Aachen, Catholic magistracy of: Imperial commission to restore 33; overthrow of (1612) 30
absolutism in early modern Europe 76, 196
Acton, Lord, nineteenth-century historian: views of xiv
Adami von Murrhart, Adam, b. 1610, Rhineland; educated by Jesuits; entered Benedictine order 1628; prior of Murrhart (Wiirttemberg) from 1639; represented secularized Swabian abbeys at Westphalian peace congress; d. 1663: at Westphalian peace conference 162; views of 160
Adler Salvius see Salvius
Aelian, Greek military writer of second century AD, writings of 183
'Alais, Grace of' (28 June 1629), issued by Louis XIII of France to end Huguenot revolts 102
Albert of Austria, b. 1559, son of Emperor Maximilian II; Archduke; Cardinal 1577; first viceroy of Portugal for Philip II 1583-93; principal adviser to Philip II 1593-6; governed Netherlands for Philip II 1596-8; sovereign ruler, with Isabella, of South Netherlands 1598-1621: claim to succeed as emperor 30; death of (15 July 1621) 57; Netherlands government of 2, see also Archdukes
Aldringen, Johan von, b. 1588, Thionville (Luxemburg); entered Imperial (1618) and Bavarian (from 1623) armies; fought in Mantua (1630-1); commander of Bavarian army after Tilly's death 1632-4: death of 126; leads Bavarian army 125
Algiers (North African state): foreign policy of 2; Spanish attack on, projected (1618) 44—5
Allerheim (or Alerheim, Swabian village): Bavarians and Imperialists routed by French and Hessians in battle at (3 August 1645) 157, 158
Alsace (German territory, part of Further Austria): and France 131, 136, 152, 165,194; government of 78, 165; literature on 265; and Spain 35-9, 119; warfare in 58, 137, 150, 157
Alte Veste (fortress near Nuremberg): Wallenstein fortifies and withstands Swedish siege of (1632) 117, 183
Altmark (town in Prussia): Swedish-Polish truce signed at (1629) 91, 110, 127
Amalia of Solms, b. 1602, Hanau; married William V of Hesse-Kassel 1619; regent after his death 1637-50; d. 1651: army of see army of Hesse-Kassel; at Westphalian peace congress 155, 162; during Thirty Years' War 150, 165, 199; family connexions of 48
Amberg (capital of Upper Palatinate): Catholics in 81, 238n.l0; culture in 40
America, European colonies in 38, 153, 167
Amersfoort (Dutch town): captured by Spaniards (1629) 92
Amsterdam (Dutch city): economic power of 111
Andalusia, kingdom of: revolt against Philip IV (1648) 167
Andrea, Johann Valentin, b. 1586; Utopian writer and Lutheran pastor; from 1620 superintendent in Calw; court preacher to duke of Wiirttemberg from 1639; d. 1654: during Thirty Years' War 148
Angouleme, Charles de Valois, duke of, b. 1573, illegitimate son of King Charles IX of France; military leader in last religious French war and conspirator under Henry IV; imprisoned 1604-16; military commander and diplomat for Louis XIII; d. 1650: diplomatic mission in Germany (1620-1) 54
Anhalt, Christian of see Christian, prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
Anna Magdalena of Bavaria, b. 1587, youngest sister of Maximilian I of Bavaria; married Wolfgang William of Neuburg 1613; d. 1628: marriage of Plate 3, 29
Annaburg (Saxon town): Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg meet at (1630) 104
Anne of Austria, b. 1601, sister of Philip IV of Spain; married Louis XIII of France 1615; regent after his death 1643-51; excluded from government 1661; d. 1666: regency of 154
Ansbach, margrave of see Joachim Ernest of Hohenzollern
Antoinette, daughter of Charles III, duke of Lorraine; married John William, duke of Cleves-Julich, 1599; appointed regent of Cleves-Jülich 1609 23, 25-6
Archdukes, the (title of the rulers of the South Netherlands 1598-1621): foreign policy of 45, 50, 52, 56; government of 2, 4; see also Albert; Isabella
aristocracy, European: of Germany 13; of Habsburg lands 5, 6, 39, 77, 78, 80; of Poland 110
armies during Thirty Years' War: ancillary services in 183; chaplaincy services 183; destruction caused by see Thirty Years' War, costs of; financing of see military finance; general survey of 171-86; losses of 180-2; medical care 183; military equipment of 11, 172, 177-8; mutinies of see mutiny; ransom system 180; tactics see warfare; warfare waged by see warfare; see also entries for individual armies below
army, Bavarian: and Bohemian Revolt 54, 55, 81; composition of 172; and Danish War 67-70, 85, 92, 227n.8; demobilization of 168; in Imperial army (1635-47) 128, 147; and Palatine War 81; versus France 157, 166; versus Sweden 106, 115-16, 126, 165
army, Danish 67, 69-70, 89, 178, 226n.5, 245n.28
army, Dutch: operations of 92, 116, 183-5; recruiting for 60, 61
army, French: campaigns of 133-7, 150, 153-1, 157, 165, 166, 167; clothing and supplies of 172, 177; demobilization of 168; leadership of 133-4; losses of 181; recruiting of 173-4; strength of 132, 138, 198, 237n.l
army, of Hesse-Kassel: campaigns of 150, 157, 165, 199; size of 138, 237n.l
army, Imperial: ancillary services 183, 244n.20; in Bohemian War 46, 54-5; in Danish War 67-70, 85-6, 89, 228n.7; demobilization of 169; in Italy (1629-31) 97; last campaigns of 157, 166; losses of 180-2; in Netherlands (1629) 90-1; in Netherlands (1632) 116; in Poland (1629) 90-1, 109, 110; recruiting of 174, 243n.l; reorganized after peace of Prague (1635—15) 127-8; size of 199, 229n.l5; uniforms of 171-2; versus Sweden (1631-5) 112-13, 115-16,117-18, 123-5,126,146, 151-2, 157, 182, 185-6,199
army, Saxon: equipment of 11; in Imperial army 128; serves with Sweden (1631-5) 106, 113-14, 117, 126
army, Spanish: invades Germany from Italy (1633) 119; invades Germany from Italy (1634) 126, 244n.26; in Italy 95-8; see also Army of Flanders
army, Swedish: campaigns of 62, 110, 113-14, 115-16, 117, 120-2, 126, 143-5, 146, 157, 165, 166, 186-7, 199; distinguishing marks worn by 171; equipment of 172; recruiting for 173; training and techniques of 62, 185-6; wage-bill of 163, 168-9, 242nn.l7, 18; withdraws from Germany 168-9,186
Army of Flanders: against France 132, 153, 167; in Germany (1599) 13; in Germany (1614) 31; in Germany (1619-21) 45, 50, 52, 54-5, 56, 60, 82; in Germany (1621-9) 86, 92; in Germany (1632) 116; in Germany (after 1632) 152; in Netherlands 38, 60, 62-3, 92, 94, 134,153,167, 178, 183, 234n.l9
Arnim, Hans Georg von, b. 1581, Brandenburg; studied theology; officer in Swedish army 1613, undertook diplomatic missions; transferred to Imperial army 1625 (colonel 1627, field marshal 1628); transferred to Saxon army 1631 in protest against sack of Magdeburg; left army at peace of Prague to become private citizen; captured and imprisoned by Swedes 1637-8 but escaped; d. 1641: as Saxon commander 123, 126, 175; under Wallenstein 90, 175
Artois (province of South Netherlands): largely occupied by French (1640) 153
Arundel, Thomas Howard, earl of, b. 1585; privy councillor to James I 1616; travelled extensively to collect works of art and on government diplomatic service; went into exile 1642; d. 1646: leads English embassy to Germany (1636) 146-7, 148
Augsburg, bishop of see Knöringen
Augsburg Confession (Lutheran Confession of Faith, 1530) 105
Augsburg Settlement (1555): bringing religious conflict in Germany to a temporary end xiii, 16-17, 20, 30, 83, 87, 163
Auhausen (near Nördlingen, secularized monastery belonging to margraves of Ansbach): Protestant Union formed at 22, 25; see also Protestant Union
Austria, Further, duchy of: literature on 265; Thirty Years' War in 165; see also Alsace; Tyrol
Austria, Inner, duchy of: government of 4, 199; literature on 251; and Ottoman Empire 4, 5; population of 4; religion in 5-8, 35, 76
Austria, Lower, duchy of: and Bohemian Revolt 46; during Thirty Years' War 157-8, 165; economy of 247n.l4; government of 4, 199; literature on 260; peasant revolts in 6, 147, 238n.3; population of 4
Austria, Upper, duchy of: Bavarian occupation of 83; government of 4, 75, 199; literature on 259-60; opposition to Rudolf II 9-10; population of 4; religion in 5-8, 75, 82, 83, 174; revolt of (1626) xiii, 69, 75, 83
Austrian Habsburgs see Habsburgs, Austrian
'Autonomia' (doctrine that Catholic ecclesiastical princes could impose religious uniformity on their subjects) 18, 87
Avaux, Claude de Mesmes, count of, b. 1595; lawyer in royal courts from 1617; entrusted with diplomatic missions from 1627 (ambassador extraordinary in Germany 1637-42 and plenipotentiary at Westphalian peace conference 1643-8); d. 1650: at Westphalia 161
Baden-Durlach, margravate of: defence of 184; and Protestant Union 25; and Sweden 121, see also George Frederick of Baden-Durlach
Baghdad, outpost of Ottoman Empire in Mesopotamia: besieged by Turks (1625-6) 70; captured by Persians (1624-38) 70
Bagno, Francesco Guidi di, b. 1578; ordained and entered papal service as administrator (1603-21); papal nuncio to Brussels (1621-7) and Paris (1627-31); Cardinal 1629; d. 1641: diplomatic activity of 231n.ll
Bahia, capital of Portuguese Brazil: taken by Dutch (1624-5) 92
Baillie, Robert, b. 1599, Scotland; ordained 1622, professor (1626) at Glasgow; envoy of the Scottish church to England 1643-6 and in 1650s; d. 1662: opinion of Thirty Years' War 163
balance of power: concept of (in seventeenth-century Europe) 120, 140-1, 163, 164-5, 193
Baltic Sea: control over 64-5, 71, 72, 94, 109, 110, 120,140, 144, 156, 163, 239n.l4; navies in 11, 71; tolls in 64, 71, 110; trade in 110
Bamberg (ecclesiastical principality of): at Westphalian peace conference 213n.l; during Thirty Years' War 115, 122; joins Bavarian League (1614) 31; joins Catholic League (1609) 28; religion in 18
Baner, Johan, b. 1596, Sweden; entered Swedish army 1615; colonel 1622; commandant of Riga, 1625-6; councillor of state and general of infantry 1630; field marshal from 1634 and governor-general of Pomerania from 1638; d. 1641: leads Swedish army 126, 141, 143-4, 146, 150, 151, 152, 182
Barberini, Maffeo see Urban VIII
Barwalde (Pomeranian town): treaty signed at (1631) 107, 111, 115
Bautzen (capital of Lusatia): captured by Saxons (1620) Plate 4, 54
Bavaria, duchy and (from 1623) Electorate of: defences of 12, 115-16, 165; and Electoral Transfer 59-60, 99, 106, 127, 225n.l3; estates of 16, 225n.l3; finances of 12, 15-16, 227n.8; invaded (1645-8) 157, 165; occupied by Swedes (1632-5) 115-16, 117-18, 179; population of 14; relations with emperors 14, 59, 81-3, 85,101, 106; religion in 16, see also Maximilian I; William V
Beam (principality of, attached to French crown by personal union after 1589): campaign of recatholicization in (1620-2) 59
Behaim, Lukas, b. 1587, Nuremberg; town councillor from 1622; d. 1648: views of 117
Benecke, Gerhard (British historian): views of 198
Benfeld (town in Alsace): fortification of 12
Bergen-op-Zoom (town in Brabant): siege of (1622) 60, 178
Bergh, Henry, Count van den, b. 1573, Bremen; nephew of William of Orange; commander of Army of Flanders in Germany (1624—8) and Netherlands (1629); d. 1638: led revolt against Spanish rule in Netherlands (1632) 116
Bergius, John Peter, b. 1587, Pomerania; professor of theology at Frankfurt-on-Oder (1614-24) and court preacher to Electors of Brandenburg (from 1628); d. 1658: at Leipzig Colloquy 105; views of 105
Berlin (capital of Brandenburg): population of 148; rioting in (1614) 19
Bernard, duke of Saxe-Weimar, b. 1604, Weimar; served with Protestant armies in Germany (1621-3 and 1625-7), and with Dutch army (1623-5 and 1627-30); in Swedish service 1630-5, as joint-commander after 1632; transferred to French service in 1635, with his army; d. 1639: finances of 176; in French service 132, 133, 135-6, 137, 144, 146, 175-6, 236n.l7; and 'Protestant Cause' 56, 85; in Swedish service 111, 114, 122, 126, 144
Bernardines (troops formerly recruited by Bernard of Saxe-Weimar): campaigns of 137, 144, 150, 157, 175-6
Berne (Swiss canton): defence of 184
Besangon (Imperial Free City in Franche-Comté): ceded to Spain (1654) 169
Bethlen Gabor of Iktár, b. 1580, Hungary; rose from poor Calvinist gentry background to become prince of Transylvania in 1613, thanks to Turkish support; made war on Habsburgs 1619-21,1623-4 and 1626; d. 5 November 1629: administration of xiv; and Bohemian Revolt 46-50, 52; and Danish War 69, 70, 85; death of 72; early career of 8; elected prince of Hungary (15 January 1620) 52; family connexions of 49; foreign policy of 46-50, 58, 61; and Habsburgs 46-50, 52, 58, 61, 69, 79; and Palatine War 58, 61
Beza, Theodore, b. 1519; Calvinist minister and theologian; president of the Geneva presbytery from 1564; d. 1605 40
Bocskay, Stephen, b. 1557, Kluj; leader of Transylvanian Calvinists in anti-Habsburg rebellion of 1604—5; d. 1606: elected prince of Transylvania 8
Bohemia, kingdom of: aristocracy of 39, 80; economy of 39, 80-1, 226n.l; elects Ferdinand II as king 37, 39; elects Frederick V as king (1619) 46; foreign relations of 39-41, 46-50; government of 4-10, 39, 46-50, 75; landholding in 39, 80, 242n.l3; literature on 254-5, 259; religion in 5-10, 35, 39-40, 166; reorganized by Ferdinand II (1620-8) 75; and Sweden 123, 156, 166; taken by Protestants again (1631-2) 114, 117; and Wallenstein 123, 124-5, 235n.l2
Bohemia, revolts of: (1418) 43; (1547) 4; (1609) 10; (1611) 10; (1618-21) xii, 43-55, 99-100
Bonaparte, Napoleon, b. 1769, Corsica; general (1795-1815), First Consul (1799-1804) and Emperor (1804—15) of France; d. 1821: reads books on Thirty Years' War 183
Bonney, Richard J. (British historian): views of 198
books, sale of: in Germany 238n.2
borders: in Germany see frontiers
Bouillon, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, viscount of Turenne and duke of, b. 1555; Calvinist French general who acquired sovereign duchy of Bouillon through marriage, 1591; conspired against Henry IV (1602) and fled; returned 1610 and remained Huguenot leader until death (1623) 24, 29, 221n.30
Bracamonte, Don Gaspar de see Penaranda, count of
Brahe, Per, b. 1602, Sweden; soldier and lawyer by training; Swedish councillor from 1626; governorgeneral of Prussia (1634-7) and Finland (1637-41 and 1648-51); military commander against Denmark 1643-4 and 1657-9; d. 1680: defeatist views of 143
Brandenburg, Electorate of: and Bavarian Electoral Transfer 60; and Cleves-Jülich 23-4, 25, 26, 31, 164, 194; defence 11,150-1, 184; devastation in 148, 151; finances of 15-16; foreign policy of 2, 23-4, 26, 31, 56, 66, 103-6,112-13; and Pomerania 122, 126, 141, 145, 164, 194; population of 14, 148; relations with emperor 14, 88, 89, 103-4, 112-13, 114, 123, 150-1; religious situation in 19, 88, 89, 103; rise of (as Great Power) 164; and Saxony 103-6, 122; and Sweden 103-6,112-13,122,123, 146, 150-1
Brandenburg, Electors of see Frederick William; George William; John Sigismund
Brandenburg-Kulmbach, margravate of: during Thirty Years' War 114; see also Christian, margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
Brandenstein, Christoph von, b. 1593, Saxony; officer in Saxon army from 1626; transferred to Heilbronn League as colonel, 1633; imprisoned in Saxony, 1637; d. 1640: arranges 'contributions' in central Germany (1633-5) 121,128
Bratislava (Hungarian city): (captured by rebels (1619) 50; Hungarian Diet (1617) at 37; Hungarian Diet (1620) at 52; meeting at (1608) 9; treaty signed at (1627) 70
Braunau (Bohemian town) see Broumov
Brazil (Portuguese colony): Dutch in 92, 153, 167
Breda (town in Brabant): recaptured by Dutch (1637) 153; surrender to Army of Flanders 92; under Spanish siege (1624-5) 63, 86
Bregenz (town in Further Austria): recaptured by Habsburgs (1633) 119; taken by Swedes (1647-8) 165
Breisach (fortified town in Alsace): fortification of 12, 216n.5; French capture of (1638) 137, 146; relief of (1633) 119
Breisach, Rhine bridgehead held by French 165
Breitenfeld (Saxon village): Swedes and Saxons defeat Imperialists at first battle of (17 September 1631) 113, 147, 172, 178, 179, 185-6, 199; Swedes defeat Imperialists at second battle of (2 November 1642) 152, 156
Bremen, ecclesiastical state of: archives of xiii-xiv; Danish control over 65, 128; and Edict of Restitution (1629) 89; Swedish control over 156, 164
Bremen (Imperial Free City): during Thirty Years' War 190
Brindisi, Laurence of, b. 1559, Brindisi; became Capuchin 1575 (vicar-general of order 1602-5); in Prague 1599-1602 and 1606-13; d. 1619; canonized: and Donauworth troubles 20, 202
Bromsebro (Danish town): peace talks at (1645) 156, 159
Broumov (Bohemian town): religious troubles at (1617-18) 39
Brunswick (duchies in north-west Germany): defence of 171, 184; and Denmark 66; dukes of see Christian; George; and Edict of Restitution 88, 151; and Habsburgs 88, 150, 151; and peace 151, 155; and Sweden 111, 150
Brussels (capital of South Netherlands): peace conference at (1622) 58
Buckingham, George Villiers, earl (1617), marquis (1618) and duke (1623) of, b. 1592; favourite (from 1616) of James I and Charles I; Master of the Horse (1616), Privy Councillor (1617), and Lord High Admiral (1619) of England; murdered 1628: foreign policy of 68, 69, 197
Bucquoy, Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, count of, b. 1571, Arras; served as officer in Army of Flanders from 1596, rising to be general of artillery (1602); promoted Imperial commander against Bohemia 1618; killed 1621 46-55
Bullion, Claude, lord of Bonnelles, b. 1571, Paris; lawyer in Paris courts from 1595; served on French government finance committees, in army and on diplomatic missions; joint minister of finance 1632^10; d. 1640 136
Burgundy (French province): invaded by Imperialists (1636) 136
Bygdea (Swedish parish): impact of Thirty Years' War upon 173
Cadiz (Spanish town): Anglo-Dutch raid on (1625) 69, 92, 93
Calvinism: in the Austrian lands 5-10, 81; in Germany 13-14, 18, 19-20, 22-3, 81, 88,103-6,161, 162-3, 195, 201; see also Protestantism
Calw (Swabian town): during Thirty Years' War 148
Camerarius, Ludwig, b. 1573, Nuremberg; entered Palatine council 1598 and from 1603 directed its foreign policy; followed Frederick V into exile 1620; in Swedish diplomatic service 1626-41; d. 1651: mission to Sweden (1623) 62, 63, 66; and Palatine policy 23, 33, 47, 201; publishes Cancelleria Hispanica (1622) 60, 224n.ll
camp fever (typhus) 182, see also plague in earlier seventeenth century
camp followers in Thirty Years' War 178
Cancelleria Hispanica (political tract of 1622) 60, 224n.ll
cantons, Swiss see Switzerland
Capuchin order: diplomatic activities of 60; members of see Brindisi, Laurence of; Casale, Hyacinth of; Joseph, Father
Cardinal-Infante see Ferdinand of Austria, Cardinal-Infante
Carinthia (province of Inner Austria): religion in 6; see also Austria, Inner
Carleton, Dudley, b. 1573; career diplomat from 1598; English ambassador in Venice (1611-15) and The Hague (1616-28); created Viscount Dorchester 1628; chief secretary of state 1628-32; d. 1632: opinions of 47
Carniola (province of Inner Austria): religion in 6; see also Austria, Inner
Casale, Hyacinth of, b. 1575 to aristocratic Italian family; studied law; entered Capuchin order 1600; in Empire 1607-8, 1613; nuncio extraordinary in Germany 1621-4; d. 1627: diplomatic activities of 60, 84
Casale (town in Montferrat): siege of (1628-9) 95-6, 97, 98
Castile see Spain
Catalonia (Spanish province): revolt of (1640-52) 137, 153, 166
Catherine the Great, b. 1729, a princess of Anhalt; married tsarevitch 1744; empress of Russia (1762-96); d. 1796: assessment of Westphalian peace 193
Catholic League: archives of 253; army of see army, Bavarian; and Bohemian Revolt 50-1, 55, 81-3; and Danish War 85, 90-1; development of 27-8, 30-1, 45, 104, 106-8, 223n.4; literature on 253-4; meetings of 91; and Palatine War 58, 81-2; versus Sweden 115-16
Catholic view of the war xiii, 74, 94, 95, 107-8
Catholicism, Roman see Counter-Reformation; Papacy
Catholicization see Counter-Reformation
Cecil, Robert, b. 1563, son of William Cecil, Lord Burghley; English secretary of state from 1596 and also Lord Treasurer from 1608; earl of Salisbury (from 1605); d. 1612: German policy of 28-9
chaplaincy services during Thirty Years' War 183
Charles I, king of England, Scotland and Ireland, b. 1600; succeeded father (James VI and I) 1625; executed 1649: and Denmark 68-9, 72, 149, 239n.l4, 245n.28; and 'Electoral Transfer' 59, 107; family connexions of 49; and France 59, 63, 68, 97; and German War 68, 146, 149, 178, 197, 231n.l0, 245n.28; opposition to 154; as Prince of Wales 57, 61; and Spain 57, 61, 68, 92, 93, 97, 197, 231n.l0; and Sweden 239n.l4
Charles IV, duke of Lorraine, b. 1604; succeeded to duchy 1624 but driven into exile 1633; military commander for Habsburgs 1633-54; restored to Lorraine 1661-70 but then exiled again; d. 1675: and France 130-1, 145; and Habsburgs 130-1
Charles V, b. 1500; ruler of the Netherlands (1506-55), of Spain and Spanish Italy (1516-56) and Holy Roman Emperor (1519-58); d. 1558 3, 15, 50, 55, 82, 222n.l7
Charles IX, duke of Sodermanland, b. 1550; regent (from 1599) and king of Sweden (from 1604); d. 1611: family connexions of 48; reign of 62
Charles X of Sweden see Charles Gustav
Charles of Austria, b. 1540, youngest son of Emperor Ferdinand I; archduke of Inner Austria from 1564; d. 1590: family connexions of 3; government of 5, 6
Charles Emmanuel I, b. 1562; duke of Savoy 1580-1630; d. 1630: besieges Genoa (1625) 63, 68; and Bohemian Revolt 45-6; early career of 33-4, 222n.6; and France 63, 68, 130; and Mantuan succession 36, 130; relations with Protestant Union 33-4, 45-6, 223n.5; and Spain 93
Charles Gustav, duke of Pfalz-Zweibriicken-Kleeburg, b. 1622; in Swedish army from 1642; commander-in-chief from 1648; later Charles X of Sweden (1654-60); d. 1660: at Nuremberg talks (1648-50) Plate 20, Plate 21, 169; family connexions of 48; as king 195; leads Swedish army 196
Charles Louis, Elector Palatine, b. 1617, Heidelberg, son of Frederick V; in exile (mostly at The Hague) from 1621; restored to Rhine Palatinate only in 1648; d. 1680: and peace of Westphalia 162
Charnace, Hercule de, b. 1588; military service 1615-22; in French diplomatic service 1629-32; envoy to The Hague 1633-5; military service again 1635-7; killed 1637: to Bavaria (1629) 107; to Denmark (1629) 110; to Sweden (1630-1) 110, 111
Chemnitz (Saxon town): Swedes defeat Saxons at battle of (14 April 1639) 150, 156
Cherasco (Italian town): Spain, emperor and France sign peace at (1631)98, 113, 130
Christian I, Elector of Saxony, b. 1560, Dresden; succeeded father (Augustus) as Elector 1586; d. 1591: religious policy of 19
Christian II, Elector of Saxony, b. 1583, Dresden; succeeded father (Christian I) as Elector 1591; personal rule from 1601; d. 1611: and Cleves-Jiilich succession 30; family connexions of 49; and Protestant Union 24-5, 26
Christian IV, king of Denmark and Norway, b. 1577, Frederiksborg; succeeded father (Frederick II) 1588; personal rule from 1596; d. 1648: and Austrian Peasant Revolt (1626) 69, 84; and control of the seas 64-5, 239n.l4; early reign of 64; family connexions of 49, 65; and German Protestants 29, 56, 64—73, 84, 85, 86, 89, 220n.l6; government of 64—5, 201; intervenes in Thirty Years' War 64-73, 84, 85, 89, 109-10; literature on 257; personal tastes of Plate 24, 201; resources of Plate 2, 64-5, 71-2, 220n.l6; and Stralsund (1629) 89; and Sweden 62, 66-7, 71, 128, 156
Christian, duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel, b. 1599; Protestant administrator of diocese of Halberstadt from 1616; in military service of Dutch Republic (1620 and 1622) and Frederick V (1621-2 and 1623-5); entered Danish service 1625; d. 1626: family connexions of 49; in Thirty Years' War 56, 58, 60-1, 85, 87, 196
Christian, margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, b. 1581, brother of Elector Joachim Frederick of Brandenburg; margrave from 1603; military leader of Franconian Circle from 1606; neutral 1618-31; fought with Sweden 1631-5; d. 1655: and Denmark 114; and emperor 114; and Protestant Union 24, 29, 30; and Sweden 114
Christian, prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, b. 1568, Bernburg; a Lutheran child prodigy who converted to Calvinism in 1592; in Saxon service 1586-92 (leading Protestant aid to Henry IV in 1591); in 1595 became governor of Upper Palatinate under Electors Frederick IV and V; defeated at White Mountain (1620) and driven into exile; pardoned (1624), he returned to govern his lands; d. 1630: and Bohemian Revolt 46-50, 55; foreign relations of 24-34, 40-1, 46-50, 56, 200-1; and literary societies 40; and Palatine government 23, 47; religious opinions 196
Christian William of Brandenburg, b. 1587, younger brother of Elector John Sigismund; succeeded father as Protestant administrator of the archbishop of Magdeburg 1608; deposed 1628 and captured 1631; converted to Catholicism and abandoned public life; d. 1665: family relations of 49, 113; see also Magdeburg
Christina, queen of Sweden, b. 1626; succeeded father (Gustavus Adolphus) 1632; personal rule from 1644; abdicated 1654 in favour of cousin Charles Gustav; d. 1689: government of 119, 140-5,195
Chytraeus, David, Protestant constitutional lawyer: opinion quoted 145
Cinq-Mars, Henri d'Effiat, marquis of, b. 1620; favourite of Louis XIII; executed 1642: opposes Richelieu (1642) 154
Circles (Kreise: Administrative units of Holy Roman Empire): pre-war weakness of 13 cities see Imperial Free Cities; towns clergy, Catholic: in Germany 18, 218n.22; in Habsburg lands 5-8, 82, 83
Cleves, Rhineland duchy of: during Thirty Years' War 150, 164, 239n.l5; succession to see Cleves-Jiilich War
Cleves-Julich War: first (1609-10) 23-4, 219n.3; literature on 254; second (1614) 31, 32; subsequent disputes 164, 194
climate of Germany during the war 247n.l0
Coblenz (Rhineland fortress) 131
coins see currency
Collegium Germanicum (founded in Rome: 1552) 18
Colli, Hippolytus von, b. 1561, Zurich; chancellor to Christian of Anhalt (1591); president of Palatine Supreme Court (1593); d. 1612 23
Cologne (Imperial Free City): peace conference at (1636) 148-9
Cologne, Electorate of: before the war 20; and Catholic League 24, 28, 50; and Spain 86
Cologne, Elector of see Ferdinand of Bavaria
Cologne, War of (1583-8) 18
Coloma, Don Carlos, b. 1566; served in Army of Flanders from 1588 (colonel 1597); envoy in London 1622-5 and 1629-30; on Spanish Council of State 1634-7; d. 1637: opinion quoted 38-9
colours, military, during Thirty Years7 War 171-2, 233n.l0, 243n.3
Commons, House of (England): meeting of (1621) 57, 58; meeting of (1624) 61; meeting of (1625) 69
Compiegne (French town): Franco-Dutch subsidy treaty (1624) signed at 63; Franco-Swedish treaty (1635) signed at 133
Comte, Franche see Franche-Comte
Condè the elder, Henri de Bourbon, prince of, b. 1588; conspired against French government 1615; imprisoned 1616-19; military commander from 1620; d. 1646: leads French armies 136, 236n.l5
Conde the younger, Louis de Bourbon, prince of, b. 1621, son of the preceding; led French armies to victory at Rocroi, Freiburg and Lens; principal opponent of Mazarin during the Fronde; in Spanish service 1653-8; reconciled 1659; d. 1686 136
Confessio Bohemica (1575) 7
'Confessional absolutism' 77-8, 196, see also religion
Confiscations Court (Bohemian: after 1620) 80
Congregate Germanica (founded in Rome: 1568) 18
Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (founded in Rome: 1622) 83
conscription during Thirty Years' War 173
Constance (ecclesiastical state of): and Catholic League 28; relief of (1633) 119
'contributions' in Thirty Years' War 91, 176, 183
Contzen, Adam, SJ, b. 1571, Jiilich; polemical writer and (from 1624) confessor to Maximilian of Bavaria; d. 1630 107-8, 221n.2
Conway, Sir Edward, b. 1570; military service in Netherlands 1590-1623; envoy to Prague 1623-5; English secretary of state 1625-31; d. 1631 55
Copenhagen (Danish capital): defence of 64
Corbie (French fortified town): captured by Spaniards (1636) 132, 136
Cordoba, Gonzalo Fernández de see Fernandez de Cordoba
Corpus Catholicorum, at Westphalian peace conference 161, 162, 163
Corpus Evangelicorum, at Westphalian peace conference 161,162-3
corsairs see piracy
Coryat, Thomas, b. 1577, Somerset; jester and servant of Henry, Prince of Wales (d. 1612); travelled in Europe on foot (1608), and Asia (1612-17); d. Surat, 1617: travels of 12, 216n.6, 217n.8
'Cottington Treaty' between England and Spain (12 January 1631 NS) 231n.l0
Counter-Reformation: in Austrian lands 5-10, 35, 72-3, 75-8, 80-4, 165, 166; in France 59, 95; in Germany 6-7, 16-22, 23, 72-3, 74, 75-8, 80-4, 85-9, 95, 104, 129, 161-2, 163, 168, 229n.9; in Hungary 8
Counts, Imperial see Imperial Counts
Crete (Mediterranean island): Turks attack (1645-69) 158,194
Croatia (part of Habsburg Hungary): religion in 8
Crowne, William: records Arundel embassy to Regensburg (1636) 146
Cuius regio eius religio (principle enshrined in Augsburg Settlement, 1555) 17, 21, 83, 163
currency fluctuations in seventeenth century 80-1, 84, 96, 226n.3
Czech language in seventeenth century 75
Danzig (Polish city): trade of 110
Darmstadt see Hesse-Darmstadt
'Day of Dupes' (11 - or perhaps 10 November 1630) 103, 130
De Autonomia (tract of 1580) 18
Declaratio Ferdinandei (aspect of Augsburg Settlement 1555) 17, 18, 88, 163
Defenestration of Prague (23 May 1618)43
Defensors (guardians of the Bohemian constitution, 1609-18) 10, 43
demography, European, during Thirty Years' War 146-8,173,187-9,192, 198
Denmark, kingdom of: during Thirty Years' War 64-73, 156; economy of 71-2; general foreign policy of 64-6, 239n.l4; government of 64-5, 71-2; literature on 256-7; public finances of 64-5, 71-2, 220n.l6; relations with Sweden 64-5, 71, 72,140,156, 164
Deputationstag see under Frankfurt-am-Main; Regensburg
Descartes, René, b. 1596; Jesuit-educated philosopher and scientist; served in Dutch army; lived in Holland (1628^9) and Sweden (1649-50); d. 1650: invades Upper Austria (1620) 54
desertion during Thirty Years' War 179, 180
Dessau Bridge (Elbe crossing between Rosslau and Dessau): Wallenstein defeats Mansfeld in battle at (25 April 1626) 69
destruction during Thirty Years' War see Thirty Years' War, costs of
Dévôts of Bourbon France 42, 63, 102-3, 197
Diet, Imperial see Imperial Diet
Dietrichstein, Franz von, b. 1570, Madrid, son of Austrian diplomat; took holy orders 1591; cardinal bishop of Olomouc (Moravia) from 1599; governor of Moravia from 1624; Director of Imperial Privy Council from 1634; d. 1636 39
diplomacy, European, during seventeenth century 23, 37, 41, 42-3, 56-7, 60, 63, 138, 158-69, 170, 195-7, 223n.l, 231n.l0, 231n.ll, 241n.l3, 242n.l7
Dohna, Achatius, burggraf von, b. 1581; servant and agent of Christian of Anhalt; court official of Frederick of the Palatinate 1606-10; envoy of Frederick to England 1619-21; d. 1647 23, 33, 201
Dohna, Christoph, burggraf von, b. 1583; servant and agent of Christian of Anhalt; envoy of Frederick V to England 1618; governor of principality of Orange 1629 to death 1637 23
Dôle (capital of Spanish Franche-Comte): French siege of (1636) 136
Dominium maris Baltici see Baltic Sea
Donauworth (Imperial Free City): occupied by Bavaria (1607) 20-1, 22, 24, 25; recaptured by Imperialists (1634) 126; religious situation in 20, 202
Donne, John, b. 1572; English poet and public servant; ordained 1615, he became a famous court preacher; d. 1631 201
Dorpat (capital of Livonia): captured by Swedes (1625) 110
Downs, the (roadstead off Deal: England), Dutch fleet destroys Spaniards in battle at (21 October 1639)153
Dresden (capital of Electoral Saxony): arsenals at 11, 216n.3; defence of 11; population of 148
Dunkirk (port in South Netherlands): captured by French (1646) 153
Dupes, Day of see 'Day of Dupes'
'Diisseldorf cow-war' (1651): between Brandenburg and Neuburg 194
Dutch Republic: and Denmark 65, 69, 71; domestic problems of 53; economy of 86, 167; and England 69; and France 63, 68, 130, 153, 167; general foreign policy of 2, 4, 158-9, 167; government of 53; Protestant Union and 28; and Savoy 38; and Spain 2, 4, 36, 38, 63, 69, 86, 92, 95-6, 153, 167; and Thirty Years' War 23, 29, 31, 50, 53, 57, 60, 63, 86, 116, 121, 149, 153, 158-9, 167, 227n.4; and Venice 36, 222n.l0
Dutch Revolt: course of (to 1609) 2, 34; ends 167; influence of 6; see also Twelve Years' Truce
East Friesland (German territory): Thirty Years' War in 60-1, 94, 97
East India Company: Dutch (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, founded 1602) 38, 167
ecclesiastical states in Germany 17, 28, 31; see also reservatum ecclesiasticum
Echter von Mespelbrunn, Julius, b. 1545, Mespelbrunn; took holy orders 1569 (but not ordained until 1575); prince bishop of Wurzburg from 1573; d. 1617: and Catholic church 18, 218n.22; and Catholic League 28, 31; government of 18; and Thirty Years' War 196
Edict of Restitution see Restitution, Edict of
education: military see military education; university, see universities
Eggenberg, Johan Ulrich, prince of, b. 1568, Graz; brought up a Lutheran but fought in Army of Flanders (c. 1597) and visited Spain; governor of Carinthia 1602; converted to Catholicism 1605; governor of Inner Austria from 1615; Director of Imperial Privy Council from 1619; d. 1635: early career of 6, 76; literature on 259; political stance of 98, 230n.6
Ehrenbreitstein (Rhineland fortress) 131; fortified 11; French occupy 137, 146; location of 216n.5
Eichstatt, ecclesiastical principality of: and Catholic League 31; religion in 18
Eilenburg (Saxon town): SaxonSwedish truce signed at (April 1646) 240n.l0
Einsiedeln: peace talks between France and Bavaria held at (January 1640)152
Elbe, river: tolls on 14, 71; warfare on 69, 146
Elbing (Prussian city): trade of 110
Electoral meetings: Frankfurt (1619) 50, 223n.9; Mühlhausen (1627) 87, 90; Nuremberg (1640) 149, 152; Regensburg (1630) 91, 100-2, 104; Regensburg (1636) 145-6, 239n.ll
Electoral Saxony see Saxony, Electoral
Electoral transfer, from Palatinate to Bavaria (1623) 59-60, 99, 106-8, 127, 161, 225n.l3
Electors, Imperial: powers 14-15, 100, 145-6
Electors Palatine see Charles Louis; Frederick III; Frederick IV; Frederick V; Palatinate, Lower
Elizabeth of the Palatinate, Electress of Brandenburg: marriage of (1616) 30
Elizabeth Stuart, b. 1596, Falkland, daughter of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark: Electress Palatine from 1613; queen of Bohemia from 1619; in exile from 1621; d. 1662: marriage of 25, 29; and 'Protestant cause' 174
Ellwangen, priory of (Swabian ecclesiastical state): and Catholic League 28, 31
Elsinore (Danish fortress) 64
Empire, Holy Roman see Germany; Holy Roman Empire
Ems, river: blockade on (1625-9) 86
England, kingdom of: and Denmark 68-9, 71, 149, 245n.28; domestic problems of 196; and France 63, 68, 94, 95, 97, 149; literature on 257-8, 270; and Spain 56-7, 58-9, 61, 68, 92, 97, 231n.l0; and Thirty Years' War xii, 24-34, 53, 56-7, 58-9, 61, 66, 68, 71, 100, 109, 118, 146-7,149, 174,177, 178, 197, 223n.l, 244n.l3
English Civil War (1642-9) 154, 239n.l4
entrepreneurs, military see military enterprisers
Erbländer see Austria, Inner, Lower, Upper
Erbverein (alliance between Saxony and Hesse) 24; terminated (1609) 26
Erlach, Hans Ludwig von, b. 1595, Berne; page of Christian of Anhalt; served in armies of Frederick V (1618-23) and Sweden (1623-7); military director of Berne 1627-37; joined Bernard of Saxe-Weimar 1637 and led Bernardines from 1639 until death, 1650: and Bernardines 137, 168, 176; and Berne militia 184
Ernest, count of Mansfeld, b. 1580, Luxemburg; in armies of Habsburgs (1594-1610), Protestant Union (1610-17), Savoy (1617-18) and Frederick V (1618-22); military enterpriser for Protestant cause 1622-6; d. 1626: and Bohemian Revolt 45, 55; and Danish War 61-2, 67, 68, 72, 84, 226n.5; literature on 256; military methods of 175; and Palatine War 58, 60-1; and Protestant Union 34, 45; and Savoy 36, 45
Erskine (or Erskein) Alexander, b. 1598, Greifswald; in Swedish military and diplomatic service from 1628; represented army at Westphalian and Nuremberg talks 1647-50; d. 1656: and Swedish army's wage bill 163
Estates see representative assemblies
Esterhazy, Nicholas, b. 1582; palatine of Hungary and leading Hungarian adviser of Ferdinand II; d. 1645 79
executions see military executions
Fadinger: Stephen; farmer and local government officer from St Agatha (Upper Austria); led Austrian Peasant Revolt; d. 1626 84
Femmern (Denmark): Swedish fleet defeats Danes in naval battle at (1644) 156
Ferdinand I of Austria: b. 1503, Alcala de Henares, brother of Emperor Charles V; governor of Austria from 1521; king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526; Holy Roman Emperor from 1558; d. 1564, government of 4-5, 75-80
Ferdinand II of Austria, b. 1578, Graz; archduke of Inner Austria 1590 (personal rule from 1595); king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1617; ruler of Austria and Holy Roman Emperor from 1619; d. 1637: career of: death of 146; early career of 34—5; family of 3, 76, 98; government of 6-10, 85, 99,145; and Imperial succession 33, 34-5, 36, 39, 45, 50, 100-1, 145; literature on 250-1, 259; political views of xii, 35, 40, 82, 85, 88, 89; religious feelings of 35, 75-6,125,128, 221n.2
relations with Empire: with Bavaria 33, 59-60, 83,106-7; with Bohemia 45-55; with Brandenburg 100, 103-6, 114, 123; with German Catholicism 21, 45, 85, 87-8; with Saxony 50, 54, 85, 104, 105,106, 113-14, 122, 127-9; with Wallenstein 68, 70,100-1
relations with foreign powers: with Denmark 70-1, 110; with France 54, 102; with Italy 35-7, 102, 230n.8; with Netherlands 93; with Ottoman Turks 50, 52; with papacy 6, 52-3, 77-8, 91; with Poland 89-90, 91; with Spain 35-6, 50-1, 70-1, 74, 93-8, 100; with Sweden 101, 102, 109-13
Ferdinand III of Austria, b. 1608, Graz; king of Hungary from 1625 and of Bohemia from 1627; led Imperial army 1634-5; elected king of the Romans (1636) and Holy Roman Emperor (1637); d. 1657: early career of 79, 126; as emperor 149, 152,155, 240n.9; family of 3, 93; and Imperial succession 100,145; literature on 260; and peace talks 155, 160,166; and Poland 169; and Spain 152-3, 166-7, 169, 195, 242n.l5; and Transylvania 156-7
Ferdinand of Austria, b. 1529, son of Ferdinand 1; archduke of Further Austria from 1563; d. 1595 3, 4
Ferdinand of Austria, Cardinal-Infante of Spain, b. 1609, son of Philip III; chosen to govern Netherlands 1632; led army via Italy and Germany to Brussels 1633-4; d. there 1641: expedition to Netherlands (1634) 124, 126; family connexions of 3; invades France (1636) 136; leads Army of Flanders 152-3
Ferdinand of Bavaria, b. 1577, brother of Maximilian; coadjutor of dioceses of Cologne (1595), Liege (1601), Hildesheim (1611) and Miinster (1612); succeeded to all in 1612, and added Paderborn 1618; Elector of Cologne 1612-50; d. 1650: army of 168; opinions quoted 86; and peace talks 152, 161-2, 165; and recatholicization 151; and Spain 86, 227n.4, 233n.l8
Ferdinand Gonzaga, b. 1587, son of Vincent I, duke of Mantua; succeeded elder brother Francis as duke 1612; d. 1626: family connexions of 3; and Habsbures 36
Feria, Gomez Suarez de Figueroa, duke of; viceroy of Catalonia 1629-30; governor of Lombardy 1630-3; d. 1634: leads Spanish expeditionary force to Germany (1633) 119
Fernandez de Cordoba, Don Gonzalo, b. 1585; served in Army of Flanders; Spanish commander in Palatinate 1621-3; in Netherlands 1623-6; Spanish commander in war of Mantua 1626-30; disgraced; d. 1635: in Germany 57, 58, 60; in Italy 95-7
Fettmilch Revolt (Frankfurt, 1612-14) Plate 1
Feuquieres, Manasses de Pas, marquis of, b. 1590, Saumur; in French military service 1603-32; embassy to Protestants in Germany (suggested by Father Joseph, his cousin) 1633-4; led French embassy in Germany 1635-40; killed 1640: diplomacy in Germany 133
field techniques in seventeenth century 113, 116, 117-18, 126, 157, 182, 183-6; see also warfare
Finale Ligure (Imperial fief in Italy): ceded to Spain (1619) 37
finance, public see military finance; subsidies; taxation
Finland (province of Swedish empire): troops from 173, 187, 192
Flanders, Army of see Army of Flanders
Fleurus (town in South Netherlands): Mansfeld and Brunswick defeat Spaniards in battle at (26 August 1622) 60
Fontainebleau (French royal palace): Franco-Bavarian treaty signed at (1631) 108
food supply: during war see provisioning; in pre-war Germany 12
'Formula of Concord' among Lutherans (1580) 19
fortifications in earlier seventeenthcentury Europe: in Denmark 64; in Germany 11-12
France, kingdom of: domestic problems of 59, 68,102,153-4,166, 196; and England 63, 68, 94, 95, 97, 149, 154; finances of 130,133,135, 136, 137, 198; general foreign policy of 2, 36, 63, 68, 102, 129-32,138, 154, 157, 165, 197; and Germany 11, 19, 24-7, 33, 54, 58, 59, 63, 68, 91-2, 106-8, 111-12, 127, 131-7, 149, 152, 157, 161, 165, 232n.6; and Italy 36, 59, 97, 102, 134; literature on 258, 265; and Lorraine 102,119,130-1, 145, 165, 195; and Italy 36, 59, 63, 91-2, 102, 130; and Netherlands 63, 68,116, 130,133-4, 154,167; and papacy 108, 128, 130; and peace 165-6; and Spain 68, 94-5, 96-8, 119, 129-32, 134, 166-7,195; and Sweden 107-8, 110-12, 121, 130, 133, 141-5, 149, 164, 232n.6; and Transylvania 69; and Valtelline 59, 63, 67, 68, 102, 134-5, see also Louis XIV; Louis XIII; Mazarin; Richelieu
Franche-Comté (Spanish possession to 1678): Thirty Years' War in 136, 150
Francis Gonzaga, b. 1586, son of Vincent I, duke of Mantua; succeeded father 1612 but died same year 36
Franconia (Imperial Circle): during Thirty Years' War 177, 186-7, 190; and Heilbronn League (1633-4) 121; Swedish progress in (1631-4) 114, 115, 186-7
Frankenfeld (town in Upper Austria): troubles in (1626) 83
Frankenthal (fortified town in Rhine Palatinate): defence of 11, 57; Spanish occupation (to 1653) 169; surrendered to Catholics (March 1623)58
Frankfurt-am-Main (Imperial Free City): Deputationstag at (1643-5) 155; Imperial election in (1619) 50; Imperial meeting at (1631) 105, 114; Protestant princes meet at (1634) 126, 141; troubles at (1614) Plate 1
Frankfurt-on-Oder (town in Brandenburg): taken by Swedes (1631) 112, 117, 164, 180
Fransburg (town in Pomerania): Imperial-ducal treaty signed at (10 November 1627) 89
Franz Albrecht, duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, b. 1598; served Frederick V until capture (1620); in Imperial army 1620-32; briefly in Swedish and Saxon service before rejoining Wallenstein (1634); imprisoned by emperor 1634-5; Imperial commander again 1641-2; killed 1642: and Wallenstein 90, 235n.l2
Frederick II, king of Denmark and Norway, b. 1534; succeeded father as kine 1559; d. 1588 64
Frederick III, Elector Palatine, b. 1515, Simmern; from junior branch of family, became Elector 1559; d. 1576: converted to Calvinism 19, 22
Frederick III, king of Denmark and Norway, b. 1609, younger son of Christian IV; ruler of secularized bishoprics of Bremen (from 1621), Verden (from 1622) and Halberstadt (1624) - all territories lost to Sweden in 1644; succeeded father in 1648; d. 1670: early career of 65
Frederick IV, Elector Palatine, b. 1574, grandson of Frederick III; succeeded as Elector 1583; personal rule from 1592; Director of Protestant Union from 1608; d. 1610: government of 23, 217n.ll; succession to 29, 220n.4
Frederick V, Elector Palatine, b. 1596, son of Frederick IV; succeeded 1610 (personal rule from 1614); married Elizabeth Stuart 1613; Director of Protestant Union; accepted election as king of Bohemia 1619; driven into exile 1621; led opposition to Habsburgs until d. 1632: and Bohemia 40, 46-50, 53-5, 114, 200-1; and Danish War 66-71, 73; death of 118; deprived of lands and titles (1623) 59; early career of 24, 25; exile in Netherlands 56, 60; family connexions of 48, 49; foreign relations of 24, 29, 32, 33, 42-3, 55-63, 221n.30; and Imperial succession 33; literature on 256; marriage of 25, 29; and Palatine War 60-2; religious opinions 196; and Sweden 114, 116, 118, 121
Frederick Henry of Nassau, b. 1583, youngest son of William of Orange; succeeded brother Maurice as prince of Orange and captain-general of the Dutch Republic from 1625; d. 1647: military successes of 92,153; and peace of Munster 158
Frederick William of Hohenzollem, 'Great Elector' of Brandenburg, b. 1620; in Dutch Republic 1634-8; succeeded father (George William) as Elector 1640; d. 1688: early years of 122; family connexions of 48, 239n.l5; and France 164; and peace 151, 155, 162, 164, 194; and Pomerania 122, 164; and Sweden 150-1, 164
Free Cities see Imperial Free Cities
Freiburg (town in Alsace): French and Bavarian armies in battle at (3-5 August 1644) 157, 182, 240n.8
Freising, bishop of see Gepeckh
Freytag, Gustav, b. 1816; German historian and politician; d. 1895: historical writings of 188; pamphlet collection of 99
Friedland, duke of see Wallenstein
Friedlandsche Armada see army, Imperial
Friedrichs, Christopher R. (North American historian): views of 198
Friesland, East see East Friesland
Fronde revolt in France (1648-53) 166
frontiers: in Germany 14, 217n.ll
Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft (German literary society founded 1617) 40
Fuentes, Don Pedro Enriquez de Acevedo, count of, b. c.1540; served in Spanish army in Italy and Portugal; governed Spanish Netherlands 1592-6; governor of Lombardy from 1600; d. 1610 38
'Fuentes Fort' (at Montecchio, by Lake Como) 38, 222n.9
Fulda, ecclesiastical principality of: captured by Protestants (1633) 119; religion in 18
Gabor, Bethlen see Bethlen Gabor
Gallas, Matthias, Count, b. 1584, Trent; served in Spanish and Bavarian armies to 1629; joined Imperial army as general officer; joint commander from 1634; d. 1645: equips army 172; leads Imperial army 125, 135-6, 156, 182
Gaston, duke of Orleans ('Monsieur'), b. 1608, brother of Louis XIII and (until 1638) heir presumptive to French throne; married Marguerite of Lorraine; constant conspirator against government; d. 1660: opposes Louis XIII 129, 130-1
'general crisis of the seventeenth century': evidence concerning 198, 247n.l0
Genoa, Republic of: and Savoy 59, 63, 68; siege of (1625) 63, 92; and Thirty Years' War 53
George II, landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, b. 1605; succeeded father (Louis V) 1626; in exile 1634-5; d. 1661: career of 200; favours settlement with Habsburgs 104, 122, 126, 127, 200; gains Hesse-Marburg (1627) 86; and Hesse-Kassel 86, 128, 200; literature on 263-4; and Saxony 122, 126, 127, 200; and Sweden 115, 122
George, duke of Brunswick-Lüneberg, b. 1583; served in Netherlands wars 1604-9; in Danish (1614-26) and Imperial (1626-30) armies; fought for Sweden 1630-5 and 1639-41; d. 1641: death of 151; and peace 150, 151; and Sweden 111, 119, 146
George Frederick, margrave of Baden-Durlach, b. 1573; succeeded elder brother as margrave 1604; abdicated 1622 during Palatine War; joined Danish and Swedish armies 1627-34; retired from public life after Nördlingen; d. 1638: and Protestant Union 25, 27, 32, 54; and Thirty Years' War 56, 58, 196
George Rákóczi, b. 1593, Hungarian nobleman; succeeded Bethlen Gabor as prince of Transylvania 1630; at war with Habsburgs 1643-5; d. 1648: during Thirty Years' War 156, 158; and Habsburgs 79
George William of Hohenzollern, b. 1595, son of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg; governed Rhineland territories 1614-17; succeeded as Elector 1620; d. 1640: advisers of 103,104, 122; and Bohemian Revolt 54, 56; death of 151; family connexions of 48, 49; and Habsburgs 100, 103-6, 114, 123, 128, 150; marriage of (1616) 30; and Pomerania 122, 126, 141, 145; and Saxony 103-6, 122; and Sweden 103-6, 113, 123, 126, 145, 146, 150
Gepeckh, Adam Veit von, b. 1584; Jesuit-educated; elected bishop of Freising 1618; d. 1651: during Thirty Years' War xiii; literature on 213n.3
Gerbier, Balthazar, b. 1591, Middelburg; artist and diplomat; came to England 1616: and entered household of Buckingham; Charles I's agent in Brussels 1631-41; d. 1667, activity of 233n.l8
'German Brigade' see Bernardines
German language and literature in seventeenth century xiv, 223n.l8, 243n.ll, 247n.l7
Germany: before the war 1-2, 11-34; climate of 247n.l0; culture in 40; economy of 15-16, 147-8, 188-92, 198, 238n.8; government of 13-16; literature on see Bibliographical Essay; population of see demography; religion in see Counter-Reformation; Protestantism; religious balance, see also Holy Roman Empire
Gheyn, Jacques de, b. 1565, Antwerp; Dutch designer and engraver: military textbook by 184
Giessen (town in Hesse): academy and university at 19
Gliickstadt (fortified town in Denmark): construction of (1616) 65; defence of 178
Gnesio-Lutherans: and disruption of Lutheran creed 19
Golden Bull of Hungary (1222) 7
'Gollersdorf Agreement' between Ferdinand II and Wallenstein (April 1632)124
Gondomar, Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuna, count of, b. 1567; Spanish ambassador in England 1613-18 and 1620-22; d. 1626: diplomacy of 32,197
Gonzaga dukes of Mantua see Ferdinand; Francis; Vincent II
Goslar (town in Lower Saxony): peace between emperor and Brunswick signed at (16 January 1642) 151
Gradisca (town in Inner Austria): siege of (1615-17) 35, 36, 37
Graubunden see Grey Leagues
Gravelines (port in South Netherlands): captured by French (1644) 153
Graz (capital of Inner Austria): arsenal at 172; government of 4; religious situation in 6
Gregory XV (Alessandro Ludovisi), b. 1554; entrusted with diplomatic missions by popes from 1590; Cardinal 1616; elected pope May 1621; d. 1623: and Holy Roman Empire 83
Grey Leagues (rulers of south-eastern Switzerland): lands of 37, 59, 63
Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoffel, b. 1621; author, soldier and publican; d. 1676: views of Thirty Years' War 170, 269; works quoted 169, 176-7, 188, 216n.5
Grotius, Hugo, b. 1583: Holland; studied law and served States Party; imprisoned 1619-21; mostly in France thereafter, from 1635 as Swedish envoy; d. 1645 133
Guericke, Otto von, inventor 112
Gustavsburg (Swedish fortress on the Main) 120, 128
Gustavus Adolphus, b. 1594, son of Charles IX of Sweden; succeeded as king 1611 (personal rule from 1614); campaigning on continent from 1621; killed 1632: and Europe (excluding Germany)
and France: 107-8,110-12,115; general foreign policy of 62, 109, 201; and Russia 111; wars with Poland (1617-29) 62, 66, 68, 89-90, 91,109, 110-11, 232n.3
and Germany: Map 3; in 'Danish phase' of war 62, 66, 71; invasion of Germany (1630-2) 103-6, 109, 110-11, 116-17, 120; motives for invading Germany 109, 113, 140-1, 232n.2, 241n.7; in 'Palatine phase' 62
and Sweden: death of 118, 130, 132, 140, 178; family connexions of 48, 49; government of 62, 111, 120; literature on Plate 9, Plate 10, 260-2; military methods of 185; succession to 119; views quoted xiii, 89, 159
Giistrow (town in Mecklenburg): Wallenstein at 87, 228n.6
Haan: Heiner (modern German historian): views of 191
Habsburgs, Austrian: administration of xiv; after the war 194, 230n.8; dynasty 3, 35, 93, 214n.l, 242n.l5; literature on 250-1, 259-60; powers of 14, 78-9, 199; public finances of 15-16, 45, 52-3; territories of 2-10; and the Thirty Years' War see Ferdinand II
Habsburgs, Spanish: dynasty 3, 93, 214n.l; see also Spain
Hagenau (town in Alsace): fortification of 12
Hague, The (administrative capital of Dutch Republic): convention at (9 December 1625) 67, 69
Halberstadt (secularized ecclesiastical state): administrators of see Christian of Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel; assigned to Brandenburg 164
Hales, Alexander of, Capuchin friar, diplomatic activity of 60
Hamburg (Imperial Free City): and Denmark 65, 156; during Thirty Years' War 190; fortification of 12; peace talks at (1637-9) 149; peace talks at (1641) 151, 239n.l4
Hamilton, James, marquis and (from 1643) duke of, b. 1606; Scottish privy councillor from 1628; military commander in Germany (1630-3) and during Charles l's wars (1638 and 1648); executed 1649: campaigns in Germany 174, 181
Hanau, county of: frontiers of 14
Hanau (town in Rhineland): defence of 11, 128; location of 216n.5
Hanseatic League of North German towns: and Habsburgs 71, 86; and Sweden 71, 89
Hardegg, Julius, count of, colonel of Wallenstein's regiment of lifeguards: troops of 180, 181, 243n.l
Harvey, Dr William, b. 1578; physician; d. 1657: on Arundel's embassy to Germany (1636) 148
Hatzfeld, Franz von, b. 1595; elected bishop of Wiirzburg (1631) and Bamberg (1633); d. 1642: and Catholic League 227n.8; flees before Swedes 114; literature on 227n.8
Heidelberg (capital city of Elector Palatine): defence of 11, 57; falls to Catholics (1622) 58; fought over (1633-4) 128; lost to Protestants (1633) 124
Heilbronn (Imperial Free City): Protestant meeting at (1617) 32; Protestant meeting at (1633) 121
Heilbronn League (1633-5): collapse of 127, 132, 141; creation of Map 3, 121; and France 127,133; problems facing 121-2, 125-6, 235n.6
Henrietta Maria of France, b. 1609, daughter of Henry IV; married Charles I of England 1625; d. 1669: marriage of 63
Henry IV of France, b. 1554, son of Antony, king of Navarre; leader of Huguenot party in France from 1569; heir apparent to throne of France 1584; succeeds as king 1589; killed 1620: and Cleves-Jiilich Crisis (1609-10) 27; relations with Germany 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28
Herberstorff, Adam von, Count, b. 1585, Lutheran; entered service of dukes of Neuburg; converted to Catholicism and made governor of Neuburg 1616; served in Bavarian army 1619-23; governor of Upper Austria for Bavaria and emperor 1623-9; d. 1629: and Upper Austria 83-4
Hesse-Darmstadt, landgravate of: academy of Giessen 19; gains Hesse-Marburg 86; literature on 263-4; and Saxony 24, 26; and Sweden 115; in Thirty Years' War 147, 180-1, 200; see also George II
Hesse-Kassel, landgravate of: annexes Hesse-Marburg 11, 19; army of see army of Hesse-Kassel; defence of 11, 112, 128, 184; foreign policy of 56, 150, 199; literature on 263; loses Hesse-Marburg 86; political organization of 11, 200; population of 14; religion in 19; see also Amalia; Maurice; William V of Hesse-Kassel
Hesse-Marburg, landgravate of: annexed by neighbours (1604) 11, 19, 86
Hessisch-Oldendorf: Swedes defeat Imperialists in battle at (8 July 1633) 119, 235n.2
Hildesheim, bishopric of: and Edict of Restitution 89, 151
Höchst: Tilly defeats forces of Frederick V in battle at (20 June 1622) 58
Hoë von Hoenegg, Matthias, b. 1580, Vienna; moved to Saxony as court preacher 1602; senior court preacher from 1612 until d. 1645 19-20; at Leipzig Colloquy 105; opinions of 20, 105; writings of 20
Hoick (or Hoik), Henrik, b. 1599, Denmark; commander in Danish army to 1629; turned Imperialist after peace of Liibeck and served with Wallenstein until d. 1633: fortune of 176
Hollar, Wenceslas, b. 1607, Bohemia; artist and engraver; d. 1677: records Arundel embassy to Regensburg (1636) 146
Holstein, duchy of: Danish power in 65, 156; defence of 184
Holy Roman Empire: government of 13-16, 100-1; population of 14; public finance in 14-15, 100-1; religion in 16-34; see also Germany
Honigfelde (or Stuhm; village in Prussia): Polish-Imperial army defeats Swedes in battle at (27 June 1629)110
Horn, Gustav, b. 1592, Sweden; in Swedish army 1612-14 and after 1621; privy councillor 1625; army commander from 1628; captured at Nordlingen and imprisoned 1634-42; returned to senior administrative posts; d. 1657: campaigns of 122, 126, 187; ransom refused for 182
horses: military use of 178
hospitals, military 183
Howard, Thomas, earl of Arundel see Arundel
Hroby (town in Bohemia): religious troubles at (1617-18) 39
Huguenots (French Protestants): rebellions of 59, 68, 93, 95, 97, 102; support for Frederick V (1621) 58; support for Savoy and Venice (1615-17) 36
Hulst (town in South Netherlands): captured by Dutch (1645) 153
Hungary, kingdom of: and Bohemian Revolt 46; defence of 169; government of 4-9, 79; literature on 259; pre-elects Ferdinand II as king 37, 79; religion in 7-9, 79, 194
Hussites (Bohemian religious group) 4, 7
Hyacinth of Casale see Casale, Hyacinth of
Imperial Chamber Court see Imperial Supreme Court
Imperial Counts (Reichsgrafen): powers of 13; in Protestant Union 220n.l2
Imperial Diet (Reichstag): (1613) 15, 31; (1640-1) 149, 152, 155, 161, 239n.ll; (1645-8) see Westphalia, peace conference of; composition of 14-15, 195; meetings of (1608) 14, 21-2
Imperial Free Cities (Reichsfreistädte): numbers of 13; religion in 17, 20, 88-9, 168, 218n.20, 231n.l
Imperial Knights (Reichsritter): powers of 13; support for Sweden (1631-3) 114, 120
Imperial Supreme Court (Reichskammergericht): activity and powers of 14, 21, 86, 101
indelningsverk (Swedish and Finnish conscription system) 173
Ingolstadt (Bavarian university town): fortification of 12
Inner Austria see Austria, Inner
Isabella of Austria, b. 1566, daughter of Philip II of Spain; married Archduke Albert 1599; co-ruler of South Netherlands with husband to 1621; governor-general of South Netherlands 1621-33; d. 1633: assumes government in Netherlands (1621) 57; and Dutch 96; and Germany 58, 85, 92, 227n.4; marriage of 2, 3; see also Netherlands, South
Italy during Thirty Years' War: and Austria 35-7, 83, 102; Finale Ligure ceded to Spain (1619) 37; and France 36, 59, 97, 102, 134; and Habsburgs see Papacy; Imperial army in (1629-31) 97; Mantuan wars see Mantua, wars of; Piombino ceded to Spain (1617) 37; and Protestant Union 36, 37; and Spain 36, 37, 59, 93-8,116-17; see also Naples
'Itio in Partes' (principle enshrined in Westphalian peace conference) 163, 194, 241n.6, 163, 194, 241n.6
Jägerndorf, John George, margrave of see John George of Jägerndorf
James VI and I, b. 1566; king of Scotland (from 1567), England and Ireland (from 1603); d. 1625: death of (7 April 1625 NS) 67; family connexions of 49; and Frederick V 25, 29, 32, 33, 53, 56-7, 58, 61, 66, 197, 221n.30; literature on 257; relations with Denmark 66, 68, 71; relations with Germany 24, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 40, 53, 56-7, 58, 61, 66, 68, 71, 197; relations with Spain 56-7, 58-9, 61
Jankov (town in Bohemia): Swedish and Hessian armies rout Imperialists in battle at (6 March 1645) Plate 19, 157, 158, 182, 199, 240n.9
Jena (town in Saxe-Weimar), university of: and Bohemian Revolt 40
Jesuits (Society of Jesus): army chaplaincy services 183; in Austria 7, 35, 77, 215n.l5; and Ferdinand II 35, 125, 221n.2; in Germany 7, 81, 85, 238n.l0; and Maximilian of Bavaria 108, 221n.2; see also Contzen; Lamormaini; Laymann
Joachim Ernest of Hohenzollern, margrave of Ansbach-Bayreuth, b. 1583, son of Elector John George of Brandenburg and brother of Christian of Brandenburg-Kulmbach; joined Protestant Union 1608 and commanded its army 1609-21; d. 1625 24, 25, 26-7, 30, 32, 34, 54, 56
John II, duke of Pfalz-Zweibrücken; succeeded father as duke 1604; driven into exile 1621 and d. at Metz 1635: family connexions of 48; and Palatinate 28
John VI, count of Nassau-Dillenburg, b. 1536, younger brother of William of Orange; succeeded as count 1559; d. 1606: converts to Calvinism 19; relations with Palatinate 23
John VII, count of Nassau, b. 1561, son of John VI; succeeded father to Siegen division of Nassau 1606; d. 1623: founds military academy at Siegen 184, 245n.33; and military reforms 184, 185
John Albert, count of Solms-Brauenfels from 1592; senior Palatinate court officer from 1602; fled to Netherlands 1623 and died there: and Palatinate 23
John Casimir, duke of Pfalz-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg, brother of John II of Zweibrücken; mostly resident in Sweden; d. 1652: family connexions of 48; and Swedish foreign policy 62
John Casimir of the Palatinate, b. 1543, younger son of Elector Frederick III; administrator of the Palatinate during minority of Frederick IV from 1583 until d. 1592: foreign policy of 22
John Ernest, count of Nassau-Siegen, younger son of John VI of Nassau: in uzkok war (1615-17) 36
John Ernest, duke of Saxe-Weimar, b. 1594; military commander for Frederick V (1620-5) and Christian IV (from 1625); d. 1626: in Thirty Years' War 55, 85, 87, 111
John George, Elector of Saxony, b. 1585, younger son of Elector Christian 1; succeeded brother Christian II as Elector 1611; d. 1656: annexes Lusatia 54; and Bohemia 40, 46, 54, 143; and Brandenburg 103-6, 122-3; and France 141; and Frederick V 56, 85; and Habsburgs 37, 50, 54, 85, 100, 103-6,113-14, 122-3, 126, 127-8, 200, 227n.2, 240n.l0; and peace talks 158, 162, 200, 240n.l0; personal tastes of 201, 216n.3, 229n.l6; and 'Protestant cause' 30, 54, 85; religious opinions 201; and Sweden 103-6, 113-14, 115, 122-3,126,127-8, 142, 151, 240n.l0
John George, margrave of Jagerndorf, b. 1577, son of Elector Joachim Friedrich of Brandenburg; administrator of Strasbourg diocese 1592; created margrave 1607; military commander for Bohemian estates 1618; joined Bethlen Gabor 1621; d. 1624: army of 58; family connexions of 49
John Sigismund of Hohenzollern, Elector of Brandenburg, b. 1572; regent in Prussia (1594-1608); succeeded father (Joachim Friedrich) as Elector 1608; d. 1619: and Bohemia 40, 53-4; and Cleves-Jülich crisis 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33; conversion to Calvinism 30; family connexions of 49, 53-4; and Protestant Union 24, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33; religious policy of 19
John William of Cleves, b. 1562, second son of William, duke of Cleves-Jiilich and Berg, count of Ravensburg and Mark, whom he succeeded in 1592; d. 1609: death of 23, 25; succession to 25-6
Joseph, Father (Francois Leclerc du Tremblay), b. 1577; entered Capuchin order 1599; early mentor of Cardinal Richelieu and later his close collaborator, undertaking numerous confidential missions to foreign rulers; d. 1638, at Regensburg (1630) 102, 107
Jiilich (city in Rhineland): captured by Spinola (1621) 58; crisis in (1614) 31; siege of (1609-10) 26
Jiilich, duchy of: during Thirty Years' War 58, 149; religion in 23-4; succession to see Cleves-Jülich War
Jutland (core of Danish kingdom): occupied by Imperialists (1627-9) 70-1; occupied by Swedes (1644-5) 156
Kardis: Russo-Swedish treaty signed at (1661) 195
Kemp ten, abbey of (Bavaria): abbot joins Catholic League (1609) 28
Kepler, Johannes, b. 1571; mathematician and astronomer; professor at Graz 1593-8; astronomer at Prague (1600-12) and Linz (1612-26); d. 1630 6
Khevenhüller, Franz Christoph, Count, b. 1588; Austrian diplomat (especially active in Spain) from 1616 and councillor of Ferdinand II; biographer of emperor; d. 1650 77
Khlesl, Melchior, b. 1553; Catholic prelate; official of the bishop of Passau 1581; bishop of Vienna 1602; Cardinal 1615; d. 1630: and Catholic League 30, 31; early career of 6, 34, 35; later career of 77; and Matthias 34
Kipper- und Wipperzeit in Holy Roman Empire (1621-3) 81, 226n.3, see also currency fluctuations in seventeenth century
Klostergrab (town in Bohemia) see Hroby
Knoringen, Heinrich von, b. 1570; bishop of Augsburg from 1599; d. 1646: and Edict of Restitution 229n.l2
Königsberg (capital of Prussia): Electoral capital (1636-44) 146, 150; trade of 110; treaty signed at (1627) 103
Königsmarck, Hans Christoff, count of, b. 1605, Brandenburg; served in Imperial army 1620-30; commander in Swedish army after 1631; governor of Bremen-Verden 1645-53; d. 1663: leads Swedish army 156; personal fortune of 176
Kötzschenbroda (town in Saxony): Swedish-Saxon cease-fire signed at (1645) 158, 240n.l0
Kreise see Circles
Krems (town in Upper Austria): during Thirty Years' War 157, 165
Kronach (town in Franconia): siege of (1632) 177-8
Kronberg, Johan Schweikart vori, b. 1553; cleric at Mainz from 1576; Elector of Mainz (1604-26); pensioner of France from 1590 and Spain from 1611; d. 1626: and Catholic League 28, 31; and Counter-Reformation 82
Kulmbach see Brandenburg-Kulmbach; Christian, margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
Kurfürstentage see Electoral meetings
La Force, Jacques Nompar, duke of, b. 1558; Huguenot noble (escaped St Bartholomew's massacre) and companion of Henry IV; led Huguenot rebels against Louis XIII 1619-21; pardoned, commanded French armies in Italy and Germany 1630-38; d. 1652 132
Laimbauer, Martin, leader of Austrian Peasant Revolt (1635-6); executed 1636 147, 238n.3
Lamormaini, William, SJ, b. 1570, Luxemburg; entered Jesuit order 1590; professor and (from 1614) rector of Graz University (1600-21); rector of Vienna University (from 1623); confessor to Ferdinand II (1624-37); d. 1648: early career of 76; and Ferdinand II 76, 84, 98, 125, 128, 129, 202, 221n.2; opinions quoted 7, 84, 101
Landsberg, League of 27
Langer, Herbert (modern East German historian): views of xv
Languedoc (French province): Spanish invasion of (1637) 136
La Rochelle (French seaport): siege of (1627-8) 68, 74, 95, 97
Laud, William, b. 1573; English prelate; bishop of London (1628-33); archbishop of Canterbury (1633-45); chancellor of Oxford University from 1629; d. 1645: and Bodleian Library 147
La Valette, Louis de Nogaret, Cardinal de, b. 1593, son of duke of fipernon; Cardinal (1621); abandoned church to lead French army 1628; senior commander from 1635; d. 1639: in Germany 132,135-6
Lavater, Hans Conrad, Zurich military writer 171
La Vieuville, Charles, marquis and duke of; captain of French royal bodyguard from 1616; French minister of finance 1623-4; chief minister 1624; arrested and exiled under Richelieu; minister of finance again 1651-3; d. 1653: first ministry of 63
law and order: in pre-war Germany 12; study of 40, 99-100; see also 'Public Law'
Laymann, Paul, SJ, b. 1574; joined Jesuits (1594); professor at Dillingen University 1625-32; author of Pads Comvositio (1629); d. 1635 89
League, Catholic see Catholic League
Leipzig (city in Saxony): during Thirty Years' War 113, 117, 118, 146, 147, 152, 189
Leipzig Colloquy (1631) Plate 8, 104r-6, 112, 114
Leipzig Manifesto (12 April 1631) 106
Leipziger Bund (Leipzig Union) of 1631 106, 113
Leitmeritz (town in Bohemia): Saxons and Imperialists hold negotiations at (1634) 126, 127
Lens (town in South Netherlands): battle at (20 August 1648) 167
Leopold of Austria, b. 1586, younger brother of Ferdinand II; bishop of Passau (1605) and Strasbourg (1607); archduke of Further Austria from 1619; released from clerical vows 1626; d. 1632: and Cleves-Jiilich succession 26, 27, 28; early career of 10, 50, 78; and Further Austria 78
Leopold William of Austria, b. 1614, younger son of Ferdinand II; bishop of Passau and Strasbourg from 1626; archbishop of Magdeburg 1629-35; commander-in-chief of Imperial army 1639^42; captain-general of South Netherlands 1647-56; d. 1662 152, 167
Lerma, Don Francisco Gomez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of, b. 1553; favourite of Philip III of Spain and his chief minister 1598-1618; became Cardinal 1618 and fell from power; d. 1625: foreign policy of 44-5; government of 44
Leslie family (Aberdeenshire Scots): in Thirty Years' War 174
Le Tellier, Michel, b. 1603; French minister of war 1643-77; Chancellor of France; d. 1685: opinions quoted 171, 177
Letter of Majesty (1609) 10, 39, 40, 43, 77
Leuchselring, Johann, Augsburg magistrate and representative at Westphalian peace conference 162, 168
Liechtenstein, Karl, prince of, b. 1569, Austria; military and court service under Emperor Matthias; governor of Bohemia 1621-7; d. 1627: converts to Catholicism 6; governs Bohemia 80
Lindau (Imperial Free City): and Edict of Restitution (1629) 89
Linden (village in Franconia): during Thirty Years' War 186-7
Linz (capital of Upper Austria): archdukes meet at (1605) 8; during Thirty Years' War 84, 147; Matthias at 34
Lippe river: blockade on (1625-9) 86
literary societies in seventeenth-century Germany 40
Livonia (Baltic province): conquered by Sweden from Poland 110
Lobkovic, Polyxena, heiress to Pernstein family and wife of Bohemian chancellor: quoted 39
Lobkovic, Zdeněk Vojtěch, b. 1568; official of Rudolf II; chancellor of Bohemia from 1599; d. 1628 39
Lodron, Paris, count of, b. 1586; canon at Salzburg from 1606 and archbishop from 1619; d. 1653: and Catholic League 31
Loefenius, Michael, b. 1546, Trier; Palatine councillor 1576-1612; d. 1620 26
Lombardy, Spanish state of: devastation in 116-17; and Second Mantuan War (1616-17) 36-7; and Third Mantuan War (1628-31) 95-8
Lorraine, duchy of: and France 102, 119, 130-1, 145, 165, 195; frontiers of 14, 217n.ll, see also Charles IV
Louis XIII, king of France, b. 1601, son of Henry IV; succeeded father as king 1610; personal rule from 1617; d. 1643: and Bavaria 106-8, 152; death of 154; domestic problems of 59, 68, 102, 153-4; and England 149; and Germany Plate 16, 33, 54, 59, 63, 102, 107-8, 111-12, 127, 131-7, 197; government of 102, 152, 154; and Italy 36, 59, 97, 102, 130, 134; and Lorraine 102, 130, 145; and Netherlands 63, 68, 116, 133-4; relations with Richelieu 103, 129; and Spain Plate 16, 94—5, 97, 102, 129-32; and Sweden 107-8, 110-12, 121, 133, 141-5, 149; and Valtelline 59, 102
Louis XIV, king of France, b. 1638, son of Louis XIII; succeeded father 1643; personal rule from 1661; d. 1715: minority government of 154, 165-6; wars of 192, 195, 198, 247n.l2
Louisa-Juliana of Nassau, daughter of William of Orange, Electress Palatine, married Frederick IV (1593) 23
Lübeck (Hanseatic city): treaty signed at (1629) 71, 72
Luçon, bishop of see Richelieu, Cardinal
Lusatia (Habsburg duchies of): and Bohemian Revolt 46, 54; gained by Saxony 46, 54, 127; government of 4, 9-10
Lutheran Jubilee (1617) 20
Lutheranism: in Austria 6, 9-10, 157-8, 166, 214n.l, 215n.7; divisions in 18-19, 23; in Germany 16-22, 85, 103-6, 111, 115, 129, 154-5,162,174, 201, 226n.3, 240n.4; see also Protestantism
Lutter-am-Barenberg (village in Brunswick): Imperialists defeat Danes in battle at (26 August 1626) 69-70
Lutzen (town in Saxony): Imperialists defeated by Swedes in battle at (17 November 1632) Plate 22, 117, 118, 178, 179, 182
Lyons (second city of France): France, Savoy and Venice sign League at (7 February 1623) 59, 61, 63
Maastricht (town in Netherlands): siege of (1632) 116
Mackay, Scots regiment in Thirty Years' War (1627-32) 174, 180, 181
Madrid (capital of Spain): Anglo-Spanish peace signed at (15 November 1630) 97, 231n.l0
Magdeburg (German ecclesiastical territory): and Brandenburg 164; sack of (1631) 112, 180, 232n.8; and Saxony 127; struggle for (1626-30) 87, 101, 227n.2, 229n.l5; under siege (1630-1) 111, 112
Magna Carta of England (1215) 10
Magno, Valeriano, Capuchin friar, diplomatic activity of 60
Mainz, Electorate of: ceasefire negotiated in (1621) 57; ceasefire negotiated in (1647) 165; devastation in 146, 147; library of 147; literature on 262; occupied by Swedes 114; 'Swedish state' in (1632-6) 120, 147
Mainz, Electors of: as Imperial arch-chancellor 78; see also Kronberg, Johan Schweikart von; Wambold, Anselm Casimir von
Majestätsbrief see Letter of Majesty
MalmØ (town in Denmark): defences of 64
Mannheim (fortified 'new town' in Rhine Palatinate): defence of 11, 57; falls to Catholics 58
Mansfeld, Ernest, count of see Ernest, count of Mansfeld
Mantua, dukes of: and Habsburgs 3, 36-7, 95-8; see also Ferdinand; Francis; Nevers; Vincent
Mantua, wars of: first (1613-15) 36, 44, 45; literature on 260; second (1616-17) 36-7, 44, 45; third (1628-31) 95-8, 102, 111, 113, 116, 130, 230n.8
maps, use of, in early modern Europe 93, 113-14, 215n.l5, 233n.ll Marburg see Hesse-Marburg
Maria of Austria, b. 1607, daughter of Philip III of Spain; d. 1646: married Ferdinand III (1631) 93; wooed by Charles Stuart (1621-3) 57
Marie de Medici, b. 1573, daughter of Grand Duke Francis of Tuscany; married Henry IV of France 1600; regent of France 1610-17; opposed her son Louis XIII 1619-22, 1630-1; in exile from 1631; d. 1642: and Germany 32; revolt of (1620) 59
Matthias of Austria, b. 1557, younger son of Emperor Maximilian II; archduke; governor of Upper Austria from 1593; king of Hungary (from 1608) and Bohemia (from 1611); Holy Roman Emperor (1612-19); d. March 1619: and Bohemian Revolt (1618-19) 43; and Catholic League 31; early career of 34; family connexions of 3; government of 30, 31; opposes Rudolf II 8-10, 30; public finances of 15; succession to 30, 33, 37
Maurice, count of Nassau, b. 1567, younger son of William of Orange; captain-general of Dutch Republic from 1588; prince of Orange from 1618; d. 1625: death of (23 April 1625) 67; military reforms of 183-5; and Protestant Union 23, 31, 53; supports Frederick V 56, 57
Maurice, landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, b. 1572; succeeded father as landgrave 1592; annexed Hesse-Marburg 1604-23; abdicated 1627; d. 1632: and Cleves-Julich crisis 26, 27, 28; converts to Calvinism 19; culture under 11, 228n.5; family connexions of 48; and Frederick V 56; invades Hesse-Marburg 11, 19, 86; loses Hesse-Marburg and abdicates 86, 228n.5; militia of 11; opinions of 11
Maximilian I, duke, then Elector, of Bavaria, b. 1573, son of Duke William V; succeeded father as duke 1597; created Elector 1623; d. 1651:
domestic policies: art collections 116, 182; defensive measures 12, 20-1; family connexions of Plate 3, 3; finances of 12, 16, 65, 83, 227n.8; literature on 253-4
foreign policy: and Bohemian Revolt 50-1, 54; and Danish War 67, 69, 85; and England 107, 231n.l0; and France 63, 106-8, 132, 145, 152, 157, 165-6, 231n.ll; and Spain 45, 50-1, 94; and Sweden 116, 117-18, 165-6
German policies: and Catholic League 27-8, 31, 45, 50-1; and Edict of Restitution (1629) 88, 101; and Electoral Transfer 59-60, 63, 106-8, 152, 161, 225n.l3; and emperors 33, 59, 81-3, 85, 101, 106-8, 117-18, 145; occupies Donauworth (1607) 20-1; occupies Upper Palatinate 57-8, 83; and peace talks 152, 162, 165-6
Maximilian II of Austria, b. 1527, eldest son of Emperor Ferdinand I; regent of Spain 1548-51; king of Bohemia (from 1548) and Hungary (from 1563); Holy Roman Emperor from 1564; d. 1576: lands of 4; religious policy of 5
Maximilian of Austria, b. 1558, younger son of Emperor Maximilian II; archduke of Tyrol from 1602; Grand Master of the German Order; d. 1618: and Catholic League 31; family connexions of 3
Mazarin, Jules, b. 1602 (Giulio Mazzarini); Cardinal from 1642; nuncio at French Court 1634-6 and thereafter adviser and (from 1642) chief minister of French Crown; exiled during Fronde; d. 1661: domestic rule of 166; early career of 154; foreign policy of 138, 154, 159, 161, 164, 165-6, 167, 195, 201, 202, 241n.9
Mecklenburg, duchy of: bestowed on Wallenstein (1627-8) 70, 86-7, 91, 99, 109; devastation in 148, 189; support for Sweden (after 1630) 111, 121; Swedish occupation of 143
medical care for sick and wounded 183
Mediterranean, warfare in see navies
Melanchthonians (Lutheran followers of the teaching of Philip Melanchthon, 1497-1560): and Lutheran split in sixteenth century 19
Memel (town in Prussia): defence of 11; devastation of (1630—1) 112
Mercy, Franz von, b. 1590, Longwy; entered Bavarian army in 1620s; commander from 1640; killed 1645: leads Bavarian army 157
Mergentheim (town in Swabia): Bavarians defeat French in battle at (also known as Herbsthausen, 15 May 1645) 157; Catholic League meets at (1629) 91
Mespelbrunn see Echter von Mespelbrunn, Julius
Milan, state of see Lombardy
military education in Germany 11, 184, 245n.33
military enterprisers during Thirty Years' War 175-6
military equipment of armies during Thirty Years' War 11,172,177-8
military executions during Thirty Years' War 179-80
military finance during Thirty Years' War: anti-Habsburg 52, 61, 71-2, 111-12, 120-1, 133, 166, 175,199, 232n.3; Habsburg and allies 45, 52-3, 90, 100-1, 175, 199, 227n.8, 229n.l5, 239n.ll; see also subsidies during Thirty Years' War
military hospitals 183
military techniques see warfare
Monro, Robert, b. c.1590; served with Scottish troops in Germany 1627-33; commander of Covenanting forces in Scotland (1637-40), Ulster (1641-4) and again Scotland (1644-7); d. 1680: literature on 270; military history of 174, 179, 180,182
Montecuccoli, Raimondo, b. 1609, Modena; fought in Imperial army from 1625; imprisoned by Swedes 1639-42; on Imperial diplomatic service 1648-57; commanded Imperial army from 1657; d. 1680 169
Montferrat, marquisate of: and Savoy 36, 59; wars over 36, 95-8, 130
Montmorency, Charlotte-Marguerite de, b. 1594; married Henry II, prince of Conde (1609), and fled to Brussels to escape Henry IV; d. 1651 27
Monzón (town in Aragon): Franco-Spanish peace signed at (5 May 1626) 68, 102
Moravia, margravate of: and Bohemian Revolt 46, 55, 75; during Thirty Years' War 75,152; foreign relations of 40; government of 4, 75; invasion of (1605) 8
Morgan, Sir Charles, colonel of English expeditionary force in Germany (1627-9) 178, 181, 245n.28
Morison, Fynes, b. 1566; travelled in Europe and Near East 1591-8; d. 1629: travels of 12, 217n.8
Moscherosch, Hans Michael, b. 1601; German author; member of Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft from 1645; d. 1669: view of the war 170, 243n.ll
Moyenvic (fortress in Lorraine): occupied by Imperialists (1630) 131
Miihlberg (town in Saxony): Charles V defeats German Protestants in battle at (24 April 1547) 55
Mühlhausen Guarantee, issued by emperor to German Lutheran princes (20 March 1620) 54
Mühlhausen (Imperial Free City in Thuringia): Electoral meeting at (1627) 54, 87, 90, 229n.l6
Munich (capital of Bavaria): fortification of 12; plundered by Swedes 116
Munich, Imperial-Bavarian treaty of (8 October 1619) 50
Munich, Treaty of (1609) 28
Miinster (Imperial Free City): during Thirty Years' War 198, 244n.20; peace talks at (1643-8) 155, 158-60, 161,165,167
Murrhart see Adami von Murrhart
Muscovy see Russia
mutiny among armies during Thirty Years' War: in 1648-9 168; in French army (1638) 180, (1648) 168; in Imperial army 90; in Swedish army (1633) 121, (1635) 141-2, (1641) 144, 180
Nancy (capital of Lorraine): French occupy (1633) 119, 131
Naples (Spanish kingdom in Italy): revolts against Philip IV (1647-8) 166-7; and uzkok war 36
Nassau, county of: during Thirty Years' War 147-8; government of 13-14; religion in 82; see also John VII; John VI; John Ernest; Maurice, counts of Nassau
naval warfare see navies
navies in seventeenth century: in Atlantic 68, 95, 153; in Baltic 11, 71, 94; in Mediterranean 36; in North Sea 153
Netherlands, North see Dutch Republic
Netherlands, South: and France 116, 132, 133-4; government of 2, 4, 96; near-revolt of 1629 96, 97; relations with Germany 13, 45, 50, 52, 58, 85, 86, 92, 227n.4; revolt of 1576 see Dutch Revolt; revolt of 1632 116, 233n.l8
Neuburg (Pfalz-Neuburg), duchy of: defence of 171; during Thirty Years' War 198; size of 14; see also Philip Ludwig; Wolfgang William
neutrality in Germany during Thirty Years' War: in 1620s 56; in 1630s 111, 115, 149, 233n.l8, 239n.l5; in 1640s see peace
Nevers, Charles de Gonzague, duke of, b. 1580; educated by Jesuits; succeeded as duke 1595; commanded armies in France (1595-1600), Hungary (1602), and Germany (1621-2); sundry diplomatic missions for France; organizing Crusade to Holy Land when Mantua inheritance became vacant (1627); founded new ducal line in Mantua; d. 1637: claim recognized (1631) 98, 102; claims Mantua 95, 130
news reporting of the war xii, 99-100, 108, 112, 115, 232n.8, 233n.l5, see also propaganda
Nikolsburg (town in Hungary): Austro-Transylvanian peace of (January 1622) 58
Nördlingen (Imperial Free City): economy of 81,198; Swedes and Protestants defeated by Habsburgs in battle at (6 September 1634) 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 141, 142, 147, 152, 182, 236n.l4; under siege (1634) 126
North Sea, navies in see navies
North Sea Canal (projected 1627-9) 71
Nuremberg (Imperial Free City): and Bohemian Revolt 40; demobilization agreed at (1648-50) Plate 20, Plate 21, 168-9; during Thirty Years' War 117, 121,147, 171,190; Electoral meeting at (1640) 149, 152; and Protestant Union 220n.l7
Oder, river: warfare along 112, 117, 182
Oettingen (Swabia), counts of: join Protestant Union (1608) 25, 29
Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van, b. 1547; Advocate of the States of Holland from 1586 and as such virtual leader of the States-General; arrested 1618; executed 1619 1, 53, 65
Oliva (monastery near Danzig): Swedish-Polish peace signed at (3 May 1660) 195
Olivares, Don Gaspar de Guzman, count of, and (from 1625) duke of San Lucar; b. 1585; entered Philip IV's household 1614; became chief minister (1621 and 1622) chief minister of Spain (to January 1643); d. 1645: becomes chief minister 59; domestic policies of 96; fall of 153; French policy of 94-5, 96-8, 153; German policy of 59, 92, 93-4, 97-8, 129, 153, 201, 229n.3, 230n.4; Italian policy of 92, 95-8; Netherlands policy of 93-4, 153; opinions quoted 126; opposition to 96-7, 153
Olomouc (Olmiitz: capital of Moravia): during Thirty Years' War 152
Oñate, Don Inigo Velez de Guevara, count of; Spanish ambassador in Vienna (1617-25); councillor of Philip IV (to 1640s): and Catholic League 50-2; later advice of 153, 240n.2; and revolt of Bohemia 43—4, 50-2, 202; and succession of Ferdinand II 37
'Oñate treaty' between Spain and Archduke Ferdinand (March 1617) 37, 50-1, 52, 60
Orange, princes of see Frederick Henry; Maurice of Nassau
Ordre de la Palme d'Or (German literary society founded 1617) 40
Orleans, Gaston of see Gaston of Orleans
Osman II, Ottoman sultan (1618-22): and Bohemian Revolt 50
Osnabrück (city in Westphalia): Danish control over 65; and Edict of Restitution (1629) 89; peace talks at (1643-8) 155, 159, 161, 162, 166
Ottoman Empire: foreign policy of 2, 50, 52, 70; and Protestants 4, 5, 215n.5; wars of 7, 8, 52, 70, 127, 158, 192, 194
outlaws in pre-war Germany 12, 217n.8
Oxenstierna, Axel, b. 1583; Swedish chancellor from 1612; Director of Heilbronn League 1633-6; d. 1654: foreign policy (1632-48) 154, 163-4, 201, 202; foreign policy under Gustavus 62, 109, 133, 138, 140-5, 151; and France 133,142,149; and German princes 122, 151; governs Swedish Germany (1632-6) 119-21, 140-4, 180, 235n.ll; opinions of 110, 127, 140, 142, 145, 158, 161, 164-5, 202, 232n.2, 237n.8; and Swedish government 119-21, 125-9, 225n.l5
Oxenstierna, Gustav Gustafson, younger brother of Axel; Swedish councillor of state: pessimistic opinions quoted 142, 154
Oxenstierna, Johan, son of Axel; senior Swedish plenipotentiary at Westphalia 161
Oxford University: acquires Mainz Electoral Library 147; honours Swedish leaders (1632) 118
pacification during Thirty Years' War see neutrality; peace
Pads Compositio (tract of 1629) 89, 229n.l2
Paderborn, ecclesiastical territory of: captured by Protestants (1633) 119
Pagés, G. (French historian): views of xiv
Palatinate, Lower or Rhine: defence of 11-12, 57, 58, 61-2, 184; foreign policy of 2, 19, 22-30, 32-4, 42-3, 55-63, 66, 67, 72-3, 200; frontiers of 14, 217n.ll; government of 14, 200; literature on 252; occupied by Catholic forces 57-8, 82, 116, 152-3; and peace; population of 14; public finances of 16; religion in 14, 22-3, 82
Palatinate, Upper: and Bavaria 59-60, 84, 225n.l3; disputed at Westphalia 162; government of 14, 18, 93; literature on 257; overrun by Catholic forces (1621) 57-8, 81; religion in 14, 81; taxes of 14, 83
Palatinate see also Neuburg; Zweibriicken
Palatine Electorate see Electoral transfer
pamphlets during Thirty Years' War 19, 21, 108, 112, 124-5, 127, 154, 232n.8
Papacy: finances of 52-3, 117, 234n.20, 239n.l9; and France 108, 128, 130; and Holy Roman Empire 6, 18, 52-3, 77-8, 83, 91, 108,117,128, 148-9, 150, 164, 234n.20; and Valtelline 59, 63
Pappenheim, Gottfried Heinrich, Count, b. 1594; Lutheran convert to Catholicism 1614; served in Polish, Bavarian and Imperial armies; killed 1632: in 1632 campaign 115, 116, 118, 233n.l8
Parliament, English see Commons, House of
Pavia, treaty of (1329) 225n.l3
Pázmány, Peter, b. 1570; became a Jesuit 1587; lecturer at Graz University 1597-1607; archbishop of Esztergom 1616; Cardinal from 1629; d. 1637: literature on 259; opinions of 79, 128
peace, moves towards during Thirty Years' War: (1622-3) 58; (1628-9) 70-1, 96; (1633-5) 122-3, 127-9, 141, 142; (1636-41) 142, 143-4, 145-6, 148-50; (1641-4) 150-2, 154-5; (1644-6) 155-9; (1647-8) see Westphalia, peace congress of
peasant revolts during earlier seventeenth century: (1632) 114-15; (1635-6) 147, 238n.3; in Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1632) 114-15, 117; in France (1636-43) 153; in Lower Austria (1595-6) 6; in Styria (1635) 199; in Upper Austria (1626) xiii, 84
Peñaranda, Don Gaspar de Bracamonte, count of; principal Spanish plenipotentiary at Westphalian peace conference 1643-8; d. 1676 167
Pernambuco (north-eastern Brazil): Dutch in 153
Perpignan (town in Spain): taken by French (1642) 153
Persia during Thirty Years' War 70
Pfaffengasse (Rhine-Main area of Germany) 18
Pfalz-Neuburg, duchy of see Neuburg
Pfalz-Zweibriicken, duchy of see Zweibriicken
Philip II, king of Spain (1556-98), ruler of the Netherlands and Spanish Italy (1554/5-1598) 2, 3, 24, 74
Philip III, king of Spain (1598-1621), b. 1578; succeeded father (Philip II) 1598; d. 1621: death of (31 March 1621) 57; family connexions of 3; and Germany 28, 31, 35, 38, 50-2; government of 2; marriage of 2; and Netherlands 2, 38, 57
Philip IV of Spain, b. 1605, son of Philip III; succeeded as king 1621; d. 1665: family connexions of 3, 214n.l; foreign policy of 92-8, 116, 131-2, 152-3, 166-7; and revolts during 1640s 153, 166-7; and War of Mantua 95-6
Philip Ludwig, duke of Neuburg, b. 1547; succeeded as duke 1570; d. 1614: and Cleves-Jiilich succession 23, 27, 29-30, 32, 219n.3, 220n.4; and other Protestant states 23, 25-6, 220n.4; policies and opinions of 21
Philippsburg (fortress on the Rhine): fortified (1615-23) 12, 220n.5; French conquest of bridgehead of 165; struggle for (1634-5) 131, 137
Piccolomini, Ottavio, b. 1599, Pisa; to Germany with Tuscan expeditionary force 1618; served in Imperial and Spanish armies from 1629; commander-in-chief of Imperial army from 1649; d. 1656: leads Imperial army 125, 169, 178; regiments of 243n.l; and Wallenstein's fall 235n.9
Pillau (port in Prussia): defence of 11
Pilsen (city in Bohemia): captured by rebels (1619) 46; 'Pilsen Oath' 125
Pinerolo (Italian fortress occupied by France from 1631) 98, 130
Piombino (Imperial fief in Italy): ceded to Spain (1619) 37
piracy: against Venice 36, 37; Algerian 44
'Pirckheimer Library' (Nuremberg): sold to earl of Arundel (1636) 146-7
Pima (town in Saxony): negotiations at (1634) 127
Pithan, Frederick, German officer in Dutch service; sergeant-major and lieutenant-colonel in regiment of Ernest Casimir van Nassau 1601-26; governor of Julich 1610 to capitulation 1622 31
plague in earlier seventeenth century 20, 116-17, 119, 167, 182,189, 234n.l9, 238n.l0
Plassenburg (Kulmbach fortress) 115
Plessen, Vollrad von, b. 1560, Mecklenburg: Palatine councillor from 1592 23
Poland-Lithuania, kingdom of: defence of 110; relations with Habsburgs 52, 89-90, 169; relations with Sweden 62, 68, 89-90, 91, 109, 110, 140-2; war with Russia (1632-1) 120, 127; war with Turks (1633) 127; and Westphalian peace 169; see also Sigismund III; Wladislaw
Polišenský, J. V. (Czech historian): views of xiv
political leadership during the war 198-202
political thought in seventeenth century 40, 99-100, 199
Pomerania: and Brandenburg 122, 126, 141, 145, 164; devastation of 189, 229n.l5; occupied by Imperialists (1627-31) 89, 109, 110, 229n.l5; partition of 164, 194; and Sweden 103, 120,121, 122, 126, 128, 133, 141, 143, 144, 150, 163-4, 237n.8
Porshnev, B. F. (Russian historian): views of xiv, 213n.6
Portugal, kingdom of: revolts against Philip IV (1640) 153, 157, 166
postal service in Europe 150, 159
Poyntz, Sydnam, English captain in Imperial service: memoirs of 118, 174-5, 270
Prague (capital of Bohemia): capital of Rudolf II 8, 9, 10, 11, 20; defenestration of (1618) 43; falls to Protestants (1631-2) 114; Ferdinand II at (1617) 37; religious worship in 39, 40, 43; revolt in see Bohemia, revolts of; siege of (1648) 167, 199
Prague, peace of (30 May 1635): literature on 263-4; renunciation of 137; terms and significance of 127-9, 141, 145, 146, 151, 161, 202, 239n.ll
'Preliminaries of Pirna' (1634) 127, 141
prisoners of war 182-3; see also ransom system
propaganda, during Thirty Years' War: during Bohemian phase 56, 99-100; during Danish phase Plate 5, Plate 8, 70; during French phase Plates 16-23; during Palatine phase 60; during Swedish phase Plates 9-15, 99-100, 112
'Protestant cause' in seventeenth-century Europe 23, 29, 56-7, 67, 72-3, 103-6, 129, 138, 154-5, 162-3, 174, 197, 201-2
Protestant Union (German): archives of 252; and Bohemian Revolt 45-50, 53-5, 56, 223n.9; dissolved (May 1621) 57; foreign policy of 2, 22-34, 36, 37, 53-5; and Italy 36, 37; literature on 252; organization of 25-6, 28-9, 31-4, 53-4, 220nn.l2, 17
Protestant view of the war xii, 74
Protestantism: in Austrian lands 39-40, 75-8, 80-4, 166, 214n.4, 215n.7; in France see Huguenots; in Germany 16-34, 56, 75-8, 80—4, 85-9, 105-6, 154-5, 162, 168; in Hungary 7-9; literature on 251; in Transylvania 7-9; and Turks see Ottoman Empire; see also Calvinism; Lutheranism
provisioning, military, during Thirty Years' War 115, 177, 178
Prussia: defence of 11; Swedes overrun 110, 111, 120
'Public Law' in the Empire 99, 226n.3, 230n.l
Pufendorf, Samuel, b. 1632; jurist and historian; d. 1694 xii
Pyrenees, France and Spain sign peace of (November 1659) 195
Rain (Bavarian village): battle at (15 April 1632) 116; fortification of 12
Rákóczi, George see George Rákóczi
ransom system during Thirty Years' War 180
recatholicization see Counter-Reformation
Reformation see Protestantism; Lutheranism
Regensburg (Imperial Free City): Deputationstag at (1623) 60; Imperial Diet meets at (1608, 1613, 1640) 29, 30, 31, 149-50, 152, 161; recaptured (1634) 126; shelled (1641) 150; taken by Protestants (1633) 124
Regensburg, bishops of: and Catholic League 15, 28
Regensburg, Electoral Meeting at (July-November 1630) 91,100-2; debates of 104; literature on 260-1
Regensburg, Electoral Meeting at (September 1636-January 1637): debates of 145-6, 239n.ll; literature on 265
Regensburg, peace of (between emperor, Spain, France and Mantua claimants: 13 October 1630) 98, 102, 241n.l3
Reichsfreistädte see Imperial Free Cities
Reichskammergericht see Imperial Supreme Court
Reichsritter see Imperial Knights
Reichstag see Imperial Diet
religion, as motive for European wars 23, 50, 72-3, 129, 138, 161-3, 195-7
religious balance in Empire: in c.1600 6-7, 19-22; changes in 1620s 80-92; changes in 1630s 128, 129; changes in 1640s 161-3
Religious Peace of Augsburg (1555) see Augsburg Settlement
representative assemblies: in Germany 16; in Habsburg lands 5-10, 33, 78, 215n.5; literature on 251-2
reservatum ecclesiasticum (part of Augsburg Settlement) 17, 30, 163
Restitution, Edict of (1629): abrogation (1644) 150, 168; implementation and reactions Map 2, 88-9, 100-1, 104, 105, 106, 115, 202, 231n.l; preparation and promulgation Plate 6, Plate 7, 78, 88, 229n.ll; suspension (1635) 128, 239n.l6
Rheinfelden (town in Swabia): German Protestants and French army defeat Imperialists in battles at (February/March 1638) 146; recaptured by Habsburgs (1633) 119
Rhine, river: blockade of (1625-9) 86; tolls on 14; travel on 12; warfare along 146
Rhineland: pre-war economy of 12; religion in 18; Thirty Years' War in 86, 92, 113, 121, 149, 157,165, 227n.4
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal-Duke of, b. 1585; bishop of Lugon 1607; French secretary of state 1616-17; chief minister of France from 1624; d. 1642; death of 154; domestic policies of 68, 97, 103, 130, 153-4; first ministry of (1616-17) 36; foreign policy of 63, 68, 94, 97, 103, 107-8, 111-12, 129-37,138, 141-5,149, 152, 199, 201, 202, 232n.6; literature on 258, 264-5; opposition to 103, 111, 130, 153-4, 197, 199; second ministry begins (1624) 63
Riga (town in Livonia): captured by Sweden (1621) 62
Rist, Johan, Hamburg Lutheran pastor and playwright 155
Rocroi (town in France): French defeat Spaniards in battle at (19 May 1643) 153, 154, 182
Roe, Sir Thomas, b. 1581; explored Amazon 1610-13; sent as English ambassador to India (1614-19), Turkey (1621-8) and Protestant powers (1629-30 and 1638); d. 1644 110
Roermond (town in Netherlands): Dutch capture (1632) 116
Rohan, Henry, duke of, b. 1579; French Huguenot military leader 1621-9; retired to Venice 1629-35; commander for Louis XIII from 1635; killed 1638: leads French armies 134-5
Roman Catholicism see Counter-Reformation
Romermonate see taxation
Rothenburg ob der Tauber (Imperial Free city in Franconia): during Thirty Years' War 186-7
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, b. 1712; Swiss-French author, philosopher and political theorist; d. 1778: assessment of Westphalian peace 193
Rudolf II of Austria, b. 1552, eldest son of Emperor Maximilian II; king of Hungary (1572-1608) and Bohemia (1575-1611); Holy Roman Emperor 1576-1612; d. 1612: and Austria 6; and Cleves-Jiilich succession 25-6; culture under 11; death of 30, 34; deposed 10; finances of 15; government of 6-10, 15, 20-1, 30, 215n.l2; literature on 250; religious policy of 6-10, 20-1
Russia, tsardom of: support for Sweden (1630-2) 111, 214n.6; war with Poland (1632-4) 120, 127, 214n.6; war with Sweden (1612-17) 62, 232n.5, 62, 232n.5
Salces (fortress in Spain): taken by French (1642) 153
Salisbury, earl of see Cecil, Robert
Salvius, Johan Adler, Count, Swedish
plenipotentiary at Westphalian
Salzburg, archbishopric of: and Bavaria 166, 223n.4; and Habsburgs 45; and peace 168, 242n.l8; see also Lodron, Paris, count of
Savoy, duchy of: and Thirty Years' War 33-4, 36, 45-6, 59, 63, 67, 93, 130; see also Charles Emmanuel; Victor Amadeus
Saxe-Lauenburg, duke of see Franz Albrecht
Saxe-Weimar, duchy of: and Bohemian Revolt 40, 53, 56; and Habsburgs 222n.l7; and peace 162; and 'Protestant cause' 85, 111; see also Bernard; John Ernest
'Saxon Sweetmeats' (1631) Plate 12, 113
Saxony, Electoral: archives of xiii; army of see army, Saxon; and Bavarian Electoral transfer 60; and Bohemia 40, 46, 54, 114, 117; defence of 11, 117-18, 150, 151-2, 184; economy of 81; finances of 16, 54, 81; and Hesse 24, 26, 115; population of 14, 148, 189; relations with emperor 14, 40, 54, 85, 89, 103-6, 113-14, 122, 126, 127-8, 222n.l7, 240n.l0; religion in 19, 20, 88-9; and Sweden 103-6, 113-14, 122-3, 126, 146, 150,151-2, 240n.l0
Saxony, Electors of see Christian 1; Christian II; John George
Saxony, Lower: during Thirty Years' War 67-70, 88, 126, 239n.l5
Scarmentado (fictional character of Voltaire) 1
Scheldt, river: closure to all shipping confirmed (1648) 167
Schottel, Justus, councillor of Brunswick and playwright 155
Schottwein (town in Austria): archdukes meet at (1600) 215n.l2
Schiitz, Heinrich, b. 1585; German composer; d. 1672: compositions of 222n.8, 229n.l6; early career of 11
Schwabisch Hall (Imperial Free City in Swabia): during Thirty Years' War 190, 192; Protestant Union meets at (1610) 26
Schwarzenberg, Adam, count of, b. 1583; councillor in Jiilich 1609-10; Brandenburg privy councillor from 1610; Council leader 1620-40; d. 1641: policies of 104, 122, 151
Scioppius (or Schoppe), Caspar, b. 1576, Upper Palatinate; converted from Lutheranism to Catholicism 1596; anti-Protestant polemicist 1607-35: and German Catholics 27
Scotland: and Thirty Years' War 89, 163, 173, 174, 178, 180, 182, 239n.l4, 270, 271; see also Charles I; James VI and I
Scultetus, Palatine court preacher 84
secularization of German church lands 18
Segeberg (town in Denmark): Lower Saxon Circle meets at (February 1621) 56, 66
Segna (Adriatic port) see Zengg
Selden, John, b. 1584; lawyer and member of English House of Commons (1623-8 and 1640-9); d. 1654: influence of 239n.l4
Servien, Abel, b. 1593; French war minister (1630-6); French plenipotentiary at Westphalia 1643-8; d. 1659 136
's Hertogenbosch (city in Brabant): taken bv Dutch (1629) 92, 167
Sicily, kingdom of: revolt against Philip IV (1648) 167
siege techniques in seventeenth century 62, 89, 112, 184, 185; see also warfare
Siegen (town in Nassau): military academy at 184, 245n.33
Sigismund III Vasa, b. 1566; king of Sweden (1587-99) and Poland (1587-1632); d. 1632: family connexions of 3; as king of Poland 52, 62, 89, 91, 110; as king of Sweden 62
Silesia (Habsburg duchy): at Westphalian peace 166, 169; and Bohemian Revolt 46, 55; government of 4, 9-10; religion in 166; Thirty Years' War in 123, 124, 128, 152
Sittard (town in Netherlands): Dutch capture (1632) 116
Slavata, Vilem, b. 1572; at Imperial Court from 1600; chairman of Bohemian regency council 1617-18; defenestrated; chancellor of Bohemia from 1628; d. 1652: early career of 6; and revolt of Bohemia 39,43
Smolensk, War of (1632-4) Plate 10, 120, 214n.6
Society of Jesus see Jesuits
Socinians (anti-Trinitarian religious group): in Hungary 7
Soissons, Louis de Bourbon, count of, b. 1612; conspirator against Richelieu; d. 1641 153-4
Solms, counts of see Amalia of Solms; John Albert of Solms-Brauenfels
Sophia of Mecklenburg, b. 1557; married King Frederick of Denmark 1572; queen and (from 1588) queen-dowager of Denmark; d. 1631 65
Sotern, Philip Christopher von, b. 1567; bishop of Speyer (from 1610) and (from 1623) Elector of Trier; imprisoned 1635-45; d. 1652: Catholicization under 82; and Catholic League 28, 82; defensive preparations of 11-12, 216n.5; and France 131, 152; and Habsburgs 129, 145; and peace talks 152, 162
Soubise, Benjamin de Rohan, duke of, b. 1583, brother of duke of Rohan; Huguenot military leader 1621-8; thereafter in exile in London; d. 1642 68
Spain, kingdoms of: and Austrian Habsburgs 35-7, 43-4, 50-2, 92-8, 116-17, 124, 132, 152-3, 166, 169; and Bohemian Revolt 43-4, 50-2; economy of 93, 96, 167; and England 56-7, 61, 68, 97, 107; and France 68, 94-5, 96-8, 119, 129-32, 134, 152-3, 166-7, 195; and German War 54, 58-9, 60, 82, 85, 86, 92, 100, 124, 227n4, 229n.3, 230n.4; government of 96, 166-7; and Italy 36, 37, 59, 93-8, 116-17; literature on 255-6, 263; and Netherlands 2, 33^, 37, 92-8, 116, 134, 152-3, 167; and Portugal 153, 157, 166; and Valtelline 38, 59, 61, 63, 67, 68
Spanish Chancery see Cancellaria Hispanica
'Spanish Match' see Charles I; Maria of Austria
'Spanish Road' (military corridor linking Lombardy with the Low Countries) Map 2, 37-8, 59, 95, 119, 153, 222n.6, 234n.l9
Spens, Sir James, colonel of a Scots regiment in Germany 1627-30 173, 181
Speyer (ecclesiastical state of): captured by Spaniards (1632) 116; and Catholic League 28; sacked by Palatine forces (1620-1) 82; see also Sotern, Philip Christopher von
Spmola, Ambrosio, marquis of Los Balbases, b. 1567, Genoa; commander of Army of Flanders and principal minister of Archdukes 1605-28; to Spain 1628-9; to War of Mantua 1630; d. 1630: conquers Palatinate (1620-1) 54; contributions system 183; and Germany 33, 52, 53, 54, 58; and Netherlands War 57, 61, 96; returns (1621) 56, 57
Stadtlohn (village in Westphalia): Tilly defeats Protestants in battle at (6 August 1623) 61
States-General of Dutch Republic see Dutch Republic
Steinau (town in Silesia): Wallenstein defeats Swedes in battle at (October 1633)123
Stolbova, peace of 65
Straelen (town in Netherlands): Dutch capture (1632) 116
Stralsund (Hanseatic town): history of 89; siege of (1628) 71, 74, 90, 95, 109, 177-8, 180; and Sweden 111, 163
Stransky, Pavel, seventeenth-century Bohemian political writer 81
'Streiff', Gustavus Adolphus's horse 178, 244n.21
Stuhm (Prussia) see Honiefelde
Stuhmsdorf (town in Prussia): Swedish-Polish truce signed at (20 September 1635) 141
Styria (province of Inner Austria): religion in 5-6; see also Austria, Inner
Sublet de Noyers, Francois, b. 1588; royal secretary 1613; French minister of war (1636—43); d. 1645 136
subsidies during Thirty Years' War: to Habsburg allies 52-3, 117,199; to Habsburg enemies 56, 61, 63, 66, 68-9, 71-2, 111-12, 120-1, 130, 133, 134-5, 144, 199, 232n.5; to Habsburgs 45, 52-3, 152, 199; see also military finance during Thirty Years' War
sutlers see provisioning
Swabia (South German Kreis): Circle organization in 13; during Thirty Years' War 148, 190, 192; and Sweden 121-2
Sweden, kingdom of: army of see army, Swedish; and Bohemia 123, 156, 166; and Denmark 64-5, 71, 72, 140, 156, 164; and Dutch Republic 65; and France 107-8, 110-12, 121, 130, 133, 141-5, 149, 164; government of 62, 111, 140-5, 154, 225n.l5; and Habsburgs 89, 103, 149; intervention after 1630 Plate 9, Plates 11-13, 108-28, 140-5, 151-2, 154, 156-8,163-5; intervention in Thirty Years' War before 1630 xiii, 62, 66, 89, 103, 108, 126, 140; literature on 260-2; and Livonia 110; motives for invading Germany 109, 110-11, 113, 163, 232n.2, 241n.7; and peace settlement 141,142, 143-5, 149, 154, 155, 161, 163-5, 166, 168-9, 237n.8; and Poland 62, 68, 89-90, 91, 109, 110, 140-2, 232n.2; and Pomerania 103, 120, 121, 122, 126, 128, 133, 141, 143, 144, 150, 163-4, 194; resources of 111-12, 120-1, 130, 154, 173, 199; and Russia 62, 111, 232n.5; and Saxony 113-14, 122-3, 126, 142, 146, 150, 151-2, 240n.l0; and Swabia 121-2
Switzerland (Federation of Swiss cantons): and Alsace 131; defence of 184; and Thirty Years' War 59
Tangermiinde (town in Brandenburg): during Thirty Years' War 180, 245n.28
taxation, during seventeenth century: in Denmark 71-2; in Empire 15, 190, 199, 215n.5, 239n.ll; in France 153; see also military finance
Taylor, John, b. 1580; English poet and traveller; d. 1653: travels of 12, 216n.6, 217n.8
Thiers, Alphonse: assessment of Westphalian peace 193
Thirty Years' War, consequences of 192-202
Thirty Years' War, costs of Plate 23, 71-2,111-12,116, 135,146-8,166, 168, 173, 186-92, 242n.l7, 247n.l2, 271-2
Thirty Years' War, course of: antecedents (1555-1618) 1-41; 'Bohemian phase' (1618-20) 43-55, 80^; 'Danish phase' (1624-9) 64-73; 'Dutch phase' (1621-4) 55-63; 'French phase' (1635-48) 129-69; moves to end see peace; 'Swedish phase' (1629-35) 100-29
Thirty Years' War, other topics: archives of xiii; longevity of 197-202; motives for fighting 42-3, 99-100, 173-4; participation in 139; periodization of xii, 138
Thurn, Heinrich Matthias, Count, b. 1567, Bohemia; served in Imperial army under Rudolf II; led opponents of Habsburgs in Bohemia from 1609; in exile from 1621; commander of Swedish army 1633; d. 1640: and Bohemian Revolt 45-7, 55; early career of 8; and Palatine War 61; and Swedish War 123
Tilly, Jean't Serclaes, count of, b. 1559, Brabant; fought in Army of Flanders (1585-1600) and Austrian Habsburg army (1600-8); commander of Catholic League army from 1610; d. 1632: against Sweden 106,112, 113-14, 115-16, 185-6; crushes Bohemian Revolt (1620) 55; in Danish War 67, 69-70, 82, 85-6, 89, 92, 109; death and burial of 116, 233n.l6; literature on Plate 5, 258; occupies Upper Austria (1620) 55; occupies Upper Palatinate (1621) 57-8; victorious campaign of 1622 58, 61
tolls: in Baltic 64, 71, 110; in Germany 14; in Low Countries 167
Torgau (town in Saxony): Swedish army at (1637-8) 143, 146, 150, 182
Torstensson, Lennart, b. 1603, Sweden; artillery commander in Swedish army; commander-in-chief 1641-6; d. 1651: attack on Denmark (1643) 72; leads Swedish army 144, 151, 152, 156, 157; ransomed after capture (1632-3) 182
towns, German: impact of war on 189-90; in Imperial Diet 14-15; pre-war rioting in Map 1, Plate 1, 19, 20
trade, European, during seventeenth century 110
Transylvania: administration of xiv; gains from Thirty Years' War 52, `57-8; and Habsburgs 46-50, 52, 58, 69-70, 79, 156-8; literature on 257; religion in 7-9; and Turks 8, 52, 70, 79, 158; see also Bethlen Gabor; Bocskay; George Rakoczi
Traun, Ernest von, b. 1608; general war commissioner of Imperial army from 1647; d. 1668: and demobilization 169; and last campaigns of the war 166
Trauttmanrisdorf, Maximilian, Count von, b. 1584, Graz; entered Imperial service 1612; entrusted with numerous diplomatic missions in 1620s; Director of Imperial Privy Council from 1637; chief Imperial plenipotentiary at Westphalian peace conference 1643-5; d. 1650: chief Imperial negotiator at Westphalia 158, 160,161, 164; diplomatic activity of 84; early career of 6; in government 129
travellers in seventeenth-century Germany 12, 14, 198, 216n.6, 217n.8
Trier, Electorate of: defence of 11, 129, 131; population of 14; under French protection 131
Trier, Elector of see Sötern, Philip Christopher von
Tschernembl, George Erasmus, b. 1567; member of Upper Austrian Estates from 1598 (leader from 1608): in exile from 1621; d. 1626 9, 25, 39^0, 82, 215n.l5
Turenne, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, viscount of, b. 1611, Sedan, son of duke of Bouillon; in Dutch (1625-9) and French (from 1630) armies; army commander from 1643; d. 1675: leads French armies in Germany 132, 136, 157, 165, 182
Turin (capital of Savoy): relief of (1639) 134
Turkish Wars (1593-1606): in 1660s 192, 194; cost of 15; course of 7, 8; end of 8
Turks see Ottoman Empire
Turner, Sir James, b. 1614, Scotland; served in Swedish army in Germany 1632-9; fought with Scots army in England and Ireland 1640-8; mostly in prison or exile in 1650s; d. 1686: literature on 270; views on warfare 174, 175, 185
Tuscany, Grand Duchy of, and Thirty Years' War 53, 100
Tuttlingen (town in Swabia): Bavarian army defeats French in battle at (24-5 November 1643) 157, 182
Twelve Years' Truce (1609-21) 28; expiry of (1618-21) 34, 38, 51, 56, 65; making of (1607-9) 2
typhus 20, 116-17, 119, 167, 182; see also plague in earlier seventeenth century
Tyrol (Habsburg province): government of 5-6, 78; and Spain 35-9
Udenheim (town in Rhineland) see Philippsburg
Ulfeld, Jacob, b. 1567; councillor (from 1607) and chancellor of Denmark (from 1609); d. 1630: at Hague convention (1625) 69
Ulm (Imperial Free City): cease-fire signed at (1647) 165; during Thirty Years' War 192, 198; Protestant meeting at (1633) 121; treaty signed at (3 July 1620) 54
uniforms, military, during Thirty Years' War 171-2, 243n.5
Union, Protestant (Germany) see Protestant Union
United Provinces see Dutch Republic
universities in seventeenth-century Europe 40, 99
Upper Austria see Austria, Upper
Upper Palatinate see Palatinate, Upper
Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini), b. 1567, Florence; elected pope 1623; d. 1644: finances of 234n.20, 239n.l9; and France 102, 108, 231n.ll; German policy of 77-8, 91, 96, 108, 117, 148-9, 150, 164, 231n.ll; government of 91, 117, 234n.20; Italian policy of 91, 239n.l9; peace moves of 148-9; and War of Mantua 96
uzkok war (1615-17) 35-8, 44, 45
Valtelline (Alpine valley): military corridor through 38, 119; and papacy 59, 63; religious situation of 38; struggle for 38, 59, 61, 63, 67, 68, 102, 134-5
Vasa dynasty (of Sweden and Poland) 48, 62, 110; see also Charles IX; Gustavus Adolphus; Sigismund III; Wladislaw
Venice, Republic of: economy of 36; and Ferdinand II 36-7, 100; and France 59; and Turks 158, 194; and uzkok war 35-8, 222n.l0
Venlo (town in Netherlands): Dutch capture (1632) 116
Verden, bishopric of: Danish control of 65, 128; and Edict of Restitution 89; Swedish occupation of 156, 164
Vesuvius, Mount: eruption (1631-2) 117, 234n.20
Vic (Lorraine fortress): occupied by Imperialists (1630) 131
Victor Amadeus I, b. 1586; succeeded father, Charles Emmanuel, as duke of Savoy 1630; d. 1637: and France 130
Vienna, city of: first siege (1619) 46; Protestants of 6; second siege (1619) 50, 51-2; third siege (1645) 157-8
Vienna, peace of, between Habsburgs and Transylvania: (1606) 8; (1645) 158
Vieuville, marquis of La see La Vieuville
Vincent II Gonzaga, b. 1594, son of Vincent I, duke of Mantua; Cardinal; succeeded elder brother Ferdinand as duke 1626; last of his line; d. 1627: death of 95; family connexions of 3
Vistula, river: campaigns along 110
Vogel, Johann, mid-seventeenth-century Nuremberg poet: quoted 169
Volmar, Dr Isaac, b. 1583, Swabia; Lutheran convert to Catholicism 1606; Chancellor of Alsace from 1620; chief Imperial negotiator at Westphalian peace congress 1647-8 164, 165, 195
Voltaire (F.-M. Arouet), b. 1694; French philosopher and author; d. 1778: writings and views of 1-2, 214nl
Vorarlberg (Further Austria): Swedes invade (1645-6) 165
Wake, Sir Isaac, b. 1580; English envoy at Court of Savoy (1615-30) and France (1630-2); d. 1632: views of 12
Wallenstein, Albert of, duke of Friedland (1625) and Mecklenburg (1628); commander of Imperial army 1625-30 and 1632-4; murdered 1634: and Bohemia 123, 235n.l2; contributions system 183; dismissed (1630) 100-1; early career of 6, 8, 68; fall of (1634) 123-5, 235n.l2, 244n.l3; first generalship (1625-30) 68, 69-70, 86-7, 89-92, 97, 100-1, 106-7, 109-10, 229n.l5; lands and titles of 70, 86-7, 91, 109, 227n.l, 228n.6, 235n.l2, 244n.l4; literature on 258-9, 262-3; military methods of 87, 90-1, 117-18,175, 176, 177, 180, 183, 229n.l5; personality of 124; second generalship (1632-4) 117, 123-5, 172, 174, 180, 183; and Spain 94, 97; and the 'Wallenstein Question' 228n.7, 235n.l2
Wallhausen, Johan Jacob von, military writer and director (1617-23) of military academy at Siegen 184
Wambold, Anselm Casimir von, Elector of Mainz 1629-47; d. 1647: driven into exile (1631-6) 114, 145; and Edict of Restitution 88; opposes Wallenstein (1629-30) 91
'war of Castro' (between Urban VIII and duke of Parma) 239n.l9
warfare, European, in seventeenth century: field techniques 70, 113, 116, 117-18, 126, 157, 182,183-6, 199; literature on 271-2; siege techniques 62, 89, 112, 184, 185; use of horses 178
warfare, naval see navies
warships see navies
Wartenburg, Franz Wilhelm von, b. 1593; bishop of Osnabriick (from 1625), Verden (from 1630), Minden (from 1631) and Regensburg (from 1649); Cardinal 1661; d. 1661: at Westphalian peace conference 162; and Magdeburg (1629-30) 87
Wassenberg, Eberhard, seventeenth-century German historian: views of 269; work of xiii
Wedgwood, C. V. (British historian): views of xiv, 194
Weimar (city in Saxony): culture in 40
Werben (town in Brandenburg): during Thirty Years' War 148
Werdenberg, Johan Baptista Verda von, b. 1582, Gorizia; Austrian court chancellor 1619-37; privy councillor, 1620-37; d. 1648: early career of 76
Werth, Johann, b. 1594; served in Army of Flanders 1622-30; transferred to Bavarian army 1630; commander in Upper Palatinate 1633; senior commander of Bavarian army; captured by Swedes 1638-42; d. 1652 240n.8
Wesel (town in Rhineland): retaken by Dutch (1629) 92; taken by Spaniards (1614) 32; treaty signed at (1612) 29
Weser, river: warfare along 86, 113-14, 119, 150
Westphalia, peace conference of: cost of 168, 242n.l7; deliberations of 158-69; documents of xiii; literature on Plate 17, Plate 18, 266; origins of 154-5
Westphalia, peace of: later interpretations of 193, 241n.6; terms of 155-9, 194-5, 241n.6
Westphalia (Imperial Circle): invaded (1599) 13; Thirty Years' War in 88, 116, 217n.8
Wetterau: Counts' League in 13, 220n.l2; during Thirty Years' War 90
White Mountain (outside Prague) Imperialist army defeats Bohemians in battle at (8 November 1620) 55, 75
William V, duke of Bavaria, b. 1548; succeeded father (Albert V) as duke 1579; abdicated 1597; d. 1626: family connexions of 3, 48; relations with Maximilian 18; and War of Cologne 18
William V, landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, b. 1602; succeeded father (Maurice) as landgrave 1627; allied with Sweden from 1631; d. 1637: driven into exile (1635) 128; family connexions of 48; and Habsburgs 128; shifts to French allegiance (1634) 127; support for Sweden (after 1631) 111, 115, 119, 142, 146
Wimpfen (town in Swabia): Imperialists defeat Frederick V's forces in battle at (6 May 1622) 58
Winwood, Ralph, b. 1563(7); English agent / ambassador at The Hague, 1603-13; Secretary of State from 1613; d. 1617 27, 28-9
Wismar (town in Pomerania): and Sweden 163; Swedish-French treaty signed at (30 March 1636) 133, 142, 241n.l3
Witte, Hans de, b. 1583; Antwerp banker and Wallenstein's financier 1622-30; committed suicide 1630 68, 101
Wittelsbach family 225n.l3; see also Frederick V; Maximilian of Bavaria
Wittenberg (Saxony): university of 40
Wittstock (town in Brandenburg): Swedes defeat Imperialists in battle at (4 October 1636) 136, 143, 146, 150, 199, 269
Wladislaw IV Vasa, b. 1595; succeeded father (Sigismund III) as king of Poland 1632; d. 1648: and Imperial succession (1636) 145
Wolfenbüttel (city in Brunswick): during Thirty Years' War 69, 70
Wolfgang William, duke of Neuburg, b. 1578; Lutheran convert to Catholicism 1613; gained Julich and Berg 1614 and succeeded father (Philip Ludwig) in Neuburg; d. 1653: and Cleves-Jülich succession Plate 3, 29-30, 31, 32, 194, 219n.3; and peace talks 149, 162
Wolgast, battle of (September 1628) 110
Worms, bishops of 28
Wotton, Henry, b. 1568; English ambassador to Venice 1604-12, 1616-19, 1621-4; provost of Eton College 1625 to death 1639 220n.l4
Wrangel, Karl Gustav, b. 1613, Sweden; commanded Swedish army against Denmark (1643-5 and 1657-8), emperor (1645-8) and Poland (1655-60); d. 1676: in Germany 165; wealth of 244n.l4
Wiirttemberg, duchy of: defence of 27, 114; devastation of 189; during Thirty Years' War 114,148; economy of 238n.8; and Edict of Restitution 88, 168; French invasion of 157; and peace 159,168; population of 13; and Protestant Union 25, 27, 32; size of 13
Wiirzburg, bishops of see Echter von Mespelbrunn, Julius; Hatzfeld, Franz von
Wiirzburg, ecclesiastical principality of: archives of xiv; defence of 31; during Thirty Years' War 122, 147, 227n.8; government of 18; religion in 18, 218n.22
Zabeltitz (Saxon fortress): Electors of Brandenburg and Saxony meet at (1630) 104
Záblati (Bohemia): Imperial army defeats Bohemians in battle at (10 June 1619) 46
Zsitva Torok (Hungary): Habsburg-Turkish peace of (1606) 8
Zúñiga, Don Balthasar de, b. 1561; military service in 1580s; Spanish ambassador in Brussels (1599-1603), Paris (1607-8) and Vienna (1608-17); councillor and (from 1618) chief minister of Spain; d. 1622: death of 59, 60; early career of 44; foreign policy of (1618-22) 44, 51, 201, 202
Zusmarshausen (village in Swabia): French army defeats Imperialists in battle at (17 May 1648) 166, 167
Zweibrücken (Pfalz-Zweibrücken): duchy of 14; see also John II, John Casimir, Charles Gustav, dukes of