All page numbers in the index refer to the print edition.
Page numbers in italic indicate illustrations; gallery images are labeled figs. 1–32.
acreage of world’s fairs, 25, 266n7
Adams, Ansel, 30
admission prices, 88–91, 93–95, 275n100
Adventurous Bowman, 33
Aeroscope, 32
African Americans: Bay Area communities of, 105, 207, 277nn28–29; discrimination against, 105, 135–36, 207; PPIE participation of, 97, 107–10, 123–27, 132–33, 280n102, 280n105; as PPIE workers, 108–9, 221–24, 226, 299n65. See also women
Agricultural Palace, 28, 34, 159
Ahaoun, 224–25
Alameda County, 275n1
Alameda County Day, 97, 132, 133, 275n1
Alaska Packers’ Association, 17–18
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific (A-Y-P) Exposition, 141
alcohol, 82–83, 173–74, 185–87, 193
Alien Land Law, 106, 146–54, 156, 257
Allied Culinary Workers and Bartenders of San Francisco, 206
Alt Nurnberg Café, fig. 28, 212
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 209
American Federation of Patriotic Voters, 122–23, 280n101
The American Pioneer (Borglum), 34–37, 36, 103
American Social Hygiene Association, 192
Anglin, Margaret, 238
anti-Asian legislation, 14, 106–7, 141–42, 145–54, 156, 257
anti-immigrant movement, 1, 2, 14–15, 141–46, 151, 156, 167
antimiscegenation laws, 60–61
Arch of the West, fig. 11
Armstrong, Elizabeth, 38
Association of the Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast, 17
Austin, Mary, 26
Australasian Village, 54–55, 56
Baker, Orin, 184
Barbary Coast, 13, 174–76, 187, 193, 220
Barr, James, 123
Barrett, John, 49–50
Barrett, John J., 131
Barrett, Kate Waller, 230, 231
Battle of Gettysburg Building, fig. 28
beat the gate, 89
Belmont, Alva, 233, 239, 302n40
Benedict, Crystal Eastman, 231
Berglund, Barbara, 5
Bidwell, Annie, 291n50
Billings, Warren, 257
Birth of a Nation, 1, 105, 125–26, 223
Board of Directors, PPIE, 17–19, 18; Catholics and, 122–23, 280n101; Grant-Bohnett Bill and, 188, 189–90; hotels and saloons and, 82–88; Kehoe Bill and, 185–87, 291nn50–51; labor and, 210–16; PPIE vices and, 174, 178–79, 191, 192, 200; profit motive of, 82, 88, 94, 173, 187, 197, 201–2, 214; relationship with women’s organizations, 180–84, 290n31, 290n35; site selection and, 65, 72; streetcar bond and, 80–81. See also specific members
Board of Lady Managers, other fairs, 19, 300n6
Board of Supervisors, San Francisco, 78–81, 85, 193–94
Bohemian Club, 8–9
bonds, city and state: for Civic Center Auditorium, 259; for Palace of Fine Arts restoration, 260; for PPIE, 7, 10, 64, 200, 264n44, 294n103; for streetcar lines, 79–82, 273n61
Borglum, Solon, 35
Bowls of Joy, 31
Boyd, Rose, 216
Brandenstein, M. J., 72
Brangwyn, Frank, 33
Brittain, Frank, 186
Brown, Frank L., 85
Bryan, William Jennings, 150–51, 225, 247–48
Buddha, golden, fig. 29, 169, 169
Buddha’s Paradise, 197
Building Trades Council (BTC), 18, 104, 117–18, 207, 209, 213
Bureau of Immigration, 154
Burg, Dixie, 219
Burnham, Daniel, 71
Burns, Lucy, 230
Burroughs, Edith Woodman, 34
Butler, W. A., 109
Cairo Café, 192, 197–98, 294n96
Calder, Alexander Stirling, 32, 33, 38–40, 117
Calhoun, Patrick, 78–79
California: attracting business, tourists and settlers to, 45–48, 256; history of, 13–16, 37, 103, 104, 127–28, 175
California Development Board, 48
California State Building, 19, 20, 43–45, 45, 92, 127, 180, 259
Caminetti, A. C., 155
Cardashian, Vahan, 224
cartoon, suffrage, 234–35, 301n30
Catholics, 2, 13, 103–4, 110, 116–23, 127–28, 257, 279n83
Celtic Society of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 107, 114–15
Centennial Exposition, 19
Central Bureau of Information for Colored People, 109–10
Chamber of Commerce, San Francisco, 17, 80, 257
Chen, Madame Chi, 227, 235–36, 237, 247–48, 253
China: Alien Land Law and, 147, 154; convincing PPIE participation from, 16–17, 139–44, 147, 153–56; PPIE participation and world view of, 106, 110–11, 113, 129, 158–59; women’s movement and, 251, 252–53
China Day, 129, 136, 161–62, 162
Chinatown: about, 14, 104–5, 106; Portola Festival and, 7–8; prostitution and, 176; relocation plan for, 142; as a tourist attraction, 157, 165–67. See also Underground Chinatown
Chinese Americans: community of, 14, 104–6, 176, 264n50, 264n52; discrimination against, 14, 135–36, 207, 252, 264n50; immigration of, 14, 106–7, 142, 144, 157–58; as laborers for PPIE, 154–55; PPIE and, 97, 106–7, 110–14, 129, 130, 134–35, 136–37; women, 236, 251–52. See also Chinatown
Chinese Exclusion Act, 14, 104, 142, 154, 264n52
Chinese Pavilion and exhibits, fig. 28, fig. 30, 134, 156, 158–62, 159, 164–67, 170
Chinese Revolution, 47
Chinese Students’ Day, 97, 129, 130, 162
Chinese Tea Garden, 134
Chinese tourists, 155–56
Chinese Western Daily, 106, 110
Church Federation Council, 194
Civic Center Auditorium, 259
civilization-work, 235–36, 244
Cleveland Gazette, 125
Colombia, 249–50
colonialism, 23, 132, 226, 251
Colonnades, fig. 32
Colored Non-Partisan League of California, 108
Colored Women’s Club, 132
Columbian Exposition, 19, 25, 175, 176–77, 228, 299n65, 300n6, 302n36
Column of Progress, 32–34, 34, 259
commissioners from foreign nations, 47–48. See also Chen, Chi; Nathan, Ernesto
Committee on Concessions and Admissions, 113, 115–16, 191, 197, 201–2, 292n64
Committee on Woman’s Affairs, 182
composite site plan, 71–74
Congressional Committee on Industrial Expositions, 11, 140
Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, 230–31, 234, 235–40, 242, 302n40
Connick, Harris, 76, 209, 211–12
conquest of the West, 47, 103. See also westward expansion
Cook’s Union, 211–12
cooperative internationalism, 247, 251
Cordato, Mary Frances, 19
corruption, 12, 15–16, 74, 78, 264n49
Cortés, Hernán, 34
Council of Women for Home Missions, 246, 291n52
counties, positive effect of PPIE on, 256
county days, 46–47, 97, 132, 133
Court of Abundance, 32–33, 227
Court of Flowers, 28
Court of the Universe, 28, 29, 37, 127, 227, 238, 256
Crocker, Charles, 17
Crocker, William H., 17
CU (Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage), 230–31, 234, 235–40, 242, 302n40
culinary workers, 206, 211–13, 214
Cumming, Joseph, 183
dance halls, 175, 193–95, 217, 220, 292n64, 294n99
dancing: hula, 58–60; muscle, 31, 194, 197, 202; Samoan, fig. 29, 55; as a vice, 173, 177, 192, 194–95, 197
Dare, Helen, 56, 89, 192–93, 242
Davies, Andrea Rees, 6
Delger, Edward, 100
Dellums, C. L., 105
Department of Concessions and Admissions, 201, 217, 218
Desmond, Jane, 55
De Vecchi, Walter, 255
de Young, Michael H., 5, 50, 64, 70, 71, 143
Dillingham, William Paul, 145
Dillingham bill, 145–46
discrimination: against African Americans, 105, 135–36, 207; against Asian Americans, 14, 135–36, 145, 207, 252, 257, 264n50. See also anti-Asian legislation; anti-immigrant movement
Diving Girls exhibit, 198
Dixie Land Restaurant, 135–36
Dominican Republic, 49, 268n69
earthquake and fire of 1906, 6, 12, 14–15, 66, 142, 157
East Bay Citizens’ Alliance, 213
Eastman Kodak exhibit, 30
Education and Social Economy Palace, 28, 51, 54, 57, 61–62, 158, 159, 230–31, 240
Eide, Coodalook, 235–36
eisteddfod, 100
“Elaine Is Liberated by Her Chinese Captors,” 167
El Dorado (Whitney), 34
electrical house, 31
electric lighting, fig. 16, 26
electric roller chairs, 92, 93
Emanu-El, 279n87
The End of the Trail (Fraser), 34–37, 35, 103, 267n33
Enterprise, 38
Ethington, Philip, 180
ethnic communities of San Francisco: diversity of, 13–14, 97–100, 103; as exhibits for tourists, 165–67; PPIE and, 105–6. See also specific ethnicities
ethnic villages, 31, 54–56, 58, 224–26
eugenics, 24, 57, 59–62, 269n97
Europe: immigrants from, 2, 3, 46, 103; PPIE’s link to, 46, 268n60; World War I and, 1–2, 48, 101
evangelism, Christian, 245–46
evolution, 33
Executive Architectural Council, 72
exhibit palaces, 28. See also specific palaces
exotic others, 55, 114, 136, 156–57, 164–67, 170
expansionism, U.S., 11, 24–25, 32, 33, 34–37, 47, 53, 97, 103
Exposition Guards, 91, 214, 215, 215–16, 217, 219
Fassio, Frank, 76
Federated Churches of Christ, 185
Federated Employers Association of the Pacific Coast, 208
Federated Improvement Clubs, 70–71
Federated Trades Council, 207
Federation of Foreign Boards, 246
Festival Hall, fig. 13, 25, 28, 184, 259
Field, Sara Bard, 231, 232, 233, 238–39, 239, 240
Filipinos, 47, 54, 234–35, 301n30
films, PPIE, 1, 2, 32, 57, 105, 125–26, 167, 223, 242
financing, PPIE, 7, 10, 11–12, 45
Fine Arts Palace, fig. 17, fig. 32, 2, 23, 28, 32, 159, 257, 258, 259–60
Food Products Palace, fig. 30, 28, 159
foreign nations participation in PPIE, 31, 48, 53–54, 98–102, 139–40. See also specific countries
’49 Camp, 103, 195–97, 200–202, 219, 292n64
Foss, George, 11
Fountain of Energy, fig. 10, fig. 19, 33
fountains, fig. 10, fig. 19, 33–34
Fraser, James Earle, 35
Fun, Alice Sue, 134–35
Galeno, Oscar, 48
Gallagher, Andrew, 211
Gallagher, George, 79
gambling, 173–74, 176, 194, 196–97, 200–202, 295n110
Geary, Thomas, 142
gender hierarchy, 59, 178, 214–19
General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 251
Gentlemen’s Agreement, 15, 142, 146, 282n6
Geppert, Alexander, 4
German-American Alliance, 101
German Americans, 100–102, 104
German Day and German Week, 101–2, 102, 128–29
Gibbons, James, 128
Gilbert, James, 4
Girls’ Friendly Society of America, 231
girl shows, 197, 202, 219, 240
Golden Gate International Exposition, 260
Golden Gate Park, 5, 63, 64–65, 67–68, 69, 70–73, 73, 272n38
Golden State Butter exhibit, fig. 22
Gold Rush, 13, 37, 103, 104, 128, 175
Gompers, Samuel, 209
Gonzalez, Robert, 49
Grafley, Charles, 41
graft trials, 12, 15–16, 18–19, 74, 78–79, 229
Grant-Bohnett Bill, 185, 187–90, 291n52
Guardians of Liberty, 120
guards, PPIE, 91, 214, 215, 215–16, 217, 219
Guerin, Jules, 25–26
Guthrie, George, 153
Haiti, 47
Hale, Ida West, 75–76
Hale, Reuben Brooks, 6–7, 8, 17, 68, 69, 182, 184
Hall, Edward, 60–61
Hall, Stuart, 4
Hall, William Hammond, 65
Hammond, John B., 191–92
Hampton, Jessie D., 237–38
Hanna, Edward, 117, 122, 279n78
Harbor Commission, 80
Harbor View, 64, 65–74, 77, 79, 82–83, 257
Harbor View Baths, 65
Hart, Robert, 158
Haskell, Annie Fader, 31, 92, 94
Hawai‘i, 23–24, 55, 58–60, 265n2
Hawaiian Building, 23, 58, 60, 61
Hawaiian Village, 56, 58–59, 221
Hawaii Promotion Committee, 58
Hearst, Phoebe, 20, 21, 45, 179, 184, 229
Heinz 57 products, 30
Hellman, Isaias, 17
Heney, Francis, 16
Heroes of Tomorrow, 38–40
Hexamer, C. J., 101
Hichborn, Franklin, 147–48, 186, 291n50
Hirada, Jiro, 161
Hitchcock, Casie, 183
Honduras Building, 50
Hopes of the Future, 40
Horticulture Palace, fig. 23, 28, 31, 58, 290n29
House Electrical, 31
hula dancing, 58–60
“Hymn of Peace” (Gilman), 227, 300n3
ICWWPP (International Conference of Women Workers to Promote Permanent Peace), 227, 245, 247–53, 248–49, 300n3
Illinois Vigilance Association, 194
Imada, Adria, 60
Immigrant Hotel, 52
immigration: Chinese, 14, 106–7, 142, 144, 157–58; exhibits on, 57; Japanese, 14–15, 52, 142, 144, 157–58; legislation on, 14, 141–42, 145, 146, 257; movement against, 1, 2, 14–15, 141–46, 151, 156, 167; prostitution and, 188; San Francisco and, 13–15; U.S. versus South American policy on, 52; Woman’s Board and, 44
Immigration Restriction Act, 257
imperialism, 3, 24, 47, 54, 132, 250
Indian depictions at PPIE, 35, 35–38, 39, 127
Industrial Workers of the World, 210
Inside Inn, fig. 31, 85–86, 86, 88, 92, 213, 227
Interdenominational Ministerial Union of Los Angeles, 125
International Conference of Women Workers to Promote Permanent Peace, 227, 245, 247–53, 248–49, 300n3
International Council of Women, 247
International Fair Illustrated, 157
internationalism, 228, 247, 251
International Workingmen’s Association, 207
Ireland, 107, 115–16, 131–32, 248–49
Irish Americans, 103–4, 107, 114–18, 130–32, 277n42
Irish Women’s Franchise League, 249
Islais Creek, 67
Italian Americans, 104, 122, 268n60
Italian Building, 120
Japan: convincing PPIE participation from, 16, 139–46, 154–56; U.S. legislation and, 15, 147, 150–54; women’s conferences and, 252–53
Japan Beautiful, fig. 29, 56, 135, 169, 169–70, 295n110
Japan-British Exhibition, 163
Japan Day, 162–63
Japanese American News, 144
Japanese Americans: discrimination against, 14, 135, 145, 207, 252, 257; immigration of, 14–15, 52, 142, 144, 157–58. See also women
Japanese Association of America, 145–46, 150, 152, 155
Japanese Boy’s Festival and Japanese New Year, 164
Japanese exhibits and events, 139–40, 149, 156, 158–61, 167–68, 287n90
Japanese Red Cross Society, 159, 161
Japantown, 14
“Jewel City,” 132
Johnson, Bascom, 192
Johnson, Hiram, 19, 41, 140–41, 146–47, 150–51, 200, 201
Johnson, Lovinia, 221–22
Johnson, Walter, 260
Johnson-Jeffries fight, 298n58
Joliffe, Frances, 238
Jordan, David Starr, 146
Joy Zone, the. See Zone, the
Junipero Serra Club of Monterey, 127
Kai Fuh Shah, 161–62
Kaplan, James, 99
Kehoe Bill, 185–87, 291nn50–51
Kelley, Florence, 234
Kindberg, Maria, 239
King, Homer S., 7
Kinstedt, Ingeborg, 239
Knox, Philander, 48
Koster, Frederick, 213
labor disputes, 209–10, 211–14, 224–26
labor market, San Francisco, 105, 210
labor stoppage of Somali workers, 224–26
labor unions: agreement with PPIE officials and, 207–210; discrimination and, 104, 105; movement against, 210, 213; PPIE construction workers and, 207–10; PPIE unskilled workers and, 206, 210–14; in San Francisco, 18, 206–7
“The Landing of Serra,” 127–28
Lansing, Ellen Foster, 251
Las Americas, 48
Lash, Mary, 60
Latin America, 47–53, 249–51. See also specific countries
Lee, Portia, 26–28
legislation: anti-Asian, 14, 106–7, 141–42, 145–54, 156, 257; immigration, 14, 141–42, 145, 146, 257; on women, 185
Liberal Arts Palace, fig. 19, fig. 21, 28, 29, 53, 139, 159
Lindley, Curtis, 181
living exhibits, 164
living quarters of Exposition Guards, 215
Look Tin Eli, 157
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 2, 4, 19, 64, 154, 155, 175, 208, 266n7, 285n64
Loynaz del Castillo, Enrico, 50
Ludwig van Beethoven monument, 101
Lum, Hettie, 136
The Lure of San Francisco: A Romance amid Old Landmarks, 165–66, 288n112
Machinery Palace, 28
Macomber, Ben, 77–78
Mahummit, T. P., 136
Manufactures Palace, 28, 31, 159
marriage, mixed race, 24, 59–62, 134, 148
Martin, J. J., 48
Mash, S. L., 108
Matthews, Shailer, 185
Maya, Rouva Mayi, 235
McCarthy, Patrick H., 18, 118, 131, 209, 212, 214
McKenney, Mrs. C. H., 88–89, 94
Merchant’s and Manufacturer’s Association, 213
Merchants Exchange Building, meetings at, 8–9, 9–10
Mexican Revolution, 47
middle class, 43, 174, 177, 192, 200, 229, 289n17
Midway Plaisance, 176–77
Midwinter International Exposition, 5, 63, 64, 280n105
Mighels, Ella Sterling, 40, 41, 43
Miller, Ruth, 237–38
Mines and Metallurgy Palace, 28, 159
miscegenation, 60–61, 135, 148
Model’s Dream, 202
Model T Fords, 30
Molleda, Laura, 212
Mona Lisa Smile, 197
Monitor, 116, 117, 118–19, 121, 122–23, 127, 194, 255
Monroe Doctrine, 49–50
Moore, Charles C., 17; Catholics and, 122; ethnic group relations and, 108–9, 112–13, 125, 135, 145–47, 150–52, 155–56; gaining foreign support for PPIE and, 7, 143, 145–47; gaining public support for PPIE and, 8–9; Hawai’i and, 59; labor unions and, 207–9, 296n15; PPIE admission and, 92–93; PPIE vices and, 179, 185, 188, 191; saloons and hotels and, 83, 85–86; San Francisco Board of Supervisors and, 79, 81
moral reformers, 174, 178–80, 182, 190, 191–93, 195–202, 219–21
Morris, Freeman Henry Murray, 38–40
Mother Monument Day, 41
Mother of Tomorrow, 38–40, 117
Müller, Lauro, 49
Muller’s Luxus Café, 212
Mullgardt, Louis C., 33
municipal brothel, 176
Municipal Clinic, 176
municipal ownership of streetcar lines, 78–82, 273n61
Municipal Railway, San Francisco’s, 79, 81, 257
mythology of PPIE, pioneer, 36–37
Nagai, Matsuzo, 143, 145, 284n24
Nathan, Ernesto, 118–22, 120, 123, 279n87
Nathan, Marvin, 134
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 1, 125
National Association of Manufacturers, 208
National Council of Jewish Women, 231
Nations of the East, 28, 37–40, 39
Nations of the West, 28, 37–38, 39, 117
Native Daughters of the Golden West, 41, 267n47
natives of California, 127–28
Natural Selection, 33
Negro Business League, 124
Negro Day, 124–27, 133, 280n105
neutrality resolution, 81
Newlands, Francis, 64
Newman, Allen, 125
New Orleans bid for World’s Fair, 10, 11, 108, 140, 263n40
New Zealand, 54
“nine years after ball,” 56
North Beach Promotion Association, 67, 193
Norway, participation of, 98, 99
Norwegian Americans, 99
Oakland, 68–69, 124, 136, 197, 232, 275n1
Oakland Sunshine, 109, 124, 132, 232–33
O’Connell, John, 211–12
Official Exposition Hotel Bureau, 87
Ohio Building, 259
Old Faithful Inn, 92, 212, 212
Olin, Spencer, 151
Oliver, W. P., 120
$100,000 typewriter, the, fig. 21
O’Sullivan, Michael, 116
“Our New Oriental City” (Look), 157
Pacific Ocean Exposition Company, 7
Pageant of Peace, 227
Painters’ Union Local No. 19, 209
Palaces: of Agriculture, 28, 34, 159; of Education and Social Economy, 28, 51, 54, 57, 61–62, 158, 159, 230–31, 240; of Fine Arts, fig. 17, fig. 32, 2, 23, 28, 32, 159, 257, 258, 259–60; of Food Products, fig. 30, 28, 159; of Horticulture, fig. 23, 28, 31, 58, 290n29; of Liberal Arts, fig. 19, fig. 21, 28, 29, 53, 139, 159; of Machinery, 28; of Manufactures, 28, 31, 159; of Mines and Metallurgy, 28, 159; of Transportation, 28, 30, 158–59; of Varied Industries, 28, 30
Palmer, Albert, 197
Panama, 250
Panama-California Exposition, 10, 48–49
Panama Canal, 3–4, 11, 31, 48, 50
Panama-Pacific International Association of Women, 19
Panama-Pacific International Exposition (PPIE): architecture of, 28, 33, 34, 44; bid and awarding of, fig. 3, 7–12, 63, 140–41; closing of, 255, 256, 259–60; entrances to, 28, 72, 82–83, 91; financing of, 7, 10, 11–12, 45; goal of civic unity and, 12–13, 15, 16, 256–57; grounds of, fig. 2, fig. 12, 24–25, 26–28; impact and successes of, 255–56, 259–60; land procurement for, 74–77, 75, 82, 83; layout of, 25, 26–27, 31; official messages of, 58; outside, 77–78, 82–88; overview of, 1–3, 261nn3–4; property procurement for, 74–77, 75, 82, 83; public support for, 8–10, 12; survey to determine support for, 9; tickets to, fig. 15, 88–91, 90; transportation to, 7, 78–81, 256, 273n63
Panama Pacific International Exposition Company, 120, 264n44, 294n103
Pan-American Association for the Advancement of Women, 251
Pan-Americanism, 48–49, 250–51
parades, PPIE, 1, 97, 101, 123
parking lots, 77–78
Park Richmond Improvement Club, 67–68
participant badge, fig. 9
Paul Elder Company, 166
Pax Panama-Pacifica, 206, 208, 213
penny dances, 194
performers, PPIE, 205, 217–18, 224–26. See also workers, PPIE
petition on national suffrage, 227, 238–39, 239
Phelan, James A., 15, 18, 149, 283n10
Philippine Constabulary Band, 23
Philippines, the, 47, 48, 301n30
Philippines Building and exhibits, 53–54
physical appearance, 55–56
Pierce, Mary Eugenia, 92, 94, 255
Pierce, Vivian, 230
Pinkham, Lucius, 23
pioneer depictions, PPIE, 35–37, 40–43
Pioneer Mother (Grafley), 40–43, 42, 44
Pioneer Mother Monument Association, 40
Pizarro, Francisco, 33–34
political culture of California, 5
Post, C. W., 208
Post, Emily, 25
posters, anti-Japanese, 144–45
Preparedness Day parade, 257
primitiveness in exhibits, 24, 33, 41, 43, 53–56
private venture and public support conflict, 12
progress, PPIE’s celebration of, 32–34, 49
Progressive Era, 5, 15, 16, 65, 128, 141, 174, 177–78, 258
Progressive Party, 19, 148, 201, 294n103
prostitution, 112, 173–76, 178, 185, 187–90, 196
protective work of Woman’s Board, 44, 173–74
Protestants, 13, 103, 112, 118, 119–20, 128, 246
public fear of San Francisco’s Asian population, 165, 176
public good versus private profit, 63–64, 69, 73–74, 78
publicity, PPIE: to attract visitors, 46, 48, 55–56, 84–85, 123, 140; on China and Japan, 156–58, 164–67; organized labor and, 208–9, 214–15; PPIE vices and, 174–75, 180, 187, 191–92
Race Betterment Booth, fig. 20, 24, 56–57, 269n97
Race Betterment Congress, 57
racial hierarchy: ethnic groups and, 133, 176; in PPIE exhibits and performances, 56, 59–62, 136; PPIE workers and, 214–19, 226; suffragist movement and, 235–36, 238; YWCA and, 244–45
racialization, 55–56, 114, 125–26, 166–67
Rast, Raymond, 157
rates, hotel, 84–88
real estate, San Francisco, 68, 70–71, 98, 257
Red Cross Society, Japanese, 159, 161
Red Light Abatement Act, 185, 187–90, 291n52
reduced-rate passes, 93–94
Reed, Anna Morrison, 40–41
refugee camps, earthquake, 66
religious services on fairgrounds, 128, 130
renters, treatment of by PPIE officials, 75–77
residents of San Francisco: African American, 133; Asian, 144, 157–58; business opportunities and losses for, 77–78, 83, 88; Jewish, 13, 17, 103, 119–21; PPIE admission prices and expenses and, 88–89, 91–95; PPIE participation and, 98, 144; PPIE property procurement and, 75–77; PPIE site selection and, 64, 67–69, 72–74
Richter, Clemens Max, 92
Rolph, James, Jr., 18, 75–76, 80, 81–82, 88
Roosevelt, Theodore, 15, 142, 151
Rowell, Chester, 18, 19, 201, 202, 294n103, 295n110
Rupp, Leila, 250
Sacramento Bee, 149
Sacramento Union, 149
Sagara, C. I., 155
saloons, 82–84, 175, 186–87, 191
Samoan Village, fig. 29, 54, 55, 56
Sanborn, Helen, 20, 41, 181–83
Sander, Freda, 46–47
San Francisco: bid and awarding of PPIE to, fig. 3, 7–12, 63, 140–41; history of, 13–16, 37, 103, 104, 128, 175; labor market and unions in, 18, 206–7, 210; map of, 70; post PPIE, 255–60; public fear of Asian population in, 165; real estate in, 68, 70–71, 98, 257; reputation of, 16, 82–83, 190; Spanish heritage of, 7, 13; and use of PPIE to boost, 6, 32. See also ethnic communities of San Francisco; residents of San Francisco
San Francisco and Oakland Bureau of Information and Rooming House Association, 124
San Francisco Bulletin, 15, 175–76, 228, 233, 238
San Francisco Call, 41, 113–14
San Francisco Call and Post, 132, 136
San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, 17, 80, 257
San Francisco Chronicle: on achievement of white race, 32; on beating the gate, 89; on Chinese exhibits, 161–62; on German Day, 101; on grand opening parade, 1; on Japanese, 157–58, 160–61, 167; on Night in Hawaii, 23; on Orange County Day, 46–47; PPIE Board of Directors and, 17; on PPIE success, 255; on PPIE vices, 192–93; on site of PPIE, 64–65, 70–71, 72; on suffrage, 231–32, 235, 236; on Underground Slumming, 113
San Francisco Day, fig. 15, 132, 133
San Francisco Examiner: on cashiers’ uniforms, 218; on Chinese, 161, 167; on ethnic villages, 56, 225; on Japanese exhibits, 160, 164; PPIE Board of Directors and, 17; on PPIE vices, 193–94, 201–2; on transportation, 79–80
San Francisco Hotel Association, 85
San Francisco Hotel Bureau, 85, 87–88
San Francisco Labor Council (SFLC), 80, 104, 149, 207, 210, 211–13, 284n44
San Francisco Standard Guide Including the Panama-Pacific Exposition, 157
San Francisco Waitresses Local, 212, 229
Schmidt, B. P., 149
Schulze, Tye Leung, 134–35
Schwartz, Adolph E., 84
Scintillator, fig. 16
sculpture, 32–43; celebrating expansionism, 34–37; celebrating progress, 32–34; joining East and West, 37–40; Pioneer Mother, 40–43
Serra, Junipero, 127–28
Sewall, May Wright, 230, 231, 247–48, 252
sex ratio of San Francisco, 13, 264n48
sexuality, female, 59; cashiers and, 219–21; working class and, 177, 190, 194, 196, 242, 289n17; YWCA and, 242, 243; in the Zone, 173–74, 177–78, 190–93, 195–202, 257–58
SFLC (San Francisco Labor Council), 80, 104, 149, 207, 210, 211–13, 284n44
Shepard, Isabel S., 249–51, 303–4n70
Shima, George, 145–46, 150, 153
Shoe Leather Day, 10
Shu, S. C., 142
Siam Pavilion, fig. 14
Simmel, Georg, 5
Simpson, Anna Pratt, 41, 44, 184
Sloss, Leon, 17
Smith, Bill, 222–23
social Darwinism, 24, 33, 37, 56, 128
Society for Befriending Girls, 178, 220, 290n29
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 205
South Gardens, fig. 8, figs. 23–25, 27, 31, 33
Sperry Flour Company display, 30
Spreckels, Rudolph, 15
State Auxiliary of Woman’s Board, 44–45
state buildings, 19, 31, 259. See also California State Building
State Federation of Women’s Clubs, 187
State PPIE Commission, 18, 19, 200–202, 201, 294n103
Stella, 32
Stephens, Virginia, 132
Stewart, George W., 108
St. Louis exposition. See Louisiana Purchase Exposition
St. Patrick’s Day, 130–31
Stockton Open-Shop War, 210, 213
Stockton Street Tunnel, 257
Stone, Mrs. M. B., 237–38
streetcar lines and railroads: labor unions and, 79, 213, 229; post PPIE expansion of, 257
The Suffragist, 234, 235, 301n15
suffragists, 1, 20, 227–40; efforts outside of PPIE to promote cause of, 231–34; efforts used at PPIE to promote cause of, 4, 227–31, 236–40, 301n15; Pan-American women’s movement and, 251; racial narrative and messages of, 234–36, 258, 301n30
Sunday, Billy, 128
Sunset, 194
Survey, 191
Survival of the Fittest, 33
Susan B. Anthony Amendment, 231
Suters, Mary, 76
Sweden Day, 99
Swedish Americans, 99–100
Taft, William Howard, 63, 72, 73, 140–41
Tagook, Neah, 235–36
Tai, Amoy, 60–61
Tatsumi, T., 135
Taylor, A. P., 58–59
Taylor, Edward R., 15
Tea Room in Japanese exhibit, 163
Tehuantepec Building, fig. 28
temperance, 82–83, 185–87, 189–90, 229
Terrell, Mary Church, 246
Thiederman, Harry, 173
Tobin, James S., 108–9, 122–23
Todd, Frank Morton, 9, 52, 117, 225, 246–47
toilet facilities, 222–24, 299n63
Tower of Ages, 33
Tower of Jewels, fig. 18, fig. 24, figs. 26–27, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 127
Transportation Palace, 28, 30, 158–59
Traveler’s Aid Society, 178, 179, 182–83, 184, 190, 220
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 37
Twin Peaks Tunnel, 257
Underground Chinatown, 111, 111–14, 129, 168–69, 170
Underground Slumming, 113–14, 117, 168–69
United Railroads, 67, 78–80, 81
Universal Bus System, 87
U.S. League of Women Voters, 251
U.S. supremacy, 32, 56–58, 103
van Wesemael, Pieter, 4
Varied Industries Palace, 28, 30
Victor, Elizabeth, 60
Vienna Café, 211
Waffle Kitchen, 212
Waiters’ Union, 212–13
Walsh, James P., 103
Waters, James C., Jr., 124–25
Ways and Means Committee, 9
WCM (Women’s Congress of Missions), 227, 245–47
WCTU (Woman’s Christian Temperance Union), 178, 187, 195, 230–31, 291n52
wedding of Tai and Hall, 60–61
Weinberger, Caspar, 259–60
Wenona, Princess, 205–6, 224, 295n3
Western Catholic, 119
Western Outlook, 109, 124–25, 132, 135–36
Western Sanitary Company, 222
westward expansion, 38, 40, 43, 47
Wheatland Hop Riot, 210
white slavery, 111–12, 177–78, 187, 221
white supremacy, 24, 36, 56–58, 128, 223, 235
Whitney, Charlotte Anita, 230, 233
Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt, 34
Whittemore, Margaret, 230
Wilde, Anne, 231
Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 43, 54, 55
Wilson, Mabel, 124
Wilson, Woodrow, 101, 150–51, 234–35
Woman’s Auxiliary Conference, 251
Woman’s Board, 19–20, 21, 44, 183; California State Building and, 44–45; Kehoe Bill and, 186, 291n50; Pioneer Mother and, 40–41, 43, 267n47; PPIE vices and, 179–80, 190–91, 192, 197; protective work of, 44, 173–74; relationship with Board of Directors, 180–83, 290n31, 290n35; suffragists and, 229–30, 301n15
Woman’s Building of Columbian Exposition, 19, 228
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 178, 187, 195, 230–31, 291n52
Woman’s Party booth, 230
Woman’s Voter Convention, 227, 233, 238–39
women: African American, 132–33, 246, 300n6, 302n36, 302–3n49; in art at PPIE, 38–43; growing political and global role of, 227–28; ICWWPP and, 227, 245, 247–53, 248–49, 300n3; Japanese American, 251–52; legislation supporting, 185; as PPIE performers, 55–56, 57, 59–60; WCM and, 227, 245–47; WCTU and, 178, 187, 195, 230–31, 291n52. See also prostitution; suffragists; YWCA (Young Woman’s Christian Association)
Women’s Congress of Missions (WCM), 227, 245–47
workers, PPIE: cashiers, 216–20; Exposition Guards, 91, 214, 215, 215–16, 217, 219; labor unions and disputes and, 206, 209–10, 211–14; performers, 205, 217–18, 224–26; tensions of, 205–6, 221–24; uniforms of, 218–19; working conditions and expected conduct of, 211, 217
working class: culture of, 82–83, 191; political causes and, 200, 229, 234; PPIE experiences of, 91, 92–95, 198, 218; sexuality and, 177, 190, 194, 196, 242, 289n17
Workingmen’s Party, 14, 141–42
Works Progress Administration, 259
World’s Congress of Representative Women, 247, 302n36
world’s fairs and expositions, 2–5, 19, 177, 261n7, 266n7. See also Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition; Columbian Exposition; Louisiana Purchase Exposition; Midwinter International Exposition; Panama-California Exposition
Worthington, Marion Dowsett, 23
Yang, Y. C., 162
Yorke, Peter, 116
Young China, 106
Young Restaurant Company, 211
Youth (Burroughs), 34
Yung, Judy, 134
YWCA (Young Woman’s Christian Association): building and exhibits of, 240–42, 241, 244; PPIE mission of, 240; PPIE vices and, 178, 179–80, 183–84, 191, 197; PPIE workers and, 220; suffrage and, 231; welfare work of, 49, 243–45, 302–3
Zone, the: attractions in, 126, 126, 133, 136–37; Chinese exhibits in, 111, 111–14, 168–69; description of, fig. 28, 25, 31, 32; Irish Village in, 114–17, 115; Japan Beautiful in, fig. 29, 56, 135, 169, 169–70, 295n110; labor and, 211, 220, 224; vices and, 173, 177–78, 190–202, 196, 198, 289n20. See also ethnic villages; girl shows