Jackson, Andrew 185
Jackson, Henry ‘Scoop’ 462–3, 467
Jackson–Vanik Amendment (to US Trade Bill with USSR) 462–3, 486
Jamaica 44
James I of England and VI of Scotland 26, 40
James II of England and Ireland, and VII of Scotland 59–61, 64, 66
Jan III Sobieski of Poland 57, 65
Janissary revolt, Constantinople 72–3
Japan 265, 270, 271, 274–5, 284, 326, 332
Anglo-Japanese alliance 271
and Germany: Anti-Comintern Pact 353, 361, see also Axis powers; Tripartite Pact 367; Second World War 367, 369
invasion of China (1937) 354
and Italy, Tripartite Pact 367
and the US 347; internment of Americans of Japanese descent 375; Pearl Harbor attack 371; Washington conversations 369; Second World War 368, 369, 371, 372, 375, 378, 390
and the USSR 360
and First World War 296
and Second World War 368, 369, 371, 372, 378, 390; Tripartite Pact 367
Javits, Jacob 405–6
Jay Treaty 158
Jenkins’ Ear, War of 94–5
Jews
anti-Semitism see anti-Semitism
and Catholicism 206–7
diaspora 206
Dreyfus affair 264
Entebbe hostages 466
expulsion from Prague 100–101
and France 263–4
Galician 303
General Union of Jewish Workers 264
and Germany 303, 313, 361; Berlin attacks of 1969 453; and Hitler’s Mein Kampf 336; Hitler’s pre-war moves against the Jews 344–5, 353, 358; Kristallnacht 358; restitution payments for Nazi crimes 414; Second World War 363, 369, 371, 375, 387
and Hamas 484–5
Jewish internationalism 206–7; international Jewish public sphere 201
Judaeo-Bolshevik-plutocrat alliance 371
and Maria Theresa 100–101
and the Ottomans 202–3
and Palestine see Israel, State of: Balfour Declaration 6, 308, 313, 322; Zionists see Zionism
protection/emancipation of 206, 207, 211, 235, 253
Prussian emancipation of 211
refugees 388
Russian/Soviet 206, 255, 264, 273, 303, 369, 375, 406–7, 447, 462–3
and Second World War 363, 369, 371, 375, 387, 388
self-defence organizations 264
Toleration Edict (1781) 133
Wolf and the civil rights of 321
Zionist see Zionism
jihadism 484–5, 503–4, 514, 519
JNA (Yugoslav National Army) 491
Joffre, Joseph, General 285, 297
John Frederick I of Saxony 11
John George I of Saxony 15
John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg 31
Johnson, Andrew 237
Johnson, Lyndon Baines 437, 438, 440, 442, 444, 453
Joint Intelligence Committee 404
Palestinian training camps in 453
Joseph, Père (François Leclerc du Tremblay) 18
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 58–9, 66, 67, 70, 73, 76
Joseph II, Holy Roman emperor 109, 118, 129–30, 132, 133, 135–6, 141, 143, 145
reforms under 133–4
Joseph Clemens of Cologne 66
Joseph zu Salm-Dyck, Prince 198
Journal de Berlin ou nouvelles politiques et littéraires 96
Juan Carlos of Spain 460
Judenstaat, Der 264
Jülich 146
Kabul 469
Kadet party, Russia 280, 305, 309
Kaganovich, Lazar 347
Kalisch, Treaty of 172–3
Kalmyks 375
Kamenev, Lev 347
Kamenice 65
Kammin 45
Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854) 223
Karl Leopold of Mecklenburg 79
Karl Theodor of the Palatinate 129
Karlsbad Decrees 187
Karmal, Babrak 470
Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich 240–41, 245
Katyn Wood massacre 363
Kaufman, Gerald 478
Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, Count 99, 108, 111, 118, 129, 143
Kazakhstan 516
Kehl 76
Keitel, Wilhelm 355
Kelly, Petra 476
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436
Kerry, John 518
Keynes, John Maynard 325
Khabulatov, Ruslan 499
Khalkhin Gol, battle of 362
Khartoum 258
Khrushchev, Nikita 415–16, 422, 423, 424, 425, 428–30, 432, 433–4, 438, 439–40
Kiatschou, China 267
Kiel mutiny 317
Kiesinger, Kurt Georg 444
King, Martin Luther 432
Kingdom of the United Netherlands 180
Kipling, Rudyard 268
Kirkpatrick, Jeane 475
Kishinev pogroms 273
Kissinger, Henry 448, 449, 452, 454, 455, 456, 460–61, 462, 464–5
Kitchener, Herbert, 1st Earl 269
Klein-Schnellendorf, Truce of 99
Kloster-Zeven, Convention of 112, 113
Knights Hospitallers 9
Koblenz 147
Kohl, Helmut 478, 482, 483, 487, 489, 498
Kolin, battle of 113
Kölnische Zeitung 220
Konya, battle of 194
Koran 136
Korean War 409, 414, 416, 417, 419
partitioning 382
Kościuszko, Tadeusz 150
Kosovo Assembly 521
Kosovo Liberation Army 504
Kossuth, Lajos 211
Kosygin, Alexei 444
Kotzebue, August von 187
Kozyrew, Andrei 499
Krenz, Egon 486
Kristallnacht 358
Kuchma, Leonid 512–13
Kühlmann, Richard von 311–12
Kulaks 353
Kuomintang 408
Kurakin, Alexander Borisovich 161
Kurdish nationalists 393
Kursk, battle of 378
Kutchuk Kainarji, Treaty of 124, 135
la Farina, Giuseppe 225
La Galissonière, Roland-Michel Barrin de 108
la Valette, Charles, Marquis de 241
labour unions see trade unions
Lafontaine, Oskar 478
Lagos, Bay of 114
Laibach, Congress of 190
laissez-faire statehood 183–4
Lake, Tony 496
Lamarque, Jean Maximilien 194
Lamartine, Alphonse de 214, 218
Lance missiles 484
land tax 29
Landau 182
Landdtag 24–5
language, and national consciousness 2
Languedoc 50
Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of 270–71
Lasky, Melvin: Der Monat 410
Latin 1
Latin America 171, 189, 191, 299, 368, 399, 418, 433, 475, 500; see also Central America; South America
NATO admission 512
Lausanne Conference (1932) 342
Laval, Pierre 364
League of Armed Neutrality 130
second 158
League of Augsburg 58
Nine Years War 60–64
League of Communists 215
League of Nations 320–22, 325, 326, 328, 330, 531
Disarmament Conference (1932) 342
Soviet entry 346
‘leapfrog’ diplomacy 11, 49, 56–7
Lee, Robert E., General 231
Leeds, Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of 144
Leeser, Isaac, Rabbi 206
Legion of Honour 165
Lehman Brothers 522
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 78
Leipzig 486
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 312, 314, 315, 319, 327, 330
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 44, 51–2, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62–3, 67
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 145–6
Leopold II of Belgium 258
Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 242
Lepanto, battle of 10
Lerma, Francisco Gomez de Sandoval, Duke of 23
Leuthen, battle of 113
Lexington Green, battle of 127
liberalism
anti-communist 410
British 199, 200–202, 246, 249, 280–82
economic 167
emergence of pan-European liberal public sphere 188
liberal nationalism 186–7, 192–218, 228, 239; public sphere of 186, 198, 210
liberal revolutions see revolutionary liberal movements
shattered by brutal process of German unification 246
Spanish 188
Liberator, The 200
Liberty Bonds 316
Libya 284
defence of Benghazi 527
European divisions over 527, 528
Liebknecht, Karl 323
Ligachev, Yegor 489
Ligurian Republic 152
Lillieroth, Nils 68
Linz 24–5
Lithuania 26, 320, 331, 362, 481, 487, 491
NATO admission 512
Littleton, Sir Thomas 54
Litvinov, Maxim 346
Livingstone, David 247–8
Lloyd, Selwyn 426
Lloyd George, David, 1st Earl 281, 282, 283, 300, 301, 316, 323, 325
Locarno Treaty 334–5, 336, 350
Locke, John 70
Loftus, Lord Augustus 246
Lollards 3
London 61
1830 Conference/Treaty of 195, 196
1913 Treaty of 289
Islamist bombings 519
Islamists in 504
Straits Convention 205
Yugoslav Committee 298
‘Long Telegram’ 394
Lop Nor 434
Lorraine 52, 73, 88, 99, 243–4
Alsace-Lorraine 244, 245, 256, 260, 263, 285, 313, 320, 334, 382, 387
Louis, Duke of Nemours 195
Louis II of Hungary 32
Louis XIV 44, 49–55, 56, 57–61, 63, 64, 65–7, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77–8
Grand Alliance against 58, 60–64, 66, 69, 70, 73, 74–5, 76, 77
Louis XVI 5, 130, 141, 142, 148, 150
Louisburg 103
Louisiana 112, 116, 131, 158, 159, 171
Louis, Grand Dauphin 49
Louis-Philippe I 194, 201, 204, 213
Louvois, François Michel le Tellier, Marquis de 49, 56, 58
Low/Benelux Countries 14; see also Belgium/Belgians; Luxemburg; Netherlands/the Dutch
barrier fortresses 64, 66, 76, 77, 98, 104, 109, 162
and France 50–51, 76, 104; Revolutionary Wars and expansion 150, 152; and the War of the Austrian Succession 98
and the Holy Roman Empire 4, 11, 12
and the Nine Years War 60
and the Ottomans 22
Second World War 365–6
and Spain 10, 11, 12, 16, 20, 21, 22, 25, 38, 53; see also Spanish Empire: Spanish Netherlands
States General 1, 14, 21, 29, 53, 85, 91
taxation 30
and the War of the Spanish Succession 66
Lowe, Robert 247
Lübeck 170
Lublin, Union of 26
Lublin-Majdanek concentration camp 375
Lucretelle, Pierre-Louis 142
Ludendorff, Erich, General 295, 296, 317
Ludwig I of Bavaria 197
Luftwaffe 346, 350, 366, 368, 378
Luisa Fernanda of Spain 208
Lukaschenko, Alexander 516
Lusitania 299
and the Ottomans 22
Luxemburg 56, 182, 194, 197, 241–2
Brussels Pact 398
Luxemburg, Rosa 323
Luynes, Charles d’Albert, Duke of 23
Lvov 387
Maastricht 102
Treaty on European Union 493, 495
Mably, Gabriel de, Abbé 117
McCain, John 523
McCloy, John 410
Macdonald, Ramsay 333
Macedonia 252, 278, 487, 494, 504, 508, 521
Machiavelli, Niccolò 27–8
Mackinder, Sir Halford 326, 509
McKinley tariffs 262
McMahon, Sir Henry 298
Macmillan, Harold 357, 391, 398, 426, 430, 435
McSherry, Louis, General 374
Madagascar 258
Madero, Francisco 289
Madrid 22, 45, 53, 55–6, 65, 200
metro bombing 519
Maghreb 512
magistrates 1
Magyars 192, 233, 240, 286, 303, 359
Mahan, Alfred Thayer 265–6
Mahdist Revolt 258
Mahmud II, Sultan 192, 193, 196, 202
Maine 184
Mainz 182
Republic 153
Majuba Hill, battle of 258
Makarios III, Archbishop 425
Malenkov, Georgi 415–16
Malmo, armistice of 219
Malplaquet, battle of 75
and the Ottomans 10
Malvy, Louis-Jean 315
Manchu dynasty, China 265, 284
Manchuria 274–5
Mangin, Charles, General 330
Manin, Daniel 225
Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf, Finland under 379
Mansfield, Mike 443
Mao Zedong 407–8, 427–8, 429, 432, 434, 439, 450, 454
Mar, John Erskine, 22nd Earl of 82
Marchand, Jean-Baptiste 269
Marco Polo 2
Marcuse, Herbert 445
Marengo, battle of 159
Margaret of Parma 30
Maria Theresa 83, 86, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100–101, 103, 112, 124
Marie Antoinette 141
Marie Louise 169
Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of 5, 69, 74, 75, 76
Marne, battle of 295
second battle 317
Marshall, George 397
Marshall Aid/Plan 397, 399, 401, 403
Marshall Islands 258
Marx, Karl 207–8, 215, 216, 232, 314
Marx, Wilhelm 332
Marxism 5, 207–8, 215, 216, 314
Chinese 408
and the International Working Men’s Association 248
Marxist Social Democrats (SPD, Germany) 254, 259, 286–7, 292, 416, 452, 472, 478
Sozialdemokrat 248
Mary II of England 64
Maryland 112
Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue 298
Senate 178
Mather, Cotton 63
Maupeou, René Nicolas de 125
Maury, Jean-Sifrein 147
Max Emanuel of Bavaria 66, 77–8
Max von Baden, Prince 317
Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria 20, 21
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 12, 16, 17, 18, 31–2, 73
Maximilian I of Mexico 230, 234, 237, 238, 242
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 27
Maximilian of Baden, Prince 317
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules 13, 45, 46
Mazzini, Giuseppe 196–7, 213–14
Mehmed II, ‘Sultan I Rum’ 9, 16
Mehmet IV 72
Mehmet Ali of Egypt 192, 194, 196, 202–3, 205
Meir, Golda 407
Mendès, Pierre 419
Mensheviks 315
Menshikov, Alexander Sergeievich 196, 221
Mercure 54
Merkel, Angela 519, 521, 524, 528
Mesopotamia 298, 311, 322, 367
Messina 421
revolt 53
Metternich, Klemens von, Count 164, 169, 172, 173, 187, 189, 190, 194, 195, 202, 204, 209, 211, 212, 213
Metz 13
Mexico/New Spain 34, 35, 117, 200, 230, 237, 289–90, 291, 308, 532
civil war 284
Meyendorff, Peter von, Baron 215–16
Michaelis, Georg 311
Middle East (see also specific countries)
and 9/11 513
Arab–Israeli wars see Israel, state of: and the Arab nations
and Britain see British Empire: and the Middle East; Palestine: and Britain
CENTCOM 475
and First World War 298, 311, 317
Hezbollah 475
and oil 456, 469, 470, 471, 500
‘realist’ paradigm 513
and Second World War 367–8, 372
Sykes–Picot agreement 298
and the US 461, 500, 513–16, 527
USEUCOM 475–6
Midlothian campaign 253
Midway, battle of 378
Midwives Act (Britain) 282
European Council at (1985) 477
Milbanke, Sir John 216
military
Allied, Second World War 378
arms control 468, 473, 480, 483; nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 444, 531; SALT I 454; SALT II 467, 471
arms races 279, 287, 390, 455, 482
British see Britain and the United Kingdom: military
CFE Treaty 489
conscription 50, 151, 166, 185, 276, 301, 309, 404
disarmament see disarmament
EU impotence 494
European Capabilities Action Plan 512
French see France/the French: military
German see Germany: military
Habsburg Landwehr 169
Indian 366
integration 500–501
Mutual Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR) 455
NATO forces and weapons 432, 469, 472, 478, 479
performance as basis of feudal system 117
Russian 71, 89–90, 179, 263, 276
Soviet see Soviet Union: military
Spanish 81
US see United States of America: military
Militia Bill (Britain, 1757) 113
Miliukov, Pavel Nikolayevich 280, 305
Milner, Alfred, 1st Viscount 312
Milošević, Slobodan 482, 487, 493–4, 498, 504
Minden 45
battle of 114
Miquelon 115
Mississippi, river 136
Missouri Compromise 200
Mitteleuropa 303
Mitterrand, François 398, 482, 483, 488, 492
MLF (Multi-Lateral Force) 435, 436, 437, 438, 444
Modrow, Hans 488
Mohamad, Mahathir 520
Moldavia 124, 188, 193, 221, 222
Mollwitz, battle of 98
Molotov, Vyacheslav 347, 376, 394, 395
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 361–2
Moltke, Helmuth von, the Younger 285
monarchy see also specific monarchs
absolutist see absolutism
British 303
dual monarchy (Austro-Hungarian) see Austro-Hungarian Empire
French 29, 125, 132, 141–3, 147–8, 150, 219
Habsburg see Habsburgs
Hanoverian Succession 76
hereditary 80
Hohenzollern see Hohenzollerns
imperial crown see Holy Roman Empire: imperial crown
‘monarchical principle’ of Vienna Settlement 181, 184
Polish succession see Poland/Poles: Polish succession
post-Seven Years War debates on 122
and representative bodies/government 28–9, 47–8, 52, 54, 59–60, 94, 131
Spanish Succession see Spain/the Spanish: Spanish Succession
and state power 91–2
Swedish 90–91
universal see Universal Monarchy
and wars of succession: Austrian 97–103; Bavarian 130; English 60; Polish 87–8, 89, 93; Spanish see War of the Spanish Succession
Monat, Der 410
Moniteur 163
Monnet, Jean 302, 419, 421, 437
Monongahela, battle of the 110, 123
Mons 74
Montagu, Edwin Samuel 309
Montbeliard 153
Montefiore, Sir Moses 206, 207
Montmorin, Armand Marc, Count de 141–2, 147
Montpensier, Antoine d’Orléans, Duke of 208
Montreal 115
Moriscos 26–7
Moravia 358
Morgan, John Pierpont 340
Morgenthau Plan 383–4
Morier, Robert 245
Morley, John 256
Morley, Samuel 224
Second Morocco Crisis 283–4, 285, 286
Morris, Edward 256
Olympics (1980) 471
Treaty of 451
Moscow Gazette 245
Moser, Friedrich Karl von 118–19
Moser, Johan Jacob 150
Motz, Friedrich von 193
Mubarak, Hosni 526
Mühlberg, battle of 12
Mukden, battle of 275
Müller, Hermann 330–31
Multi-Lateral (nuclear) Force (MLF) 435, 436, 437, 438, 444
Münchengrätz Agreement 199, 200
Munich
agreement 357
mosque in 418
Munich agreement 358
Münnich, Burkhard Christoph von 93
Münster, Treaty of 38
Muskateer, Operation 424–5
Hamas offshoot 484–5
Muslims see Islam and Muslims
Mussolini, Benito 324, 328–9, 350, 353, 355, 359, 365
Mustafa II 72–3
Mutual Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR) 455
Nagasaki 390
Nagy, Imre 427
Namur 74
Nantes, Edict of 74
Naples 82, 88, 89, 98, 156, 188, 213, 226
Napoleon I 5, 100, 152, 154–5, 156, 159, 160, 161–3, 164–6, 168, 169–70, 171, 173, 174, 177–8
Napoleon III, Louis Napoleon 214–15, 219, 220, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231, 233–4, 237, 240, 241, 242–3, 245
debts of 184
Narva 26
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) 431
Nassau Summit (1962) 435
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 431
National Baby Week 282
National Endowment for Democracy 474
National Security Act (US, 1947) 404, 405
National Security League 301
National Service League 272
national socialism
clash of communism, democracy and 308–80
and the International Working Men’s Association 232
Nazism see Nazism/National Socialists
National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) 282
nationalism 227, 233, 289; see also patriotism
African 418
Arab 367
Asian 418; Chinese 270; Hindu 287; and Indian independence 399
Azeri 393
Baltic 485
Bulgarian 259
Chinese 270
Czech 298
German 23, 169, 198, 203, 204–5, 209, 228–9, 232, 242, 263, 340, 385, 395, see also Nazism/National Socialists; and Hitler’s Mein Kampf 335–6, 345; and Hitler’s Second Book 339–40; and the Italian War of 1859 227; liberal nationalism 186–7, 195, 198, 204–5, 212, 214, 228, 239; Nationalverein 227, 228
Greek 460
Hindu 297
Italian 187, 225–6; Young Italy movement 196–7
Kurdish 393
liberal 186–7, 192–218, 228, 239
revolutionary liberal/national movements see revolutionary liberal movements
Russian 187
Serbian 367
Slovak 298
Soviet 481–2
Spanish 352
Zionist see Zionism
Nationalkomitee Freies Deutschland 385
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 5, 382, 402, 417, 419, 421, 427, 432, 459
and the Bosnian War 494, 497–8, 501
and the disarmament movement 472, 478
enlargement 501–2, 506, 509, 512, 517, 520; eastern expansion 492, 495, 502, 503, 507, 509, 517
and Germany 478, 483–4, 488, 489, 490, 501, 502, 524, 531
Greek withdrawal from command structure 460
Harmel Report 444
Helsinki Final Act 464
and the Kosovo War 504, 506, 509–10
and Macedonia 508
Madrid Summit (1997) 502
and the Multi-Lateral (nuclear) Force 435
Partnership for Peace programme 496
southern crisis of the mid-1970s 460
and Spain 465
and the US 402, 410, 421, 422, 428, 435, 455, 456, 464, 469, 471, 483, 495, 496, 497–8, 524
and the USSR 455, 464, 469, 476, 479, 483–4, 488
Naumann, Friedrich 303
naval power
British 84, 95, 109, 120, 130, 131, 158, 168, 208, 261; see also Royal Navy
and the European balance of power 35, 95
German 267, 274, 276, 281, 283, 316, 361; U-boats 316, 372, 378
race between Germany and Britain 274, 276, 277, 281
Spanish 81; armada 10, 46–7, 80
and steam 208
Navarino, battle of 193
Navigation Act (1651) 44
Nazism/National Socialists
in Austria 345
and the British Empire 349
build-up to Second World War (from November 1937) 355–62
death camps 375
euthanasia programme 363
Four Year Plan 351
Generalplan Ost 373
Hitler see Hitler, Adolf
and the Jews 336, 344–5, 353, 358, 363, 369, 387; ‘final solution’ 371, 375; restitution payments for Nazi crimes 414
and the legacy of the Holy Roman Empire 5, 355
propaganda 379
racial community (Volksgemeinschaft) 373
‘re-education’ of Germans away from 395
Reichsicherheitshauptamt 363
SS 362
Second World War 362–79, 382–3, 386
and the Weimar Republic 335–6; growth of party in early 1930s 340, 342; under Hitler’s chancellorship 343–7, 349–51, 353
Necker, Jacques 132
Nedić, Milan 367
Serbia under 379
Nesselrode, Charles de 196, 216
Netherlands/the Dutch see also Low/Benelux Countries
Austrian Netherlands 82, 88, 98, 129–30, 134, 144
Belgian separation 195–6
and Britain 77, 85, 104–5, 109, 130; Triple Alliance with Prussia 135
Brussels Pact 398
Constitution of Europe rejection 517–18
Dutch East Indies 371, 372, 393
and England 44, 53, 60; Triple Alliance with Dutch Republic and Sweden 52
First World War 294
and France 51, 54, 58, 59, 64, 76, 91, 98, 103; anti-French gangs 102; French Revolutionary Wars and expansion 150, 152; invasion of Spanish Netherlands 65–6; invasions of United Provinces 52–3, 54, 102, 152; siege of Antwerp (1832) 196; and the War of the Austrian Succession 98, 100; and the War of the Spanish Succession 65–6, 73, 76
Hispano-Dutch alliance 52
and the Holy Roman Empire 14
Kingdom of the United Netherlands 180
rebels/rebellions against Spain 10, 11, 20, 21, 22, 25
Second World War 364
Spanish Netherlands 4, 10, 38, 52, 54, 65–6, 70, 76, 77–8
States General 1, 14, 21, 29, 53, 85, 91
Suleiman and the rebels in Flanders 11
taxation 30
Treaty of Warsaw 100
United Provinces see United Provinces/Dutch Republic
and Vienna 77
and the War of the Spanish Succession 69–70
Neurath, Konstantin von 355
New Guinea 258
New Orleans, battle of 178
New South Wales 271–2
New Spain see Mexico/New Spain
New York Times 453
and First World War 297, 302, 309
and the Nazis 349
Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of 109
Newfoundland 77
readership 85