passim.
11 M K Geiter, ‘Penn, William (1644–1718), Quaker leader and founder of Pennsylvania’, ODNB.
12 Sandwich Journal, 194.
13 TNA, ADM 1/3547, fo. 627.
14 Sandwich Journal, 221, 231–4.
15 BL, Sloane MS 2572, fos. 79–87.
16 Davies, ‘Admirals’, 83–5.
17 First Dutch War, ii. 311; C W Chalklin, Seventeenth Century Kent:, A Social and Economic History (1965), 30.
18 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 445–6, 482.
19 Lavery, Arming and Fitting, 222.
20 BL, Additional MS 61,690, fo. 1.
21 BL, Additional MS 9311, fos. 26, 129.
PART NINE, CHAPTER 39
1 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 365.
2 E M G Routh, Tangier, England’s Lost Atlantic Outpost (1912), 81–2.
3 Routh, Tangier, 376–7.
4 Bod., Rawl. MS A191, fos. 32–5.
5 Allin Journal, ii. 87.
6 HA Kaufman, ed., Tangier at High Tide: The Journal of James Luke, 1670–3 (Paris, 1958), passim.
7 Allin Journal, ii. 85–7.
8 Luke, Journal, 91; S Hornstein, The Restoration Navy and English Foreign Trade, 1674–88 (Aldershot, 1988), 173.
9 Hornstein, Restoration Navy, 169, 183–4; P J Le Fevre, ‘Gibraltar, Tangier and the English Mediterranean Fleet, 1680–90’, Transactions of the Naval Dockyards Society, 2 (2006), 21.
10 Tangier Papers, 75–83.
11 D W Donaldson, ‘Port Mahon, Minorca: The Preferred Naval Base for the English Fleet in the Mediterranean in the Seventeenth Century’, MM 88 (2002), 423–36.
12 S Villani, ‘I consoli della nazione inglese a Livorno tra il 1665 e il 1673: Joseph Kent, Thomas Clutterbuck e Ephraim Skinner’, Nuovo archivio veneto, new series, 11 (2004), 1–34.
13 Hornstein, Restoration Navy, 160–1.
14 TNA, ADM 106/312/3, 5.
15 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 181–3, 189.
16 J D Davies, ‘“The Strongest Island in the Whole Universe”: Aspects of Anglo-Maltese Naval Relations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, Transactions of the Naval Dockyards Society, 5 (forthcoming).
17 Allin Journals, i. 154, 193; ii, 149.
18 Hornstein, Restoration Navy, 171, 176–7, 181–2.
19 Le Fevre, ‘Gibraltar’, 19.
20 Sandwich Journal, 110–13; Allin Journals, i. 152–3, 199, 201.
21 Allin Journals, i. 183–4, 201–2.
22 Hornstein, Restoration Navy, 184–9; Le Fevre, ‘Gibraltar’, 24–7.
23 NHL, MS 169, pp. 119–20, 170.
24 J D Davies, ‘Gibraltar in Naval Strategy, c.1600–1783’, Transactions of the Naval Dockyards Society, 2 (2006), 10–11.
PART NINE, CHAPTER 40
1 Rodger, Command, 43.
2 Further Correspondence, 51–3. Cf. Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 152–3.
3 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 165–83.
4 Oppenheim, 325.
5 Bod., Rawl. MS A174, fo. 354.
6 BL, Additional MS 30,225, fo. 16; Rodger, Command, 41–2.
7 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 155.
8 NHL, MS 121/14, p. 1.
9 Bod., Rawl. MS A174, fo. 354v.
10 BL, Additional MS 9302, fo. 162; TNA, ADM 112/51, passim.
11 Coventry MS 97, fo. 10.
12 CSPD 1665–6, 117.
13 Bod., Rawl. MS A174, fos. 209–33.
14 TNA, ADM 106/281/168; Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 156–8; Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 59–60.
15 TNA, ADM 112/48.
16 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 171.
17 TNA, ADM 112/48.
18 BL, Additional MS 9311, fo. 22v.
19 R S Bruce, ‘Seventeenth Century Victualling at Lerwick’, MM 37 (1951), 81.
20 Naval Minutes, 250.
21 NHL, MS 121/14, p. 35.
22 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 176–7.
23 BL, Additional MS 30,225, fos. 3–5.
24 NHL, MS 121/14, p. 27.
25 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 153; HMC, Finch MSS, ii. 241.
26 TNA, ADM 106/308/165; 106/314/103.
27 Bod., Carte MS 74, fo. 447.
28 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 158–9.
29 Fox, Distant Storm, 32–3.
30 Barlow’s Journal, i. 68.
31 TNA, ADM 1/3551, fo. 79.
32 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 179.
33 TNA, ADM 1/3545, fos. 303–10.
PART TEN, CHAPTER 41
1 A P van Vliet, ‘Foundation, Organization and Effects of the Dutch Navy (1568–1648), in M Van Der Hoven, ed., Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands 1568–1648 (Den Brielle, 1997), 154–7.
2 PM Bosscher, ‘“Except through the Agency and Intermediary of the Aforementioned Sea…”: Some Observations on the Development of Dutch Sea Power and the Diffusion of Dutch Influence in North West Europe’, in A Bang-Andersen, B Greenhill and E H Grude, eds, The North Sea: A Highway of Economic and Cultural Exchange (Stavanger, 1985), 105–8; J L Price, Holland and the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1994), 151–2, 218–19.
3 J Glete, War and the State in Early Modern Europe (London, 2002), 166–7.
4 J Israel, The Dutch Republic. Its Rise, Greatness and Fall 1477–1806 (Oxford, 1995), 296.
5 J R Bruijn, The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia, SC, 1989), 50–1.
6 R Reitsma, ‘Dutch Finance and the English Taxes in the Seventeenth Century’, in S Groenveld, M E H N Mout and I Schöffer, eds, Bestuurders en Geleerden (Amsterdam, 1985), 108; Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 6–7.
7 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 8–9.
8 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 75–82; H H Rowen, John de Witt: Statesman of the ‘True Freedom (Cambridge, 1986), 113–26.
9 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 106–7.
10 M T’Hart, ‘The Dutch Republic: The Urban Impact upon Politics’, in K Davids and J Lucassen, eds, A Miracle Mirrored: The Dutch Republic in European Perspective (Cambridge, 1995), 62–3.
11 Bosscher, ‘Aforementioned Sea’, 98–9.
12 TNA, SP 101/97/61, 123; BL, Additional MS 34,339, fo. 3; C D Van Strien, British Travellers in Holland during the Stuart Period: Edward Browne and John Locke as Tourists in the United Provinces (1993), 133.
13 Van Strien, British Travellers, 70–1; J P Sigmond, Nederlandse zeehavens tussen 1500 en 1800 (Amsterdam, 1989), 118–20.
14 TNA, SP 101/49/28; SP 101/50/161, 185, 213, 214; SP 101/55/1, 61, 186.
15 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 10.
16 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 73–4.
17 Fox, Distant Storm, 40.
18 Fox, Great Ships, 76–8.
19 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 62–3.
20 Fox, Distant Storm, 57, 67–9.
21 Fox, Distant Storm, 60.
22 Fox, Great Ships, 116–19; P Aubrey, The Defeat of James Stuart’s Armada (Leicester, 1979), 175–7.
23 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 44–5. A similar scheme for British captains was proposed in the early 1660s, but was rejected on grounds of cost: Coventry MS 99, fos. 233–4.
24 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 112.
25 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 45–9, 124–8.
26 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 115–16.
27 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 116–22.
28 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 113–15; Fox, Distant Storm, 95–6, 365–7.
29 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 130.
30 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 54–6, 132–4.
31 A Little, ‘British Seamen in the United Provinces during the Seventeenth Century Anglo-Dutch Wars: The Dutch Navy – A Preliminary Survey’, in H Brand, ed., Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange: Continuity and Change in the North Sea Area and the Baltic, c.1350–1750 (Hilversum, 2005), 76–92.
32 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 131–2.
33 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 129–30, 136–7.
34 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 137–8.
35 Bruijn, Dutch Navy, 71.
36 J R Bruijn, ‘Dutch Privateering during the Second and Third Anglo Dutch Wars’, The Low Countries History Yearbook 1978: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, 11 (The Hague, 1979), 83.
37 Bruijn, ‘Dutch Privateering’, 85–6.
38 TNA, HCA 32/9, ‘T’ bundle.
39 TNA, HCA 32/8, pt. 1, 15 Nov. 1672.
40 Bruijn, ‘Dutch Privateering’, 87.
41 Bruijn, ‘Dutch Privateering’, 88.
42 TNA, HCA 32/10/154, 155.
43 Bruijn, ‘Dutch Privateering’, 89–91.
44 Bruijn, ‘Dutch Privateering, 92–3.
45 J de Vries and A van der Woude, The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815 (Cambridge, 1997), 403–6.
46 Israel, Dutch Republic, 316–18.
47 G Rommelse, ‘The Fishing Industry as a Cause of the Second Dutch War, 1660–7’, Dutch Crossing, 26 (2002), 115–26; Pepys Diary, x. 358–9.
48 De Vries and van der Woude, First Modern Economy, 403.
49 F S Gaastra, The Dutch East India Company: Expansion and Decline (2003), 111–19.
50 De Vries and van der Woude, First Modern Economy, 429–48.
51 The other chambers were Zeeland, Delft, Rotterdam, Hoorn and Enkhuizen.
52 Gaastra, Dutch East India Company, 149–63 and passim.
53 J A Faber, ‘Friesland and the Baltic Trade’, in W G Heeres, L M J B Hesp, L Noordegraaf and R C W van der Voort, eds, From Dunkirk to Danzig: Shipping and Trade in the North Sea and the Baltic, 1350–1850 (Hilversum, 1988), 15, 20–1.
54 TNA, PRO 30/24/38/32.
55 TNA, PRO 30/24/40/43, passim.
56 TNA, HCA 32/12/510, 568.
57 NMM, SOU/9, p. 205; TNA, PC 2/59, fo. 170v.
58 TNA, HCA 32/11/2/380–1.
59 TNA, HCA 32/12/485.
60 G Rommelse, ‘English Privateering’, 24.
61 BL, Additional MS 34,729, fo. 180.
PART TEN, CHAPTER 42
1 H Jenkins, A History of the French Navy (1970), 18–20. For a detailed analysis of the period before 1661, see A James, The Navy and Government in Early Modern France (Woodbridge, 2004). I regret that I was unable to make use of the two books by D Dessert, La Royale (Paris, 1996) and Le roya.ume de Monsieur Colbert: 1661–1683 (Paris, 2007).
2 E Taillemite, ‘Colbert et la marine’, in R Mousnier, ed., Un nouveau Colbert (Paris, 1985), 217–19.
3 M Acerra, ‘Les forces navales françaises au début de la guerre de la Ligue d’Augsbourg’, in P Le Fevre, ed., Guerres maritimes 1688–1713 (Vincennes, 1996), 15–24.
4 Naval Minutes, 29, 33, 34, 214, 247, 316, 351–2, 354, 356, 360–3, 369, 370, 396, 407.
5 Naval Minutes, 356.
6 Jenkins, French Navy, 18, 40.
7 M Acerra, ‘Rochefort: l’arsenal, l’eau et les vaisseaux’, in M Acerra, J Merino and J Meyer, eds, Marines de guerre Européenes xvii-xviiie siècles (Paris, 1985), 51–3.
8 C Pfister-Langanay, ‘Stratégie, construction navale et charpentiers à Dunkerque sous Louis XIV’, in M Acerra, ed., L invention du vaisseau de ligne 1450–1700 (Paris, 1997), 47–60.
9 J Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, ii. 129.
10 Jenkins, French Navy, 40.
11 Colenbrander, ed., Nederlandsche zeeoorlogen, ii. 7–73; A Corvisier, ‘Colbert et la guerre’, in Mousnier, ed., Un nouveau Colbert, 290–1.
12 Fox, Great Ships, 121–3.
13 A Zyster, ‘Galeères et galériens du royaume de France (1660–1748)’, in L de Rose, ed., Legenti del mare Mediterraneo (Naples, 1981), 797–804; P W Bamford, Fighting Ships and Prisons: The Mediterranean Galleys of France in the Age of Louis XIV (1973).
14 Jenkins, French Navy, 43.
15 J-C Lemineur, ‘Une marine nouvelle de conception française’, in Acerra, ed., L invention, 30–7.
16 Fox, Great Ships, 129.
17 P Villiers, ‘Marine de Colbert ou marine de Seignelay; victoire de Barfleur et progress technique’, in L Fevre, ed., Guerres maritimes, 184.
18 M Vergé-Franceschi, ‘Duquesne et Tourville, deux officiers généraux de la marine royale au XVIIe siècle’, in Le Fevre, ed., Guerres maritimes, 35–49.
19 G Symcox, The Crisis of French Sea Power, 1688–97: From the Guerre d Escadre to the Guerre de Course (The Hague, 1974), 29–31.
20 TNA, ADM 3/278, pt. 3, p. 58; Tangier Papers, 106.
21 Jenkins, French Navy, 41–2.
22 Symcox, Crisis, 14–15.
23 Symcox, Crisis, 16–17.
24 P Butel, ‘France, the Antilles and Europe, 1700–1900’, in J D Tracy, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750 (Cambridge, 1990), 160.
25 Butel, ‘Antilles’, 157–8.
26 Butel, ‘Antilles’, 160–1.
27 C Pfister-Langanay, ‘Dunkerque, capital de la course, croissance factice ou réele sous Louis XIV?’, in Le Fevre, ed., Guerres maritimes, 139–53. For an overview of the historiography on French privateering, see P Crowhurst,‘“ Guerre de course” et “Privateering”: vers un étude comparative’, in Guerres et paix 1660–1815 (Vincennes, 1987), 311–16.
28 TNA, HCA 32/12/487.
PART TEN, CHAPTER 43
1 A Blondy, ‘The Barbary Regencies and Corsair Activity in the Mediterranean From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries: From the Community of Origin to Evolutionary Divergence’, Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 12/2 (2002), 243.
2 Blondy, ‘Barbary Regencies’, 245–6.
3 P L Wilson, Pirate Utopias: Moorish Corsairs and European Renegadoes (New York, 1995), 77–81, 146 (quotation from p.146).
4 N Matar, Britain and Barbary 1589–1689 (Gainesville, Fla., 2005), 59–60.
5 Wilson, Pirate Utopias, 91.
6 C R Phillips, ‘Navies and the Mediterranean in the Early Modern Period’, in J B Hattendorf, ed., Naval Policy and Strategy in the Mediterranean, Past, Present and Future (2000), 23–4.
7 Wilson, Pirate Utopias, 89.
8 P Earle, Corsairs of Malta and Barbary (1970), passim.
9 Earle, Corsairs, 36–41.
10 Matar, Britain and Barbary, 118–31; R Davies, ‘British Slaves on the Barbary Coast’, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_ø1.shtml, accessed 10 Nov. 2007.
11 Wilson, Pirate Utopias, 146–8; TNA, SP 71/2, fo. 68 (I am grateful to Peter Le Fevre for this reference).
12 Earle, Corsairs, 55–8.
13 BL, Additional MS 36,916, fo. 174; Wilson, Pirate Utopias, 149–51.
14 Pepys MS 2859, passim.
15 Matar, Britain and Barbary, 167–72.
16 Earle, Corsairs, 34–5.
17 R Davies, ‘British Slaves on the Barbary Coast’.
18 Matar, Britain and Barbary, 158–62, 191–2.
19 E Coxere, Adventures by Sea, ed. E H W Meyerstein (Oxford, 1965), 85; CSPD 1671, 122; Teonge Diary, 191.
20 Yale University Library, James Marshall and Marie Louise Osborn collection, shelf no. Fb 96 (Arthur Herbert’s letterbook), p. 151.
21 TNA, SP 71/2, fo. 67; W Spencer, Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs (Okla., 1976), 126 (I am grateful to Peter Le Fevre for these references).
22 Wilson, Pirate Utopias, 153–4.
23 Earle, Corsairs, 45–53, 62.
24 P Le Fevre, ‘The Dispute over the Golden Horse of Algiers’, MM 73 (1987), 313–17.
25 Fox, Great Ships, 180–1.
PART TEN, CHAPTER 44
1 J Glete, Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America 1500–1860 (Stockholm, 1993), i. 199.
2 Glete, Navies and Nations, i. 195.
3 Fox, Great Ships, 129; M Bellamy, ‘The Scots who built the Danish Navy’, History Scotland, 7/6 (Nov.-Dec. 2007), 16–21.
4 H C Bjerg, ‘Niels Juel: The Good Old Knight (1629–97)’, in J Sweetman, ed., The Great Admirals: Command at Sea, 1587–1945 (Annapolis, 1997), 112–29.
5 Bod., Rawl. MS A189, fo. 251.
6 E L Petersen, ‘War, Finance and the Growth of Absolutism: Some Aspects of the European Integration of Seventeenth Century Denmark’, in G Rystad, ed., Europe and Scandinavia: Aspects of the Process of Integration in the Seventeenth Century (Lund, 1983), 47.
7 Bod., Carte MS 222, fo. 91.
8 BL, Additional MS 78,393, unfoliated; MS 78,401, p. 108; R C Anderson, Naval Wars in the Baltic (1969 edn), 100–3.
9 Glete, Navies and Nations, 134, 192, 195, 235.
10 Glete, Navies and Nations, 201.
11 J Glete, ‘Bridge and Bulwark: The Swedish Navy and the Baltic, 1500–1809’, in G Rystad, K-R Böhmme and W M Carlgren, eds, In Quest of Trade and Security: The Baltic in Power Politics 1500–1990 (Lund, 1994), 42–7.
12 Glete, ‘Bridge and Bulwark’, 11–20.
13 Glete, ‘Bridge and Bulwark’, 24–5.
14 G&T, 30–1; information from Försvarsstabens Bibliotek, Stockholm.
15 P Le Fevre, ‘Sir George Ayscue, Commonwealth and Restoration admiral’, MM 68 (1982), 189–201.
16 CSPD 1676–7, 188.
17 Harris, ‘English Shipbuilders’, 50–81; Fox, Great Ships, 132–3.
18 D Goodman, Spanish Naval Power 1589–1665: Reconstruction and Defeat (Cambridge, 1997), 275–6 and passim.
19 Goodman, Spanish Naval Power, 11–13.
20 R A Stradling, The Armada of Flanders: Spanish Maritime Policy and European War 1568–1668 (Cambridge, 1992), 113–28, 144–50, 219–21, 232–8.
21 Goodman, Spanish Naval Power, 32–6.
22 Goodman, Spanish Naval Power, 114–24.
23 Goodman, Spanish Naval Power, 272–3.
24 Fox, Great Ships, 134.
25 Goodman, Spanish Naval Power, 151–80.
26 Stradling, Armada of Flanders, 154–5.
27 Goodman, Spanish Naval Power, 181–207.
28 Goodman, Spanish Naval Power, 207–11.
29 Goodman, Spanish Naval Power, 221–34, 286.
30 Yale University Library, James Marshall and Marie Louise Osborn collection, shelf no. Fb 96 (Arthur Herbert’s letterbook), pp. 26–9, 32–4, 54, 78; G&T, 64.
31 Glete, Navies and Nations, i. 199, 241.
32 Glete, Navies and Nations, i. 124.
33 A contemporary English account of the Portuguese navy in 1672 is in Bod., Rawl. MS A316, fos. 22–6.
34 TNA, SP 89/5/18.
35 Glete, Navies and Nations, i. 230–1.
36 G Hanlon, The Twilight of a Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats and European Conflicts, 1560–1800 (1998), 151.
37 BL, Kings MS 40;P MacDougall, ‘Dummer, Edmund (bap. 1651, d. 1713), civil engineer’, ODNB. The question of the Venetian influence on Dummer’s work was raised during the 2006 conference of the Naval Dockyards Society, the papers from which are being published as vol. 5 of the Society’s Transactions (2008).
38 TNA, E/M/21/58/41, 110, Sarotti to Doge and Senate, 29 Apr. 1678.
39 J Muscat and A Cuschieri, Naval Activities of the Knights of St John, 1530–1798 (Malta, 2002), 43.
40 J D Davies, ‘ “The Strongest Island in the Whole Universe”: Aspects of Anglo-Maltese Naval Relations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, Transactions of the Naval Dockyards Society, 4 (forthcoming).
41 Glete, Navies and Nations, i. 251; T A Kirk, Genoa and the Sea: Policy and Power in an Early Modern Maritime Republic, 1559–1684 (Baltimore, 2005), 120.
42 Kirk, Genoa, 134–47.
43 TNA, SP 93/1/214.
44 Glete, Navies and Nations, 251; M Fontenay, ‘Chiourmes turques au xviie siècle’, in de Rose, ed., Legenti del mare Mediterraneo, 884–5.
45 Glete, Navies and Nations, i. 241.
46 M Fontenay, ‘Chiourmes turques’, 882–3.
47 Fontenay, ‘Chiourmes turques’, 886.
48 BL, Additional MS 18,986, fo. 416; Allin Journals, i. 21.
49 M Çizakça, ‘Ottomans and the Mediterranean: An Analysis of the Ottoman Shipbuilding Industry as Reflected by the Arsenal Registers of Istanbul, 1529–1650’, in de Rose, ed., Le genti del mare Mediterraneo, 785–6; Fontenay, ‘Chiourmes turques’, 885.
50 Allin Journals, i. 21.
51 Çizakça, ‘Ottomans and the Mediterranean’, 773–4, 784, 786–7.
52 National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, MS Deposit 38B, 20 May 1680.
PART ELEVEN, CHAPTER 45
1 NAM Rodger, ‘The Idea of Naval Strategy in Britain in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries’, in G Till, ed., The Development of British Naval Thinking: Essays in Memory of Brian Ranft (2006), 19–20.
2 M A Palmer, Command at Sea: Naval Command and Control since the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge., Mass., 2005), 39–41.
3 J D Davies, ‘The Birth of the Imperial Navy? Aspects of Maritime Strategy, c.1650–90’, in Duffy, ed., Parameters of British Naval Power, 17–18.
4 T Venning, Cromwellian Foreign Policy (Basingstoke, 1995), 47–9.
5 Davies, ‘Imperial Navy’, 18–19.
6 Davies, ‘Imperial Navy’, 19; Davies, ‘Pepys and the Admiralty Commission’,, 42.
7 Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 23–5.
8 Unless stated otherwise, the following passage is based on Fox, Distant Storm, 163–98. I am very grateful to Frank Fox for clarifying the issues surrounding the ‘division of the fleet’.
9 BL, Additional MS 32,094, fo. 209.
10 BL, Additional MS 32,094, fos. 127–8.
11 Davies, ‘Imperial Navy’, 19–20.
12 Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 20–1.
13 Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 11.
14 Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 115.
15 NMM, MS 87/049, Clifford papers, fo. 1, pieces 21, 23, 25–6.
16 NMM, MS 87/049, Clifford papers, large folio, piece 28.
17 Davies, ‘Imperial Navy’, 20–1; Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 156 .
18 BL, Egerton MS 861, passim.
19 Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 155–6.
20 Davies, ‘Imperial Navy’, 21.
21 Sandwich Journal, 181. Cf. ibid., 201.
22 BL, Lansdowne MS 1236, fos. 139–40.
23 Bod., Carte MS 47, fo. 166.
24 J D Davies, The Battle of the Texel, 11 August 1673: The Climactic Sea Battle of the Anglo-Dutch Wars (forthcoming).
25 Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 59.
26 Palmer, Command at Sea, 50.
27 Davies, ‘Imperial Navy’, 22; Davies, Texel.
28 Centre for Kentish Studies, Maidstone, U.1515/O.3.
29 Rupert and Monck, 122–7.
PART ELEVEN, CHAPTER 46
1 Fox, Distant Storm, 360–3; BL, Egerton MS 2543, fos. 181–2.
2 Journals and Narratives, 396.
3 P Aubrey, The Defeat of James Stuart’s Armada (Leicester, 1979), 176–7.
4 Davies, ‘Imperial Navy’, 26–30.
5 The last was William, Duke of Clarence (later King William IV), in 1827, though in 1702 the Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery planned to command the fleet as admiral of the Red, despite having had no previous experience at sea.
6 R C Anderson,‘English Flag Officers 1688–1713’, MM 35 (1949), 336.
7 Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 48.
8 Fox, Distant Storm, 88.
9 TNA, ADM 8/2.
10 G&T, 140.
11 Dyer, Narbrough, 127.
12 Anderson, ‘English Flag Officers’, 334.
13 Colenbrander, ed., Nederlandsche zeeoorlogen, i. 254. Cf. Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 190–2.
14 G&T, 100–1. Cf. Allin Journals, i. 227, 236.
15 Pepys Diary, vii. 161 (11 June 1666); Rupert and Monck, 231, 239.
16 Colenbrander, ed., Nederlandsche zeeoorlogen, i. 254.
17 Davies, ‘Admirals, 94–5.
18 Rupert and Monck, 104–5; B Tunstall, Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail: The Evolution of Fighting Tactics, 1650–1815, ed. N Tracy (1990), 26–31.
19 Sandwich Journal, 237–8.
20 J Burchett, A Complete History of the Most Remarkable Transactions at Sea (1720), ed. J B Hattendorf (New York, 1995), 412.
21 Davies, ‘Admirals’, 101–2.
22 Journals and Narratives, 378.
23 Knighton, Pepys and the Navy, 1–9.
PART ELEVEN, CHAPTER 47
1 N Matar, Britain and Barbary 1589–1689 (Gainesville, Fla., 2005), 38–75.
2 Baumber, Blake, 202–5.
3 AW Tedder, The Navy of the Restoration (1916), 73, 75.
4 R Ollard, Cromwell’s Earl: A Life of Edward Mountagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (1994), 101–3.
5 Tedder, Navy, 87–8.
6 Allin Journals, i. 171–2; ii. pp. xii-xiii.
7 Allin journals, ii. pp. xxxvi-xxxviii.
8 Allin journals, ii. pp. xl-xlvii.
9 J S Corbett, England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power within the Straits (1904), ii. 70–1.
10 Dyer, Narbrough, 138–57.
11 Hornstein, Restoration Navy, 109–33.
12 Hornstein, Restoration Navy, 134–47.
13 RHainsworth and C Churches, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars 1652–74 (1998), 49–50.
14 Tedder, Navy, 94–101.
15 W L Clowes, A History of the Royal Navy (1898), ii. 448–9.
16 Baumber, Blake, 195–201.
17 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 95.
18 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 96–9; Baumber, Blake, 211–39.
19 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 87–9.
20 C S Knighton, ‘Myngs, Sir Christopher (bap. 1625, d. 1666), naval officer’, ODNB.
21 C C Goslinga, The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast 1580–1680 (Assen, 1971), 384–91.
22 Goslinga, Dutch in the Caribbean, 391–6.
23 Goslinga, Dutch in the Caribbean, 403–6. For Lightfoot of the Elizabeth, see Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, America and West Indies, 1661–8, 474–5; D Hepper, British Warship Losses 1650–1859 (Rotherfield, 1994), 6, names the captain erroneously as Charles Talbot.
24 D G Shomette and R D Haslache, Raid on America: The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672–4 (Columbia, SC, 1988), 38–45, 90–2; TNA, ADM 51/384, pt. 1, Garland log.
25 Shomette and Haslache, Raid on America, 110–16, 139–51.
26 Shomette and Haslache, Raid on America, 162–205.
27 Davies, ‘Imperial Navy’, 28–9.
28 Keay, Honourable Company, 126; A van der Kraan, ‘Baptism of Fire: The Van Goens Mission to Ceylon and India, 1653–4’, Great Circle, 21 (1999), 85–92.
29 D K Bassett, ‘Early English Trade and Settlement in Asia, 1602–90’, in J S Bromley and E H Kossman, eds, Britain and the Netherlands in Europe and Asia (1968), 101–2 .
30 G Rommelse, The Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67): International Raison d’État, Mercantilism and Maritime Strife (Hilversum, 2006), 140.
31 Bassett, ‘Trade and Settlement’, 94–5.
32 C R Boxer, ‘The Third Dutch War in the East (1672–4)’, MM 16 (1930), 343–7.
33 Boxer, ‘Third Dutch War’, 360–1.
34 Boxer, ‘Third Dutch War’, 355–8.
35 J. MacKenzie, ‘The retaking of St Helena, 1673: “we haveing noo other business too doo … ”’, in P. Haudrère, ed., Lesflottes des Compagnies des Indes, 1600–1857 (Vincennes, 1996), 183–93.
PART ELEVEN, CHAPTER 48
1 Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 71.
2 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 71, 168
3 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 88–9.
4 J D Davies, ‘Devon and the Navy in the Civil War and Dutch Wars, 1642–88’, in Duffy et al., eds, New Maritime History of Devon, i. 174.
5 I R Mather, ‘The Role of the Royal Navy in the English Atlantic Empire, 1660–1720’, Oxford University DPhil thesis, 1995, 318–19.
6 TNA, ADM 2/1745, fo. 119v.
7 TNA, ADM 8.
8 TNA, ADM 8/1.
9 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 467–8.
10 Hornstein, Restoration Navy, 60–2.
11 TNA, ADM 51/588, pt. 1.
12 Hornstein, Restoration Navy, 55–8 (quotation from p. 57).
13 National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, MS Deposit 38B.
14 Hornstein, Restoration Navy, 58–9, 81–3.
15 Pepys MS 2867, pp. 192–4.
16 TNA, ADM 2/1, fos. 68, 84–5.
17 TNA, ADM 106/3538, pt. 1, ‘1652–60’ bundle, 16 Apr. 1653.
18 TNA, ADM 2/1736, pp. 4, 23, 66–7.
19 TNA, ADM 2/1736, pp. 121–2.
20 TNA, ADM 51/384, pt. 1.
21 Bod., Rawl. MS A187, fo. 415; MS A191, fos. 97–8; TNA, PC 2/58, fos. 90–1; Pepys Diary, ii. 20.
22 TNA, ADM 2/1725, fo. 149.
23 BL, Additional MS 11,606, fo. 3; Hornstein, Restoration Navy, 91–6.
24 R P Thornton, West India Policy under the Restoration (Oxford, 1956), 238–44.
25 TNA, PC 2/59, fo. 137; S G Margolin, ‘Guardships on the Virginia Station, 1667–1767’, American Neptune, 55 (1995), 19–23.
26 Mather, ‘Role of the Royal Navy’, 20–6, 42–7, 71–5, 89, 95, 99.
27 Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, America and West Indies, 1677–80, 216–17.
28 Margolin, ‘Guardships’, 21; Bod., Rawl. MS A186, fo. 429.
29 K G Davies, The Royal African Company (1957), 64–6, 106–7, 115.
30 TNA, ADM 2/1745, fos. 123v-4.
31 Bod., Carte MS 47, fo. 438.
32 BL, Stowe MS 202, fo. 34; Bod., Carte MS 54, fos. 470–1, 493–4.
33 TNA, ADM 8/2, 1 Oct. 1689; Lavery, Nelson’s Navy, 18.
34 A Jamieson, ed., A People of the Sea: A Maritime History of the Channel Islands (1986), 60–2 .
35 TNA, ADM 51/3869, pt. 5.
36 TNA, ADM 51/494.
37 Bod., Rawl. MS A187, fo. 85.
38 TNA, ADM 2/1733, fos. 48–9.
39 Bod., Carte MS 73, fos. 227–8; MS 75, fo. 218; TNA, ADM 8/1, 1 July 1673.
40 NMM, POR/B/2, fo. 13v; Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 208–9.
41 Cat. Pepys MSS, iv. 251.
42 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 62–3.
43 Pepys MS 2858, p. 308.
44 TNA, ADM 106/3540, pt. 2.
45 NMM, POR/B/2, fo. 12.
46 Cat. Pepys MSS, i. 209–10.
PART TWELVE, CHAPTER 49
1 B Lavery,‘The Revolution in Naval Tactics’, Les marines de guerre Européenes xvii-xviii siècles, ed. M Acerra, J Merino and J Meyer (Paris, 1985), 167–72; NAM Rodger, ‘The Development of Broadside Gunnery, 1450–1650’, MM 82 (1996), 302–10.
2 Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 17.
3 Palmer, Command at Sea, 44–6.
4 M A Palmer, ‘The “Military Revolution” Afloat: The Era of the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Transition to Modern Warfare at Sea’, War in History, 4 (1997), 132–3.
5 Fighting Instructions 1530–1816, ed. J S Corbett (NRS, 1905), 99–104.
6 Rodger, Command, 17.
7 Baumber, Blake, 182–6, favours Blake; Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 19, favours Monck, a line followed by Rodger, Command, 16; Fox, Distant Storm, 13; and also by Palmer, Command at Sea, 63.
8 J K Laughton, rev. M Baumber, ‘Richard Deane (1610–53), army and naval officer and regicide’, ODNB. Pace Palmer, Command at Sea, 63, who inaccurately dismisses Deane as an insignificant administrator.
9 L Street, An Uncommon Sailor: A Portrait of Admiral Sir William Penn (Bourne End, 1986), 113–14. I am grateful to Frank Fox for discussion of this point.
10 Baumber, Blake, 184–6; Hainsworth and Churches, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 76–87.
11 Figures for Dutch losses from http://anglodutchwarsblog.com/Articles/Documents/DutchLossesinFirstAngloDu.html, accessed 14 July 2007. These are more modest (particularly for Gabbard and Scheveningen) than the exaggerated propaganda claims made at the time, and are repeated in some modern sources, e.g. Palmer, ‘Military Revolution’, 130, 135.
12 Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 19.
13 See e.g. Journals and Narratives, 327.
14 Palmer, ‘Military Revolution’, 125, 136–40.
15 Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 128.
16 Fighting Instructions, 99–104; Fox, Distant Storm, 226–7.
17 Centre for Kentish Studies, Maidstone, U.1515/O.3, 1, 4, 5 July 1666; Rupert and Monck, 75. Cf. Fox, Distant Storm, 222.
18 NMM, DAR-2; Fighting Instructions, 127–8; Rodger, Command, 69.
19 Fighting Instructions, 139–40, 146–63; Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 38–41.
20 NMM, DAR-2, DAR-9 fos. 1–13, DAR-13. Cf. Rupert and Monck, 48–9; Journals and Narratives, 192.
21 Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 40.
22 Journals and Narratives, 352.
23 R E J Weber, ‘The Introduction of the Single Line Ahead as a Battle Formation by the Dutch, 1665–6’, MM 73 (1987), 10–18.
24 Bod., Rawl. MS A195A, fos. 202–5.
25 Journals and Narratives, 95, 165, 168, 171, 172, 173.
26 Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 25–8.
27 Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 21.
28 Sandwich Journal, 195–8; Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 21–2.
29 Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 17, where the instruction is dated wrongly to 1652. Cf. Rupert and Monck, 63–5.
30 Bod., Rawl. MS A185, fo. 112; MS A195A, fo. 28; NMM, WYN/13, fo. 3.
31 Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 23–4.
32 Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 27–8.
33 Tunstall, Naval Warfare, 29.
34 Fox, Distant Storm, 316–17.
35 BL, Egerton MS 928, fos. 90–1.
36 Journals and Narratives, 166.
37 BL, Egerton MS 928, fos. 90–1.
38 Quoted by Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 81.
39 Coventry MS 98, fo. 189.
40 Lincolnshire Archives Office, Lincoln, Jarvis MS 9/1/A/2, 3 Aug. 1666.
41 NMM, JOD/173, p. 29; J Charnock, Biographia Navalis (1794), i. 398.
42 Rupert and Monck, 234, 247–8.
43 Journals and Narratives, 97. She suffered even more heavily at the Texel: ibid., 358.
44 Journals and Narratives, 167.
45 Three Sea Journals of Stuart Times, 51.
46 Three Sea Journals of Stuart Times, 49.
47 BL, Sloane MS 1745, fos. 2–9.
48 G&T, 138–40, 147, 164–5, 171–2.
49 BL, Egerton MS 928, fos. 126–7.
50 Three Sea Journals of Stuart Times, 49; Journals and Narratives, 172–4, 181.
51 Rupert and Monck, 104.
PART TWELVE, CHAPTER 50
1 Gabbard, St James and Solebay. Two others were named Barfleur and Hogue, after the Anglo-French battles of 1692. However, the battle honour ‘Scheveningen 1653’ is borne by the submarines Vanguard and Triumph, the destroyers Diamond and Dragon and the frigate Portland.
2 A Herman, To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World (2004), 178–9, 644.
3 Hainsworth and Churches, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 81–2.
4 For the composition of the British fleet in the battle, see R C Anderson, ‘English Fleet Lists in the First Dutch War’, MM 24 (1938), 448–50.
5 First Dutch War, v. 340–1.
6 Hainsworth and Churches, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 83, 85; P van Reine, Schittering en schandaal: Biografie van Maerten en Cornelis Tromp (Amsterdam, 2001), 187–8.
7 Penn, Memorials, i. 510.
8 First Dutch War, v. 350.
9 Van Reine, Schittering, 189–90.
10 First Dutch War, v. 368.
11 Penn, Memorials, i. 511.
12 Fox, Distant Storm, 16–17.
13 First Dutch War, v. 351, 355–6.
14 First Dutch War, v. 349.
15 Dutch fleet from http://anglodutchwarsblog.com; British fleet from Penn, Memorials, i. 491.
16 First Dutch War v. 360–1. Cf. ibid., 358–64, for the full Dutch damage report.
17 Penn Memorials, i. 504–5.
18 First Dutch War, v. 370.
19 Van Reine, Schittering, 195–6.
20 Hainsworth and Churches, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 89–93.
PART TWELVE, CHAPTER 51
1 Sandwich Journal, 180.
2 Fox, Distant Storm, 87–95.
3 Fox, Distant Storm, 95–8; Rommelse, Second War, 128–31.
4 Fox, Distant Storm, 107–8.
5 Sandwich Journal, 222.
6 Rommelse, Second War, 131.
7 Lincolnshire Archives Office, Lincoln, MS Jarvis 9/1/A/1, log of Christopher Gunman.
8 Sandwich Journal, 224.
9 Sandwich Journal, 225.
10 NMM, WYN 13/6; Fox, Distant Storm, 109–14. I am grateful to Frank Fox for discussion of this manoeuvre.
11 Hainsworth and Churches, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 121–2.
12 Fox, Distant Storm, 114–15.
13 Sandwich Journal, 226.
14 NMM, WYN/13/6.
15 Colenbrander, ed., Nederlandsche zeeoorlogen, i. 195.
16 Sandwich Journal, 228.
17 Coventry MS 98, fo. 159.
18 Fox, Distant Storm, 120–3.
19 Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 158.
20 G&T, 150, 156.
21 BL, Additional MS 75,413, piece 9.
22 Sandwich Journal, 228; Lincolnshire Archives Office, Lincoln, MS Jarvis 9/1/A/1, log of Christopher Gunman.
23 Journals and Narratives, 175.
24 NMM, WYN/13/6.
25 Pepys Diary, vi. 123 (8 June 1665).
26 Pepys Diary, vi. 120 (7 June 1665).
27 G&T, 138–43.
28 Rommelse, Second War, 132, 150.
PART TWELVE, CHAPTER 52
1 Unless stated otherwise, this chapter is based on my forthcoming book, The Battle of the Texel, 11 August 1673: The Climactic Sea Battle of the Anglo-Dutch Wars.
2 R Hutton, Charles II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (Oxford, 1989), 3034; J Miller, Charles II (1991), 207–9.
3 Journals and Narratives, 42, 324–6.
4 TNA, ADM 51/3932 (log of Pearl).
5 J D Davies, ‘Spragge, Sir Edward (1629–72), naval officer’, ODNB.
6 D Hepper, British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail 1650–1859 (Rotherfield, 1994), 10–11 and passim.
7 CSPD, 1673, 521.
8 Colenbrander, ed., Nederlandsche zeeoorlogen, ii. 324.
9 Journals and Narratives, 355–6.
10 Journals and Narratives, 327; Bod., Carte MS 38, fo. 38.
PART THIRTEEN, CHAPTER 53
1 G&T, 199.
2 Knighton, Pepys and the Navy, 148–53.
3 Knighton, Pepys and the Navy, 153–6; Davies, ‘Pepys and the Admiralty Commission’, 34–53.
4 B Lavery, Shield of Empire: The Royal Navy and Scotland (Edinburgh, 2006), 16–18.
5 Pepys MS 2858, pp. 1–140, 198.
6 G&T, 200–3.
7 G&T, 200, 203–5.
8 D West, Admiral Edward Russell and the Rise of British Naval Supremacy (Kinloss, 2005), 18–25, 63.
9 G&T, 206–7.
10 Davies, ‘Admirals’, 94, 101–2.
11 Rodger, Command, 138.
12 G&T, 209–11.
13 Davies, ‘Admirals’, 85–97; G&T, 211–18.
14 G&T, 218–21.
15 The last letters in Pepys’s Admiralty letterbook were dated 1 and 5 Mar.: Pepys MS 2862, pp. 596–8.
16 J D Davies, ‘The English Navy on the Eve of War, 1689’, in Le Fevre, ed., Guerres maritimes, 4–7.
17 E B Powley, The Naval Side of King William’s War (1972), 30–1. Powley’s book provides an exhaustively detailed narrative of the naval events of November 1688 to June 1690.
18 Rodger, Command, 141.
19 Rodger, Command, 143.
20 BL, Additional MS 10,115, fo. 29; Rodger, Command, 144.
21 Davies, ‘Navy on Eve of War’, 3–4.
22 Lavery, Shield of Empire, 18–19, 23.
23 S Mulloy, ‘The French and the Jacobite War in Ireland, 1689–91’, Irish Sword, 70 (1990), 24.
24 P Le Fevre, ‘The Battle of Bantry Bay, 1 May 1689’, Irish Sword, 70 (1990), 8
25 Le Fevre,‘Bantry Bay’, 8–11; Mulloy, ‘Jacobite War’, 24–5.
26 Le Fevre,‘Bantry Bay’, 10–11.
27 Mulloy, ‘Jacobite War’, 25.
28 Mulloy, ‘Jacobite War’, 25–31; A W H Pearsall, ‘The War at Sea’, in W A Maguire, ed., Kings in Conflict: The Revolutionary War in Ireland and its Aftermath, 1689–1750 (Belfast, 1990), 97105.
29 Pearsall, ‘War at Sea’, 96
30 Pearsall, ‘War at Sea’, 97. The fullest modern account of the relief operation is that by C Gébler, The Siege of Derry (2005), 274–98.
31 P Le Fevre, ‘Arthur Herbert, Earl of Torrington, 1648–1716’, The Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century, ed. Le Fevre and R Harding (2000), 32–3.
32 P Le Fevre, ‘“A Sacrifice to the Allies”? The Earl of Torrington and the Battle of Beachy Head, 30 June 1690’, in Le Fevre, ed., Guerres maritimes, 55–7.
33 Le Fevre, ‘Herbert’, 35–6.
34 J Meyer, Beveziers: La France prend la maîtrise de la Manche (Paris, 1993), 87.
35 Meyer, Beveziers, 87–104.
36 Le Fevre, ‘Sacrifice’, 66–9, 71–5.
37 Quoted in Le Fevre, ‘Herbert’, 37.
PART THIRTEEN, CHAPTER 54
1 Russell’s recent biographer (D West, Admiral Edward Russell and the Rise of British Naval Supremacy (Kinloss, 2005), 335) passes over this astonishing week-long drinking party at November 1694, when the admiral transformed a Spanish fountain into a vast punchbowl, but many websites and blogs relish the story. Based on 250 gallons each of brandy and Malaga wine, the concoction was served by a sailor in a rowing boat, who had to be replaced every fifteen minutes to prevent him passing out from the fumes.
2 Lyon, Sailing Navy List, 7, 18–23.
3 Lyon, Sailing Navy List, 16–18.
4 Lyon, Sailing Navy List, 23–7.
5 Davies, ‘Navy on Eve of War’, 7–11; Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, 392; B Capp, ‘Bourne, Nehemiah (1611–1691), naval officer and official’, ODNB.
6 http://bravebenbow.tripod.com, accessed 13 Jan. 2008; J B Hattendorf, ‘Benbow, John (1653?-1702), naval officer’, ODNB.
7 Manning Pamphlets 1693–1873, ed. J S Bromley (NRS, 1974), p. xxvii, n. 4.
8 Manning Pamphlets, 12–15.
9 G Hughes, ‘The Act for the Increase and Encouragement of Seamen, 1696–1710: Could it have Solved the Royal Navy’s Manning Problem?’, in Le Fevre, ed., Guerres maritimes, 25–33.
10 Manning Pamphlets, pp. xxvii-xxxiv, 1–41.
11 http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm71/7170/7170.pdf, section 1, paragraph 17, accessed 10 Dec. 2007.
12 ‘Edmund Dummer’s “Account of the General Progress and Advancement of His Majesty’s New Dock and Yard at Plymouth”, December 1694’, in The Naval Miscellany, 6, ed. M Duffy (NRS, 2003), 97.
13 M Duffy, ‘Devon and the Naval Strategy of the French Wars, 1689–1815’, in Duffy et al., eds, New Maritime History of Devon, i. 182–4.
14 J Coad,‘The Development and Organisation of Plymouth Dockyard, 1689–1815’, in Duffy et al., eds, New Maritime History of Devon, i. 192–5. Dummer’s own account of the construction of the yard is given in Naval Miscellany, 6 (NRS, 2003), 104–47.
15 E B Powley, The Naval Side of King William’s War (1972), 186; Duffy, ‘Naval Strategy’, 184–6.
16 P Aubrey, The Defeat of James Stuart’s Armada (Leicester, 1979), 78–80.
17 Aubrey, Defeat, 82–3, 88–9.
18 J Ehrman, The Navy in the War of William III (Cambridge, 1953), 382–91.
19 Aubrey, Defeat, 175–8.
20 West, Russell, 275.
21 Rodger, Command, 149.
22 For the French fleet in the battle, and French historiography on the matter, see P Villiers, ‘Marine de Colbert ou Marine de Seignelay: victoire de Barfleur et progress technique’, in Le Fevre, ed., Guerres maritimes, 173–96.
23 Aubrey, Defeat, 91–2.
24 Aubrey, Defeat, 95–9.
25 Aubrey, Defeat, 100–3.
26 Aubrey, Defeat, 105–11.
27 Aubrey, Defeat, 113–15.
28 J B Hattendorf, ‘Sir George Rooke and Sir Cloudesley Shovell’, in R Harding and P Le Fevre, ed., The Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century (2000), 56.
29 Aubrey, Defeat, 115–23.
30 Quoted by Aubrey, Defeat, 121.
31 D D Aldridge, ‘Admiral Edward Russell: pre- and post-Barfleur’, in Le Fevre, ed., Guerres maritimes, 155–64.
32 Ehrman, Navy, 517–53; Rodger, Command, 152–6.
33 Rodger, Command, 156–60.
PART THIRTEEN, CHAPTER 55
1 An arguable exception was the Type 12 frigate hms Lowestoft, sunk as a target in 1986; but she was explicitly named after the seaside town, not the 1665 battle.
2 Cf. Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 3–6.
3 The pub is the Red Lion at Martlesham. In fact, the figurehead is of early eighteenth-century date, though as the pub has existed since Tudor times, it is possible that the current figurehead replaced that of the Stavoren. I am grateful to Richard Endsor for information on this point.
4 Lyon, Sailing Navy List, 17, 39.
5 www.bataviawerf.nl, www.shtandart.com, both accessed 8 Aug. 2007; A van der Zee and A Klein, ‘De / Provincien: Building a Replica of a Famous Dutch Warship’, Nautical Research Journal, 50 (2005), 1–8.
6 www.ekmt.fogonline.co.uk, accessed 8 Aug. 2007.
7 www.shipwreck-heritage.org.uk, accessed 8 Aug. 2007.
8 www.resolutionproject.co.uk, accessed 18 Dec. 2007.
9 P Marsden, English Heritage Book of Ships and Shipwrecks (1997), 97–9.
10 R C Anderson, ‘English Flag Officers 1689–1713’, MM 35 (1949), 333–41.
11 D D Aldridge, ‘Sir John Norris, 1660?-1749’, in Harding and Le Fevre, eds, Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century, 129–49.
12 G F James, ‘Josiah Burchett, Secretary to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, 1695–1742’, MM 23 (1937), 455–6.
13 St Lo eventually became the resident commissioner at Chatham, and died in 1718.
14 N A M Rodger, The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy (1985), 299–301.
15 An excellent account of the history of this building is provided by Knighton, Pepys and the Navy, 165–75.
16 C Mazeika, ‘Pearls Before Swine: A History of the Great Storehouse at Deptford, 1513, 1720’, Transactions of the Naval Dockyards Society, 3 (2007), 125–30.
17 D D Andrews and B J Crouch, ‘The Harwich Crane Restored’, Essex Archaeology and History, 25 (1994), 247–9.
18 Pepys Diary, vi. 102 (18 Apr. 1666).
19 Firth, Naval Songs and Ballads, pp. xxx, xlvii, 56–8, 119–20.
20 Andrew Marvell, The Last Instructions to a Painter (1667).
21 It even has its own website, which includes a lively and informative discussion group: www.pepysdiary.com.