Series page
Title page
Copyright page
Introduction
1 Justice and Decision Making in Sports
2 Sports Technologies Classified by Their Complexity
3 Track Estimators and Cricket
4 Track Estimators and Tennis
5 The Impact of Track Estimators
6 How the Premier League Might Have Turned Out with TV Replays
7 Changing the Way Refereeing Decisions Are Made in Football
Conclusion
Afterword
Bonus Extra: The Strange Sport of Cricket
Appendix 1 A Somewhat Surprising Description of How Hawk-Eye Works
Appendix 2 An Early Technical Description of Hawk-Eye
Appendix 3 Description of the 335 Football Refereeing Mistakes Listed in Table 7.1
Appendix 4 Some Sources Relating to Sports and to Science and Technology Studies
References
Index
Inside Technology

List of Tables

Table 2.1 Classification of capture devices
Table 6.1 Number of various points-differences in the Premiership table over eleven years, from 2004 to 2015
Table 6.2 2011–2012
Table 6.3 2012–2013
Table 6.4 2013–2014
Table 6.5 Number of games with points won and lost, 2011–2012
Table 6.6 Number of games with points won and lost, 2012–2013
Table 6.7 Number of games with points won and lost, 2013–2014
Table 7.1 Topic of commentators’ discussions during 1,049 matches shown on Match of the Day: 2011–2014
Table 7.2 How to use TV replays (TVR) without slowing down the game
Table A.1 The popularity of some top sports according to website usage
Table A3.1 Wrong refereeing decisions: Season 2011–2012
Table A3.2 Wrong refereeing decisions: Season 2012–2013
Table A3.3 Wrong refereeing decisions: Season 2013–2014

List of Illustrations

Figure 0.1 Manchester City 2, Liverpool 1, December 26, 2013. Raheem Sterling is “miles” onside as the ball is passed to him; he was flagged offside.
Figure 0.2 Martin Škrtel punches the ball out of the Liverpool penalty area. It was not spotted by the referee.
Figure 2.1 The stumps or wicket (not to scale).
Figure 2.2 A cricket field with a very attacking field—all fielders are very close in. The field is set for a right-handed batter. For a left-handed batter, the offside and leg side (see chapter 3) and the fielding positions would be a mirror image. The boundaries are around eighty yards away; normally the field would be more spread with quite a few patrolling the boundaries and with a defensive field there would be fewer slips and no short leg or silly mid-on. The creases are shown with the gray box being the virtual space between the wickets. See figure 2.3 (and the figures in the “Bonus Extra” chapter) to see how this looks in real life, or search YouTube for more examples.
Figure 2.3 The field of play in cricket (Australia vs. New Zealand, February 2015).
Figure 2.4 A fast bowler delivers the ball.
Figure 2.5 Hot Spot.
Figure 2.6 Snicko.
Figure 3.1 The normal distribution.
Figure 3.2 A two-dimensional schematic of a potential lbw situation.
Figure 3.3 Track estimator in use for lbw decision.
Figure 3.4 Track estimator showing estimated path of ball from behind the wicket.
Figure 3.5 Some ways of indicating Hawk-Eye’s possible measurement errors (not to scale).
Figure 4.1 Is the error concentrated in the direction of travel of the ball and to what extent? (Not to scale.)
Figure 4.2 TEL’s distribution of error.
Figure 4.3 Some ways of indicating possible error in line calls in tennis (not to scale).
Figure 5.1 Possible ways to reproduce human systematic error (not to scale).
Figure 5.2 The gray box illustrates the zone of uncertain on one edge of the wicket equal to half a stump and half a ball (not to scale).
Figure 5.3 Zone of uncertainty on the crucial edge of a tennis line: if the trailing edge of the ball is shown to be in the zone, the umpire’s initial decision stands (not to scale).
Figure A.1 Cover drive.
Figure A.2 Wicket keeper and three slips.
Figure A.3 Short leg—suicidal.
Figure A.4 What a brilliant catch in the slips!
Figure A.5 Howzat?
Figure A.6 A run out in a limited-overs game with colored uniforms.

Guide

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