Can’t Buy My Love

38 “about 87 percent”: Bowen and Schmid, 1997, 138. The totals do not add up to 100 percent because only individuals were counted, not mixed ethnic groups.

38 “advertisers, such as IBM, Benetton”: Wilke, 1997, 1.

38 “Hartford Financial Services Group”: Petrecca and Arndorfer, 1998, 12.

39 “Molson beer launched”: Wilke, 1997, 10.

39 “A Subaru print ad”: Wilke, 1996, 8.

39 “American Express ran an ad”: Wilke, 1998, 3.

39 “American Express spent $250,000”: Wilke, 1998, 3.

39 “a major gay-market study in 1997”: Wilke, 1998, 30.

39 “More than two-thirds of gay-market advertisers”: Be out front on gay ads, 1997, 14.

39 “gay consumers drink about twice as much”: Pruzan, 1996, 13. Also Wilsnack, Plaud, Wilsnack, and Klassen, 1997, 259–60.

39 “Australian brewers Lion Nathan”: “Gay beer” in Australia, 1997, January, 23.

40 “spend a fortune”: Market research was a $2.5-billion business in 1994, growing at about 4.2 percent a year (after adjustment for inflation). Savan, 1994, 2.

40 “Many companies these days are hiring anthropologists”: Wells, 1999, B1.

40 “One new market research technique involves monitoring brain-wave signals”: Skull tapping, 1998, 33.

41 “‘Mass marketing is like defoliating Vietnam’”: Reidy, 1996, 47.

41 “‘We’re in an era of global marketing warfare”’: Trout, 1996, 7.

42 “Bronner Slosberg Humphrey Inc.”: Reidy, 1996, 47.

42 “Another company recently launched”: Williamson, 1997, 60.

43 “As a writer for Advertising Age said”: Webster, 1998, 26.

43 “Some sites offer prizes”: Rich, 1997, E15.

43 “Companies unrelated to children’s products”: Austen, 1999, E8.

43 “Belgium, Denmark, Norway”: Jacobson and Mazur, 1995, 28. Also Weber, 1997, F4.

43 “Sweden and Greece”: Koranteng, 1999, 2.

44 “The Turner Cartoon Network tells advertisers”: Ad in The New York Times, 1993, February 8, C7 (California edition).

44 “Mike Searles, president of Kids ‘R’ Us”: Harris, 1989, A1.

44 “Levi Strauss & Co. finds it worthwhile”: Krol, 1998, 29.

44 “Nintendo U.S. has a research center”: Interview with Stephen Kline, author of Out of the Garden: toys and children’s culture in the age of TV marketing, in McLaren, 1997, 10.

44 “Kid Connection, a unit of the advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi”: Austen, 1999, E8.

44 “Center for Media Education”: Center for Media Education, 1511 K Street N.W., Suite 518, Washington, DC 20005, 202-628-2620.

45 “One company has initiated”: Carroll, 1995, D5.

45 “The editor-in-chief of KidStyle”; Kerwin, 1997, 46.

45 “Channel One is hardly free”: Reading, writing, 1999, 10.

45 “‘Our relationship with 8.1 million teenagers’”: Advertising Age, 1998, June 29, S27.

45 “Imagine the public outcry”: Rank, 1992, April.

46 “Advertisers are reaching nearly 8 million”: Some corporations sponsor contests and incentive programs, such as an essay-writing contest sponsored by Reebok shoes, which then uses the information to fine-tune the appeal of its advertisements to youth (Not for Sale, 1997, 1), and a Kellogg’s contest which had kids make sculptures out of Rice Krispies and melted marshmallows (Labi, 1999, 44). Schools can earn points for every Campbell’s soup label or AT&T long-distance phone call, which can then be redeemed for athletic and educational equipment. And a math textbook introduces a decimal division problem as follows: “Will is saving his allowance to buy a pair of Nike shoes that cost $68.25. If Will earns $3.25 per week, how many weeks will Will need to save?” Beside the text is a full-color picture of a pair of Nikes (Hays, 1999, 1).

45 “‘Perhaps fewer libraries’”: Wilkins, 1997, 32.

46 “According to the Council for Aid to Education”: Zernike, 1997, B6.

46 “The Seattle School Board”: Not for Sale!, 1997, 1.

46 “market-driven educational materials”: Carroll, 1996, D5.

46 “and a kindergarten curriculum”: Not for Sale!, 1999, 1.

46 “Mike Cameron, a senior at Greenbrier High School”: Associated Press, 1998, A3.

46 “Coke has several ‘partnerships’”: Foreman, 1999, C1.

48 “The truth is that African-American and Latinos”: In 1990, 68.3 percent of whites, 64.5 percent of Hispanics, and 55.6 percent of African-Americans used alcohol. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

48 “A few years later Ebony” Ebony, 1991, November, 120–24.

49 “Up to 85 percent of the news”: Lyon, 1997, 15.

49 “Nike’s sponsorship of CBS’s Olympic coverage”: Herbert, 1998, 13.

49 “In 1996 Chrysler Corporation”: Baker, 1997, 30.

50 “in 1997 a major advertiser”: Baker, 1997, 30.

50 “According to Kurt Andersen”: Baker, 1997, 31.

50 “the CBS executives who canceled Ed Asner’s series”: Cooper, 1999, 26.

50 “several radio stations in the Midwest”: Soley, 1999, 21.

51 “Gloria Steinem provides a striking example”: Steinem, 1990, 18–28.

51 “New Woman magazine”: Martin, 1998, 4.

52 “An informal survey”: Jackson, 1996, 21.

53 “the silence in women’s magazines”: Amos, 1999, 6–7.

53 “Dr. Holly Atkinson”: Collins, 1992, 41.

53 “As Helen Gurley Brown”: Ibid.

54 “The government is spending $195 million”: Wren, 1999, 1.

54 “Thirty percent of Americans”: Jacobson and Mazur, 1995, 160.

54 “In 1996 the Seagram Company”: Pruzan and Ross, 1996, 26.

54 “Today, Time Warner, Sony Viacom”: Schamus, 1999, 34–35. Also McChesney and Herman, 1997.

54 “these companies will own 90 percent”: Duncan, 1997, 4.

54 “We may be able to change the channel”: I believe that Kalle Lasn, editor of Adbusters, first said this.

55 “Not the American culture of the past”: Kakutani, 1997.

55 “As Simon Anholt”: Anholt, 1998, 12.

56 “As George Gerbner”: Gerbner, 1994, 385.

CHAPTER 2. “IN YOUR FACE . . .ALL OVER THE PLACE”

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58 “advertising’s messages are inside”: Jhally, 1998.

58 “almost half of all automobile crashes”: According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, over 40 percent of all fatal traffic accidents in 1996 were alcohol-related. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1999.

58 “‘This is my best idea ever’”: Sharkey, 1998, 2.

58 “Their next big idea”: Rosenberg, 1999, A3.

58 “In England the legendary white cliffs of Dover”: Liu, 1999, 15A.

58 “American consumers have recently joined Europeans”: Mohl, 1999, A1. Also Tagliabue, 1997, 1.

58 “Conversations are interrupted”: Bidlake, 1997, 149.

58 “beer companies have experimented”: Twitchell, 1996, 62.

58 “The average American is exposed”: Jacobson and Mazur, 1995, 13.

58 “Advertising makes up about 70 percent of our newspapers”: Twitchell, 1996, 71.

59 “40 percent of our mail”: McCarthy, 1990, F3.

59 “According to Rance Crain”: Crain, 1997, 25.

59 “advertising is subliminal”: Twitchell, 1996, 116.

59 “Grapevine Mills in Texas”: Grunwald, 1997, A1.

59 “the world David Foster Wallace imagined”: Wallace, 1996.

59 “In 1998 the museum’s Monet show”: Monet show sets world record, 1999, E2.

59 “Bob Dole plays on his defeat”: Angier, 1996, 4E.

59 “Sarah Ferguson”: Lewis, 1997, 22.

60 “And the Rolling Stones, those aging rebels”: Pareles, 1998, D1.

60 “when Neil Young recorded a video”: Twitchell, 1996, 21–22.

60 “Stars such as Harrison Ford”: Angier, 1996, 4E.

60 “Antonio Banderas and Kevin Costner have pushed cars”: Ads not infinitum, 1998, 10.

60 “Leonardo DiCaprio was paid $4 million”: Wentz, 1998, 12.

61 “In 1983 Sylvester Stallone wrote”: What do they have in common? 1994, 4. Also Levin, 1994, 1.

61 “New technology allows”: Bauder, 1999, E6.

61 “Writer and cartoonist Mark O’Donnell”: O’Donnell, 1995, 64.

61 “Diet Coke obtained the rights”: Gleason, 1997, S1.

61 “In 1997 ABC and American Airlines”: Cheers & Jeers, 1997, 10.

61 “a character in the hit show Baywatch”: Logan, 1998, 8.

62 “‘People have become less capable’”: Kakutani, 1997, 32.

62 “Steven Stark, another media critic”: Stark, 1990, 15.

62 “As Jerry Seinfeld, star of the show, said”: Mandese, 1995, 1.

62 “The 1997 James Bond film”: Arndofer, 1997, 24.

63 “the 1998 hit movie You’ve Got Mail”: Maddox and Jensen, 1998, 48.

63 “And independent films are becoming as tight”: Hudes, 1998, 43.

63 “Hilfiger provided the wardrobe”: Lee, 1998, 2 ST.

63 “Maurice Malone”: Ryan, 1999, F1.

63 “Chris Gore, publisher of the Webzine Film Threat”: Lee, 1998, 2 ST.

64 “This argument was made by Jacob Sullum”: Sullum, 1997, A31.

64 “As Sut Jhally says”: Jhally, 1998.

64 “As Joseph Goebbels”: Goebbels, 1933, March 28. Quoted in Jacobson and Mazur, 1995, 15.

65 “no wonder that Evian backwards”: My thanks to Bob McCannon for this observation.

65 “When Nike wanted to reach skateboarders”: Nike, 1997, 54.

66 “Some advertisers use what they chillingly call”: Espen, 1999, 54–59.

66 “One marketing consultant suggests”: Crain, 1997, 25.

66 “A study of children done by researchers at Columbia University”: Bever, Smith, Bengen, and Johnson, 1975, 119.

66 “‘7- to 10-year-olds are strained’”: Bever, Smith, Bengen, and Johnson, 1975, 120.

67 “Rance Crain of Advertising Age”: Crain, 1999, 23.

67 “When Pope John Paul II”: Chacon and Ribadeneira, 1999, A8.

68 “Neil Postman refers”: Curtis, 1998, 49.

68 “‘The Jolly Green Giant’”: Twitchell, 1996, 30.

70 “‘It’s no fun to spend $100 on athletic shoes’”: Peppers and Rogers, 1997, 32.

70 “the city health commissioner in Philadelphia”: Worthington, 1992, 15.

70 “A USA Today-CNN-Gallup Poll”: Jacobson and Mazur, 1995, 26.

70 “Leydiana Reyes”: Leonhardt, 1997, 65.

70 “Danny Shirley”: Espen, 1999, 59.

70 “sweatshirts with fifteen-inch ‘Polo’ logos”: Ryan, 1996, D1.

71 “Consumer behavior”: Woods, 1995.

71 “Most shampoos”: Twitchell, 1996, 252.

71 “Blindfolded smokers”: Twitchell, 1996, 125.

72 “This campaign has been so successful”: Enrico, 1997, 4B.

72 “Collecting Absolut ads”: Tye, 1997, 1, 13.

72 “Carol Nathanson-Moog, an advertising psychologist”: Nathanson-Moog, 1984, 18.

72 “‘product image is probably the most important element’”: Nathanson-Moog, 1984, 18.

73 “‘A strange world it is’”: Bernstein, 1978, August 7.

73 “According to Bob Wehling”: Crain, 1998, 24.

73 “A commercial for I Can’t Believe It’s Not Butter”: Haran, 1996, 12.

74 “Tamagotchis”: Goldner, 1998, S43.

74 “And Gardenburger”: Gardenburger hits the spot, 1998, 17.

74 “In 1998 a Miller beer campaign”: Crain, 1998, 24.

74 “The 1989 Nissan Infiniti”: Horton, 1996, S28.

74 “the Edsel”: Horton, 1996, S30.

74 “An ad for Gap khakis”: Cortissoz, 1998, A10.

74 “James Twitchell argues”: University of Florida news release, quoted by Orlando, 1999.

74 “Critic and novelist George Steiner”: Dee, 1999, 65–66.

75 “As Richard Pollay”: Pollay, 1986.

75 “there has never been a propaganda effort”: Jhally, 1998.

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78 “A commercial for a minivan”: Cheers & Jeers, 1999, 10.

78 “people say they spend about forty minutes”: Armour, 1999, 3B.

82 “We can dine on Christian Dior dinnerware”: Horovitz, 1997, B1.

82 “Bill Blass put his signature”: Hyde, 1980, C3.

82 “According to the Center for Media Education”: Rich, 1997, E15.

82 “According to Klein”: Ryan, 1998, D8.

83 “One researcher, interviewing ninth-grade”: Fox, 1997, 38.

83 “‘Attention: Big Mac lovers’”: Commercial for McDonald’s, broadcast February 25, 1997, on ABC.

83 “According to Steve Chinn”: Grimes, 1996, 65.

83 “‘Know the heart of the consumer’”: Houlahan, 1998, S4.

83 “Many chains, from pizza stores to moviehouses”: Canellos, 1999, C1.

83 “According to market analyst Faith Popcorn”: Popcorn and Hanft, 1997, 26.

83 “market researcher Bernadette Tracy”: Tracy, 1997, 32.

84 “Kraft recently announced”: Pollack, 1998, S2.

87 “The average wedding in America”: White, 1998, C7.

88 “a man is snoring in bed”: Commercial for Wamsutta sheets, broadcast April 5, 1997.

88 “a heavy woman dances with a man”: Commercial for lingerie, broadcast during Feds on April 3, 1997.

89 “Jean Baker Miller”: Miller, 1976.

93 “a clever commercial that features a woman at a restaurant table”: Commercial for credit card, broadcast during Mad About You on NBC, February 22, 1999.

93 “Half of all marriages:” Sandmaier, 1997, 24.

93 “life after infatuation”: Ibid.

93 “Actor Charlie Sheen”: Kuczynski, 1998, 8.

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96 “One-third of the land in our cities”: Dittmar, 1999.

96 “Although we are only 5 percent of the world’s population”: Kiefer, 1997, A13.

96 “40 percent of the oil”: Goodman, 1990, 23.

96 “The top three automakers spend about six million dollars a year”: Advertising Age, 1997, database (www.adage.com). General Motors spent $3,087,400, Chrysler $1,532,400, and Ford $1,281,800 in 1997.

96 “Jeep runs an annual”: Halliday, 1996, 24.

96 “commercial for Toyota’s Tacoma”: Breaking: Toyota Tacoma, 1998, 4.

97 “a 1999 Toyota commercial”: Broadcast on ABC during The Practice, January 18, 1999.

99 “a newspaper ad for Autique stores”: Advertising Age International, 1998, 42.

99 “Robyn Meredith suggests”: Meredith, 1999, WK3.

101 “‘How to build a lasting relationship’”: Broadcast on NBC during Law and Order, May 12, 1999.

101 “‘Autoeroticism’”: Snook, 1997, 230.

102 “a 1999 television commercial for BMW”: Broadcast on ABC during The Practice, January 24, 1999.

102 “‘I’m Autobahn’”: Broadcast on NBC during Homicide, January 1997.

103 “Nissan’s president of North American design”: Bradsher, 1997, 2.

103 “sociology professor Pepper Schwartz”: Quoted in Bradsher, 1997, 2.

103 “Sales for these light trucks”: Halliday, 1998, S12.

103 “Nature, often personified”: Andersen, 1998, 22.

103 “One marketing consultant”: Cedergren, quoted in Halliday, 1998, S12.

103 “The 13 percent of SUVs”: Andersen, 1998, 22.

104 “Sport utility vehicles are especially dangerous”: Bradsher, 1998, 4.

104 “Somebody’s Under the Vehicle”: Levingston, 1999, C4.

104 “When cars and SUVs collide”: Andersen, 1998, 23.

104 “SUV drivers”: Andersen, 1998, 23.

104 “In 1998, Americans bought more vans”: Ford, 1999, A1.

104 “The 2000 Ford Excursion”: Ford, 1999, D1.

104 “A 1997 study”: Boston Globe, 1997, A18.

105 “a study by the American Automobile Association”: Sharkey, 1997, 1.

105 “‘a cultural illness’”: Keller, 1998, A19.

105 “According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration”: Chronicle News Services, 1997, A3.

106 “Ad critic Bob Garfield”: Garfield, 1997, 61.

106 “The man’s hand”: Broadcast on NBC during Law and Order, September 1997.

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109 “Beautiful women”: Tierney 1996, 50.

110 “‘From you to you’”: Commercial for Nestle’s Treasures, broadcast March 7, 1999.

111 “Family therapist Jill Harkaway”: Wylie, 1997, 29.

112 “sales of Häagen-Dazs in Great Britain”: Inside advertising, 1992, 38.

112 “In a commercial broadcast on Valentine’s Day”: Broadcast on ABC during The Practice, February 14, 1999.

113 “A television commercial broadcast during Sabrina, the Teenage Witch”: SnackWell commercial broadcast on ABC, February 1998.

113 “an extreme closeup of the peaks and swirls of frosting on a cake”: Broadcast during Law and Order, October 15, 1997.

115 “thinness becomes the equivalent of virginity”: Steiner-Adair, 1994, 386.

116 “About eighty million Americans”: Iggers, 1996, xi.

116 “Eight million Americans”: Davis, 1994, 8.

116 “the third most common”: Steiner-Adair, 1996.

117 “American children see”: PBS Frontline: Obesity, November 11, 1998.

117 “Americans spend an estimated $14 billion”: Wylie, 1997, 25.

119 “Oprah Winfrey”: Winfrey, 1996, 8–9.

119 “A 1999 study, published in the American Medical Association’s”: Associated Press, 1999, A5.

119 “The frequency of eating disorders”: Jonas, 1989, 267–71. Also Krahn, 1991, 239–53. Also Lilen-feld and Kaye, 1996, 94–106.

120 “A 1998 SnackWell’s campaign”: Pollack, 1998, 6.

120 “Even Bob Garfield”: Garfield, 1998, 33.

123 “A photograph of Julia Roberts”: Schneider, 1996, 73.

123 “at least 85 percent of body doubles”: Ibid.

123 “The diet industry”: Black, 1990, 1. Also Rothblum, 1994, 55.

124 “Ninety-five percent of all women”: Seid, 1994, 8.

124 “more than half the adult women”: Surrey, 1984, 2.

125 “the drug combination of fenfluramine”: Kolata, 1997, E3.

125 “dieters often experience a temporary drop”: Study done at the Institute of Food Research in Reading, England, reported in Cooking Light, 1997, January, 16.

126 “Ninety-five percent of dieters”: Fraser, 1997, 47.

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129 “As Margaret Mead”: In a speech at Richland College in Dallas, Texas, on February 24, 1977.

129 “According to the Carnegie Corporation”: Carnegie Corporation, 1995.

129 “As Carol Gilligan, Mary Pipher”: Gilligan, 1982; Pipher, 1994; Sadker and Sadker, 1994.

129 “Teenage women today”: Roan, 1993, 28.

129 “a 1998 status report”: Vobejda and Perlstein, 1998, A3.

130 “The socialization that emphasizes passivity”: Thompson, 1994.

130 “Eating problems affect girls from African-American”: Steiner-Adair and Purcell, 1996, 294.

130 “Handbook on Adolescent Psychology”: English, 1998, C7.

131 “In Raising Cain”: Kindlon and Thompson, 1999.

131 “In Real Boys”: W. Pollack, 1998.

131 “Teenage girls spend over $4 billion”: Brown, Greenberg, and Buerkel-Rothfuss, 1993.

132 “A researcher at Brigham and Women’s Hospital”: Field, Cheung, Wolf, Herzog, Gortmaker, and Colditz, 1999, 36.

133 “Studies at Stanford University”: Then, 1992. Also Richins, 1991, 71.

133 “this one of 350 young men and women”: Fredrickson, 1998, 5.

133 “Male college students who viewed just one episode”: Strasburger, 1989, 757.

134 “Taco Bell”: Garfield, 1997, 43.

134 “A ten-year-old girl wrote to New Moon”: E-mail correspondence with Heather S. Henderson, editor-in-chief of HUES Magazine, New Moon Publishing, March 22, 1999.

134 “from 40 to 80 percent of fourth-grade girls”: Stein, 1986, 1.

134 “one-third of twelve- to thirteen-year-old girls”: Rodriguez, 1998, B9.

134 “63 percent of high-school girls”: Rothblum, 1994, 55.

134 “a survey in Massachusetts”: Overlan, 1996, 15.

134 “our last ‘socially acceptable’ prejudice—weightism”: Steiner-Adair and Purcell, 1996, 294.

135 “Although eating problems are often thought to result”: Smith, Fairburn, and Cowen, 1999, 171–76. Also Thompson, 1994. Also Krahn, 1991. Also Hsu, 1990. Also Jonas, 1989, 267–71.

135 “a recent study that found a sharp rise in eating disorders”: Becker and Burwell, 1999.

135 “As Ellen Goodman says”: Goodman, 1999, A23.

137 “Some argue that it is men’s awareness”: Faludi, 1991. Also Kilbourne, 1986.

138 “Catherine Steiner-Adair suggests”: Steiner-Adair, 1986, 107, 110.

139 “A 1999 study done at the University of Michigan”: Martin, 1998, 494–511.

139 “a very young woman lying on a bed”: A commercial for Tresor perfume, broadcast on NBC on December 5, 1997.

140 “colored contact lenses”: Commercial for Focus Softcolors, broadcast on Fox during Ally McBeal, June 15, 1998.

141 “Erving Goffman”: Goffman, 1978.

142 “The exception to the rule involves African-American children”: Seiter, 1993.

144 “it also boosted sales of Candies shoes”: Grierson, 1998, 21.

145 “Teachers report a steady escalation of sex talk”: Moltz, 1997, F1, F4.

146 “consequences of all this sexual pressure”: Brown, Greenberg, and Buerkel-Rothfuss, 1933, 511.

146 “seven in ten girls who had sex”: Kaiser Family Foundation, 1996, 1.

146 “One of every ten girls”: Brown, Greenberg, and Buerkel-Rothfuss, 1993, 511.

146 “twice as high as in England”: Kaiser Family Foundation, 1996, 2.

147 “typical teenage viewer”: Brown, Greenberg, and Buerkel-Rothfuss, 1993, 513.

147 “abundant sexual activity”: Brown, Greenberg, and Buerkel-Rothfuss, 1993, 512–14.

147 “sex can hurt or kill them”: Bernstein, 1995, 49.

147 “the few existing studies”: Brown and Steele, 1995, 22.

147 “Two studies”: Ibid.

148 “Jane Brown and her colleagues”: Brown, Greenberg, and Buerkel-Rothfuss, 1993, 523.

149 “No wonder most teenage pregnancies occur”: Reed, 1991, 130–49.

149 “Carol Gilligan terms the ‘tyranny of nice and kind’”: Brown and Gilligan, 1992, 53.

150 “And Barbie continues to rake in”: Goldsmith, 1999, D3.

150 “according to Anthony Cortese”: Cortese, 1999, 57.

153 “Joan Jacobs Brumberg describes this difference vividly”: Brumberg, 1997, xxi.

CHAPTER 7. “FORGET THE RULES! ENJOY THE WINE”

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155 “Although we hear a lot about marijuana”: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991.

155 “A 1999 study found”: National Parents’ Resource Institute for Drug Education, 1999, April 7. Reported on Join Together Online.

155 “Fifteen percent of eighth-graders”: Johnston, O’Malley, and Bachman, 1998, 18.

156 “the percentage of binge drinkers”: Presley, Leichliter, and Meilman, 1998, 6.

156 “Alcohol is the leading killer of young people”: Ninth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health from the Secretary of Health and Human Services, 1997.

156 “The younger people are when they start to drink”: Early drinking said to increase alcoholism risk, 1998, 46.

156 “According to Dr. Bernadine Healey”: Masse and Tremblay, 1997, 62.

156 “Ten percent of drinkers”: Greenfield and Rogers, 1999, 81.

156 “As August Busch III”: Anheuser-Busch Annual Report, 1996, 3.

156 “if every adult American drank”: ARIS (Alcohol Research Information Service), 1997, 3.

156 “As one researcher said, ‘Though problem-free drinking’”: Ragels, 1996, 51.

156 “Thomas Greenfield of the Alcohol Research Group”: Greenfield and Rogers, 1999, 78.

157 “heavy drinkers who are not alcoholic”: Mangione, Howland, and Lee, 1998.

157 “The top 2.5 percent”: Greenfield and Rogers, 1999, 81.

157 “According to the U.S. Department of Health”: Kusserow, 1991.

158 “Anheuser-Busch, the largest brewer in the world”: Emert, 1998, B1. This figure is for measured media only (television, radio, billboards, newspapers, magazines) and does not include unmeasured media, such as promotions, sponsorships, and giveaways.

158 “As one Anheuser-Busch marketing executive”: Castellano, quoted in Hume, 1986, S6.

158 “Introduced during the 1995 Super Bowl”: Beer advertising: the “unintended market,” 1996, 6.

158 “The frogs have been criticized”: Balu, 1998, B6.

158 “Frank and Louie, the sardonic lizards”: Kauffman, 1998, D1.

158 “According to Supermarket News”: Supermarket News, 1997, January 13, 14.

159 “As one liquor store owner said”: Jobson’s Beverage Dynamics, 1994, May, 53.

159 “‘a beer-guzzling holiday’”: Lipman, 1989, B6.

159 “According to a Coors marketing executive”: Ibid.

159 “the Budweiser frog campaign”: Campbell Mithun Esty (Minneapolis). Reported in Harper’s Index, 1999, 15. Also national study reveals kids’ favorite TV ads. 1998, March 24, Yahoo PR Newswire. Online.

159 “According to a 1996 survey”: Leiber, 1996.

160 “A survey of eight- to twelve-year-olds”: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1988, September 4. Kids are as aware of booze as presidents, survey finds. Washington, D.C: CSPI press release.

160 “And a 1998 study”: Emert, 1998, B1.

160 “As Bob Garfield, ad reviewer”: Garfield, 1997, 59.

160 “Garfield also acknowledges”: Garfield, 1999, 77.

160 “A 1919 article ran in Printer’s Ink”:Varley, 1919.

160 “an editorial in Advertising Age”: Bernstein, 1986, 17.

161 “As one marketing executive said”: Defoe and Breed, 1979, 195.

161 “various research studies”: Austin, 1998. Also Saffer, 1996; Slater, 1996; Grube, 1995; Grube and Wallack, 1999; Aiken, Eadie, Leather, McNeill, Scott, and Scott, 1988; Aiken and Block, 1981.

161 “creates an unconscious presumption”: Sherman, 1985, 1122.

161 “Seventh Special Report to the U.S. Congress”: Seventh special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health, 1990, 53.

161 “So the brewers broadcast their ads”: Kane’s Beverage Week, 1998, September 21, 5.

161 “Beavis and Butthead”: Wall Street Journal, 1997, B1.

161 “leading brewers have run commercials”: Ross and Teinowitz, 1997, 4.

161 “Both Budweiser and Miller”: Brandweek, 1997, 25.

161 “According to a Jose Cuervo tequila spokesperson”: Fitzgerald, 1997, 28.

161 “In 1998 the Center for Media Education”: Beatty 1998, 14.

161 “At Absolutvodka.com”: Ibid.

162 “‘One might say that this product’”: Maxwell, 1985, 45.

162 “Wine coolers quickly”: Winters, 1987, 110.

162 “Junior and senior high-school students drink over 35 percent”: Kusserow, 1991, 1.

162 “This marketing strategy began in Britain”: Neighborhood convenience stores push lemon drops, butter balls and 30-proof oatmeal cookies, 1996, Spring, 8–9. A complete copy of the report is available from the Royal College of Physicians, 11 St. Andrew’s Place, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4LE.

162 “In 1995 the Royal College of Physicians”: Ibid.

162 “Tumblers is a twenty-four-proof”: Halbfinger, 1997, E5.

162 “T.G.I. Fridays, the restaurant chain”: Ibid.

163 “Blenders, an ice cream product”: Frazeur, 1997, 1–4.

163 “A full-page ad for Tattoo”: Beverage & Food Dynamics, 1997, May, 7.

163 “Promotional merchandise”: Advertising Age, 1997, May 12, 88.

163 “Moo and Super Milch”: Herald Sun, 1997, May 11, 45. Also Impact International, 1997, June 15, 29.

163 “And Australian company Candyco”: Herald Sun, 1997, May 14, 31.

163 “‘entry-level’ drinks”: Impact, 1998, May 15, 12.

164 “Rapper King Tee sings”: Carroll, 1992, March 29, 70.

164 “In 1997 protests by public health advocates”: Modern Brewery Age, 1997, August 4, 3.

165 “alcohol abuse is the leading health”: Jacobson and Mazur, 1995, 170.

166 “College students spend $4 billion”: Prevention File, 1992, Spring, 2. Also Commission on Substance Abuse at Colleges and Universities, 1994, 2.

166 “Over half of all cases of violent crime”: Abbey, Ross, and McDuffie, 1991. Also Martin, 1992, 230–37.

166 “Almost all of these crimes”: Perkins, 1992, 458.

166 “Of students in college in America”: Commission on Substance Abuse at Colleges and Universities, 1994, 4.

166 “According to Henry Wechsler”: Nicklin, 1999, 39.

166 “Five students died”: Update: binge drinking, 1998, 10.

166 “Virginia Tech’s Mindy Somers fell”: Business Wire Features, 1998, 2.

166 “Bradley McCue”: Bunkley, 1999.

166 “Nicholas Armstrong”: Hanna, 1999.

166 “at least thirty-four alcohol-related deaths”: McNamara, 1999, B1.

167 “Eric Clapton”: Gunderson, 1989, 2D.

167 “Adolescent females are significantly more at risk”: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1997.

167 “In the early 1960s about 7 percent of the new female users of alcohol”: Trends in prevalence, 1997.

168 “Females have less gastric alcohol dehydrogenase”: Frezza, DiPadova, Pozzato, Terpin, Baraona, and Lieber, 1990.

168 “the personality traits that influence high-risk drinking choices”: Jessor and Jessor, 1977. Also Donovan, 1993. Also Donovan and Jessor, 1985.

169 “According to the Justice Department”: Associated Press, 1998, A8.

169 “the majority of our nation’s prisoners”: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1998, iii.

170 “Given that alcohol and other drugs”: Ibid.

171 “As Marian Sandmaier says”: Sandmaier, 1980.

172 “A 1999 television commercial for Finlandia vodka”: Monday Morning Report, 1999, 4.

175 “Heavy drinking is seen by the culture”: Sandmaier, 1980.

176 “The waterskier in a Smirnoff ad”: Williamson, 1986, 50.

177 “Several researchers have identified shame”: Sandmaier, 1980. Also Bepko, 1991.

178 “Many theorists believe that gender socialization”: Ibid.

178 “According to researcher F. B. Parker”: Parker, 1972, 656.

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180 “three thousand children to start smoking every day”: Altman, Foster, and Rasenick-Douss, 1989, 80–83.

181 “90 percent of all smokers”: DiFranza, Richards, Paulman, Wolf-Gillespie, Fletcher, Jaffe, and Murray, 1991, 3149. Also Barbeau, DeJong, Brugge, and Rand, 1998, 473.

181 “the age of initiation”: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1995.

181 “about one-third of high-school-aged adolescents”: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994, 5.

181 “nicotine is the most addictive drug”: Anthony, Warner, and Kessler, 1994, 244–68. Also U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994, 31.

181 “a ‘pediatric disease’”: FDA Commissioner David Kessler, in a speech at Columbia University School of Law, March 8, 1995.

181 “Seventy percent will regret”: Gallup Institute, 1992, 54.

181 “Joseph Califano, Jr., former secretary of health”: Califano, 1995, 1215.

181 “smoking in the teenage years causes permanent genetic changes”: Wiencke, Thurston, Kelsey Varkonyi, Wain, Mark, and Christiani, 1999.

181 “Cigarettes kill more Americans each year”: Lynch and Bonnie, 1994.

181 “according to former surgeon general C. Everett Koop”: Bartecchi, MacKenzie, and Schrier, 1994, 907.

182 “by the year 2030”: World Health Organization, 1999.

182 “cigarette smoke is also harmful to nonsmokers”: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) can cause a number of adverse health consequences, including acute respiratory disease in children. ETS kills about fifty thousand people a year in the United States, more than are killed by all illicit drugs combined, and sends at least four million children to their doctors. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

Yet in 1996 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company chairman Charles Harper said, defending his belief that smokers should never be restricted, “If children don’t like to be in a smoky room, they’ll leave.” Asked by a shareholder about infants who would be unable to leave, Harper replied, “At some point they begin to crawl.” Harper, quoted in USA Today, 1996, April 18, B1.

182 “The World Bank has estimated”: World Health Organization, 1997. Also Advocacy Institute, 1997-

182 “over five billion dollars a year”: Federal Trade Commission, 1998.

182 “10 percent of the nation’s fifty-five million smokers”: Tye, Warner, and Glantz, 1987, 492–508.

182 “Marlboros began as a cigarette designed for women”: Jacobson, 1982, 60.

183 “in 1956 Marlboro was repositioned”: Kluger, 1996. In Massing, 1996, 34.

183 “Almost one-third of American smokers smoke Marlboros”: Top 10 cigarette brands, 1997, S20.

183 “one writer for the magazine”: Garfield, 1999, 18.

183 “more than two-thirds of the fifty G-rated animated films”: Goldstein, Sobel, and Newman, 1999, 1131–36.

183 “tobacco advertising has two major effects”: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1994, vii.

183 “This camel, known as Old Joe”: Fischer, Schwartz, Richards, Goldstein, and Rojas, 1991, 3145–48.

184 “After the introduction of Joe Camel”: DiFranza, Richards, Paulman, Wolf-Gillespie, Fletcher, Jaffe, and Murray, 1991, 3149–53. According to Arnett and Terhanian, 13 percent of teen smokers now smoke Camels. Arnett and Terhanian, 1998, 129–33.

184 “Eighty-six percent of all teenage smokers”: Centers for Disease Control, 1994, 578–79.

184 “70 percent of young African-American smokers”: Todt, 1998, A16. According to this article, a class-action suit has been filed against the tobacco industry accusing it of violating the civil rights of African-Americans by trying to sell them menthol cigarettes, which are especially dangerous.

184 “Recent research also supports this”: King, Siegel, Celebucki, and Connolly, 1998, 516–20. Also Feighery Borzekowski, Schooler, and Flora, 1998, 123–28. Also Arnett and Terhanian, 1998, 129–33. Also Evans, Farkas, Gilpin, Berry, and Pierce, 1995, 1538–45. Also O’Connell, Alexander, Dobson, Lloyd, Hardes, and Springthorpe, 1990, 223–31. Also Armstrong, DeKlerk, Shean, Dunn, and Dolin, 1990, 117–24. According to Kluger, “The tobacco companies insult common sense with their claims that they do not advertise or promote cigarettes with the intention of enlisting the young. Cigarette makers lose two million customers a year—80 percent quit and the rest die. If these smokers weren’t replaced, the manufacturers would soon have to close down. And since 90 percent of all smokers take up the practice in their teen-age years, where else would the industry logically look for fresh recruits? The result is advertising that struts heroically taciturn cowboys, sportive cartoon camels and death-defying adventurers, brand-name promotional events like rock concerts, stock car races and tennis tournaments, and merchandising offers of T-shirts and camping gear embossed with brand logos.” Kluger, 1996, 28.

184 “According to one of these studies, tobacco advertising and promotion”: Evan, Farkas, Gilpin, Berry, and Pierce, 1995, 1538–45.

184 “In 1998 Pierce conducted a longitudinal study”: Pierce, Choi, Gilpin, Farkas, and Berry, 1998, 511–15.

184 “In one poll, 71 percent of advertising executives”: Novelli, National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids, Washington, D.C.

184 “According to Rance Crain”: Crain, 1995, 20.

185 “The late Emerson Foote”: Foote, 1981, 1667.

185 “Bob Garfield, advertising reviewer”: Garfield, 1997, 59.

185 “people in their early and mid-teens”: Hilts, 1996. In Massing, 1996, 34.

185 “about thirty countries”: Pollack, 1997, E5.

185 “including those of the European Union”: Bidlake, 1998, 56.

185 “A survey conducted by the American Cancer Society”: American Cancer Society, 1990.

185 “In 1997 the Liggett Group”: Flint, 1997, 1.

185 “Tobacco industry documents”: Glantz, 1996.

186 “As one R.J. Reynolds document”: R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company internal memorandum, 1986, in Advocacy Institute, 1998.

186 “Brown & Williamson Company’s efforts”: Brown & Williamson Company memo, 1972.

186 “The company also considered tobacco-based lollipops”: Associated Press, 1999, May 23.

186 “a study in which Philip Morris researchers”: Ryan, 1974.

186 “As an R. J. Reynolds memo says”: Hind, 1975.

186 “‘The base of our business’”: Advocacy Institute, 1998.

186 “a Philip Morris report says”: Ibid.

186 “In 1968 Virginia Slims was introduced by Philip Morris”: Pierce, Lee, and Gilpin, 1994, 608–11.

187 “The co-optation of women’s liberation”: Brandt, 1996, 63–66.

187 “Hill reportedly said”: Ibid.

187 “Today 25 million American women”: Blumenthal, 1996, 8.

187 “The highest rates are among whites and Native Americans”: French and Perry, 1996, 25–28.

187 “Lesbian and bisexual rates”: Gay and lesbian smoking and health survey, Santa Barbara Gay and Lesbian Resource Center, Santa Barbara, California. Quoted in Redefining liberation: Fact sheet for the women’s health project, 1997. Washington, D.C.: National Organization for Women.

188 “most smokers wish they could quit”: Berman and Gritz, 1991, 221–28.

188 “tobacco companies used coercion”: Levin, 1999.

188 “lung cancer in women has increased nationwide”: Califano, 1995, 1215. Smoking is also associated with increased menstrual abnormalities and reduced fertility. When women do conceive, their babies run extra risks of low birth weight, fetal death, prematurity, fetal distress, and other complications. In spite of this, one out of every five pregnant women smokes. Smoking also impairs lactation. Children exposed to tobacco smoke are at much greater risk for ear infections, asthma, respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia, and lung damage. As if all this weren’t enough, smoking also accelerates bone loss in older women and increases the risk of osteoporosis.

188 “Smoking only a few cigarettes a day”: Budris, 1997, 6.

189 “genetically at risk”: Associated Press, 1999, January 25. Also Knox, 1998, A3.

189 “A heavy smoker is as much as four times more likely”: Borelli, Bock, King, Pinto, and Marcus, 1996, 378–87. Also Glassman, Helzer, Covey, Cottler, Stetner, Jayson, and Johnson, 1990, 1546–49. Also Anva, Williamson, Escobedo, Mast, Giovino, and Remington, 1990, 1541–45.

189 “teenage smokers were twice as likely as nonsmokers”: Brown, Lewinsohn, Seeley, and Wagner, 1996, 1602–10.

189 “to report a suicide attempt”: Associated Press, 1997, June 3, A3.

189 “One middle-school girl”: Women and Tobacco Task Force, 1995. This girl was a participant in a series of roundtable discussions run by the Commission for a Healthy New York in 1995. The surveyors asked many questions of girls and women throughout the state. They asked girls under eighteen their reasons for smoking and found that weight control and coping with stress were cited more frequently by older girls and curiosity and peer pressure were referred to more often by younger girls.

189 “a woman in an unhappy marriage said”: Jacobson, 1982, 4.

190 “Worldwide cross-cultural studies”: Gitlin and Pasnau, 1989, 7–15.

190 “A 1997 nationwide survey of college freshmen”: Survey finds serious stress on campus, 1997, A5.

190 “Women are also more likely than men”: Gritz, Nielsen, and Brooks, 1996, 35–42. Also Borelli, Bock, King, Pinto, and Marcus, 1996, 378–87. Also Berman and Gritz, 1991, 221–38. Also Warburton, 1988, 27–49. Also Kleinke, Staneski, and Mason, 1982, 877–89.

190 “women experience greater anxiety”: Gritz, Nielsen, and Brooks, 1996, 35–42. Also Husten, Chrismon, and Reddy, 1996, 11–18. Also Fant, Everson, Dayton, Pickworth, and Henningfield, 1996, 19–24.

190 “According to Dr. Teresa Bernardez”: Bernardez, 1978, 22.

191 “Women who are doubly or triply oppressed”: Borelli, Bock, King, Pinto, and Marcus, 1996, 378–87.

191 “In Straight, No Chaser”: Nelson, 1997, 94.

191 “suppressed anger also plays an important role”: Wilsnack, Wilsnack, and Kristjanson, 1998, 199–230. Also Thompson, 1994.

191 “Jennifer, a fourteen-year-old anorexic”: McFarland, 1997, 41.

191 “And Bone, the abused girl”: Allison, 1992, 98.

191 “A study reported by British researcher Bobbie Jacobson”: Jacobson, 1982, 28.

191 “Canadian researcher Lorraine Greaves found”: Greaves, 1990.

191 “the story of a girl named Lauren”: Martin-Morris, 1998, 62.

193 “As Barbara Ehrenreich said”: Ehrenreich, 1999, 46.

195 “women still don’t get equal pay”: Goodman, 1999, C7. According to this article, women earn 74 cents for every dollar men earn.

197 “When psychologist Judith Jordan”: in private conversation, March 1999.

199 “The Commission for a Healthy New York study”: Commision for a Healthy New York, 1995.

200 “Adolescent girls in particular”: Nichter, Nichter, Vuckovic, Quintero, and Ritenbaugh, 1997, 285–95.

203 “We have the little surveyor in our head”: Berger, 1972.

203 “terror of gaining weight”: French and Perry, 1996, 25–28.

205 “Advertising Age published a letter from a copywriter”: Rotterdam, 1986, 21. Mr. Rotterdam was a promotion copywriter for USA Weekend.

205 “As psychologist Karen Horney”: Paris, 1994, 68–70.

206 “Richard Pollay, curator of the Advertising Archives”: Pollay 1995, 189.

207 “Elizabeth Hirschman, a marketing professor”: Hirschman, 1995, 193.

208 “According to a Philip Morris document”: Advocacy Institute, 1998.

209 “cigarettes, like alcohol, are linked with impotence”: Mannino, Klevens, and Flanders, 1994, 1003–8.

209 “A 1959 tobacco industry study”: Rosenbaum, 1995, 55.

210 “Teenage girls, who identify smoking with independence”: Nichter, Nichter, Vuckovic, Quintero, and Ritenbaugh, 1997, 285–95.

212 “According to media critic Mark Crispin Miller”: Miller, 1994, 23.

214 “Bill Clinton is the first president”: Ferguson, 1999, 11–15.

215 “Its international sales have quadrupled”: Philip Morris steps up international influence, 1997, 5.

215 “Worldwide today, 47 percent of men”: Women, girls and tobacco: An appeal for global action, 1998, 7.

215 “In developing countries”: Haglund, 1998, 1.

215 “Two out of the top three global tobacco”: World Tobacco File, 1994.

215 “‘Camel Planet,’ says an ad”: INFACT Update, 1997, 5.

215 “Mark Palmer, the U.S. ambassador”: Palmer, 1998, A25.

215 “or the Chinese opium”: Mintz, 1991.

215 “As Barbara Gordon said”: Gordon, 1979, 176.

216 “As one former smoker”: Commission for a Healthy New York, 1995, 27.

216 “As Sue Delaney said”: Delaney, 1989, 8.

216 “As Jill Nelson, writing about the rage of African-American women”: Nelson, 1997, 95.

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218 “A 1997 commercial for Levi jeans”: Cuneo, 1997, 1, 31.

218 “The director of the commercial”: Garfield, 1997, 29.

220 “Heavy drinkers tend to believe that alcohol is a ‘magic elixir’”: Seventh special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health, 1990, 53.

220 “Teenage alcohol abusers expect more positive effects”: Op. cit. , 60.

222 “Coca-Cola and Pepsi alone”: Jacobson, 1998, 8.

223 “A 1999 Mountain Dew commercial”: Breaking: Mountain Dew, 1999, 54.

223 “According to Michael Bainbridge, a brand identity consultant”: Barboza, 1997, D5.

224 “‘Postpone adulthood,’ says yet another car commercial”: Mitsubishi commercial broadcast on Fox during Ally McBeal, May 10, 1999.

225 “According to child psychiatrist and author Robert Coles”: Kakutani, 1997, 22.

225 “Media critic Steven Stark adds”: Ibid.

226 “As William James said”: Goodman, 1988, 168. I am grateful to Nancy Holloway for bringing this to my attention.

226 “Carl Jung described a craving for alcohol”: Jung, 1961, January 30. In a letter to Bill Wilson, the founder of Alcoholics Anonymous. Reprinted in the Grapevine, January 1968.

227 “Some research indicates that we may have lower levels”: Royce, 1981, 105.

228 “In the strictest scientific sense, addiction is a state”: Jonas, 1989, 269.

228 “As James Royce said”: Royce, 1981, 67.

229 “The pharmaceutical industry”: Carroll, 1999, F1.

229 “the majority of students, if surveyed”: Perkins and Berkowitz, 1986, 961–76.

232 “According to ad reviewer Bob Garfield”: Garfield, 1998, 57.

233 “The alcohol industry spends over one billion dollars a year”: Fleming, 1998.

233 “According to a recent Gallup survey one out of three”: McAnemy, 1997.

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235 “A very powerful 1997 commercial”: Broadcast on CBS during Michael Hayes, October 1997.

235 “As the chairman of one advertising agency”: Reidy, 1997, D7.

236 “whole lexicon of smoking”: Klein, 1993.

237 “And smokers are 53 percent more likely to have been divorced”: Doherty and Doherty, 1998, 393–400.

237 “Caroline Knapp used this idea”: Knapp, 1996, xv.

237 “Margaret Bullitt-Jonas titled her book”: Bullitt-Jonas, 1999.

238 “so much of our drinking is connected with our relationships”: Wilsnack, Wilsnack, and Kristjanson, 1998, 199–230. Also Covington and Surrey 1994. Also Finkelstein, 1996. Also Gleason, 1994.

246 “Alcohol is involved in over half of all cases”: Greenfield, 1998.

246 “One of the most chilling commercials”: Michelob commercial broadcast on Fox during Ally McBeal, May 10, 1999.

249 “Perhaps Shakespeare put it best”: Shakespeare, W. Macbeth. Act 2, Scene 3.

250 “Recovery reverses this downward spiral”: Stephanie Covington, who lectures and writes on addiction, introduced me to the idea of addiction and recovery as spirals.

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252 “In his classic novel Under the Volcano”: Lowry, 1947, 349–50.

252 “Jean Baker Miller refers to this terrible sadness”: Miller and Stiver, 1997, 75–81.

252 “scientists are increasingly discovering”: Associated Press, 1999, February 15, A5. Also Thompson, 1994. Also Krahn, 1991, 239–53. Also Hso, 1990. Also Jonas, 1989, 267–71. Also Royce, 1981.

252 “At least two-thirds of patients”: Leshner, 1998, 3.

252 “research has found fundamental differences”: Wilsnack and Wilsnack, 1997. Also National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1996.

253 “alcoholic women are more likely than alcoholic men”: Bepko, 1989, 406–26.

253 “psychologist Sharon Wilsnack”: Wilsnack, Vogeltanz, Klassen, and Harris, 1997, 264–72.

253 “According to researcher Becky Thompson”: Thompson, 1994, 8.

253 “Various studies show”: Thompson, 1994. Also Wilsnack, Vogeltanz, Klassen, and Harris, 1997; Wooley, 1994; Russell and Wilsnack, 1991; Wilsnack and Beckman, 1984; and Sandmaier, 1980.

253 “A review of 166 studies”: Holmes and Slap, 1998, 1855–62. According to Ellen Bass and Laura David, at least one out of four girls and one out of seven boys are sexually abused, usually by a man they know and trust. Bass and Davis, 1988.

253 “from 30 to 60 percent of women in drug abuse treatment suffer from PTSD”: Swan, 1998, 5.

253 “Men suffer terribly”: Clark, Lesnick, and Hegedus, 1997.

254 “According to feminist theologian Rita Nakashima Brock”: Koch, 1999, 8.

254 “When a person dissociates”: Covington and Surrey, 1994.

255 “Terence Real and others have written”: Real, 1997.

256 “Canadian researcher Lorraine Greaves”: Greaves, 1996.

257 “‘addiction reenacts a traumatized relationship’”: Woodman, 1990, 38.

257 “R. D. Laing wrote brilliantly”: Laing, 1960, 69.

257 “such as Jeremy Iggers and Christopher Lasch”: Iggers, 1996; Lasch, 1979.

258 “Mary Gaitskill, in her collection”: Gaitskill, 1997, 137.

258 “research studies keep finding that many women”: Then, 1992. Also Richins, 1991.

259 “Marianne Apostolides”: Apostolides, 1998, 50.