PREFACE
1 “Six Slain, 44 Wounded in Battle between I.W.W. and Posse at Everett,” Oregonian, November 6, 1916, 1; “State Troops Get Ready to go to Everett,” Oregonian, November 6, 1916, 1; “Many Prominent Everett Citizens Wounded, One Killed by I.W.W.,” Oregonian, November 6, 1916, 1.
2 Walker C. Smith, The Everett Massacre, www.gutenberg.org accessed December 2, 2012, 94; “IWW Go to Everett,” Oregonian, December 4, 1916, 11; Charles Ashleigh, “Date Is Set For Trial,” Everett Defense News Letter, January 27, 1917, content.lib.washington.edu, accessed December 2, 2012; “IWW Ask U.S. to Investigate,” Seattle Star, November 10, 1916, 1; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, I Speak My Own Piece: Autobiography of “the Rebel Girl” (New York: Masses & Mainstream, 1955), 220–24.
3 Report of Agent William Bryon, November 6 and September 9, 1918, Bryon to F.D. Simmons, September 9, 1918, DOJ Papers.
4 Karen J. Blair, “The State of Research on Pacific Northwest Women,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 22:3 (2001) 48-56; Kimberly Jensen, “A Bibliography of Regional Women’s History,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 113:3, (Fall 2012), 505–14.
5 Chrystie Hill, “Queer History in Seattle, Part 1: to 1967,” HistoryLink.org, The Free Online Enyclopedia of Washington State History, http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=4154 accessed January 15, 2015. Sarah Yesler (1822–1887) is noted for her intimate relationship with her friend Eliza Hurd. Yesler was married to Seattle pioneer and developer Henry Yesler; Susan Stryker and Jim Van Buskirk, Gay by the Bay: A History of Queer Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1996, 9–27.
6 Mark R. Avramo to Marie Equi, March 31, 1921, United States Department of Justice. Mail and Files Division. “Department of Justice File on Dr. Marie Equi.” Copies at Oregon Historical Society and at Lewis & Clark College Special Collections, both in Portland, Oregon, hereafter DOJ Papers.
7 Lucy I. Davis Collection on Oregon Women Medical School Graduates, Oregon Health & Science University Historical Collections and Archives, Portland.
8 The several interviews were conducted by Sandy Polishuk, Nancy Krieger, and Susan Dobrof and are cited throughout the Chapter Notes. All interviews are part of Oregon Historical Society Research Library Accession 28389, “Materials relating to research on Dr. Marie Equi,” hereafter OHS ACC-28389-Equi. Harriet F. Speckart v. Leopold F. Schmidt et. al., National Archives and Records Administration/San Bruno, Court Records, Record Group 21, Case 1908 US Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit, San Bruno, California; “Quarrel Among Speckart Heirs,” Sunday Oregonian, May 27, 1906, 1.
9 DOJ Papers.
10 Newspaper articles are cited throughout the chapters. Publications most frequently cited are the Oregonian¸ Oregon Daily Journal, Portland Evening Telegram, San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco Chronicle, The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, New Bedford Standard, and the New York Times.
CHAPTER 1
1 “Jailed Three Times,” New Bedford Evening Standard, March 7, 1914, 1; Katherine Commerford to Evelyn S. Hall, letter, Application for Admission, Marie Aque, Northfield Seminary, Sept. 6, 1889; “O.D. Taylor Chastised,” The Dalles Daily Chronicle,” July 21, 1893, 3; “Start for Home on Saturday,” Oregon Daily Journal, May 4, 1906, 4; Margaret Sanger to Marie Equi, 1916, MSP-SS as quoted in Margaret Sanger, Esther Katz, editor, The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1 (Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 185; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, The Rebel Girl: An Autobiography, My First Life 1906–1926 (New York: International Publishers, 1973 edition), 197; Mark R. Avramo to Marie Equi, March 31, 1921, United States Department of Justice Files, National Archives, Civilian Records Unit (Archives II), Case File #9-19-1354-0 and Bureau Papers #9-19-1354, parts 1 and 2, hereinafter referred to as DOJ Papers.
2 Marie Equi to Sara Bard Field, May 29, 1921, Charles Erskine Scott Wood Collection, Huntington Library, WD 135 (53).
3 “Marine Intelligence,” New York Times, May 23, 1853, 8; Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, 1820–1897. Micro publication M237 Rolls # 95-580, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC. Norman DaPrato, Descendants of Michele Antonio Equi, n.d. The author is indebted to Norman DaPrato for sharing his research of the Equi ancestry. The Equi cousins arrived in New York on May 21, 1853. The passenger roster lists Giovanni Equi’s age as sixteen, not twelve, but his naturalization document lists his date of birth as January 15, 1841. South Bristol Deeds, Registry of Deeds, New Bedford, Massachusetts., v.35, 1857–1858, June 9, 1857. Dominic Equi purchased the lot from Joseph Grinnell, one of the most prominent business leaders in New Bedford for $363. J. H. Newton, “New Bedford Italian Colony Dates Back More than Half Century,” New Bedford Standard, October 9, 1932, 4; Norman DaPrato to author, January 30, 2004.
4 Richard D. Brown and Jack Tager, Massachusetts: A Concise History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000).
5 J. H. Newton, “New Bedford Italian Colony Dates Back More than Half Century,” New Bedford Standard, October 9, 1932, 4.
6 Paul A. Cyr, “New Bedford Foreign-Born Population, 1855–1915,” Portraits of a Port, Kathryn Grover, ed., New Bedford Whaling Museum and New Bedford Standard Times, New Bedford, Massachusetts, 11; Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler, The Irish American Family Album (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 24.
7 Marie Equi to Sara Bard Field, May 29, 1921, DOJ Papers; Joseph Lukes to Nancy Krieger, letter, June 19, 1981, as cited in Nancy Krieger, “Queen of the Bolsheviks: The Hidden History of Dr. Marie Equi,” Radical America, 17, no.5 (1983): 55–71. An Equi family story placed John Equi fighting with Garibaldi for Italian reunification, but Marie Equi’s father would have been less than ten years old at the time of the early battles, and he was already living in America during the final victory. Sacramental Records, St. Lawrence, Martyr Catholic Church, New Bedford, Massachusetts (hereafter referred to as Sacramental Records). All the Equi family’s early documents for marriages, births, baptisms, and funerals were located at the church.
8 Two of the adult children of John and Sarah believed their mother gave birth to ten children and that three died at birth or in early childhood. However, the Massachusetts Archives (vol. 223, page 134) and the Sacramental Records note the birth of another Aque child, Amelia, born July 25, 1870, the third child for John and Sarah. No documentation has been located to note her death, which likely occurred as an infant. For Marie Equi’s birth, see Massachusetts Archives, Birth records, 1872, Volume 241, page 144, line 318. For Marie Equi’s baptism, see Sacramental Records, April 17, 1872.
9 Thomas J. Schlereth, Victorian America: Transformation in Everyday Life, 1876–1915 (New York: HarperPerennial, 1992), 274.
10 Sacramental Records; “Death Index,” Massachusetts State Archives.
11 Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389-Equi. Note: For clarity, Equi’s daughter is listed as Mary Equi McCloskey throughout the notes since that was her married name at the time of the interviews cited.
12 Leonard Bolles Ellis, History of New Bedford and its Vicinity, 1602–1892 (Syracuse, New York: D. Mason & Co., 1892), 374. For analysis of New Bedford’s decline and resurgence from one industry to another, see “From Old Dartmouth to Modern New Bedford,” New Bedford Whaling Museum, www.whalingmuseum.org/kendall/oldnbindex.html, accessed November 2004; Thomas Austin McMullin, Industrialization and Social Change in a Nineteenth Century Port City: A Study of New Bedford, Massachusetts, 1865–1900, Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1976, 14; Seymour Louis Wolfbein, The Decline of a Cotton Textile City: A Study of New Bedford (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944), 144. New Bedford also lost more than half its whaling fleet during the war, and watched as San Francisco and Honolulu became the new preferred ports for hunting bowhead whale in the Arctic. Local investors also failed to adopt new whaling techniques or to market whale oil as an ideal lubricant for the machinery of new technologies.
13 McMullin, Industrialization, 222; Herbert Gutman, “Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America, 1815–1919,” American Historical Review, 78:3, June 1973, 531–88; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389-Equi.
14 Ibid., South Bristol County Deeds, Registry of Deeds, New Bedford, Massachusetts, Vol. 76, 1873–1874, 105. The Equi family’s address on James Street is variously indicated as 27, 60, and 87 in city documents and directories. Bristol County Registry of Deeds, Southern District, New Bedford, Massachusetts, v. 35, 1857–1858, June 9, 1857. Richard D. Brown and Jack Tager, Massachusetts: A Concise History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000), 166; South Bristol County Deeds, Vol. 88, 1878, 446.
15 1880 Federal Census, New Bedford, Bristol County, Massachusetts, Roll 79_525, Film 1254525, 230C, Image 625; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389-Equi.
16 Mary Equi McCloskey to Sandy Polishuk, March 31, 1971, OHS 28389-Equi; Lucy M. Wallbank, “50 Years Ago,” New Bedford Sunday Standard Times, September 3, 1972, 2; 1881 City Document #6, Annual Report of the School Committee of the City of New Bedford together with the superintendent’s report for the year 1880 (New Bedford: Mercury Publishing Co., City Printers, 1881); McMullin, Industrialization, 127; Katherine Commerfeld to Evelyn S. Hall, September 6, 1889, Mary Aque Student Application, Recommendations, Archives/Doblen Library, Northfield Mount Hermon School.
17 Mary E. Austin to Evelyn S. Hall, Northfield Seminary, September 6, 1889; Archives/Dolben Library, Northfield Mount Hermon School, Northfield, Massachusetts. Equi’s school records from the New Bedford High School system could not be located upon inquiry, February 15, 2006; Federal Agent W.A. Winsor, Report, October 22 and December 4, 1918, DOJ Papers.
18 Massachusetts law required children, ages eight to fourteen, who worked in factories to attend school for twelve weeks every year. The statewide restriction was the first of its kind in the country, and it helped establish age fourteen as a demarcation for childhood protections. John J. Lalor, ed. Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States by the Best American and European Writers (New York: Maynard Merrill & Co., 1899), v. 2, Entry 50, Factory Laws, in paragraph II.50.6. Although Equi continued working at a textile mill in 1888, no certificate for her has been located among records at the New Bedford Free Public Library; South Bristol Deeds, Registry of Deeds, v. 119, 1886–1887, 515. The property was later designated 91 Tremont Street. Mary H. Blewett, Constant Turmoil: The Politics of Industrial Life in Nineteenth-Century New England (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000), 49; Paul A. Cyr, Special Collections Librarian, New Bedford Free Public Library, Interview, October 27, 2004; Equi’s two years of mill work is verified by Bessie Holcomb’s letters to schools for Equi.
19 Kingston William Heath, Patina of Place: The Cultural Weathering of a New England Industrial Landscape (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2001), 75; Blewett, Constant Turmoil, 49; Paul A. Cyr, Interview, October 27, 2004.
20 Heath, Patina of Place, 161; Judith A. Boss and Joseph D. Thomas, New Bedford: A Pictorial History (Norfolk, Virginia: The Donning Company, 1983).
21 Birth Record, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Office of the Secretary of State, Archives Division, B002595. For further information on the Holcomb family, see Zephanie W. Pease, History of New Bedford, Vol. III (New York: The Lewis Historical Publishing Company, New York, 1918), 537–38.
22 Wilma Slaight, Archivist, Wellesley College Archives, Margaret Clapp Library, Personal Correspondence with author, September 15, 2003; Wellesley College Record, 1875–1900, 160. Mabel Newcomer, A Century of Higher Education for American Women (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959), 45–49; Alice Payne Hackett, Wellesley: Part of the American Story (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1949), 32–35.
23 Ned Kane, ed., “The History Project,” Improper Bostonians (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), 73; Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth–Century America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 1–4, 11–36, 37–61.
24 Lisa Rubens, “The Patrician Radical, Charlotte Anita Whitney,” California History, September, 1986, Vol. LXV, 158–71. Whitney also attended Wellesley College and undertook social work before shifting to Progressivism and Socialism.
25 Wilma Slaight, Wellesley College Archives, Personal Correspondence. September 15, 2003; Bessie B. Holcomb to Northfield Seminary, August 26, 1889, Archives/Dolben Library, Northfield Mount Hermon School, Application for Admissions, Northfield Seminary, September 6, 1889.
26 Bessie B. Holcomb to Northfield Seminary, August 26, 1889, Archives/Dolben Library, Application for Admissions, September 6, 1889.
27 Northfield Mount Herman School, www.nmhschool.org, accessed February 4, 2008.
28 Student File: Mary Aque, Archives/Dolben Library, Northfield Mount Hermon School; Equi gave her Bible from her Northfield Seminary days to her attorney and friend, C. E. Ambrose, of Portland, Oregon. Ambrose with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 5, 1972, OHS ACC 28389-Equi.
29 Marie Equi to Mary Vanni and Theresa Vanni, April 10, 1921, DOJ Files.
30 “Dr. Marie Equi Arrested,” New Bedford Standard, July 20, 1913. Mary Equi McCloskey to Sandy Polishuk, March 31, 1971, OHS ACC 28389-Equi. The date of Equi’s stay in Italy is unclear, but given her documented activities from 1882–1890, the period of 1890–1891 seems the most likely. Ira Glazier and William Filby, Italians to America: Lists of Passengers Arriving at U.S. Ports, 1880–1899, v. 6, 280. The surname Equi was common in northern Italy, and the Marie Equi who sailed on the ship Werra may have been a different person, but the age of the traveler by that name, the time period of travel, and the likely travel by steerage match the Marie Equi of New Bedford.
31 Wilma Slaight, Wellesley College Archives, Personal Correspondence, September 15, 2003.
CHAPTER 2
1 Douglas W. Allen, “Homesteading and Property Rights: Or, ‘How the West Was Really Won,’” Journal of Law and Economics, 34:1 (April 1991), 1–23. Allen argues that the US government chose to “rush” homesteaders to certain western areas to establish a stronger American presence in lieu of losing vast tracts of land to Mexicans, Indians, British, Spanish, or Russians.
2 James M. Bergquist, “The Oregon Donation Act and the National Land Policy,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 58:1 (March 1957), 17–35. Lillian Schlissel, Women’s Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Schocken Books, 1982), 156.
3 Lewis A. and Lewis L. McArthur, Oregon Geographic Names, Sixth Edition (Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1992). Native Americans called the locality Win-quatt, a place surrounded by cliffs. White settlers named the town Dalles and Dalles City but it was always referred to as The Dalles, a name officially recognized in 1966.
4 “Wiped Out by Fire,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, September 3, 1891, 1.
5 Homestead Application No. 4141, Land Office at The Dalles, Oregon. National Archives and Records Administration, hereafter, NARA. Holcomb’s claim was among 139 applications filed at The Dalles Land Office in the final quarter of 1891; “Homesteads in Oregon,” Portland Chamber of Commerce (Portland Development Bureau: Portland, Oregon, n.d. but about 1918), 3–6.
6 “Chinookan Culture,” The Virtual Meier Site, http://web.pdx.edu/~b5cs/virtualmeier/society.html, accessed June 5, 2013; Francis Seufert, Wheels of Fortune (Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1980), 6–7; “Editor’s Notes,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, January 10, 1892, 3.
7 Homestead Proof, Testimony of Claimant. December 22, 1896, Homestead Entry Application No. 4141. National Archives and Records Administration, hereafter NARA. At the conclusion of the five-year proving period, Holcomb listed the homestead improvements as the house, an eighteen by twenty-foot barn, outhouses, and fencing. Alice Day Pratt, A Homesteader’s Portfolio (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1993), xxxii.
8 Pratt, A Homesteader’s Portfolio, xxxvi – xxxviii; Barbara Allen, Homesteading the High Desert (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1987), 79–80; “Trials of Homesteaders,” The Dalles Chronicle, February 25, 1893, 3; William F. Willingham, “Family and Community on the Eastern Oregon Frontier,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 95:2 (Summer, 1994), 191–99. For discussion of the motivations of single women homesteaders, see Sherry L. Smith, “Single Women Homesteaders: The Perplexing Case of Elinore Pruitt Stewart,” Western Historical Quarterly, 22:2, (May, 1991), 163–82.
9 “Items in Brief,” The Dalles Times–Mountaineer, September 10, 1892, 1. Equi continued to use the “Aque” spelling of her surname for another nine years before she reverted to the original spelling.
10 Marie Equi to Constance M. Loftus, April 5, 1920. DOJ Papers.
11 The author’s appreciation of an “East of the Cascades” character developed from several accounts including Dorothy Lawson McCall, Ranch Under the Rimrock (Portland: Binfords & Mort, 1968); Urling C. Coe, MD, Frontier Doctor: Observations on Central Oregon and the Changing West (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1996 reprint), and several personal visits.
12 For a discussion of how women homesteaders experienced a new dynamic of sharing economic power and influenced perceptions of women’s abilities and financial assertiveness, see Katherine Harris, Long Vistas: Women and Families on Colorado Homesteads (Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 1993).
13 “The Facts,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, July 24, 1893, 3; “O. D. Taylor Chastised,” The Dalles Weekly Chronicle, July 28, 1893, 5; Susan A. Hallgarth, “Women Settlers on the Frontier: Unwed, Unreluctant, Unrepentant,” Women’s Studies Quarterly, 17: 3/4, Fall/Winter, 1989, 25. For the experience of young female teachers in the West, see also Helen Guyton Rees, Schoolmarms (Portland: Binford & Mort, 1983).
14 Catalog of the Wasco Independent Academy, 1890–1891, held in archives at the Surgeons Quarters, Fort Dalles Museum, The Dalles, Oregon; “Where Is The Blame,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, July 25, 1893, 3.
15 “Grand Dalles, The Magic City,” New York Times, July 25, 1983, query.nytimes.com, accessed June 15, 2008; “North Dalles Story Detailed in 1904 History Book,” The Klickitat Heritage, Klickitat County Historical Society, Goldendale, Washington, Summer, 1976. For further information on O. D. Taylor and his schemes, see the Wasco County Historical Society Quarterly, Winter, 2003.
16 “Grand Dalles,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, September 21, 1891, 3.
17 E. Kimbark MacColl with Harry H. Stein, Merchants, Money, & Power, The Portland Establishment, 1843–1913 (Portland: The Georgian Press, 1988), 306–10; “National Bank Failures,” Oregonian, July 23, 1893, 1.
18 “The Facts,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, July 22, 1893, 3 and “The Facts,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, July 24, 1893, 3. The most extensive coverage of the horsewhipping and its aftermath was provided by The Dalles Times-Mountaineer with several articles, editorial notes, and letters to the editor in the July 21–27, 1893 issues.
19 “O. D. Taylor Chastised,” The Dalles Daily Chronicle,” July 21, 1893, 3.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 “O. D. Taylor Horsewhipped,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, July 21, 1893, 1.
23 “The Facts,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, July 24, 1893, 3.
24 “Items in Brief,” The Dales Times-Mountaineer, July 25, 1893, 3; “A Parson Cowhided,” Oregonian, July 22, 1893, 6; “Flogged by a Woman,” San Francisco Examiner, July 22, 1893, 8; “Grand Dalles, The Magic City,” New York Times, July 25, 1893.
25 “Items in Brief,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, July 21, 1893, 3; “Editorial,” The Dalles Weekly Chronicle,” July 28, 1893.
26 For a full account of the Mitchell case, see F. L. Slim, “Alice Mitchell and the Murder of Freda Ward,” in Jonathan Katz, ed., Gay American History, Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (New York: Avon Books, 1976), 82–90 and Lisa Duggan, Sapphic Slashers (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2000) 9–11, 114; Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic, Vol. 28, No. 5 (January 30, 1892), 154; “Another Medical Man Testifies,” Oregonian, July 26, 1892, 2.
27 “O. D. Taylor in Portland,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, July 29, 1893, 3; “O. D. Taylor’s Arrest,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, August 24, 1895; “Rev. O. D. Taylor’s Case,” The Dalles Time-Mountaineer, December 19, 1896. “Williams, George Henry,” Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=WOOO498. George H. Williams served as US senator from Oregon (1865–1871), US attorney general (1872–1875), and withdrew his name due to a scandal after President Ulysses S. Grant nominated him as chief justice of the US Supreme Court. Williams later served as mayor of Portland, Oregon, 1902–1905).
28 “Items in Brief,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, July 29, 1893, 3. The Dalles High School today is located on the original site of the Wasco Independent Academy.
29 K. A. Davis, “Dr. Belle Cooper (Rinehart) Ferguson (7.1),” Lewis and Elizabeth Rinehart and Descendants: A Family History,” n.d., privately published, copy at The Dalles Wasco County Library; Fred Lockley, “Impressions and Observations of the Journal Man,” Oregon Daily Journal, February 23, 1936, February 26, 1936, March 1, 1936. Report of Agent Keller, Interview with Belle Cooper Rinehart, September 11, 1918, DOJ Papers. The Department of Justice at the time of this interview was seeking incriminating evidence against Equi prior to her espionage trial, and federal agents were notorious for filing inaccurate and biased reports. But an infatuation for Equi at age twenty-one appears plausible, and it seems unlikely that the agent would have fabricated the details of Rinehart’s recollections. Marie Equi to Dr. Belle Ferguson (Rinehart), April 6, 1936, OHS ACC 28389–Equi.
30 “A Study of Women Graduates of UO Medical School and Willamette University,” The Lucy Davis Phillips Collection, Oregon Health & Science University, Historical Collections & Archives, 2004-030.
31 Fred Lockley, “Impressions and Observations of the Journal Man,” Oregon Daily Journal, March 1, 1936, 8. See also articles in February 23, 26, and March 1, 1936 issues.
32 The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, August 1, 1896, 3.
33 Certificate 2652, Application No. 4141, February 11, 1897, NARA. At the time of Holcomb’s “proving up” declaration on December 22, 1896, she estimated the value of the property improvements (house, barn, outbuildings, and fencing) at $275.
34 MacColl and Stein, Merchants, Money, & Power, 335–337; “News Item,” The Dalles Times-Mountaineer, March 16, 1897.
CHAPTER 3
1 Frank R. Mills and Ev Mills, Shasta Route (North Highlands, California: History West, Pacific Chapter Railway & Locomotive Historical Society, 1981), 7–123 with a photo of Southern Pacific’s Solano, “one of the largest train ferries in the world,” 120, and a photo of Oakland Mole, 123.
2 B. E. Lloyd, Lights and Shades in San Francisco (Berkeley: Berkeley Hills Books, 1999), 17–32.
3 Campbell Gibson, Population of the 100 Largest Cities and other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 (Washington, DC: Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, June 1998) www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html, accessed January 10, 2008.
4 Photo, Donohoe Building, Historical Photograph Collection, San Francisco Public Library, AAC-4754; Block 191, Sanborn Map, sfgeneaology.com, accessed July 10, 2008.
5 Crocker Langley San Francisco Directory, 1898 (San Francisco: H.S. Crocker Co., 1898). “Miss Marie Equi” worked as a cashier at Miss T. Taylor, residence 16 Donohoe. Edan Wilton Hughes, Artists in California, 1786–1940 (San Francisco: Hughes Publishing Co., 1989), 262; “New Names in Art that Show Promise,” San Francisco Call, November 26, 1905, 19.
6 Joseph Equi owned lot #531 on the periphery of the Sonoma town square; the lot was later described as being two full blocks on Fifth Street East between Denmark and Prussia Streets. Sonoma Historical Map and Directory, 1877. Joseph Equi’s produce store and home was located at 1514 Dupont (now Grant Street) between Union and Filbert. Crocker Langley San Francisco Directory, 1876 (San Francisco: H. S. Crocker Co, 1876); “Flogged By A Woman,” San Francisco Examiner, July 22, 1893, 8.
7 US Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Part I, Series D 11–25, 128; Theodore Caplow, Louis Hicks, and Ben J. Wattenberg, The First Measured Century: An Illustrated Guide to Trends in America, 1900–2000 (Washington, DC: AEI Press, 2000), 44–45 as quoted in Donald M. Fisk, “American Labor in the 20th Century,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor, http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030124ar02p1.htm#7, accessed June 20, 2013; County Deed Records, Grantee, Mary D. Equi, (indirect); microfilm reel Y-401, 402, Wasco County Courthouse, The Dalles, Oregon.
8 Susan Stryker and Jim Van Buskirk, Gay by the Bay: A History of Queer Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1996), 8–19.
9 “American Barbarism,” San Francisco Daily Chronicle, March 30, 1882, www.sfmuseum.org/hist5/wilde.html,_accessed June 27, 2013; Roy Morris Jr., “Wilde About California,” Los Angeles Times, May 5, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/05/opinion/la-oe-morris-oscar-wilde-in-california-20130505, accessed June 27, 2013; Peter Boag, Same-Sex Affairs, Constructing and Controlling Homosexuality in the Pacific Northwest (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 125–35.
10 College of Physicians and Surgeons of San Francisco Medical Department, Sixth Annual Announcement, 1901 and 1902. College announcements for the years prior to 1901 are unavailable; however, the P&S curriculum was competitive with the other schools in San Francisco. The author appreciates the assistance of Dorothy Dechant, PhD, Museum Curator of the Institute of Dental History and Craniofacial Study at the University of the Pacific School of Dentistry. In 1904 the University of California Medical Department added two years of college preparatory work as an entry requirement, leading to a huge drop in enrollment. Nancy Rockafellar, PhD, “A History of UCSF 1868–1959,” http://history.library.ucsf.edu/curriculum_reform.html, accessed June 8, 2008.
11 Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982), 79–116.
12 Regina Markell Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy & Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 232–65; Mary Roth Walsh, “Doctors Wanted: No Women Need Apply”: Sexual Barriers in the Medical Profession, 1835–1975 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 184–85.
13 Erik K. Curtis, A Century of Smiles, 1896–1996: One Hundred Years at the College of Physicians and Surgeons (San Francisco: University of the Pacific School of Dentistry, 1995), 23; D. A. Hodghead, MD, “The College: A Brief History,” CHIPS, Volume V, San Francisco, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1904; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, March 12, 1980, OHS ACC 28389–Equi.
14 The college was located on Fourteenth Street between Mission and Valencia Streets. Mary Ellen Parker was the daughter of William and Anne Jane Parker. Mary Ellen had one sibling, her younger brother Patrick, who became a district attorney and superior court judge of Mono County, California. Sixth Annual Announcement, 1901–1902, Medical Department, College of Physicians and Surgeons of San Francisco, 10–27.
15 “The Imperial Future of San Francisco,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 31, 1899, special feature, 1, 3. See also: Gray Brechin, Imperial San Francisco: Urban Power, Earthly Ruin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
16 Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492–Present (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 315; “The Imperial Future of San Francisco,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 31, 1899, special feature, 1, 3.
17 1900 Federal Census. San Francisco, California; Roll: T623 104; Page: 9B and 10A; Enumeration District: 166.
18 “A History of UCSF,” The Regents of the University of California 2013, http://history.library.ucsf.edu/, accessed June 28, 2013.
19 University of California Directory of Graduates, 1905 (Berkeley: University of California, 1905). The California State Constitution prohibited barring admission to any of the collegiate departments of the State University on account of sex. Rockafellar, “A History of the UCSF School of Medicine”; Helen MacKnight Doyle, Doctor Nellie: The Autobiography of Dr. Helen MacKnight Doyle (Genny Smith Books, 1983), 237–40, 254–55.
20 For more on the plague in San Francisco, see Marilyn Chase, The Barbary Plague: The Black Death in Victorian San Francisco (New York: Random House, 2003).
21 Crocker Langley San Francisco Director, (San Francisco: H.S. Crocker Co., for the years 1900 and 1905). Wagner Leather Co. was located at 306–308 Clay Street.
22 Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman (Pantheon Books: New York, 1984), 31–38.
CHAPTER 4
1 E. Kimbark MacColl with Harry Stein, Merchants, Money, & Power: The Portland Establishment, 1843–1913 (Portland, Oregon: The Georgian Press, 1988), 335–37; Carl Abbott, Portland in Three Centuries: The Place and the People (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2011), 31, 50–55, 62–63, 70; “Another Tribute to Portland’s Centennial,” Oregonian, September 10, 1901, 1. Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth, 11, 56.
2 Willamette University and the University of Oregon Medical Department, now the Oregon Health & Science University, continue operation today, although the medical departments of the two institutions merged in 1913 under the state university system. For a history of medical education in the state, see Thelma Wilson, “A Century of Medical Education in Oregon,” Northwest Medicine, 1967, Portland, Oregon. Sixteenth Annual Announcement of the Medical Department of the University of Oregon, Session 1902–1903 (Portland: Anderson Printing and Duniway Company, 1902). Variations in Equi’s surname continued to appear in several public records—e.g., the 1900 Census lists her as Mary “Aqua”—but she reverted to the original “Equi” once she moved west. Fifteenth Annual Announcement of the Medical Department of the University of Oregon, 1901–1902 (Portland: Anderson Printing and Lithograph Co., 1901).
3 Alexander Flexner, Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (New York: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1910), 291–92.
4 Mary B. Purvine, Mary B. Purvine, Pioneer Doctor (Santa Barbara, California: Johnck and Seeger, 1958); Esther C. P. Lovejoy, “My Medical School, 1890–1894,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 75:1 (March, 1974) 7–35. Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389–Equi.
5 Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389–Equi; photograph of Equi and Parker, Courtesy, The Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington; Indiana. Mary Equi McCloskey to Sandy Polishuk, March 31, 1971, Interview, OHS ACC 28389–Equi; Mrs. Annie Parker to Mary Ellen Parker, letter, March 17, 1903, White Mss., Manuscripts Department, Lilly Library, Indiana University. Equi and Parker rented an apartment near the medical school campus at 703 Northrup Street. Harriett F. Speckart v. Leopold F. Schmidt, Henrietta Speckart, the Olympia Brewing Company, and the Bellingham Bay Brewing Company, National Archives and Records Administration, San Bruno, California, Records Group 21, Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Case #1908, 1670–72, hereafter, referred to as Speckart v. Schmidt.
6 Report of Agent Keller, September 11, 1918, DOJ papers. The sole source of information about Rinehart’s intercession with the university dean is a report filed by an agent of the federal Bureau of Investigation. Reports filed by federal agents involved in investigations of political radicals of the time were often inaccurate and biased toward the government’s case. It’s not surprising that Dr. Rinehart or Dr. Josephi would speak to a federal agent or that Rinehart might recall an incident many years earlier that disturbed her. On March 28, 1903, the university faculty verified that Equi had complied with the rules of the school and recommended that the board of regents grant her a degree of doctor of medicine. “Faculty Minutes,” Oregon Health & Science University, Historical Collections & Archives, ACC 1999-Box 1, vol. 1. See footnote 3 and also: Oregon Health Sciences University, 1887–1987: 100 Years: Reflections of Yesterday, (Portland: Oregon Health Sciences University, 1987).
7 “A Fool? Take That,” Oregonian, March 14, 1903, 14. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 states: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.”
8 “Nine New Doctors,” Oregonian, April 1, 1903, 9; “Good Advice to Young Physicians,” Oregonian, April 12, 1903, 34. Portland High School was located at Southwest Fourteenth and Morrison Streets until it was renamed Lincoln High School and moved to its current South Parks Blocks location. Today the building is Lincoln Hall, a part of Portland State University.
9 Statistics of Women at Work, Based on Unpublished Information Derived from the Schedules of the Twelfth Census: 1900. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1907, Table XXIII, 34; “Members of the Graduating Class of the Medical Department of the University of Oregon,” Oregonian, April 2, 1903, 10. Olof Larsell, The Doctor in Oregon: A Medical History (Portland: Binfords & Mort, Oregon Historical Society, Oregon, 1947), 491–93; Oregon Board of Medical Examiners, telephone interview, May 27, 2003. Equi’s license number was 00717, issued on April 9, 1903. General Register of the Offices and Alumni of the University of Oregon, 1873–1904,” University of Oregon, March 1904.
10 Starr, The Social Transformation, 123–34.
11 Starr, The Social Transformation, on homeopathy, 93–110; Speckart v. Schmidt. According to Equi’s testimony in the Speckart case, she undertook advanced study in San Francisco from April through September or October of 1903. Information on Dr. Parker’s internship in San Francisco has not been located. Edi Mottershead, “Florence Nightingale Ward, MD: Medical Sectarian or Medical Scientist?” Thesis, Mills College, California 2004, 4–15, 37.
12 Starr, The Social Transformation, 93–112; Kimberly Jensen, Oregon’s Doctor to the World: Esther Pohl Lovejoy & A Life in Activism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012), 51–52.
13 Sophie B. Kobicke, a San Francisco native, served as adjunct to the school’s chair of gynecology and abdominal surgery. William Harvey King, MD, LLD, History of Homeopathy and Its Institutions in America, (New York: The Lewis Publishing Co., 1905), 238, 396. Speckart v. Schmidt, 1667-69.
14 Polk’s Directory for Baker City, LaGrande, and Pendleton, 1903. For a full description of Pendleton, Oregon, to 1975, see Gordon McNab, A Century of News and People in the East Oregonian, 1875–1975 (Pendleton: East Oregonian Publishing Co., 1975).
15 Ibid. For additional information on the practice of medicine in Pendleton, see C. J. Rademacher, History of Medicine in Central Oregon (Bend, Oregon, publisher unknown, 1971).
16 Physicians and Surgeons Register Book I, page 143, Umatilla County Courthouse, Pendleton, Oregon. The author greatly appreciates the assistance of Virginia Roberts of the Umatilla County Historical Society with information about medical practitioners in Pendleton in the early 1900s. Official Register and Directory of Physicians and Surgeons in the States of California, Oregon, and Washington, 1904. Medical Society of the State of California, Sixteenth Edition, 1904; “Lady Physician,” East Oregonian, October 20, 1903, 5; Notice, East Oregonian, November 21, 1903, 11.
17 Urling C. Coe, MD. Frontier Doctor: Observations on Central Oregon and the Changing West (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1996), 43-59; Fred deWolfe, “Early-Day Woman Doctor Made Mark with ‘Radical’ Reforms,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 25, 1971, 4; Oregon Biographies–Dr. Marie Equi, Oregon History Project, Oregon Historical Society.
18 Rademacher, History of Medicine in Central Oregon; Speckart v. Schmidt. Author’s correspondence with Sally Schwartz, archivist, Old Military and Civil Records, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC, July 2, 2004; “Lady Physicians,” East Oregonian, October 20, 1903, 5. An editorial published July 26, 1893, in The Dalles Times-Mountaineer refuted statements made by the Pendleton Tribune related to the horsewhipping incident.
19 Speckart v. Schmidt.
20 Equi and Parker set up their practices in room 513. Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy & Science, 92, 133. Morantz-Sanchez reflects upon the “wide spectrum of emotional options” that women physicians pursued while developing their practices and that many found “various degrees of emotional commitment” among other women. Equi’s and Parker’s address was 440 Jefferson which today would be on the 1200 block of Jefferson in downtown Portland. A common practice among renters at the time was to relocate frequently, and Equi and Parker resided at 514 Jefferson (on today’s 1500 block of SW Jefferson) in 1905. Equi would live at more than half a dozen additional sites in Portland in the years ahead.
21 Berta Van Hoosen, Petticoat Surgeon (Chicago: Pellegrini & Cudahy, 1947) as quoted in Cathy Luchetti, Medicine Women: The Story of Early-American Women Doctors (New York: Crown Publishers, 1998), 213–14.
22 Larsell, The Doctor in Oregon, 570.
23 “Nervousness in Children,” Oregonian, February 17, 1905, 14; “Nervousness in Children,” Medical Sentinel, March 1905, 732.
24 George M. Robins, MD, History of the Multnomah County Medical Society, 1884–1954 (Portland, Oregon: Multnomah County Medical Society, 1993), p. 18–19. My appreciation to George Painter for providing a copy of this document. Fifty-two women had graduated from the two Oregon medical schools before the society admitted any as members. In 1903 the eleven women elected were Drs. Gertrude French, Kittie P. Gray, Esther Pohl, Ethel Gray, Edna D. Timms, Elsie Patton, Sarah Whiteside, Jessie Mr. McGavin, Eugenia G. Little, Amelia Ziegler, and Sarah Marquam Hill. Mae H. Cardwell, MD, “The Medical Club of Portland—Historical,” Medical Sentinel 13:7 (July 1905). Other members of the Medical Club included, in 1906, E. E. Van Alstyne, Gertrude French, Ethel Gray, Sarah Marquam Hill, Eugenia Little, Katherine Manion, Jessie McGavin, Elsie Patton, Esther Pohl, Edna D. Timms, and Sarah Whiteside. See Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy & Science, 181–83 for an analysis of the importance of women’s medical societies.
25 Abbott, Portland, 50–51, 79. Oregon pioneered different approaches to obtain a state version of direct election of US senators, including instructing state legislators to select the electorate’s choice to serve in the posts. The Seventeenth Amendment to the US Constitution authorized the direct election of senators in 1913. Robert D. Johnston describes the roots of the Oregon System from 1884 until the early twentieth century in The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 121–26, 156–59.
26 Johnston, The Radical Middle Class, 123–26. Johnston profiles the contributions of William S. U’Ren, “direct democracy’s mechanic,” 127–37.
27 Jensen, Oregon’s Doctor to the World, 91–95, 75–97. For more on social feminism and civic housekeeping, see Annette K. Baxter, Preface in The Clubwoman As Feminist: True Womanhood Redefined, 1868–1914 in Karen J. Blair (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1980), xi-xii; Blair, Clubwoman, 118; Sandra Haarsager, Organized Womanhood: Cultural Politics in the Pacific Northwest, 1840–1920 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 188–89.
28 Ruth Barnes Moynihan, Rebel for Rights: Abigail Scott Duniway, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), 82. Moynihan concluded that “there was at the core of her personality, nourished by the hardships of her childhood and marriage, a profound insecurity.” Abigail Scott Duniway, Path Breaking: An Autobiographical History of the Equal Suffrage Movement in Pacific Coast States (New York: Schocken Books, 1971), reprinted from James, Kerns & Abbott edition, 1914, photo caption, 268.
29 Moynihan, Rebel for Rights, 84–196.
30 Moynihan, Rebel for Rights, 1–11, 26–84. Duniway’s first novel was later revised with a new title in 1905, From the West to the West; Rebecca J. Mead, How The Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914 (New York: New York University Press, 2004), 97–118.
31 Duniway, Path Breaking, 40–41, 84–211. Duniway founded the Oregon State Equal Suffrage Association with two other women in November of 1870. Duniway, Path Breaking, 40–41, 84–211.
32 G. Thomas Edwards, Sowing Good Seeds: The Northwest Suffrage Campaigns of Susan B. Anthony (Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1990), 164–66, 178–81, 292–96.
33 Robert Rydell, “Visions of Empire: International Expositions in Portland and Seattle, 1905–1909, Pacific Historical Review, 52:1 (February, 1983), 37–65.
34 Carl Abbott, The Great Extravaganza: Portland and the Lewis and Clark Exposition (Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1981, revised edition, 1996), 24, 44. The Forestry building measured 105 feet by 209 feet with pillars of natural tree trunks at the entry. Inside, columns of more trees supported the ceiling and balcony and created a massive exhibition space, a cathedral of natural wonders.
35 “Medical Societies—Portland Medical Society,” Medical Sentinel, January 1905, vol. 13, #1 www.books.google.com, page 674.
36 Deborah M. Olsen, “Fair Connections: Women’s Separatism and the Lewis and Clark Exposition of 1905,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 109:2, (Summer, 2008), 174–203. Olsen discusses feminists’ attempts to present women’s concerns at the nation’s expositions and their desire to highlight women’s contributions to the planning of such major civic occasions. Their attempts represented a move from “female separatism” with its focus on primarily women’s affairs. Olsen also argues that in addition to commanding attention for the NAWSA convention, women organizers directed public attention to the unveiling of a statue of Sacajawea, the Shoshone woman who was widely touted as a guide for explorers Lewis and Clark and was presented as an example of women’s contributions to society.
37 Ida Husted Harper, ed., History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 5 (New York: National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1922), 117–50; Edwards, Sowing Good Seeds, 210–15.
38 “Portland Leads Pure Food Fight,” Oregonian, Aug. 14, 1905, 7; Mayor Harry Lane to Frances E. Gotschall, Recording Secretary, Oregon Equal Suffrage Association, August 11, 1905. PARC, A2000-003, 0256-01, H-Women Organization 1905; “Mayor Lane Has Others On List,” Oregonian, August 12, 1905, 8; “Mayor Deposes Board of Health,” Oregonian, August 8, 1905, 1; “Lane Calls Health Board Careless,” Oregonian, August 10, 1905, 16.
39 Minnie (Montieth) Van Dran’s family founded Albany, Oregon, in 1847. “Mrs. Van Dran Died of Poison,” Oregonian, August 14, 1905, 1, 14; “Marshall Makes Full Confession,” Oregonian, August 24, 1905, 16. Also, May 8 and 11, 2008, correspondence with Ellen West Lilja, playwright, of “Don’t Drink the Ginger Ale!” a production based on the Van Dran poisoning.
CHAPTER 5
Material in this chapter was previously presented in different forms: in the lectures “KAJ Mackenzie, Marie Equi, and the Oregon Doctor Train: Portland’s response to the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake,” delivered on May 12, 2006, at the Oregon Health & Science University, and “Lesbian to the Rescue,” delivered on April 11, 2006, at the Eureka Valley/Harvey Milk Memorial branch of the San Francisco Public Library; and in “Portland to the Rescue: The Rose City’s Response to the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire,” in Oregon Historical Quarterly 108, no. 3 (Fall 2007): 384–409. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
1 Speckart v. Schmidt. The Hill was located at Lucretia Place, Washington Street. The five-story building remains at the site today at 2235 SW Burnside.
2 Speckart v. Schmidt, 1671.
3 Adolph Speckart was Henrietta Speckart’s second husband. Her first, Laurenz Heinrich Ludwig Disch, died shortly after the birth of their daughter, Emmy Disch, in 1866. The author thanks Karen Able for her generosity in sharing Speckart family history and collaborating on research into the Speckart family legal cases.
4 Speckart v. Schmidt, 8–9.
5 Ibid. 1673–4, 12. “Suffrage Delegates,” Sunday Oregonian, January 28, 1906, 14. Equi was elected to represent Oregon at the Baltimore convention; another account stated that she was elected as an alternate delegate. Deed Records, Grantee (indirect), Mary D. Equi, microfilm rolls 401–402 and Grantor (direct) Mary D. Equi to Bessie B. Cook, microfilm roll 38–278, County Clerk Office, Wasco County Courthouse, The Dalles, Oregon. Holcomb granted Equi one-half interest in the Oregon homestead property on March 29, 1898, for one dollar; Equi returned her one-half share to Holcomb on September 23, 1904, for ten dollars; both transactions occurred in San Francisco. Wasco County Deed Records, Alex Cook et al. to Ross and Alice Ornduff, microfilm roll 102–435. Bessie’s children sold the property October 15, 1945, for $500. Speckart v. Schmidt, 1674, 12.
6 Susan B. Anthony to Mrs. Barnes, January 31, 1906, NAWSA Suffrage Scrapbook, 1897–1911; Edwards, Sowing Good Seeds, 259–60; “Miss Susan B. Anthony Died This Morning,” New York Times, March 13, 1906, 1.
7 Jensen, Oregon’s Doctor to the World, 100–04; “Suffrage Parlor Meeting,” Oregonian, April 18, 1906, 5; Edwards, Sowing Good Seeds, 294–95.
8 “Lynching Mob Scored by Folk,” Oregonian, April 18, 1906, 1; “Help for the Sufferers,” Oregonian, April 18, 1906, 2; “On Wire at Time of Quake,” Oregonian, April 19, 1906, 18.
9 “Portlanders in San Francisco,” Oregonian, April 19, 1906, 12.
10 Gladys Hansen and Emmet Condon, Denial of Disaster: The Untold Story and Photographs of the San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906 (San Francisco: Cameron, 1989), 47.
11 For Portland’s relief efforts, see Michael Helquist, “Portland to the Rescue, The Rose City’s Response to the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 108:3 (Fall, 2007). For women’s civic activism, see Sandra Haarsager, Organized Womanhood: Cultural Politics in the Pacific Northwest, 1840-1920 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 188–89; Portland Woman’s Club, Records, 1895, MSS 1084, Oregon Historical Society Research Library, Portland.
12 “Corps of Nurses and Doctors,” Oregon Daily Journal, April 19, 1906, 6.
13 “To Avert Pestilence,” Oregonian, June 18, 1903, 5. Mackenzie also directed a medical mission to a small town in Eastern Oregon devastated by a flash flood. “Corps of Nurses and Doctors,” Oregon Daily Journal, April 19, 1906, 6; “Forty on Errand of Mercy,” Oregon Daily Journal, April 20, 1906, 12.
14 “Flashlight Photograph of Portland Nurses Taken Before They Left On Last Night’s Train,” Oregonian, April 20, 1906, 1; “Relief Train Is on the Way,” Oregonian, April 20, 1906, 12; “Hospital Relief Train Dispatched,” Portland Evening Telegram, April 20, 1906, 17.
15 “Will Need Aid for Months Yet,” Oregonian, May 9, 1906, 10. A combined issue of the three San Francisco dailies, with its first page reprinted in the Oregonian, reported on April 19 that martial law was declared.
16 The Oakland Mole was also known as the Oakland Long Wharf. For maps and photos, see http://cprr.org/Museum/Maps/Long_Wharf_Oakland.html.
17 “Dr. Mackenzie on Relief Work,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 8, 1906, 2. The Harbor View district is now known as the Marina District. Arno Dosch, “City’s Health Is Good,” Oregonian, April 26, 1906, 1. Oregon National Guard physicians also traveled on the doctor train; they were ordered to convert a local school, Wilmerding School of Mechanical Arts at Sixteenth and Utah Streets, as an emergency hospital. “Oregon Hospital Corps finishes relief work in Bay City,” Oregon Daily Journal, May 10, 1906, 4.
18 Helquist, “Portland to the Rescue,” 394; Henry H. Rutherford, “Experiences of an Army Medical Officer During the San Francisco Earthquake,” Military Surgeon 79 (1936): 208–10; Gaines M. Foster, “The Demands of Humanity: Army Medical Disaster Relief,” Center of Military History, US Army, Washington, DC, 1983, 62. The US Army General Hospital was later designated Letterman General Hospital, and in World War II it became the largest army hospital in the US. The hospital closed in 1992, and today several of the buildings, including Building No. 1016 where Equi worked, have been converted for use by nonprofit organizations.
19 “Twenty-three Babies Born in Oregon Ward,” Oregon Daily Journal, May 4, 1906, 1; “Dr. Marie Equi Praises the Work of Portland Nurses in San Francisco,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 9, 1906, 10.
20 “Dr. Marie D. Equi Seizes a Motor Car,” Oregon Daily Journal, May 1, 1906, 8.
21 “Doctors and Nurses Help,” Sunday Oregonian, April 29, 1906, 1. For more on Laughlin’s relationship with Sperry, see “Dr. Mary A. Sperry Leaves Estate to Woman Companion,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 22, 1919, 10; “Mother Fights Mary Sperry’s Will in Courts,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 8, 1920, 1. For more on Laughlin, see Ruth Sargent, Gail Laughlin, ERA’s Advocate (Portland, Maine: House of Falmouth Publishers, 1979).
22 “Insult Makes Doctors Angry,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 7, 1906, 1; “Oregon Doctors Offered Insult,” Oregonian, May 7, 1906, 1; “Dr. Mackenzie on Relief Work,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 8, 1906, 2.
23 “Insult Makes Doctors Angry,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 7, 1906, 1; “Resolution Was Born In Frenzy,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 10, 1906, 7.
24 George C. Pardee, Governor of California, to George E. Chamberlain, Governor of Oregon, April 19, 1906, George Pardee Papers; Online Archive of California, Bancroft Library, BANC MSS C-B 400; “Doctors and Nurses Not Needed,” San Francisco Call, May 5, 1906, 1.
25 “Express Deep Gratitude of California for Aid of Oregon,” Oregonian, May 12, 1906, 4; “Words of Praise for Oregonians,” Oregonian, May 13, 1906, 24; “Disease Appears in City,” Oregonian, May 6, 1906, 4; “Work of Oregon Nurses Good,” Sunday Oregon Journal, May 6, 1906; “Splendid Work of Organizers,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 4, 1906, 11; “Start for Home on Saturday,” Oregon Daily Journal, May 4, 1906, 9. My appreciation to Heather Lukes for confirming that a medal awarded for Equi’s relief services had been among her possessions.
26 Several of the “Oregon Doctor Train” physicians developed successful careers. Mackenzie became dean of the University of Oregon Medical School (UOMS) in 1912. Ralph C. Matson became one of the nation’s most prominent specialists in tuberculosis. Joseph McCusker became assistant professor of obstetrics at UOMS, served as Portland health officer in 1914, and as president of the Oregon State Medical Society in 1921. M. B. Marcellus taught anatomy at UOMS and helped secure municipal legislation in 1915 to authorize school health inspection. Joseph Bilderback was Portland’s first practicing private pediatrician. He helped found Doernbecher Memorial Hospital (now Doernbecher Children’s Hospital) in Portland and became dean of the UOMS Pediatrics Department.
27 Edi Mottershead, Florence Nightingale Ward, M.D., Medical Sectarian or Medical Scientist, dissertation, Mills College, CA, May 9, 2004. Cook’s business was located on Clay Street in the city’s old produce district, now the site of the Embarcadero Center.
28 “Food Needed by 400,000 People,” Oregonian, April 20, 1906, 1; “Popular Fund for Stricken,” Oregonian, April 20, 1906, 12; “More than $100,000 in Cash Already Raised in Portland,” Oregon Daily Journal, April 20, 1906, 1; “Willing Hands are at Work,” Oregonian, April 22, 1906, 14; Helquist, “Portland to the Rescue,” 389–91, 395-98, 401. “Food and Rooms for Refugees,” Oregonian, April 23, 1906, 16; “Portland Nobly Answers Call from Stricken San Francisco,” Oregon Daily Journal, April 20, 1906, 1. Portland’s total contribution to the San Francisco sufferers, $250,000, is today equivalent to more than $5 million.
29 “Dr. Marie D. Equi Praises the Work of Portland Nurses in San Francisco,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 9, 1906, 10; “Woman Doctor Goes to Aid of Suffering,” Oregon Daily Journal, April 28, 1906, 2.
CHAPTER 6
1 Equi testified in a court hearing that she never saw Speckart as a patient and only diagnosed anemia during her visit in San Diego. Speckart v. Schmidt.
2 “Quarrel Among Speckart Heirs,” Sunday Oregonian, May 27, 1906, 1.
3 See Gloria E. Myers, A Municipal Mother: Portland’s Lola Baldwin, America’s First Policewoman (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1995) for a discussion of measures taken to protect young women in Portland during the Progressive Era.
4 Everett D. Graff, Resolutions and Memorials of the Territory of Montana, Passed by the First Legislative Assembly, Newberry Library. books.google.com accessed October 20, 2013. The age of majority for males was set at twenty-one years at the time of this act, 1864. “Quarrel Among Speckart Heirs,” Sunday Oregonian, May 27, 1906, 1.
5 Schmidt also owned the Centennial Brewing Company of Butte, Montana, and the Salem Brewing Company of Salem, Oregon.
6 “Quarrel Among Speckart Heirs,” Sunday Oregonian, May 27, 1906, 1.
7 Ibid.
8 “Family Troubles Aired in Portland,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 27, 1906, 1; “Girl Wished to Give $1200 To Dr. Equi,” Daily Olympian, May 29, 1906, 1; “Heiress Victim of Hypnotist,” San Francisco Call, May 28, 1906, 1.
9 “Olympia Girl Tells Strange Tale of Intrigue and Conspiracy,” Oregon Daily Journal, May 28, 1906, 1; “Dr. Marie Equi Denies Charges, Her Relation with Miss Speckart Only that of Friend,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 28, 1906, 1.
10 Ibid. “Dr. Marie Equi Denies Charges,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 28, 1906, 1.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 “Heiress Victim of Hypnotist,” San Francisco Call, May 28, 1906, 1.
14 Agent A. R. Dutton, Seattle, to Headquarters, Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC, September 17, 1918, DOJ Papers.
15 Lillian Faderman, To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done for America—A History (Houghton Mifflin Co.: Boston, 1999), 15–39. Faderman also profiles Reverend Anna Howard Shaw (40–60) and Carrie Chapman Catt (61–78). Faderman describes how Shaw hid from the public her preferred choice “to play masculine” and instead adopted “feminine charm” for the good of the cause.
16 Faderman, To Believe in Women, 30–39, 40–60, 61–78.
17 Abigail Scott Duniway, Path Breaking: An Autobiographical History of the Equal Suffrage Movement in Pacific Coast States (New York: Schocken Books, 1971), 156–58.
18 “Will Fight Equal Suffrage,” Oregonian, January 23, 1906, 10. The two most prominent groups were the Anti-Suffrage League and the Oregon State Association Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage to Women. Manuela Thurmer, “‘Better Citizens Without the Ballot’: American Anti-suffrage Women and Their Rationale During the Progressive Era,” in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, ed., One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement (Troutdale, Oregon: NewSage Press, 1995), 203–20. For a discussion of class issues in suffrage campaigns, see Ellen Carol Dubois, “Working Women, Class Relations, and Suffrage Militance: Harriet Stanton Blatch and the New York Woman Suffrage Movement, 1894–1909,” The Journal of American History, 74:1, June 1987, 34–58.
19 Edwards, Sowing Good Seeds, 271–72; Rebecca Mead, How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914 (New York: New York University Press, 2004), 142–43.
20 Mead, How the Vote Was Won, 103–04; G. Edwards, Sowing Good Seeds, 265–69; Paul E. Fuller, Laura Clay and the Woman’s Rights Movement (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1975), 97–104; Sara Hunter Graham, Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 67–68. Robert D. Johnston, The Radical Middle Class, Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 147–52. Johnston argues that Portland’s direct democrats failed to develop an effective collaboration with suffragists through the 1906 and into the 1912 suffrage campaigns.
21 Harriet F. Speckart to Aunt Katie, February 26, 1906, Speckart v. Schmidt.
22 Edwards, Sowing Good Seeds, 285–87.
23 Johnston, The Radical Middle Class, 147–52; Jensen, “Neither Head nor Tail to the Campaign,” 350–83; Beverly Beeton, “How the West Was Won for Woman Suffrage,” in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, ed., One Woman, One Vote, 99–115; 289–303.
24 Aque, Sarah A. (Mullins), Massachusetts Death Index, v. 72, 481, no. 227; “Died,” Morning Mercury, February 14, 1907, 8.
25 Ibid.
26 Paul A. Cyr, “The Rise of Textiles” in Portraits of a Port: New Bedford, New Bedford Standard Times and the New Bedford Whaling Museum, 2002, 1, 11.
27 Death Certificate, Aque, Sarah A. Mullins, Massachusetts Archives; Aque, Sarah A. (Mullins), Massachusetts Death Index, v. 72, p.481, no. 227; Obituary, Republican Standard, New Bedford, Massachusetts, February 21, 1907, 12. Catherine Mullen, Marie Equi’s maternal grandmother, was also buried in this cemetery; she died January 11, 1891, at age 85.
28 “Portland’s Rose Parade a Triumph,” Oregonian, June 22, 1907, 1; “Successful Rose Fiesta Week Ends,” Sunday Oregonian June 23, 1907, 8. Fifty dollars in 1907 is equivalent to more than $1,200 today.
CHAPTER 7
Material in this chapter was previously published in a different form by Michael Helquist in, “‘Criminal Operations,’ The First Fifty Years of Abortion Trials in Portland, Oregon,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 116:1 (Spring 2015): 6–39. Reprinted by permission of the author and publisher.
1 Equi started her practice in Portland in 1905. In a 1915 libel suit against Emma Carroll, Equi claimed that Carroll had maligned her with rumors of her conducting an illegal business. This is the first-known reference to Equi’s abortion practice. Marie Equi v. Emma B. Carroll, Oregon State Circuit Court case #63125. See Chapter 10, 211–14.
2 James C. Mohr, Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800–1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 147; Linda Gordon, The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Politics in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 24–34; Leslie J. Reagan, When Abortion Was A Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997),8–18, 80–112.
3 Mohr, Abortion in America, vii, 229–30; Gordon, The Moral Property of Women, 24–34; Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime, 8–18, 80–112.
4 Janet Farrell Brodie, Contraception and Abortion in Nineteenth-Century America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 253-58; Mohr, Abortion in America, 3; The Moral Property, 26; Reagan, When Abortion Was A Crime, 8–11, 83–85, 109–110.
5 Journal of Proceedings of the House of the Legislative Assembly, 1864 (Portland, 1864) and Journal of Proceedings of the Senate of the Legislative Assembly of Oregon, 1864 (Portland, 1864). The new law read:
“If any person shall administer to any woman pregnant with a child any medicine, drug or substance whatever, or shall use or employ any instrument or other means, with intent thereby to destroy such a child, unless the same shall be necessary to preserve the life of such mother, such person shall, in the case of the death of such child or mother be thereby produced, be deemed guilty of manslaughter.”
6 Reagan, When Abortion Was A Crime, 61–70, 3, 40–70. Reagan indicates that turn-of-the-century physicians mostly debated when a woman’s physical condition required an abortion, such as excessive vomiting or when the mother had tuberculosis. Willing doctors could use these concerns to justify abortions to women who they understood wanted to end their pregnancies.
7 Oregon Statutes, chapter 3, section 13 (1854); Journal of the Council of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Oregon . . . Begun and Held at Salem, Fifth of December, 1853 (Salem, 1854), as cited in Mohr, Abortion in America, 138, and footnote 4, 293, 119–46, 200–26.
8 Barnett, They Weep, 30–31. Alys Bixby Griff kept offices in the Lafayette Building in downtown Portland. Myers, Municipal Mother, 75–90, fn. 23, 199. Police officer Lola Baldwin listed the following abortionists who practiced in Portland: Courtney, Von Falkenstein, Atwood, McCormick, Pierce, Walker, Armstrong, Candiani, McKay, Watts, Mallory, King, and Ausplund; Reagan, When Abortion Was A Crime, 46–61. C.N. Sutter, MD, “A Plea for the Protection of the Unborn,” Northwest Medicine, July 1908, 305–10.
9 Reagan, When Abortion Was A Crime, 9–10, 26; Myers, Municipal Mother, 83. “Disgrace Drives Girl to Poison,” Oregonian, April 6, 1908, 5. One suicide case linked to an unwanted pregnancy was reported in April 1908 and involved a twenty-one-year-old single woman in Portland who killed herself with rat poison when her friends learned of her unwanted pregnancy.
10 “True Bill Found,” Oregonian, November 7, 1873, 3; “Set for Thursday,” Oregonian, November 11, 1873, 3.
11 Advertisement, “The Eclectic Dispensary,” Oregonian, October 25, 1873, 4.
12 “Tried for Manslaughter,” Oregonian, November 14, 1873, 3; “Found Guilty,” Oregonian, November 17, 1873, 4.
13 Michael Helquist, “‘Criminal Operations,’ The First Fifty Years of Abortion Trials in Portland, Oregon,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 116:1 (Spring 2015): 14–17 for table of abortion trials, 6–39 for the overall difficulties with abortion prosecutions. In the 1889 case, Hattie Reed survived the abortion. A jury first found the practitioner, Dr. William E. Morand, guilty, but, when the judge allowed a second trial, Reed withdrew her charges.
14 “Dr. Atwood Is Arrested,” Oregonian, April 8, 1907, 14. “Accused of Criminal Operation,” Oregonian, February 24, 1906, 11; “Dr. Semler Goes Free,” Oregonian, March 15, 1906, 11. The Atwood case was not the first abortion trial in Portland in the twentieth century, but it was the first that led to a community-wide campaign against the practice. In February 1906 Dr. Paul J. A. Semler was tried on abortion charges involving a fifteen-year-old girl in Portland. He was acquitted when the woman involved changed her account of what had occurred.
15 Federal Census, Year: 1900, Census Place: Eugene, Lane, Oregon; Roll: T623_1349; Page: 15A, Enumeration District: 34; “Will Drive Out Criminal Doctors,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 16, 1907, 12. “Dr. Atwood Is Arrested,” Oregonian, April 8, 1907, 14. Myers, A Municipal Mother, 8–24.
16 “Dr. Atwood Is On Trial,” Oregonian, May 15, 1907, 2; “Slow Progress Is Made,” Oregonian, May 18, 1907, 11; “Jury Cannot Agree,” Oregonian, May 19, 1907, 11. The District Attorney explained that W. B. Holdiman had pleaded guilty to a statutory crime against Hattie Fee, but he was not immediately sentenced, pending his possible testimony in court against Dr. Atwood. “Jury Cannot Agree,” Oregonian, May 19, 1907, 11; “New Trial for Atwood,” Oregonian, May 21, 1907, 10. “Case Against Atwood Dismissed,” Oregonian, June 11, 1907, 9.
17 “Will Drive Out Criminal Doctors,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 16, 1907, 12; “The Oregon Situation,” Northwest Medicine, January 1906, 30–31 and “Dr. McCormack and the Profession of Oregon,” June, 1906; “Misleading, Mischievous, False Say Doctors in Reply,” Oregon Daily Journal, March 7, 1906, 14. Rickie Solinger in Pregnancy and Power, A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America (New York: New York University Press, 2005), 79–83, notes that the right to privacy in medical matters was closely linked to economic status with the middle class obtaining services “free from state or community interference.”
18 Rickie Solinger, The Abortionist, page x. Solinger observed that “when an activity is simultaneously illegal, culturally taboo, and perceived as one of life’s necessities for women, the opportunities abound for exploiting women while enhancing the power of men.”
19 Kimberly Jensen, Oregon’s Doctor to the World:Esther Pohl Lovejoy and a Life in Activism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012), 75–91. “Death Certificate Conceals Crime,” Sunday Oregonian, February 2, 1908, 10. The X-Radium Institute was located at Third and Alder Streets. “Turning Light on Rowland Scandal,” Oregonian, February 4, 1908, 11; “Death Certificate Conceals Crime,” Oregonian, February 2, 1908, 10; “Coroner Finley Explains,” Sunday Oregonian, February 9, 1908, Sec. 3, 10.
20 “Constable Closes Institute,” Oregonian, February 6, 1908, 7; “Death Certificate Conceals Crime,” Oregonian, February 2, 1908, 10; “Heymans Is Still In Hiding,” Oregonian, February 6, 1908, 7.
21 “Crusade Is Opened,” Oregonian, February 17, 1908, 5.
22 “Criminal Doctors to be Prosecuted,” Sunday Oregonian, February 23, 1908, 12.
23 Reagan, When Abortion Was A Crime, 21–22, 67–68. Reagan argues that when the private sphere of abortion discussions went public, coupled with women’s ongoing demands, the legal and political climate for abortion changed.
24 Helquist, “Criminal Operations,” 6–39; the twenty-seven abortion trials, 14–17, the estimated number of abortions, 12. Barnett, They Weep on My Doorstep (Beaverton, Oregon: Halo Publishers, 1969), 8–15, 20–29, 36. Barnett named five full-time abortion providers: Drs. Albert Littlefield, George Watts, Edward Stewart, Maude K. Van Alstyne, and Alys Bixby Griff. The estimate of the number of annual abortions is based on an extrapolation of Barnett’s observations, suggesting that one provider might perform four to five abortions each workday for a total of 1,000 to 1,250 each year. The work of five providers could total 5,000 to 6,250 abortions annually. Other physicians and the city’s many unlicensed practitioners may have performed another 1,000 abortions, boosting the annual total to 6,000 or more. Joffe, “Portraits of Three ‘Physicians of Conscience,’” 46–67.
25 Helquist, “Criminal Operations,” 6–39. Historian Sandy Polishuk researched Multnomah County court records and found no account of Equi’s involvement in an abortion trial in Portland. Equi practiced medicine from 1903 until 1930 when she retired due to health problems. For a discussion of Equi’s birth control advocacy, see Chapter 11.
26 Myers, A Municipal Mother, 83; fn. 23, 199. Baldwin tracked fourteen men known for their abortion practices; six of them had faced prosecution. Barnett, They Weep on My Doorstep 11–25. Five physicians were identified by Ruth Barnett, a naturopath who learned the abortion trade from one of them. Fifteenth Annual Announcement of the Medical Department of the University of Oregon, 1901–1902 (Portland, Oregon: Anderson Printing & Litho Co., 1901), 27; Sixteenth Annual Announcement of the Medical Department of the University of Oregon, 1902–1903, 29.
27 Barnett, They Weep, 11–25. Solinger, The Abortionist, 7.
28 Jessie Laird Brodie, MD, interview with Susan Dobrof (date uncertain, 1981–1982), Oregon Historical Society Research Library, Accession 28389, “Materials relating to research on Dr. Marie Equi” (hereinafter OHS ACC 28389–Equi); Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, March 20, 1980, OHS ACC 28389–Equi.
29 Lew Levy with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, April 5, 1976, OHS ACC 28389–Equi. Levy was an Oregon member of the Industrial Workers of the World.
30 Sandy Polishuk, Sticking to the Union: An Oral History of the Life and Times of Julia Ruuttila (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003), 92–93. Julia Ruuttila with Sandy Polishuk and Nancy Krieger, Interview, Portland, Oregon, June 6, 1981, OHS ACC 28389–Equi. Ruuttila also revealed that she once sought an abortion from Equi but that by then she had closed her practice. Equi instead referred Ruuttila to a trusted colleague.
31 Margaret D. with Sandy Polishuk and Susan Dobrof, Interview, February 2, 1982, OHS ACC 28389–Equi. “Margaret D.” requested that her identity not be disclosed.
32 Jessie Laird Brodie, MD, nterview with Susan Dobrof (date uncertain, 1981–1982), OHS ACC 28389-Equi. In the early 1900s in Portland, women physicians had few, if any, privileges at the city’s hospitals, and Equi would be unlikely to accept requests for late-term abortions given the greater complexity and risks from the procedure. She probably performed abortions only at her office. Sadie Ann Adams, “We Were Privileged in Oregon”” Jessie Laird Brodie and Reproductive Politics, Locally and Transnationally, 1915–1975,” Masters Thesis, Portland State University, 2012, 7.
33 Carol Joffe, Doctors of Conscience: The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995), Preface vii–xiii. Joffe describes “physicians of conscience” as those who were medically competent and active in mainstream medicine, who provided abortion services for their patients’ benefit rather than from a desire for remuneration, and those who did not exploit their patients.
34 Salvarsan remained the most effective syphilis treatment until the 1940s when penicillin replaced it as the medication of choice. Starr, Social Transformation of American Medicine, 134–135; History of the Multnomah County Medical Society, 1884–1954, 1993, 28; Ray Matson, MD, “The Principles of ChemoTherapy, and the Relation of the Wasserman Reaction to Syphilis,” Northwest Medicine, Vol. 3, No. 4, April 1911, 101–03; Portland City and County Medical Society, meeting of January 13, 1911. Report in Northwest Medicine, Vol. 3, No. 3, March 1911, 86.
35 “Baby Home Draws Physicians’ Fire,” Oregonian, March 16, 1911, 4.
36 “Home Is Criticized,” Oregonian, March 20, 1911, 9. Drs. Florence S. Manion, E.J. Labbe, and George R. Storey also filed statements of concern about the Baby Home with the newspaper after Equi’s charges were publicized. “Baby Home Criticized,” Oregonian, September 8, 1910, 4; “Baby Home Exonerated,” Oregonian, March 18, 1911, 14.
37 “Police Are Castigated,” Oregonian, September 3, 1912, 9; “Not Portland Police,” Oregonian, September 4, 1912, 10; Peter Boag, Re-Dressing America’s Frontier Past (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 23–31.
38 “Woman Known to Friends as Man,” Oregonian, December 12, 1906, 1; Peter Boag, “Go West Young Man, Go East Young Woman: Searching for the Trans in Western Gender History,” Western Historical Quarterly, 36:4, (winter, 2005), 479–80, 485–87; “Nan Pickerell Wants a Job as a Longshoreman,” Portland News, June 12, 1912.
CHAPTER 8
1 Harriet Speckart testimony, Speckart v. Schmidt, 1685. The Elton Court was located at 415 Yamhill in 1906; today that location is at the corner of Eleventh and Yamhill, across the street from the Multnomah County Central Library.
2 “Inland Folk Hear Call of Ocean,” Oregonian, July 4, 1909, 4; “Brilliant Close to Horse Show,” Oregonian, October 18, 1908, 3.
3 Defendant’s Exhibit No. 187—Letter, Dated February 26, 1906—“Hattie” to “Aunt Katie,” Speckart v. Schmidt, 25; Margaret Sanger to Marie Equi, 1916, MSP-SS as quoted in Sanger, The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1,185. Margaret Sanger, Gail Laughlin, Charlotte Anita Whitney, and others were either known to have intimate relations with women or respected those who did. Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 303–08.
4 Advertisement for Medical Building in Portland, Sunday Oregonian, May 13, 1908, 9. Equi’s office was in suites 324 and 325. The other women doctors with offices in the same building were Gertrude French, Edna Timms, and Amelia Ziegler. “Medical Building, Alphabetical Directory,” Oregonian, May 6, 1908, 13. The building was later known as the Park Building.
5 Mary Roth Walsh, Doctors Wanted: No Women Need Apply: Sexual Barriers in the Medical Profession, 1835–1975 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 185–86. Walsh notes that 1900 saw 7,387 women in medical practice or 5.6 percent of the total with a jump to the peak in 1910 of 9,015 or 6 percent. By 1920 the numbers dropped and represented 5 percent of all doctors.
6 Mary Ellen Parker’s mother was also in poor health and that may have prompted her return to Bridgeport. 1920 US Federal Census, Bridgeport, Mono, California; Roll T625_121, Page 1B, Enumeration District 60, Image 1094. C. Crawford to author, November 28, 2005, Physician Record Search for Parker (White), Mary Ellen, National Geneological Society. Although Parker retained her Oregon State Medical Association membership for a few years, there is no record of her obtaining a medical license in California. Jeffrey Marks, Anthony Boucheron: A Biobibliography (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2008), 9–15.
7 Discrepancies exist about when Equi and Speckart relocated to the Nortonia Hotel. “Nortonia Hotel Opening,” Sunday Oregonian, March 15, 1908, Sec. 3, p. 7. The building today is the Mark Spencer Hotel. Harriet Speckart to Miss Louise H. Maitland, (postcard), April 16, 1909. The author thanks Karen Able for sharing this item.
8 “Mr. Dolph Gets Verdict,” Oregonian, June 30, 1918, 6. The second attorney hired by Harriet Speckart later testified that he had secured from her mother and uncle a settlement in the inheritance case, one that would have equaled $100,000 in cash and stocks. Speckart refused the deal and fired the attorney.
9 State Ex Rel. Speckart v. Superior Court, Case #7048, Decided Dec. 20, 1907, 141; Washington Reports, Vol. 48, Cases Determined in the Supreme Court of Washington, Dec. 8, 1907–March 17, 1908, Bancroft-Whitney Co., Seattle, 1908. Leopold Schmidt had claimed the Speckart estate was subject to community property law in Montana, which would grant half the estate to Mrs. Speckart with the remainder split three ways among her, her daughter, and her son. But Montana did not have a community property law, and the Washington State Supreme Court set aside Schmidt’s claim.
10 State Ex Rel. Speckart v. Superior Court, Case #7048. The Supreme Court ordered that Harriet Speckart was entitled to receive $96.75 in court costs; but Leopold Schmidt, her uncle, tried to avoid paying the court fees and was nearly successful until her attorneys discovered the ploy and challenged it.
11 Speckart v. Schmidt, Case No. 1358, US Circuit Court, Western District of Washington, Western Division, January 29, 1910. On September 28, 1907 Speckart first filed in the US circuit court in Washington State and demanded an accounting of the estate and payment of her share. That case, #1316, was dismissed. Five months later she tried again in the same court, and that bill proceeded as case #1358, in the western district of Washington court. Note: The US circuit court later merged with the district court.
12 Speckart v. Schmidt, October 2, 1911.
13 Speckart v. Schmidt; 1909 Fed. 499, 111 Circuit Court of Appeals, 331. “Speckart Case in a Big Tangle,” Oregonian, October 1, 1909, 16; “Heckbert Told to Return Coin,” Oregonian, October 12, 1909, 6. The appellate court returned the case to the US district court for settlement. For uncertain reasons, eleven years passed before a decision was delivered. Other newspaper accounts referred to $119,000 that Speckart received and $135,000 that she was offered but refused. A definitive accounting is elusive after an extensive review of legal documents and newspaper reports. Dollar conversion estimate based on Consumer Price Index statistics from the Historical Statistics of the United States (USGPO, 1975) and the annual Statistical Abstracts of the United States as cited http://www.westegg.com/inflation.
14 “Lots Sell for $26,000,” Oregonian, March 30, 1911, 9 and “Lot Shows Rapid Advance,” April 2, 1911, 9; Appeal from Circuit Court Multnomah County; Robert Tucker, Judge; Action by Chester V. Dolph against Harriet F. Speckart, The Pacific Reporter, Vol. 186, St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co., 1920, 32–36. “Heiress Sued for Fee,” Oregonian, September 26, 1909, 11. Speckart hired six different attorneys during the course of her dispute and often paid them only under court order, Oregonian, Oct. 2, 1909, 4. The court established the value of the stocks Speckart received from her mother in 1909 at $43,432 in addition to the $57,000 in cash.
15 Speckart v. Schmidt, “Decree,” February 24, 1922.
16 “Documents,” Superior Court of the State of Washington, County of Thurston. In her Last Will and Testament, Mrs. Speckart directed that her daughter Harriet Speckart receive ten dollars, that her daughter by her previous marriage, Emmy Marie Mailand, receive ten dollars in addition to the thirty thousand shares of real estate stock previously awarded, and that her son, Joseph Speckart, receive all the remainder of her holdings.
17 Faderman, To Believe in Women, 266–68. Faderman discusses how the very traits needed to be a successful attorney—assertiveness and confrontation—were considered unwomanly and inappropriate.
18 Campaign advertisement of Dr. Sam C. Slocum for county coroner, Oregonian, April 14, 1912, 14; “Suffrage Leaders’ Session Stormy,” Oregonian, March 9, 1912; “Editor Testifies for Dr. Marie Equi,” Oregonian, November 15, 1918, 1.
19 “Ballot Goal for Women,” Oregonian, Jan. 25, 1908, 12; “Never Give Up the Ship,” Oregonian, June 4, 1908, 5; “Will Try New Plan, Suffragettes to Ask Ballot for Women Taxpayer,” Oregonian, August 30, 1908, 10; “Home Rule Leads, Majority Small,” Oregonian, November 7, 1910, 1. Paul E. Fuller, Laura Clay and the Woman’s Right Movement (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1992), 101. Kentucky suffragist Laura Clay, one of the few eastern funders of Duniway’s suffrage organization, withheld her support in light of this campaign tactic. She thought it would deny the vote to working women who most needed it. The property-owning proposal failed in New York as well. Ellen Carol Dubois, “Working Women, Class Relations, and Suffrage Militance: Harriet Stanton Blatch and the New York Woman Suffrage Movement, 1894–1909,” The Journal of American History, 74:1, June 1987, 34–58.
20 Ruth Barnes Moynihan, Rebel for Rights: Abigail Scott Duniway (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), 214–16; “Suffrage Branch Gets Aid in East,” Oregonian, March 13, 1912, 15; Jensen, “’Neither Head Nor Tail,’” 384–409;
21 Rebecca J. Mead, How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914 (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 97–118, 119–149. Kimberly Jensen, “Neither Head Nor Tail to the Campaign,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, Fall 2007, v. 108, no. 3, 362, 372. Jensen notes that the Central Labor Council and the Oregon State Federation of Labor endorsed the 1912 suffrage campaign, but of the twenty-three suffrage organizations, none identified as trade unionist groups. Robert D. Johnston, The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 147-52. Although east Portland, the city’s bastion of middle-class direct democrats, favored suffrage, Johnston argues that the final prosuffrage tally could have been greater if populists had made suffrage a higher priority and suffragists had targeted them with appeals to economic justice. Ellen Carol Dubois, “Working Women, Class Relations, and Suffrage Militance: Harriet Stanton Blatch and the New York Woman’s Suffrage Movement, 1894–1909,” The Journal of American History, 74:1, June 1987, 34–58. Dubois describes how Blatch urged recognition of working women and trade union women in New York suffrage campaigns with positive results.
22 “College League Forms,” Oregonian, February 21, 1912, 6. Ida Husted Harper et al., History of Woman Suffrage Vol. VI, 33; “Pioneers in the Law: The First 150 Women: Helen Hoy Greeley, 1926,” State Bar of Wisconsin, www.wisbar.org accessed April 22, 2008; “California Woman Leads Equal Suffrage Cohorts of Oregon,” Oregonian, August 6, 1912, 11; “College Suffragists Elect,” Oregonian, May 8, 1912, 11.
23 “Suffragists Outline Campaign Plan,” Oregon Daily Journal, March 6, 1912, 7; “Suffrage Leaders Session Stormy,” Oregonian, March 9, 1912, 4; Ida Husted Harper, The History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. V, 544–49; “Early Death Fate of Suffrage Body,” Oregonian, March 17, 1912, 12.
24 “Dr. Equi to Anna Howard Shaw,” Abigail Scott Duniway Scrapbook, Vol. 11, 1912, Oregon Historical Society Research Library, 1.
25 Ibid.
26 Moynihan, Rebel for Rights, 214; Fuller, Laura Clay, 100.
27 “Dr. Equi to Anna Howard Shaw,” Abigail Scott Duniway Scrapbook, Vol. 11, 1912, Oregon Historical Society Research Library, 1.
28 “Chinese Women Dine with White,” Oregonian, April 12, 1912, 16; “Women Pay Honor,” Oregonian, April 16, 1912, 20; “Mrs. LaFollette to Speak,” Oregonian, April 16, 1912, 11; “Woman of World Prominence Here,” Oregonian, September 29, 1912, 16. Equi appeared in the photo accompanying this article (second from far right in second row). “Boys Like Suffrage,” Oregonian, April 24, 1912, 15; also “Boys Work for Equal Suffrage,” Oregonian, April 16, 1912, 11. “Suffrage Bride Taken,” Oregonian, April 11, 1912, 9. The author thanks Kimberly Jensen for sharing the article on the boys’ suffrage club.
29 Equi’s offices were in rooms 422 and 423. Polk’s Portland 1912, City Directory, 585; Polk’s Medical Register and Directory of North America (Detroit: R.L. Polk & Co., 1912), 1410–22; “Gun Play Figured, Declares Dr. Equi,” Oregonian, Nov. 9, 1912, 4. Dr. Alan Welch Smith and Dr. Mary MacLachlan—the doctor who filed charges with Equi against Portland’s Baby Home in 1911—testified that they found black marks and contusions on Equi’s arms, neck, back, and legs and that she was in a state of nervous shock.
30 “Dr. Equi Is Accused,” Oregonian, August 10, 1912, 8; “Dr. Equi Hurled Eggs Assert Two Witnesses, Portland Evening Telegram, June 9, 1912, 2; Equi D. Equi v. Pacific Trust Co., Judgment No. 52584, June 12, 1913, Complaint, 4; “Gun Play Figured, Declares Dr. Equi,” Oregonian, November 9, 1912, 4.
31 Equi and Speckart lived at the South Parkhurst Apartments, at Twentieth Street North; today the address is 1204 NW Twentieth at the corner of Northrup. Equi spent the night with her friend Dr. Mary MacLachlan at the Cornelius Hotel.
32 “Prettyman Indicted on Dr. Equi’s Charges,” Portland Evening Telegram, May 25, 1912, 7; “Dr. Equi Asks Jury to Investigate Case,” Oregon Daily Journal, May 1, 1012, 10; “Equi Case Goes to Trial,” Oregonian, May 25, 1912, 14; State v. Prettyman, Multnomah County Circuit Court, case # 50340; “Gun Play Figured, Declares Dr. Equi,” Oregonian, November 9, 1912, 4; “Dr. Equi Loses in Suit,” Oregonian, Nov. 10, 1912, 15; “Find Prettyman Not Guilty, Out 50 Minutes,” Oregon Daily Journal, Nov. 10, 1912, 4. George Prettyman remained superintendent of the Medical Building after his acquittal, but he continued to face scrapes with the law.
33 Jensen, “Neither Head nor Tail,” 372–74; Carrie Chapman Catt and Nettie Rogers Shuler, Woman Suffrage and Politics: The Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969 Reprint), 130; Holly T. McCammon and Karen C. Campbell, “Winning the Vote in the West: The Political Successes of the Women’s Suffrage Movements, 1866–1919,” Gender and Society, 15:1, February 2001, 55–82. McCammon and Campbell argue that “expediency” messages that emphasized women’s maternal and nurturing effect on the body politic were more persuasive to western voters than assertions of women’s rights that challenged the social order.
34 “Mrs. Duniway’s Dream Comes True,” The Spectator, November 16, 1912, 6; Oregon Blue Book, http://bluebook.state.or.us/state/elections/elections06b.htm accessed March 21, 2012.
35 Moynihan, Rebel for Rights, 214–16; Mead, How the Vote Was Won, 118; Abigail Scott Duniway, Path Breaking: An Autobiographical History of the Equal Suffrage Movement in Pacific Coast States (New York: Schocken Books, 1971), 268. Duniway includes photographs of dozens of “Equal Suffragists” in her volume, including national and Oregon leaders and extending back to the early days of suffragists from the nineteenth century. Equi is profiled on page 268.
36 James Chace, 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, and Debs—The Election That Changed the Country (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 163–67.
37 Ibid, 169–87, 213–215.
38 Ibid, 238–40.
39 “Rotten Scandal Reaches into the YMCA,” Portland News, November 15, 1912, 1; Peter Boag, Same-Sex Affairs: Constructing and Controlling Homosexuality in the Pacific Northwest (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 1–11, 89–124.
40 “Six Indictments in Vice Inquiry,” Portland Evening Telegram, November 30, 1912, 1; “One Attempts Suicide; Eleven Under Arrest,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 17, 1912, 1; “Clubs Take Action,” Oregonian, November 20, 1912, 1; “The Mothers Are with the News in this Fight . . . Read and See,” Portland News, November 25, 1912, 3.
41 The Oregon Daily Journal first coined “vice clique” to describe the 1912 same-sex scandal in a November 17, 1912, report. For more on the Portland sex scandal, see George Painter, The Vice Clique: Portland’s Great Sex Scandal (Portland: Espresso Book Machine, 2013). The author appreciates the information and assistance of George Painter with research of this event. “Clique” was often used at the time to describe a tightly knit group, often as a pejorative reference.
42 Seventeenth Annual Announcement of the Medical Department of the University of Oregon, Session 1903–1904; Boag, Same-Sex Affairs, 168–179.
43 Boag, Same-Sex Affairs, 139–141; 217–18. The Oregon Supreme Court eventually overturned the convictions of McAllister and Start based on the lower court’s decision to allow testimony about their previous homosexual activity as evidence of their likelihood to commit the offenses for which they were charged. Basically, the lower court ruled that a history of alleged homosexual acts predisposed defendants to breaking the law and were thus admissible in court. Freed by the higher court’s decision but still deeply shamed, McAllister left Portland to live in Southern Oregon, his professional and political life ruined. Harry Start sought refuge from the persecution in the United States by accepting an invitation from nationalist leader Dr. Sun-Yat Sen to practice medicine in China, but ultimately he worked as an urologist in the Philippines for the next three decades.
44 The Portland News named eleven men in its third Extra! edition about the vice scandal. One was a nineteen-year-old drugstore clerk. Delvin Peterson, age eighteen, occupation unknown, was not included in the newspaper list, but his name was placed on the Multnomah County Register as an offender. Painter, The Vice Clique, 49; Boag, Same Sex Affairs, 193–200.
45 Equi presented her findings and treatment to the Multnomah County Medical Society during the group’s January 18, 1911 meeting, as reported in Northwest Medicine, February, 1911. My thanks to George Painter for providing this information. The medical society held meetings twice a month in the Medical Building where Equi maintained her practice.
CHAPTER 9
1 Editorial, Eugene Register Guard, October 29, 1919, 3. The editor referred to C. E. S. Wood, sometime attorney for Marie Equi, a “high-brow parlor anarchist.” Robert D. Johnston, The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 101–02. Johnston discusses three solidly Progressive Portlanders who embraced radical agendas and defended radical positions: small businessman and labor leader Will Daly (99–114), architect of much of Oregon’s direct democracy reforms William S. U’Ren (127–37), and Portland’s mayor and later US Senator Harry Lane (307–47). “In the Field of Labor,” Oregonian, February 24, 1907, 41.
2 Robert Hamburger, Two Rooms: The Life of Charles Erskine Scott Wood (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 126–29, 143–46; Carlos A. Schwantes, “Free Love and Free Speech on the Pacific Northwest Frontier,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 82:3, (Fall, 1981), 271–93; “In the Field of Labor,” Oregonian, February 24, 1907, 41; “Success of Tie-up Is Due to Crowds,” Oregonian, December 16, 1906, 2; “Editorial Reports,” Oregonian, March 6, 1907, 8.
3 Registration Cards, Division of Registration, 1912–1913, Film File No.19; Multnomah County Records Administration; Warren Marion Blankenship, “Progressives and the Progressive Party in Oregon, 1906–1916,” Thesis, PhD, University of Oregon, August 1966.; “Ex-Slave to Vote,” Oregonian, April 20, 1913, 10.
4 “Bull Moose Meet, Multnomah County Progressive Club Launched,” Oregonian, October 15, 1913, 15; New Bedford Evening Standard, March 17, 1914, 3. Note: Due to inability to obtain microfilm copies of the New Bedford Standard and the Boston Globe, the author has been unable to confirm titles and page numbers for a few articles.
5 E. Kimbark MacColl, The Shaping of a City: Business and Politics in Portland, Oregon, 1885–1915 (Portland: The Georgian Press, 1976), 435–46.
6 “Detention Homes Are Recommended,” Oregonian, July 20, 1913, 14; Portland Archives & Records Center, hereafter referred to as PARC, 12000-003, 0201-01, Applications, various positions, 17-07 20/1; MacColl, The Shaping of a City, 460–61.
7 “Supreme Court Rules 8 Hour Law Off Ballot,” Medford Mail Tribune, July 29, 1913, 1; Daily Capital Journal, July 3, 1913, 1. Marie Equi and Mrs. J. B. Oaman v. Ben W. Olcott asked the court to require the state to place the eight-hour bill proposed by a ballot intiative on the special election ballot slated for November 1913. The state supreme court declined to do so.
8 Nancy Woloch, Muller v. Oregon, A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1996), 21–40, 144-50; Elaine Zahnd, “Protective Legislation and Women’s Work: Oregon’s Ten-Hour Law and the Muller v. Oregon Case, 1900–1913,” PhD. Diss.: University of Oregon, 1982. Special thanks to Janice Dilg for directing me to this work. For a discussion of historians’ evolving and conflicting views about the meaning and impact of the Muller decision, see Johnston, The Radical Middle Class.
9 “Anti-Vote Talk Stirs,” Oregonian, August 8, 1912, 2; “Dr. Equi Ordered Off Corner with Her Talk,” Oregon Daily Journal, August 10, 1912, 8.
10 “Woman Socialist’s Hard Experience on Pacific Coast,” New York World, April 5, 1914, sec. m, 4.
11 “Work Is Hampered,” Oregonian, June 30, 1913, 7. For more on the 1913 cannery strike, see Greg Hall, “The Fruits of Her Labor: Women, Children, and Progressive Era Reformers in the Pacific Northwest Canning Industry,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 109:2 (Summer 2008), 226–51 and Adam Hodges, “The Industrial Workers of the World and the Oregon Packing Company Strike of July 1913,” (MA thesis, Portland State University, 1996). For information on the role of the Consumer’s League of Oregon in the cannery strike, see Janice Dilg, “‘For Working Women in Oregon’ Caroline Gleason/Sister Miriam Theresa and Oregon’s Minimum Wage Law,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 110:1, (Spring, 2009), 96–129.
12 “Strikers’ Views Told,” Oregonian, July 3, 1913, 18; Portland News, July 8, 1913, 1.
13 Dilg, “For Working Women in Oregon,” 98–99, describes the minimum wage law adopted in 1913. E. Kimbark MacColl, Merchants, Money, and Power (Portland: Georgian Press, 1988), 443-44; PARC, 0200/0201-01: Mayor (Archival)—Albee, Harry Russell—Subject Files, 17-07-25/1; Johnston, The Radical Middle Class, 24–26; “Minimum Wage Scale Reached,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 1, 1913; “They Weren’t Told About It,” Portland News, July 5, 1913, 1.
14 PARC, 0200/0201-01: Mayor (Archival)—Albee, Harry Russell—Subject Files, 17-07-25/1; “Strikers Views Told,” Oregonian, July 3, 1913, 18; “Strike Trouble Comes to Head,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 9, 1913, 2; “Patience of Mayor With Agitators Now at Breaking Point,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 10, 1913, 1; “Disturbers Force Cannery to Close,” Oregonian, July 11, 1913, 12. Rudolph Schwab’s life had been defined by radical action ever since his father, Michael Schwab, was convicted for a role in the violent Haymarket Affair of 1886. “Schwab Jury Is Unable to Agree,” Oregonian, July 16, 1913, 12.
15 “Governor West Takes Hand in Strike at Packing Plant,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 11, 1913, 1; “Father O’Hara Talks,” Oregonian, July 12, 1913, 11; “Strike Trouble Comes to Head,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 12, 1913, 1; Dilg, “For Working Women,” 96–129.
16 “Strike Agitator Arouses Ire of Governor West,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 12, 1913, 1; “1000 Join in Riots,” Sunday Oregonian, July 13, 1913, 2; “Women Agitators Put in Bastille,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 18, 1913, 2; “Poisoned Pin Her Weapon,” New York Times, July 20, 1913, 3; “IWW Women Taken to Jail for Disorder,” San Francisco Call, July 18, 1913, 2.
17 “Strike Agitator Arouses Ire of Governor West,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 12, 1913; “Officers Ride into Belligerent Crowd at Packing Plant,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 13, 1913, 1.
18 “1000 Join In Riot At Packing Plant,” Oregonian, July 13, 1913, 1; “Cannery Strikers Are Charged by Police,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 13, 1913, 1; “IWW Calls For A General Strike,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 13, 1913, 4; “IWW Deny Demonstration,” Oregonian, July 17, 1913, 12; “Dr. Equi ‘Biffs’ Deputies,” Oregonian, July 16, 1913, 3; “Start War to Finish On IWW,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 16, 1913, 1; “Woman Socialist’s Hard Experience on Pacific Coast,” New York World, April 5, 1914, 2.
19 “Officials Decide to Continue IWW Campaign,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 19, 1913, 1, 5. Photo of women arrested, including Equi and Officer “stabbed” with hatpin. Portland News, July 18, 1913, 1; Cannery Strike Arrest Records, v. 1913, 178, lines 861–78, PARC; “Mayor Refuses to Lift Ban on Street Speaking,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 17, 1913, 1.
20 “Poisoned Pin Her Weapon,” New York Times, July 20, 1913, 3.
21 “Officers, Defied, Charge Agitators,” Oregonian, July 18, 1913, 1, 5; “Five Are Arrested in Running Fight,” Oregonian, July 19, 1913, 1. See Jean H. Baker, Sisters: The Lives of America’s Suffragists, (New York: Hill & Wang, Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 2005) for occasions when the perceived misbehavior of unruly women was often described as evidence of madness.
22 “Predicts Revolution Unless Aid Is Given to 5,000,000 Unemployed,” The Boston Globe, March 25, 1914.
23 “Woman Socialist’s Hard Experience on Pacific Coast,” New York World, April 5, 1914, 2; “Lingering Death Is Promised to Any Who Stops Her Speaking,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 17, 1913, 1.
24 “Police Arrest IWW as Vagrants,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 18, 1913, 1; “Officers, Defied, Charge Agitators,” Oregonian, July 18, 1913, 1, 5; “Five Are Arrested in Running Fight,” Oregonian, July 19, 1913, 1, 4; “Dr. Equi Declines All Prison Food Though Not On Hunger Strike,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 19, 1913, 1, 5. The Oregonian reported that Equi was taken to the depot twice and each time refused to board the train. “Dr. Equi Will Not Leave,” Oregonian, July 19, 1913, 8.
25 “Five Are Arrested in Running Fight,” Oregonian, July 19, 1913, 1.
26 “Agitators Are Let Go,” Oregonian, July 22, 1913, 9; “Personal Mention,” Oregonian, April 11, 1914, 8.
27 Testimony of E. J. Stark, Oregon State Federation of Labor, “Industrial Relations, Final Report and Testimony, US Commission on Industrial Relations, Vol. V, 1916 (hearings held in mid-1914), http://books.google.com/, accessed October 12, 2013. The author thanks Janice Dilg for sharing this information and the document.
28 The Industrial Welfare Commission determined that a single woman in Portland needed twenty dollars a month for room and board alone. The IWC recommended a weekly wage of $8.64. Oregon Daily Journal, July 30, 1913, 1. In early August 1913, the commission enacted the first instance of compulsory minimum wage legislation in the country with one dollar a day stipulated for all women and girls. Dennis E. Hoffman and Vincent J. Webb, “Police Response to Labor Radicalism in Portland and Seattle, 1913–1919,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 87:4, (Winter, 1986), 341–66. For an analysis of source of friction between Progressives and the IWW, see Adam J. Hodges, The Industrial Workers of the World, 1996. “Agitators Would Restrain Mayor,” Sunday Oregonian, July 27, 1913, 5.
29 The South Parkhurst Apartments were located at South 260 Twentieth N; the current address is 1204 NW Twentieth Northrup Street and the building is known today as The Belvedere. Equi and Speckart remained at these apartments from 1912 until 1914–1915 and perhaps later. Equi’s office location in 1913 and 1914 was in suite 403 of the Central Building at SW Tenth and Alder.
30 Arno Dosch, “What the I.WW. Is,” Oregon Sunday Journal, August 3, 1913, 6. The article was first published in World’s Work for August 1913. Arno Dosch, a member of the prominent Henry Dosch family of Portland, became a highly respected war correspondent during World War I.
31 “600 Family Men Go To Work This Week,” Oregonian, December 22, 1913, 18; “Mob Demands Food,” Oregonian, December 22, 1913, 10.
32 Arthur Evans Wood, A Study of the Unemployed in Portland, Oregon, Social Services Bulletin No. 3, 1914; Reed College, Portland, Oregon, December 1914, http://books.google.com, accessed September 15, 2012.
33 Adam J. Hodges, “The Industrial Workers of the World and the Oregon Packing Company Strike of July 1913,” Thesis, Portland State University, 1996, 10–11; “Predicts Revolution Unless Aid Is Given to 5,000,000 Unemployed,” Boston Globe, March 25, 1914. The Gipsy Smith Tabernacle stood at the northeast corner of SW Twelfth and Morrison Streets. The building was name for a British evangelist.
34 “Deputy Sheriffs Summoned When Dr. Equi Leads 100 ‘Unemployed’ into Court,” Oregonian, March 18, 1915, 14; “Predicts Revolution Unless Aid Is Given to 5,000,000 Unemployed,” Boston Globe, March 25, 1914.
35 Michael Munk, “The Diaries of Helen Lawrence Walters,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 106:4 (Winter, 2005), 606–07.
36 Hoffman and Webb, “Police Response to Labor Radicalism, 341–66. Groups of the unemployed stopped in Oregon City, Woodburn, Salem, Tangent, Shedd, Independence, Albany, Harrisburg, and Eugene. “Idle Army Is On March,” Oregonian, January 9, 1914, 5; “Idle Army Turned Down in Woodburn,” Oregonian, January 11, 1914, 10; “Idle Army’s Agent Travels on Trains,” Oregonian, January 15, 1914, 5.
37 “Panacea for Idle Army Hard to Find,” Oregonian, February 19, 1914, 4.
38 Delegate Goes to New York,” Oregonian, February, 22, 1914, 12; “Jailed Three Times,” New Bedford Standard, March 17, 1914, 3; “Proceedings,” First National Conference on Unemployment, American Labor Legislation Review, American Association for Labor Legislation, New York: #2, publ. 25, http://www.ebooksread.com, accessed September 2, 2012; “Discuss the Unemployed,” New York Times, February 28, 1914, 5.
39 “Proceedings,” First National Conference on Unemployment.
40 “Delegate Goes to New York,” Oregonian, February 22, 1914, 12; “Dr. Marie Equi Arrested,” New Bedford Standard Times, July 20, 1913; “Jailed Three Times,” New Bedford Standard, March 7, 1914, 1.
41 “Jailed Three Times,” New Bedford Standard, March 7, 1914, 1.
42 “Predicts Revolution Unless Aid Is Given to 5,000,000 Unemployed, Boston Globe, March 25, 1914.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid. “Dr. Equi Speaks,” New Bedford Evening Standard, March 23, 1914, 3.
45 Ibid.
46 “Woman Socialist’s Hard Experience on Pacific Coast,” New York World, April 5, 1914, sec. m, 4; “Police Clubs, Fists and Horses Rout I.W.W. Rioters in Fierce Battle at Union Square,” New York World, April 5, 1914, 1.
47 “Police Clubs, Fists and Horses Rout IWW Rioters in Fierce Battle at Union Square,” New York World, April 5, 1914, 2; Dmitri Palmateer, “Charity and the ‘Tramp’: Itinerancy, Unemployment, and Municipal Government from Coxey to the Unemployed League,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 107:2 (Summer, 2006): 242–49; “Home for Idle Rented,” Oregonian, December 18, 1914, 9. The rooming house was located at Second Street and Everett.
48 E. Kimbark MacColl, The Shaping of a City, 461–62; Carl Abbott, Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City, (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983) 74–75.
CHAPTER 10
1 Marriage Certificate, Oregon State Vital Records; Oregon Birth Certificate, # 379; “Changes of Names and Adoptions,” Oregon Laws, 987, Oregon State Archives. My thanks to Karen Able for sharing this document. Robert L. Tyler, Rebels of the Woods: The IWW in the Pacific Northwest (Eugene: University of Oregon Press, 1967), 59; William M. Adler, The Man Who Never Died: The Life, Times and Legacy of Joe Hill, American Labor Icon (New York: Bloomsbury, USA, 2011), 36–39.
2 “Five Physicians to Pass on Mrs. Clark,” Oregonian, March 13, 1915, 12; “Mrs. Clark Found Insane by Doctors,” Oregonian, March 17, 1915, 13; “Deputy Sheriffs Summoned When Dr. Equi Leads 100 ‘Unemployed’ into Court,” Oregonian, March 18, 1915, 14.
3 Divorce #4213, May 29, 1915, Judgment # 61143, Multnomah County, Oregon; Julia Ruuttila with Sandy Polishuk and Nancy Krieger, Interview, June 6, 1981, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, March 12, 1980, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; Franklin Rosemont, Joe Hill: The IWW and The Making of a Revolutionary Workingclass Counterculture (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 2003), 273–97.
4 Margaret D. to Sandy Polishuk, Interview, February 2, 1982, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Margaret D. was a nurse who cared for Equi in her later years. She requested of the author that her surname not be used.
5 Oregon Birth Certificate, # 379; Marriage certificate, Oregon State Vital Records. Oregon Adoptions and Name Changes, 1876–1918, General Laws, 987, 1915. In later years, several individuals suggested that the IWW martyr Wesley Everest was Mary Equi’s father. These were inaccurate understandings or false representations.
6 Petition of Marie D. Equi, Probate No. 28, 462, Harriet F. Speckart, Deceased, Multnomah County Circuit Court. Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Equi’s daughter confirmed in an interview that her nickname for Equi, “Da,” referred to “Doc” and not for “Dad” or something similar. Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
7 Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, The Rebel Girl: An Autobiography, My First Life (1906-1926) (New York: International Publishers, revised edition, 1973), 9–11, 23–40, 53–55, 61–70; Helen C. Camp, Iron in her Soul, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and the American Left (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1995), 1–16. “Elizabeth Gurley Flynn: Statement at the Smith Act Trial,” delivered April 24, 1952, http://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/elizabethgurleyflynn.htm, accessed October 31, 2012.
8 Flynn, The Rebel Girl, 83–88, 95–115; Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 18–25.
9 Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 1–16, 47–55. Flynn worked as an organizer in several strikes before the 1913 Paterson silk dispute, notably among railway workers in Philadelphia and the textile workers of Lawrence, Lowell, and New Bedford, Massachusetts.
10 Flynn, The Rebel Girl, 127–46. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, The Truth about the Paterson Strike,” in Joyce L. Kornbluth, Rebel Voices: An IWW Anthology, (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 1988).
11 Flynn, The Rebel Girl, 191–98, 182–84; Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 57–59. In San Francisco, Flynn spoke at the IWW hall at 3345 Seventeenth Street and at Carpenters Hall on Valencia Street. “Woman Labor Leader to Speak,” Oregonian, May 20, 1915, 13; “Miss Flynn Speaks on Labor,” Oregonian, May 22, 1915, 16; Flynn’s choice of “stormy petrel” reflected either an association with radical causes in the late 1890s and early 1900s or its seafaring reference to birds that presaged a storm.
12 Flynn, The Rebel Girl, 201–02, 217–68. Flynn noted that as early as 1915, ten years after its founding, the IWW struggled with how to hold its transient, fluctuating membership. She wrote of “a growing demand by then to get out of the purely agitational state and build constructive and permanent organizations.” Although the Wobblies “abandoned the soapbox,” labor flareups in Everett and Centralia, Washington and, later, the defense of indicted and imprisoned Wobblies overwhelmed the organization.
13 “1000 Anarchists Parade in Gotham,” Oregonian, March 22, 1914, 4.
14 Terence Kissack, Free Comrades: Anarchism and Homosexuality in the United States, 1895–1917 (Oakland, California: AK Press, 2008), 133–49; “Says Anarchism Means Freedom,” Oregonian, May 24, 1908, section 4, 10; “Chaos Promoter to Speak Here,” Oregon Daily Journal, May 21, 1907, 14.
15 Equi was familiar with Goldman’s attorney in Portland, and she had every reason to attend Goldman’s talks especially when she pursued more radical causes herself. Goldman did not mention Equi in her journals or other writings. Frank Harris, Contemporary Portraits (New York: Brentano’s, 1923), 224, as quoted in Pal Avrich, Karen Avrich, Sasha and Emma: The Anarchist Odyssey of Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2012), 23.
16 “Emma Goldman Is Put Under Arrest,” Oregonian, August 7, 1915, 12; “Miss Goldman Free,” Oregonian, August 14, 1915, 9. When C. E. S. Wood paid bail for Goldman, he left Reitman in jail.
17 Emma Goldman, Living My Life (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1931), 186, 313; “Emma Goldman to Speak,” Oregonian, August 16, 1916, 12.
18 Katz, Free Comrades, 3–6, 127–28, 141-43; Nicholson, Emma Goldman 170–77. Sperry’s letters to Goldman and the latter’s response, as quoted in Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers, 33–34.
19 Emma Goldman, “The Unjust Treatment of Homosexuals (1900–1923)”, www.angelfire.com/ok/Flack/emma.html accessed October 15, 2012; Correspondence 1915, J-Anarchists, 10/53, 17-07, 10/1, PARC. Kissack, Free Comrades, 141–46. “Emma Goldman,” Oregonian, advertisement, August 6, 1915, 7.
20 States granting woman suffrage by the end of 1914 were Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Washington, California, Oregon, Arizona, Nevada, Montana, Kansas, and Illinois.
21 Sara Hunter Graham, Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 81–98; Rebecca Mead, How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914 (New York: New York University Press, 2004), 151–74. For a full account of the Congressional Union and, later, the National Woman’s Party, see Christine A. Lunardini, From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights: Alice Paul and the National Woman’s Party, 1910–1928 (San Jose: toExcel Press, 2000). For the trade unionist suffrage initiatives, see Ellen Carol Dubois, “Working Women, Class Relations, and Suffrage Militance: Harriet Stanton Blatch and the New York Woman Suffrage Movement, 1894–1909,” The Journal of American History, 74:1, June 1987, 34–58. Dubois argues that suffrage militancy relied not solely on the British suffragette experience but had “indigenous roots” in the United States.
22 “Suffrage Workers Meet Today,” Oregonian, September 13, 1915, 14; “Personal Mention,” Oregonian, September 14, 1915, 11; “Suffrage Officers for State Chosen,” Oregonian, September 9, 1915, 5.
23 Mrs. Emma Carroll to Virginia Arnold (Congressional Union officer), correspondence, September 29, 1915, National Woman’s Party Papers: The Suffrage Years, 1913–1920, Library of Congress. “Women Voters in an Uproar,” San Francisco Examiner, September 16, 1915, 6; “Suffragist Camp Upset and At War,” San Francisco Examiner, September 26, 1915, 1; “Suffrage Union Spikes Enemy Guns,” Oregonian, September 16, 1915, 4.
24 Jensen, Oregon’s Doctor, 119; “Radical Suffragists Win Fight, Anthony Amendment Indorsed,” San Francisco Examiner, September 17, 1915, 4; “Women Ask S. B. Anthony Amendment Or Nothing,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 17, 1915, 1; “Dr. Equi Is Aided by Miss Whitney,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 25, 1915. Note: Apparently Equi voted during the convention proceedings but was unseated as an Oregon delegate. Different accounts contribute to the lack of clarity.
25 Dr. Equi Is Upheld,” Oregonian, September 24, 1915, 4; “Suffrage Plea, 3 Miles Long, Off Tonight,” The San Francisco Call and Post, September 16, 1915, 7.; Charlotte Anita Whitney to Mrs. William (Elizabeth) Kent, September 26, 1915, National Woman’s Party Papers, Library of Congress; “Women’s Union Closes,” Oregonian, October 5, 1915, 8. Sara Bard Field represented Oregon and Frances Joliffe represented California for the journey east, although illness kept Joliffe from completing the trip.
26 “Women In Turmoil,” Oregonian, September 21, 1915, 11; “Personal Mention,” Oregonian, September 13, 1915; “Dr. Equi Not Named Delegate,” Oregonian, September 16, 1915, 9; “Dr. Equi Sues Suffragist,” Oregonian, October 9, 1915, 4; Marie Equi vs. Emma B. Carroll, Oregon State Circuit Court case #63125.
27 Flynn, Rebel Girl, 172; “Miss Flynn, in Disguise, Invades Paterson in Vain,” New York Tribune, November 12, 1915, 1; Camp, Iron in Her Soul. 62–63; Adler, The Man Who Never Died, 329–33; “Hillstrom Is Shot Denying His Guilt,” New York Times, November 20, 1915, http://query.nytimes.com, accessed November 7, 2012.
28 “Gurley Flynn Free; To Keep Talking,” New York Times, December 1, 1915, 1; “Miss Flynn’s Trial Is Test of Police Power,” The Sun, November 30, 1915, 14; “Noted Women Aid Miss Flynn in Paterson Court Fight,” Kingston Daily Freeman, Kingston, New York, December 2, 1915, 1.
29 Correspondence, Rosalyn Baxandall to Sandy Polishuk, April 23, 1972 with notes on Elizabeth Gurley Flynn’s letter of July 14, 1956, to her sister while at the Alderson, West Virginia, penitentiary, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Gardiner received her medical degree at Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania. “Obituary,” New York Times, July 9, 1956, 23.
CHAPTER 11
1 “Militant Is Coming,” Sunday Oregonian, June 4, 1916, 10; “Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst,” Sunday Oregonian, June 4, 1916, 7.
2 “Mrs. Pankhurst Is For Preparedness,” Oregonian, June 7, 1916, 20.
3 Ibid
4 David M. Kennedy, Over Here, 32–34; “Wilson Ahead of His Party,” Oregonian, May 10, 1916, 10; “Strong Opposition to Training Voiced,” Oregonian, January 14, 1917, 2; “’War Parade Opposed,” Oregonian, May 29, 1916, 7; Alan Dawley, Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 107–40, 116–20; Al Richmond, Native Daughter: The Story of Anita Whitney (San Francisco: Anita Whitney Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Committee, 1942), 69–70.
5 “Preparedness Is Cry of Thousands,” Sunday Oregonian, June 4, 1916, 1. A similar march in Chicago that day attracted 130,000 and lasted nearly twelve hours. “Tide of Humanity Surges for Hours,” Sunday Oregonian, June 4, 1916.
6 “Dr. Marie Equi Nearly Causes Riot in Preparedness Parade,” Oregon Daily Journal, June 4, 1916, 6; “Mob Brushes Woman Desecrating Flag,” Oregonian, June 4, 1916, 1. Interview with Palmer L. Fales, attorney, by Bureau of Investigation Agent E. H. Keller, September 11, 1918 or thereabout, DOJ Papers.
7 Johnston, The Radical Middle Class, 41–45. Interview with Julia Ruuttila by Sandy Polishuk and Nancy Krieger, June 6, 1981. This incident was also recounted in an interview with Portland activist Lew Levy by Sandy Polishuk, April 5, 1976, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Gurley, Rebel Girl, 198–200.
8 Kathleen Kennedy, Disloyal Mothers and Scurrilous Citizens: Women and Subversion during World War I (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 1–17, 91–107. Kennedy and other historians argue that the government identified and promoted women’s obligations during wartime through propaganda into a construct reflected in the term “patriotic motherhood.” Women seen to reject these norms were often prosecuted ostensibly for their offenses under the wartime espionage and sedition acts but often their greater transgressions appeared to be their disorderly, unbecoming, and unwomanly conduct. Susan Ziegler describes how the government helped shape popular culture to transform meanings of “manhood” and “motherhood” into service of wartime goals. Susan Ziegler, “She Didn’t Raise Her Boy to Be a Slacker: Motherhood, Conscription, and the Culture of the First World War,” Feminist Studies, 22:1, (Spring, 1996), 6–39.
9 “Anti-Defense Men Talk,” Oregonian, June 5, 1916, 11; Kennedy, Over Here, 30–32; Dawley, Changing the World, 120–23; Capazzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, 119–23.
10 “New York Ready for Big Parade,” New York Times, May 13, 1916; “Peace Parade Billed, Too,” Oregonian, June 21, 1916, 13.
11 Page Smith, America Enters the World: A People’s History of the Progressive Era and World War I (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1985), 501–03. The Mooney and Billings case figured prominently in the prewar labor strife and continued as an international controversy with critics objecting to fraudulent trial proceedings and unjust imprisonment.
12 Equi’s office is listed in the 1917 Portland, Oregon, City Directory at the Lafayette Building. Her office was located on the same floor as that of Dr. Andre Ausplund, an abortionist charged in 1915 for a “criminal operation” in which a patient died. He was later imprisoned for the offense. See Chapter 10, note 15.
13 “Sanger Talk Set,” Oregonian, June 12, 1916, 12.
14 Margaret Sanger, The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1: The Woman Rebel, 1900–1928, Esther Katz, Cathy Moran, and Peter Engelman (eds.) (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 184, 136; “League for Birth Control Founded,” Oregonian, January 26, 1916, 1; “Some Consequences of Birth Control,” Oregonian, May 17, 1916, 13; Linda Gordon, The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Politics in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 152–53; Julia Ruutilla with Sandy Polishuk and Nancy Krieger, Interview, June 6, 1981, OHS ACC 28389-Equi; Sandy Polishuk, Sticking to the Union: An Oral History of the Life and Times of Julia Ruutilla, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 25.
15 Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Anchor Books, 1992), 56–73, 74–88.
16 Gordon, The Moral Property of Women, 3–4, 138–50; Chesler, Woman of Valor, 89–104.
17 Chesler, Woman of Valor, 128–49; Margaret Sanger, Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography (New York: Dover Publications, 1971), 192–209; Chesler, Woman of Valor, 126–27. While Sanger took exile in England, her husband, William Sanger, was arrested for distributing copies of Family Limitation, the birth control pamphlet Margaret Sanger had drafted before her quick departure. His trial, conviction, and thirty-day prison sentence gained considerable public sympathy that worked in his wife’s favor as her trial approached.
18 Sanger, Margaret Sanger, 199–203. In straightforward, explicit language, the pamphlet advised women about using a vaginal douche with household and prescriptive formulas, the effective use of a condom and a diaphragm (called a “pessary” at the time), sponges, and suppositories. Sanger had drafted Family Limitation before she fled the US for Europe in August 1914. Her radical friends and the IWW distributed hundreds of thousands of copies of the pamphlet during her absence. Margaret Sanger, Motherhood in Bondage, (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2000); Margaret Sanger Papers Project, “Motherhood in Bondage: The Ultimate Horror Story,” https://sangerpapers.wordpress.com/tag/motherhood-in-bondage/.
19 Sanger, An Autobiography, 204–06; “Mrs. Sanger Is Here,” Oregonian, June 17, 1916, 15.
20 Chesler, Woman of Valor, 142; Gordon, The Moral Authority of Women, 158.
21 Sanger, An Autobiography, 204–06.
22 Ibid., Michael Munk, “The Diaries of Helen Lawrence Walters,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 106: 4, (Winter 2005), 607; “Book Sale Stopped,” Oregonian, June 24, 1916, 18; “Virtue Not Made by Ordinance,” June 28, 1916, 10; “Portland Moral or Ridiculous,” Oregonian, June 21, 1916, 10; Receipt, #4603, City of Portland, Dept. of Public Safety, Municipal Court, copy located in the Huntington Library, Charles Erskine Scott Wood Collection, Box WD 135, folder 47. My thanks to Dona Munker for providing references from the C. E. S. Wood Papers.
23 Sanger, Margaret H., Family Limitation,” Revised Edition, n.d. but likely 1916. Personal collection of the author. Sanger retains use of “working class” in the text although she gradually shifted to “working women” and less class analysis in later revisions. Joan M. Jensen, “The Evolution of Margaret Sanger’s ‘Family Limitation’ Pamphlet, 1914–1920,” Signs, Vol. 6, No. 3, (Spring 1981), 548–67. The president of the Portland Birth Control League wrote to Mayor Albee that references to the “pleasurableness” of intercourse were deleted from the booklet distributed at the second rally on June 29 specifically to address the city’s objections. H. C. Uthoff to Mayor H.R. Albee, July 18, 1916, Portland Archives and Records Center, 0201-01, A2000-003, Birth Control Correspondence, 13/39, 17-07-34/1.
24 “Book Sale Stopped,” Oregonian, June 24, 1916, 18; “Sanger Birth Control Protest Meeting,” Advertisement, Oregonian, June 29, 1916, 11; Margaret Sanger, Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography (New York: Dover Publications, 1971), 206.
25 Sanger, Margaret Sanger, 206; “Mrs. Sanger, Arrested, Wants Woman Jury,” The Free Press, filed July 2, 1916 from Portland, Oregon, no city of publication noted. Also, Anna L. Strong to Mayor Albee, July 5, 1916, and petition, July 1, 1916. All three in Portland Archives and Records Center, 0201-10, A2000-003, Birth Control—Margaret Sanger, 13/39 and 13/40, 17-07-34/1.
26 Sanger, Margaret Sanger, 206; Margaret Sanger, “A ‘Birth Control’ Lecture Tour,” August 9, 1916, Margaret Sanger Papers Project, www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger, accessed November 27, 2012. “Mrs. Sanger, Arrested, Wants Woman Jury,” The Free Press, filed July 2, 1916, from Portland, Oregon, no city or publication noted. Also, Anna L. Strong to Mayor Albee, July 5, 1916. Both in PARC, 0201-10, A2000-003, Birth Control—Margaret Sanger, 13/39 and 13/40, 17-07-34/1. “Two Birth Control Trials in Court,” Oregonian, July 1, 1916, 16; “Sanger Cases Are Now Up to Court,” Sunday Oregonian, July 2, 1916, 15; “City of Portland vs. Carl Rave, C. L. Jenkins, and Ralph Chervin” and “City of Portland vs. Margaret Sanger, Mrs. F. A. Greatwood, Miss Maude Bournet and Dr. Marie D. Equi,” 0201-01, A2000-001, Birth Control—legal decision, PARC; “Mrs. Sanger Book Declared Obscene,” Oregonian, July 8, 1916, 16.
27 Chesler, Woman of Valor, 146–52; “For Birth Control Clinic,” New York Times, September 12, 1916, 11; Gordon, The Moral Authority of Women, 156; “Emma Goldman to Speak,” Oregonian, August 1, 1916, 12.
28 Marie Equi to Margaret Sanger, Saturday, October 20, 1911, Margaret Sanger Papers, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, hereinafter MSP-SS included in Margaret Sanger, The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1: The Woman Rebel, 1900–1928, Esther Katz, Cathy Moran, Peter Engelman (eds.), (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 184.
29 Marie Equi to Margaret Sanger, October 2, 1916; Margaret Sanger to Marie Equi, April 9, 1921, San Quentin Prison Correspondence, DOJ Papers.
30 Marie Equi to Margaret Sanger, November 2, 1916, MSP-SS.
31 Margaret Sanger to Marie Equi, 1916, MSP-SS as quoted in Sanger, The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1,185.
32 Rebecca J. Mead, How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914, (New York: New York University Press, 2004), 166–68; Christine A. Lunardini, From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights: Alice Paul and the National Woman’s Party, 1910–1928, (San Jose: toExcel Press, 2000), 50–70; Kimberly Jensen, Oregon’s Doctor to the World: Esther Pohl Lovejoy and A Life in Activism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012), 114–120; “Women to Work Only for Votes,” Oregonian, June 6, 1916, 1. The NWP’s anti-Democrat campaigns in 1916 outraged NAWSA as congressional supporters were affected, and some were defeated, as a result.
33 “Woman’s Party Vote Unpledged,” Oregonian, October 14, 1916, 1. Lunardini, From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights, 88–93. The Progressive Party backed Republican Hughes; the Socialist and Prohibitionist Parties also supported the federal suffrage amendment but their candidates were not major contenders. Candidate Hughes backed the federal amendment on August 1, 1916, following the Republican convention. Lunardini, From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights, 88–93; “Wilson Forces Try to Stop Speakers,” Oregonian, October 15, 1916, 13.
34 Marie Equi to Margaret Sanger, October 2, 1916, Box 80, Reel 51–52, Margaret Sanger Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
35 Warren Marion Blankenship, “Progressives and the Progressive Party in Oregon, 1906–1916,” Thesis, University of Oregon, August 1966, 361–66; Lunardini, From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights, 101–03. The Republicans and Progressives had vigorously recruited Oregon women volunteers into the campaign and had employed the communication and outreach strategies that helped win suffrage in 1912.
36 Flynn, Rebel Girl, 201–03.
37 Philip S. Foner, Fellow Workers and Friends, I.W.W. Free-Speech Fights as Told by Participants (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981), 183–89; Robert L. Tyler, Rebels of the Woods: The I.W.W. in the Pacific Northwest (Eugene: University of Oregon Press, 1967), 62–84.
38 Tyler, Rebels of the Woods, 62–84.
39 Walker C. Smith, The Everett Massacre, www.gutenberg.org accessed December 2, 2012, 94; “IWW Go to Everett,” Oregonian, December 4, 1916, 11; Charles Ashleigh, “Date Is Set For Trial,” Everett Defense News Letter No., January 27, 1917, content.lib.washington.edu accessed December 2, 2012; “IWW Ask U.S. to Investigate,” Seattle Star, November 10, 1916, 1; Flynn, The Rebel Girl, 220–24.
40 Equi to Sanger, November 2, 1916, MSP-SS; Inez Rhodes to Nancy Krieger, April 17, 1981, as referenced in Nancy Krieger, “Queen of the Bolsheviks: The Hidden History of Dr. Marie Equi,” Radical America, 1983, vol. 17 (5), 58, fn. 18. Inez Rhodes was an active IWW member in Seattle who spread Hill’s ashes with Equi. Franklin Rosemont, Joe Hill: The IWW and the Making of a Revolutionary Workingclass Counterculture (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing, 2003) 143–55, 134; “Joe Hill’s Ashes Divided,” New York Times, November 20, 1916, 22; William M. Adler, The Man Who Never Died, 340.
CHAPTER 12
1 “Agnes Thekla Fair Is Dead,” The Blast, Vol. 2, No. 1, January 15, 1917, 6; Rosemont, Joe Hill, 299–304; Julia Ruuttila with Sandy Polishuk and Nancy Krieger, Interview, June 6, 1981, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 17.
2 “I.W.W. Hold Rites,” Oregonian, January 15, 1917, 8; “Agnes Fair At Rest; Red Flowers Bedeck Casket; IWW Sings,” Oregon Daily Journal, January 15, 1917, 5.
3 “How to Struggle,” New Bedford Standard, date uncertain, 1927.
4 “Lane Repudiated by Entire State,” Oregonian, March 6, 1917, 1, 6; “Harry Lane Held Coward, Traitor,” Oregonian, March 6, 1917, 5; “Lane County Deeply Stirred,” Oregonian, March 6, 1917, 5; Johnston, The Radical Middle Class, 41–43; Jensen, Oregon’s Doctor to the World, 122–23; Kennedy, Over Here, 74.
5 Dawley, Changing the World, 143–44; Oregonian reports on April 4, 1917: “Spies Honeycomb National Capitol,” 1; “Gag on Enemies Wanted,” 1; “Disloyal Cannot Parade,” 1; “Today at Majestic Theater,” 9; “Drill Taxes Club Gym,” 9; “Monster Rally Is Held by Red Cross,” 9. Christopher Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2088), 3–20, introduction. Capozzola argues that Americans accepted and promoted “coercive voluntarism” before the war and were thus more likely to accept requirements for military conscription and war bond contributions during the war.
6 “Senate Adopts War Resolution,” Oregonian, April 5, 1017, 1; “Senator Lane, Ill, Ordered to Rest,” Oregonian, April 8, 1917; Johnston, The Radical Middle Class, 41–45; “High Officials to Pay Lane Tribute,” Oregonian, May 28, 1917, 6.
7 Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday, 1993), 160–63; Sara Hunter Graham, Woman Suffrage and the New Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 99–105, 128–46. Graham cites Leslie Fishbein, Rebels in Bohemia: The Radicals of The Masses, 1911–1917 and Margaret C. Jones, Heretics and Hellraisers: Women Contributors to the Masses, 1911–1917. Graham acknowledges NAWSA’s growth as an effective organization that nevertheless demoted spontaneity and democratic decision making, disengaged from militant demands to seek greater economic equality, and marginalized immigrants, trade unionists, leftists, and ethnic minorities.
8 Olaf Larsell, The Doctor in Oregon: A Medical History, (Hillsboro, Oregon: Binfords & Mort, 1947) 614–18. Dr. K. A. J. Mackenzie established a base hospital unit through the Red Cross; Drs. M. B. Marcellus, R. H. Ellis, and Ray Matson were also in military service.; Kimberly Jensen, Mobilizing Minerva: American Women in the First World War (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008) 77–87, 88–90; Lettie Gavin, American Women in World War I: They Also Served (Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 1997) 157–74; Ellen S. More, “‘A Certain Restless Ambition’”: Women Physicians and World War I,” American Quarterly, 41:4, (December 1989), 636–660; Jensen, Oregon’s Doctor, 122–44.
9 Kennedy, Over Here, 184–85; “Yank Willingness to Rush Into Battle Shortens War,” Oregonian, January 5, 1919, 6.
10 “Ireland Will Be Theme,” Oregonian, May 19, 1917, 4; “British Militarism and Its Relation to Democracy,” advertisement, Oregonian, June 8, 1917, 11; “Result of Attacks on Britain,” (letter), May 24, 1917, 11; “Mrs. Skeffington’s Protest Is Inopportune Says Rancher,” Oregonian, June 13, 1917, 10. Photo of Equi with Irish Republic sign provided by the National Library of Ireland, MS 41, 511/1.
11 Geoffrey R. Stone, Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime, From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004) 146–53.
12 Kennedy, Disloyal Mothers, 39–53; “Convict Berkman and Miss Goldman, Both Off To Prison,” New York Times, July 10, 1917, query.nytimes.com accessed January 1, 2013.
13 Dawley, Changing the World, 148–150; Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, 3–8.
14 Capazzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, 117–43; Report of Agent William Bryon, May 25, 1917, DOJ Papers.
15 Tyler, Rebels of the Woods, 85–102; “Logging Work Is Hard Hit by IWW,” Oregonian, August 3, 1917, 14; “National 8 Hour Day Bill Drafted,” Oregonian, August 14, 1917, 4; “Propaganda Spread in City,” Oregonian, July 31, 1917, 6; “Yakima Jail Is Crowded,” and “19 Are Jailed at Moscow,” both in Oregonian, July 17, 1917, 4; Kennedy, Over Here, 262–66; Robert Justin Goldstein, Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to 1976 (University of Illinois: Champaign, Illinois, 2001), 115–16. “The U.S. Army Spruce Production Division Mill,” Fort Vancouver National Historic Reserve, National Park Service, 2008.
16 “IWW Subject to Nation-wide Raid,” Oregonian, September 6, 1917, 1; “Federal Raid Made on IWW Quarters,” Oregonian, September 6, 1917, 4; Report of Agent Bryon, September 9, 1918, DOJ Papers. Raids on IWW offices also took place in Seattle, Los Angeles, Missoula, Salt Lake City, Fresno, Great Falls, Everett, Butte, Denver, and Miami, Arizona. “Blow at I.W.W.,” New York Times, September 29, 1917, 1; “50 More Arrests in IWW Roundup,” New York Times, September 30, 1917, nytimesquery.com, accessed January 6, 2013.
17 Testimony of Dan Kellaher, Judgment Roll #8099, FRC 20349x; Report of Agent Elton Watkins, October 23, 1917, DOJ Papers; Wayne E. Wiegand, “Oregon’s Public Libraries during the First World War,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 90:1(Summer 1989): 45–55; US Attorney Reames to US Attorney General Davis, October 24, 1917, and Davis to Reames, October 25, 1917, DOJ Papers; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
18 “Oregon Is First to Boost Loan Over,” Oregonian, April 13, 1918, 1.
19 Stone, Perilous Times, 184–91; Gregory, as quoted in Kennedy, Over Here, 80–81. Note: Even former president Teddy Roosevelt objected to the Espionage Act amendments and threatened to test its provisions if passed. Stone, Perilous Times, 180; Hiram Johnson to C. K. McClatchey, April 11, 1918, as quoted in Kennedy, Over Here. For a full discussion of the Espionage and Sedition Acts during World War I, see Stone, Perilous Times, 136–233. The Sediction Act was repealed by Congress on December 13, 1920.
20 Judgment Roll, #8099, United States v. Marie Equi, Registrar No. 7968, Indictment, June 29, 1918.; US Attorney Bert Haney to US Attorney General, November 22, 1918, DOJ Papers.
21 Judgment Roll 8099, United States v. Marie Equi, Registrar No. 7068, Indictment, 29 June 1918; Report of Agent Byron, April 27, 1920, United States v. Dr. Marie Equi, DOJ Papers; “Dr. Equi Obtains Bondsmen,” Oregonian, July 1, 1918, 16; Report of Informant 53, August 30, 1918, DOJ Papers. (The relative value in 2015 of $10,000 ranges from $157,000 to more than two million dollars, depending on the calculation used, www.measuringworth.com) Katherine “Kitty” Beck was an intimate of C. E. S. Wood before she married Lloyd Irvine, MD, one of the doctors who had tried to rescue Equi from jail during the cannery strike of 1913.
22 Report of Agent Ralph Jones, July 1, 1918, DOJ Papers. Equi and Speckart lived at what is today 2214 SE Fifty-Second Avenue in the Mount Tabor district.
23 Stone. Perilous Times, 196–98; “Eugene Debs Arrested by Marshall,” San Francisco Examiner, July 1, 1918, 1; “Find Debs Guilty of Disloyal Acts,” New York Times, September 13, 1918. Stephen Martin Kohn, American Political Prisoners: Prosecutions Under the Espionage and Sedition Acts (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1994), 97, 99. Equi’s case and that of millionaire Henry Albers were the two most prominent espionage convictions in Oregon. Flora Foreman was the only other Oregon woman imprisoned for sedition. War Time Prosecutions and Mob Violence from April 1, 1917 to March 1, 1919, National Civil Liberties Bureau: New York, 1919, libcudl.colorado.edu accessed January 12, 2013; “Socialist Is Held,” Oregonian, November 6, 1917, 7; “Albers Indicted By Federal Jury Upon Six Counts,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 2, 1918.
24 Kennedy, Disorderly Conduct, 18–38 (O’Hare), 39–53 (Goldman), 54–68 (Stokes), 69–71 (Sadler), 71–79 (Olivereau), 90–92 (Strong), and 97–100 (Equi); Clarence Reames, US Attorney, as noted in E. Kimbark MacColl, The Growth of A City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon, 1915 to 1950 (Portland, Oregon: Georgian Press, 1979), 145; Report of Agent William Bryon, June 28, 1917, National Archives Record Group 165, US MID, Surveillance of Radicals in the US, Washington, DC; William H. Thomas Jr., Unsafe for Democracy: World War I and the U.S. Justice Department’s Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008), 32–33, 60–62. The Portland bureau placed a female undercover agent, #50, among local women believed to be sympathetic to Germany. The Portland bureau chief also complained that it was impossible to meet all the demands of surveillance.
25 New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957, ancestry.com, accessed January 14, 2013; “That Reminds Me,” Capuchin Annual, 1936, 243; Letter of introduction, Marie Sweeney to Hon. John W. Willis, October 8, 1915, National Library of Ireland collection, MS 41,509 (1); “Miss O’Brennan Is Here for Short Stay,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 23, 1916, 6; Agent E. W. Bryon Jr., May 31, 1918, Great Falls, Montana, File 209551, Roll 619, Microfilm 1085, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; A. Bruce Bielaski to Marlborough Churchill, June 12, 1918, Personal File 11436, MID, RG 165.
26 Report of Informant 53, September 14 and 21, 1918, DOJ Papers. Equi regularly purchased groceries and had them delivered to Harriet and Mary Jr. at their home on the Oregon coast.
27 Reports of Informant 53, August 28, 1918, and September 4, 1918, DOJ Papers.
28 Report of Agent William Bryon to A. Bruce Bielaski, December 14, 1918, DOJ Papers.
29 Report of Agent William Bryon, September 3, 1918, DOJ Papers. Equi apparently referred to the restaurant Progress as Musso’s since she knew the proprietor Joseph Musso well. He and a partner founded the business in 1910 in Portland and later relocated it to Los Angeles where it continues today as Musso & Frank Grill.
30 Report of Informant 53, September 26, 1918, DOJ Papers. Equi apparently secured the union’s support only after she enlisted the help of one of her brothers, an American Federation of Labor member in Washington, DC.
31 Montague Colmer and C. E. S. Wood. History of the Bench and Bar in Oregon (Portland, Oregon: Historical Publishing Company, 1910), 147; Four Minute Men News, December 24, 1918, and other documents, Thomas Gough Ryan Papers, MSS 1599, Oregon Historical Society Research Library. Oregon’s Four Minute Men chapter also included Mayor Baker, former Governor Oswald West, Will Daly, and attorneys C. E. S. Wood, E. E. Heckbert, and Thomas Mannix.
32 Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, 3–11; Report of Agent Elton Watkins, November 14, 1918; report of Agent E. H. Keller, n.d., DOJ Papers.
33 Reports of Agent Thomas B. Smith, October 25, 1918; Agent W. A. Winsor, October 24, 1918, Agent S. C. Schlein, October 24, 1918; Agent W. H. Bryon, September 9, 1918; Agent B. F. McCurdy of Spokane, September 15, 1918, and Agent A. R. Dutton of Seattle, September 16 1918, DOJ Papers. The report from the Thiele Detective Agency was most likely destroyed per company policy to purge files every six years. Agent A. R. Dutton report, September 17, 1918, DOJ Papers.
34 William H. Thomas Jr., Unsafe for Democracy: World War One and the U.S. Justice Department’s Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008), 60–62.
35 Ibid. Report of Agent William Bryon, November 6 and September 9, 1918, Bryon to F. D. Simmons, September 9, 1918, DOJ Papers.
36 Report of Informant 53, November 1, 1918, DOJ Papers; “Ramp Convicted on Sedition Charges,” Oregonian, February 2, 1918, 1. Floyd Ramp, a young farmer and Socialist from Roseburg, Oregon, was convicted for warning young army recruits they would be defending John D. Rockefeller’s money.
37 Lowell S. Potts and Ralph Bushnell Hawley, Counsel for the Damned: A Biography of George Francis Vanderveer (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1953), 236–39. Flynn, The Rebel Girl, 235–38. Flynn, Carlo Tresca, and a few others successfully severed their cases from the mass trial of Wobblies with the plan to tie up their cases in legal knots until the war ended. Their cases never went to trial.
38 Report of Informant 53, September 25, October 13, October 30 and November 5, 1918, DOJ Papers. “Dr. Equi Ill; Trial Is Put Over to Friday,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 7, 1918, 3.
39 For more on the influenza pandemic, see Crosby, Alfred W. America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
40 “Portland Closed, Mayor Gets Order,” Oregonian, October 11, 1918, 1; “Influenza Spreading in City and in State,” Oregonian, October 18, 1918, 8; Ivan M. Wooley, “The 1918 ‘Spanish Influenza’ Pandemic in Oregon,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 64 (September, 1963): 246–58; “Soldier En Route to Training Camp May Be Influenza Victim,” Oregon Daily Journal, October 4, 1918, 4; “Influenza Encyclopedia: The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918–1919, Portland, Oregon,” University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine and Publishing, University of Michigan, quod.lib.umich.edu accessed on January 21, 2013; Report of Informant 53, October 30, 1918, DOJ Papers.
41 Report of Informant 53, November 12, 1918, DOJ Papers. Portland’s federal courthouse at the time of Equi’s trial is known today as the Pioneer Courthouse.
42 Ibid. November 6, 7, 1918.
43 “Nation Victim of Heartless Hoax,” Oregonian, November 8, 1918, 1; “Armistice Is Signed, World War Is Over,” Oregonian, November 11, 1918, 1; “Looking Back,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 18, 1918, 10.
CHAPTER 13
1 http://kimberlyjensenblog.blogspot.com/2011/08/oregon-attorney-generals-decision.html, accessed February 4, 2013. Jensen notes that Oregon’s attorney general ruled that the 1912 adoption of woman suffrage in Oregon did not qualify women to serve on juries in the state; Charles Henry Carey, History of Oregon (Chicago: Pioneer Historical Publishing Co., 1922) 908. Oregon voters approved jury service for women on June 7, 1921; “Lumber Trust Wins,” The Defense Bulletin of Seattle District, No. 39, December 1, 1918, 5.
2 Report of Agent Madge Paul for November 8, 9, and 10, 1918, DOJ Papers.
3 “Armistice Is Signed, World War Is Over,” Oregonian, November 11, 1918, 1; “Looking Back,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 18, 1918, 10; Report of Agent Madge Paul for November 11, 1918, DOJ Papers; “Armistice is Signed, World War Is Over,” Oregonian, November 11, 1918, 1; “Biggest Day in History Breaks,” Oregonian, November 12, 1918, 1.
4 A Bill of Exception, February 27, 1919, Judgment Roll #8099, US District Court Oregon, Seattle Federal Archives and Records Center, Record Group 21. Writers from several Socialist and anarchist publications around the country attended Equi’s trial as well.
5 Testimony of Russell E. Butler and Dan Kellaher, A Bill of Exception, February 27, 1919.
6 “Dr. Equi In Tears On Stand,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 19, 1918, 1; “Dr. Equi Is Accused of Boosting I.W.W.,” Oregonian, November 14, 1918, 8.
7 “Dr. Equi In Tears On Stand,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 19, 1918, 1.
8 When Equi directed O’Brennan to ask Governor West to testify on her behalf, she indicated she had information that would compel him to speak, according to the report of Agent Bryon for April 26, 1920, DOJ Papers. Bryon’s summary report on Equi was based on information obtained from Informant 53. Report of Agent A. E. McMahon for November 13, 1918, DOJ Papers. A government agent asked the French consul in Portland and the director of the department of nursing for the American Red Cross whether Equi had ever applied for volunteer placement. Each reported having no knowledge or record of such an application.
9 “Editor Testifies for Dr. Marie Equi,” Oregonian, November 15, 1918, 1.
10 “Dr. Equi To Take Witness Stand On Own Behalf,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 16, 1918, 2.
11 “Dr. Equi To Take Witness Stand On Own Behalf,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 16, 1918, 2; “Ex-Governor West Recalled To Stand,” Oregonian, November 16, 1918, 7; “Editor Testifies for Dr. Marie Equi,” Oregonian, November 15, 1918, 1.
12 “Dr. Equi In Tears on Stand,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 19, 1918, 1; “Wilson Her Model Dr. Equi Asserts,” Oregonian, November 19, 1918, 1.
13 “Dr. Equi In Tears on Stand,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 19, 1918, 1.
14 Ibid, “Wilson Her Model Dr. Equi Asserts,” Oregonian, November 19, 1918, 1.
15 “Dr. Equi In Tears on Stand,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 19, 1918, 1.
16 Report of Agent Madge Paul for November 18, 19, and 20, 1918. Equi gave Paul a book of poetry by C. E.S Wood in an odd gesture of friendship to someone who had betrayed her. The Bureau later arranged a safe house in Portland for Paul and then escorted her to her ranch in Trout Lake, Washington.
17 “Equi Case Will Reach Jury Today,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 20, 1918, 1; “Jury to Decide Fate of Dr. Marie Equi,” Oregonian, November 21, 1918, 12; Flynn, The Rebel Girl, 252.
18 Instructions, R.S. Bean, D.J., Judgment Roll #8099, FRC 20349x, US District Court Oregon, Seattle Federal Archives and Records Center, Record Group 21.
19 “Dr. Equi Is Guilty of Disloyalty,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 21, 1918, 1; “Jury Finds Dr. Equi Guilty of Treason,” Oregonian, November 22, 1918, 12.
20 “Dr. Equi Is Guilty of Disloyalty,” Oregon Daily Journal, November 21, 1918, 1. Equi’s “Russian Jew” reference is curious and problematic, given her own heritage as a child of immigrants and her association with Emma Goldman, born to Jewish parents, and with many other Jews in her political and social circles.
21 Ibid.; “Jury Finds Dr. Equi Guilty of Treason,” Oregonian, November 22, 1918, 12.
22 Reports of Agents M. J. Doyle and W. M. Hudson for December 5, 1918, (with announcement flyer) DOJ Papers; “Equi Appeal Asked,” Oregonian, December 22, 1918, 7; I.W.W. Summary for Week Ending November 14, 1918, Intelligence Office, US Army, December 14, 1918, DOJ Papers.
23 “Dr. Equi Gets 3 Years and Fine of $500,” Oregon Daily Journal, December 31, 1918, 1.
24 “Dr. Equi Sentenced To 3 Years In Prison,” Oregonian, January 1, 1919, 14; “Prison for Woman Under Espionage Act,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 1, 1919, 5. Judge Bean quote from Carolyn M. Buan, ed., The First Duty: A History of the US District Court for Oregon, (Portland: US District Court of Oregon Historical Society, 1992), 156–57; Stephen P. Kohn, American Political Prisoners, Prosecutions Under the Espionage and Sedition Acts, (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1994), 83–114. See Kathleen Kennedy, Disloyal Mothers and Scurrilous Citizens, Women and Subversion during World War I (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999) for profiles of several women tried under the wartime acts.
25 Report of Agent Bryon, April 3, 1919, DOJ Papers. For several months thereafter, Agent Bryon took to defaming Equi, referring to her as “the above named creature” in one report to headquarters; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; “Dr. Equi Gets 3 Years and Fine of $500,” Oregon Daily Journal, December 31, 1918, 1.
CHAPTER 14
1 “Great Record Is Established in 1918,” Oregonian, January 1, 1919, 1.
2 Kohn, American Political Prisoners, 17–18.
3 Flynn, The Rebel Girl, 90; C. E. S. Wood letter to Palmer, April 28, 1919, as cited in Hamburger, Two Rooms, 268–71. The appeal process was underway in early 1919; on February 27 a district judge granted the filing of a writ of error, followed by a Bill of Exceptions, and receipt by the court of a $10,000 bond from Equi, Katherine Irvine (a friend who worked in the office of C. E. S. Wood), Alys Griff, and P. H. Dunn. The plaintiffs were charged to appear before the Ninth Circuit Court within ninety days.
4 “Labor condemns William R. Bryon,” Oregonian, January 9, 1919, 1; Report of Agent Bryon for September 3, 1919, DOJ Papers; “Woman Denies Treason Charge,” San Francisco Chronicle, February 14, 1919, 2; “Miss O’Brennan Arrested,” Oregonian, January 16, 1919, 12. Reports suggested several IWW members objected to admitting Equi and O’Brennan since they were not wage earners.
5 “IWW Affiliation Denied,” Oregonian, January 22, 1919, 10. Adam J. Hodges, “At War Over the Espionage Act in Portland,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 108:3, (Fall 2007), 474–86. In their own realms, O’Brennan and Agent Bryon argued vastly different versions of the IWW and free speech conflicts in Portland.
6 Kohn, American Political Prisoners, 20–21.
7 “Dr. Equi Is Re-Arrested,” Oregonian, March 14, 1919, 11; “Dr. Marie Equi Released,” Oregonian, March 15, 1919, 9; Adam J. Hodges, “Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: The Portland Soviet and the Emergence of American Communism, 1918–1920,” The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 98:3 (Summer, 2007), 115–29. “H. M. Wicks Quits as Leader of Radicals,” Oregonian, March 1, 1919, 9. Two weeks earlier H. M. Wicks, the leader of the Council of Workmen, Soldiers, and Sailors of Portland and Vicinity (a leftist group of Wobblies, Socialists, and WWI veterans modeled after a Bolshevik soviet) had resigned his post to protest the more radical sentiment of members; he especially identified his disgust with a talk given by Equi.
8 Report of Agent Bryon for March 30, April 1, May 6, and May 11, 1919; “Equi’s Talk Banned,” Oregonian, May 12, 1919, 4; Equi was to speak at Eagles Hall located at 568 Golden Gate Avenue; instead she spoke at 1254 Market Street.
9 The Oakland appearance was reported in the Oakland World News. Charlotte Anita Whitney to Attorney General Palmer, telegram, May 30, 1919, DOJ Papers; Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America, (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 172–73.
10 “Dr. Equi with Wilson, Says Her Attorney,” Oakland Tribune, June 7, 1919, 3; bioguide.congress.gov for William W. Morrow, accessed February 17, 2013.
11 “Brief for Plaintiff in Error,” Equi v. United States, US Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, No. 3328; Hamburger, Two Rooms, 271–75.
12 “Rhuberg Verdict Upheld,” Oregonian, February 27, 1919, 12; Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47; C. E. S. Wood, Free Speech and the Constitution in the War (privately printed by Wood in 1920), as quoted in Hamburger, Two Rooms, 271–75; “Sedition Laws Invalid, C. E. S. Wood Asserts,” Oregonian, June 7, 1919, 1. For further discussion of Schenck v. United States, Stone, Perilous Times, 192–95.
13 “Brief of Defendant in Error,” Marie Equi v. United States, US Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, No. 3328.
14 Equi spoke in Seattle at the ILA Hall for the meeting sponsored by the Soldiers and Sailors organization. Content.lib.washington.edu accessed February 19, 2013.
15 Ruth Barnett, They Weep On My Doorstep (Beaverton, Oregon: Halo Publishers, 1969), 16–19.
16 Dale Soden, “The Women’s Christian Temperance Union in the Pacific Northwest: The Battle for Cultural Control,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 94, no. 4 (Fall 2003), 197–207. Soden emphasizes that the WCTU sought to enact a broad range of social reforms that would reshape the West’s saloon culture dominated by male interests into community life free of social evils, especially for women and children.
17 Alfred Bettman to Mr. Porter, May 12, 1919, DOJ Papers. Bettman also noted that the “whole community seems to have divided sharply and with extreme opinions one way or the other,” a characteristic he found typical of the Pacific Northwest. “Dr. Equi Jail Term Sentence Upheld,” Oregonian, October 28, 1919, 2; “‘We’re Slaves,’ Says Convicted Dr. Equi,” Oregonian, November 1, 1919, 9.
18 Equi to C. E. S. Wood, letter, March 3, 1920, Huntington Library Collection, WD 135 (47). The author appreciates the assistance of Dona Munker in identifying this document. State Bar of Wisconsin, “Pioneers in the Law: The First 150 Women,” www.wisbar.og/AM/Template.cfm?Section=History_of_the_Profession&TEMPLATE=/CFM/ ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=21490 (accessed May 26, 2006). From 1918 to 1920, Greeley obtained rank for army nurses in her role as counsel of the National Committee to Secure Rank for Army Nurses. Marie Equi v. United States of America, No. 666, October Term, 1919, File No. 27,421. In his brief for review by the US Supreme Court, Wood noted that the Ninth Circuit Court’s admission of acts prior to the wartime laws differed from rulings by the Seventh and Eighth Circuit Courts.
19 “Prison Special,” noted in Flynn, The Rebel Girl, 278.
20 Tom Copeland, “Wesley Everest, IWW Martyr,” The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 4 (October, 1986) 122–29; “Radical Lynched by Centralia Mob,” and “Centralia Reds Fire on Parade,” Oregonian, November 12, 1919, 1; “20 Radicals Taken in 6 Portland Raids,” Oregonian, January 3, 1920, 1.
21 Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; “Vanderveer Found Guilty Second Time,” Oregonian, May 2, 1920, 8; Wm. D. Haywood, General Defense Committee, to Kathleen O’Brennan, August 16, 1920, DOJ Papers; Adam J. Hodges, “At War Over the Espionage Act in Portland,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 108:3, (Fall, 2007), 474–86; Marie Equi to Hannah Sheehy-Skeffington, May 11, 1920, National Library of Ireland, Hannah Sheehy-Skeffington Papers, MS 22.691 (ii); “Soldiers Take Down Flag of De Valera,” Oregonian, November 15, 1919, 4.
22 “Petition for Writ of Certiorari,” Marie Equi, Petitioner v. United States, Supreme Court of the United States, No. 666, October Term, 1919; Record Group 267, US Supreme Court, Case File 27421, Folder 1, tabbed, Box 6509, 17E06/03/03; “Dr. Equi Loses Fight Against Term in Prison,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 27, 1920, 3; “Equi Appeal Denied By Supreme Court, Oregonian, January 27, 1920, 3; “Upholds 3 Espionage Convictions,” New York Times, January 26, 1920.
23 Equi to Tumulty, San Quentin State Prison, 29: Inmate Case Files 1890–1958, Folder F3750:1–800, Commitment number 34110, 1920, California State Archives, Sacramento, California.
24 Ibid.
25 “Friends Ask Wilson to Pardon Dr. Equi,” Oregonian, February 10, 1920, 4. Clark was the former wife of prominent Oregon politician and attorney A. E. Clark. Thomas Gough Ryan, Attorney, to President Wilson, December 26, 1919, Thomas Gough Ryan Papers, MSS 1599, file 16, Oregon Historical Society Research Library.
26 Isom to Tumulty, February 6, 1920, DOJ Papers; Wayne Wiegand, “Oregon’s Public Libraries During the First World War,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 90:1 (Spring, 1989), 39–63; Sargeant Cram to Attorney General Palmer, March 13, 1920, DOJ Papers.
27 Report of Agent Bryon for April 2, 1920, 11, DOJ Papers; J. Edgar Hoover to Mr. Grimes, April 20, 1920, DOJ Papers; Report of Agent Bryon for April 26, 1920; J. Edgar Hoover to Mr. Ruch, April 27, 1921, DOJ Papers. J. Edgar Hoover to Mr. Grimes, April 20, 1920, DOJ Papers; Report of Agent Bryon for April 26, 1920; J. Edgar Hoover to Mr. Ruch, April 27, 1921, DOJ Papers. Athan G. Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), 108; Rhodi Jeffreys-Jones, Cloak and Dollar: A History of American Secret Intelligence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 93; Warren Johansson and Percy William, Outing: Shattering the Silence (Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, 1994), 85–88.
28 Helen Hoy Greeley to Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, letter, July 9 and July 24, 1920, uncertain source; records provided to author by the Office of Pardon Attorney, US Department of Justice. Reprieves to Equi were granted on April 17, June 12, and August 13, 1920; Correspondence, the White House (a representative for Mrs. Wilson) to Mrs. Ina B. Hayes. August 30, 1920, National Library of Ireland, .MS 41, 511/2; William Haywood to Kathleen M. O’Brennan, August 16, 1920. National Library of Ireland, MS, 41, 511/2. Kathleen O’Brennan requested financial assistance from the General Defense Committee of the IWW, but William Haywood sent his regrets, stating the committee was already overwhelmed with helping one thousand men awaiting trial.
29 Helen Hoy Greeley to Marie Equi, April 21, 1921, DOJ Papers. Copy of Commutation document provided by the Office of the Pardon Attorney, US Department of Justice, Washington, DC, to the author; “Dr. Equi Term Cut by Wilson,” Oregonian, October 14, 1920, 1.
30 “Sentence of Dr. Equi Cut to One Year,” Oregon Daily Journal, October 14, 1920, 1; “Dr. Equi Surrenders to Begin Sentence,” Oregonian, October 16, 1920, 6; “Dr. Equi Smilingly Starts for Prison,” Oregonian, October 18, 1920, 1.
31 “Dr. Equi Is Asked to Appear Today,” Oregonian, October 15, 1920, 22.
32 “Dr. Equi To Be Taken to San Quentin,” Oregon Daily Journal, October 15, 1920, 1; “Dr. Marie Equi Escorted To Her Cell” (photo caption), Oregon Daily Journal, October 16, 1920, 1; “Dr. Equi Surrenders To Begin Sentence,” Oregonian, October 16, 1921, 6; “Dr. Equi Leaves for Penitentiary,” La Tribuna Italiana, October 22, 1920, 2; “Jail Door Clicks on Dr. Marie Equi,” Oregon Daily Journal, October 16, 1920, 1. The author thanks Kimberly Jensen for sharing a copy of the article in La Tribuna Italiana.
33 “Dr. Equi Smilingly Starts for Prison,” Oregonian, October 18, 1920, 3.
CHAPTER 15
1 “Equi Conviction Rapped,” Oregonian, October 18, 1920, 5.
2 “Dr. Equi Sighs For Girl,“ Oregonian, November 21, 1920, 20.
3 Nancy Ann Nichols, San Quentin Inside the Walls (San Quentin, California: San Quentin Museum Press, 1991), 22–24; Register and Descriptive List of Convicts Under Sentence of Imprisonment in the State Prison of California, Registration, MF: 1–9 (15) roll 6, California State Archives, Sacramento; Topical Mug Books Ca. 1916–1943, Inventory of Department of Justice Criminal ID and Investigation Records, Crime Category: Miscellaneous, Folder 3672:54:IWW; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
4 “San Quentin More Like Cloister Than Prison, Is Impression of Dr. Equi,” Portland Evening Telegram, August 31, 1921, 1; George C. Henderson, “The Caged Woman,” Oakland Tribune, Sunday feature section, April 17, 1921; Estelle B. Freedman, Their Sisters’ Keepers, Women’s Prison Reform in America, 1830–1930 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981), 9–15.
5 Marie Equi to Kathleen O’Brennan, January 10, 1921, Papers of Kathleen O’Brennan, MS 41, 509/1 1911–1919, National Library of Ireland; Marie Equi to Sara Bard Field, December 27, 1920, C. E. S. Wood Collection, The Huntington Library Collection, WD 135 (51). The author thanks Dona Munker for identifying this document.
6 1920 US Census, California, Marin, San Quentin township, Enumeration District 88, State Prison; Marie Equi to Kathleen O’Brennan, January 10, 1921, Papers of Kathleen O’Brennan, MS 41, 509/1 1911–1919, National Library of Ireland.
7 George C. Henderson, “The Caged Woman,” Oakland Tribune, Feature Section, April 17, 1921.
8 Henderson, “The Caged Woman.” The Sunday Oregonian published an excerpted version of this article. “Dr. Equi ‘Joy-Bringer,’” Oregonian, February 20, 1921, 14.
9 Equi’s prison letters are included in the DOJ Papers.
10 Bureau Chief to Special Agent E. M. Blanford, San Francisco office, March 22, 1921 and Blanford to Bureau Chief, Headquarters, April 5, 1921, DOJ Papers. The department’s collection of Equi’s letters spans the period from March 21 to July 26, 1921. J. E. Hoover to Mr. Ruch, April 27, 1921, DOJ Papers.
11 Teresa Valli to Marie Equi, n.d., probably in spring 1921; Mary Vanni to Marie Equi, March 21, 1921; Marie Equi to Constance M. Loftus, April 5, 1921; Mrs. Vincent (Kate) Vanni to Marie Equi, April 20, 1921; Marie Equi to Mrs. J.C. Gay, April 7, 1921, May 3, 1921; Mrs. J.C. Gay to Marie Equi, March 30, 1921, May 20, 1921, June 20, 1921, all in DOJ Papers.
12 Harriet Speckart to Marie Equi, May 21, 1921, DOJ Papers.
13 Marie Equi to Harriet Speckart, May 10, 1921, DOJ Papers; Harriet Speckart to Marie Equi, April 1, 1921, April 3, 1921, May 18, 1921, and May 21, 1921, DOJ Papers.
14 Marie Equi to Harriet Speckart, May 22, 1921, DOJ Papers.
15 Marie Equi to Mary Jr. Equi, April 4, 1921, April 6, 1921, April 9, 1921, April 21, 1921, May 1, 1921, and May 22, 1921, DOJ Papers. Kate Richards O’Hare referred to prisons as “Cities of Sorrow” in her account of doing time, In Time, (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1923), Dedication.
16 Marie Equi to Mary Equi Jr., April 21, 1921 (mistakenly transcribed as “1920”), Marie Equi to Mary Equi Jr., April 9, 1921, DOJ Papers.
17 Marie Equi to Mary Equi Jr., April 9, 1921, DOJ Papers.
18 Marie Equi to Mrs. George Warner/Kitty O’Brennan, April 24, 1921; Marie Equi to Mr. Whitaker, April 1, 1921, DOJ Papers.
19 Ruth Barnett to Marie Equi, March 28, 1921; Margaret Sanger to Marie Equi, June 12, 1921; Margaret Sanger to Marie Equi, April 9, 1921, DOJ Papers.
20 Marie Equi to Sara Bard Field, May 29, 1921, C. E. S. Wood Collection, Huntington Library Collection, WD 135 (53).
21 Marie Equi to Charlotte Anita Whitney, April 13, 1921, DOJ Papers; Lisa Rubens, “The Patrician Radical, Charlotte Anita Whitney,” California History, Vol. LXV, No. 3 (September 1986), 161.
22 Al Richmond, Native Daughter: The Story of Anita Whitney (San Francisco: Anita Whitney Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Committee, 1942), 90–140; Carol E. Jensen, “Silencing Critics: Guilt by Association in the 1920s,” in Historic U.S. Court Cases: An Encyclopedia, John W. Johnson, editor (New York: Routledge, 2001), 850–53; Lisa Rubens, “The Patrician Radical, Charlotte Anita Whitney,” California History, Vol. 65, No. 3 (September 1986), 158–71; Al Richmond, Native Daughter, 90–140; Charlotte Anita Whitney to Marie Equi, May 6 and May 22, 1921, DOJ Papers.
23 Irene Benton to Marie Equi, March 27, 1921, DOJ Papers.
24 Mark R. Avramo to Marie Equi, March 31 and April 8, 1921; Equi to Avramo, May 20, 1921; all DOJ Papers.
25 Marie Equi to Sophie Gay, April 7, 1921, DOJ Papers; Los Angeles Times, November 19, 1914, 10, in which the Ninety-six Club was composed of “queer” people and that “at these ‘drags,’ the ‘queer’ people have a good time.” Also, a 1914 reference in the Journal of History of Sexuality, 1995, 5, 593, with “Fourteen young men were invited . . . with the premise that they would have the opportunity of meeting some of the prominent ‘queers.’” Thanks to George Painter for sharing his research on the terminology.
26 Marie Equi to Charlotte Anita Whitney, May 8, 1921. DOJ Papers. Bessie Holcomb Cook lived with her family at 301 Lyon Street in San Francisco. Her children were Alexander, Clare, and Elizabeth. The building today is a San Francisco Historic Landmark, known as the “Clunie Mansion,” after the first owner. The homestead property was sold on October 15, 1945, to Ross and Alice Ornduff for $500. Deed Records, Wasco County Courthouse, The Dalles, Oregon, A. Cook (grantor) to R. and A. Ornduff. As an adult, William Allen White, “Billy,” became a mystery writer and a science fiction editor for the San Francisco Chronicle, and he founded the Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. After his death in 1968, the annual Bouchercon convention of mystery writers was established in his honor. Phyllis White and Lawrence White, Boucher: A Family Portrait (Berkeley: Berkeley Historical Society, 1985). Marie Equi to Mary Equi Jr., May 15, 1921, DOJ Papers.
27 Marie Equi to KT, April 2, 1921, DOJ Papers.
28 Marie Equi to Mrs. Marion F. Wall, May 2, 1921, DOJ Papers; Marie Equi, Letter to the Editor, Oregon Daily Journal, April 28, 1921, 2.
29 Marie Equi to Mrs. Marion “Molly” Wall, May 1, 1921, DOJ Papers.
30 Press Release, Workers Defense Union, Room 405, 7 East Fifteenth Street, New York. The text of Flynn’s telegram to Equi was included in the document. Workers Defense Union, Press Release, no date but refers to Equi beginning her sentence today—she did so on October 19, 1920. Margaret Sanger to Marie Equi, April 9, 1921, DOJ Papers; “Irish Flag Adorns Desk of Tumulty,” Washington Times, November 18, 1920, 2. The previous December Dr. Kelly was arrested while marching against the imprisonment of antiwar dissenters.
31 Testimony of Helen Hoy Greeley, Amnesty and Pardon for Political Prisoners, US Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, DC, 41–44. Greeley said that a Department of Justice representative inadvertently told her that a pardon for Equi had been recommended by the department’s pardon staff but that the US attorney general had decided not to follow the advice. The full text of the committee hearings are available online at http://archive.org/details/amnestyandpardo00stergoog, accessed March 15, 2013.
32 http://archive.org/details/amnestyandpardo00stergoog, accessed March 15, 2013. Of the total cases, 581 resulted in convictions, 736 had been otherwise disposed, and 315 remained pending. Attorney General Palmer also testified that as of January 15, 1921, a total of 17,900 cases under the wartime acts had been handled by the department. Nearly 16,000 of these were for alleged offenses under the Selective Service Act.
33 Newly elected presidents were inaugurated on March 20 in the year following their election until the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the US Constitution in 1933. Thereafter, Inauguration Day was set for January 20. Also note: The parole of any federal inmate, whether incarcerated in a federal or state prison, must be approved by the US attorney general. AGSRP, 1939, US Department of Justice.
34 “Freedom Coming for Marie Equi,” Oregon Daily Journal, May 29, 1921, 2; Ruth Barnett, They Weep On My Doorstep, 18. The parole request required notarized signatures from individuals supporting the application and proof of Equi’s former employment. Marie Equi to Marion Wall, April 1, 1921, and Marie Equi to Charlotte Anita Whitney, April 7, 1921, DOJ Papers.
35 J. Edgar Hoover to Mr. Ruch, April 27, 1921, and J. Edgar Hoover to Mr. Smith, April 29, 1921, DOJ Papers; W. Grimes to J. Edgar Hoover, April 1921, DOJ Papers.
36 “Billy” to Marie Equi, April 11, 1921, and James E. Fenton to Marie Equi, April 26, 1921, DOJ Papers.
37 Marie Equi to Marcella Clark, April 29, 1921, and Jonathan Bourne Jr. to James E. Fenton, April 20, 1921, DOJ Papers.
38 “Henry J. Albers Faces Court on Espionage Charge,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 25, 1919, 3; “The Albers Case,” Sunday Oregon Journal, May 8, 1921, 4; “Who Would Try Second Albers Case?” Oregon Daily Journal, May 8, 1921, 1.
39 “Protests Pile Up Over Albers Case,” Oregonian, May 6, 1921; “Legion Men Demand Retrial of Albers,” Oregonian, April 29, 1921, 11; Portland Federation of Churches to H. M. Daugherty,” May 20, 1921, DOJ Papers; “She Wants To Get Out Too,” Oregon Daily Journal, April 28, 1921, 1.
40 “Not Ended, Says Humphreys,” Oregonian, April 28, 1921, 1; Charlotte Anita Whitney to Marie Equi, May 4, 1921, DOJ Papers; Marie Equi to Charlotte Anita Whitney, May 8, 1921, DOJ Papers; Bud Warner to Marie Equi, June 23, 1921, DOJ Papers; “Paralysis Fatal to J. Henry Albers,” New York Times, July 29, 1921. Attorney Haney resigned his post in 1920. His successor, Lester Humphreys, declared his intention to re-try Albers until the latter’s worsening condition made such an action untenable.
41 Marie Equi to Charlotte Anita Whitney, May 8, 1921; Marie Equi to Mrs. A. E. Clark, April 8, 1921, DOJ Papers; Marie Equi to Hannah Sheehy-Skeffington, March 24, 1938, National Library of Ireland, Hannah Sheehy-Skeffington Papers, MS 41, 177 (16).
42 Marie Equi to Mrs. A.E. Clark, June 13, 1921, DOJ Papers.
43 Marie Equi to Charlotte Anita Whitney, May 8, 1921; Marie Equi to C. E. S. Wood, May 9, 1921, DOJ Papers; Chief, Bureau of Investigation, to Agent Bryon, June 17, 1921; Marie Equi to Marcella Clark, June 13, 1921, DOJ Papers; “Prisoner on Parole, Case No. 5371,” Federal Bureau of Prisons. A month after Equi was released from prison, the attorney general returned the papers to his staff who noted on an attached memorandum, “No action as term had expired.”
44 Attorney General’s Survey of Release Practices (AGSRP), Volumes 1 and 4, 1939, US Department of Justice. Good-time credits were liberalized and graduated to increase with the length of sentence in 1902 with five days allowed for sentences of up to one year and six days for a sentence of one to three years. Email communication, Archives of Office of Public Affairs of the Federal Bureau of Prisons with the author, February 18, 2004. Equi earned a six-day reduction for every month of her sentence, thus her twelve-month sentence accrued seventy-two days of good time. Marie Equi to Charlotte Anita Whitney, May 8, 1921, DOJ Papers.
45 Marie Equi to Mrs. A. E. Clark, June 13, 1921, DOJ Papers; Marie Equi to Alys Griff, June 24, 1921, DOJ Papers.
46 Marie Equi to Mrs. A.E. Clark, July 17, 1921, DOJ Papers; Marie Equi to Mrs. Marion “Molly” Wall, July 26, 1921, DOJ Papers.
47 Congressional Series Set, US Government Printing Office, January 1922, 125 www.books.google.com, accessed June 14, 2012.
CHAPTER 16
1 “Woman Pacifist Cheered As She Leaves Prison,” San Francisco Call, August 31, 1921, 3. Whitney rented an apartment at what was then 58 Macondray Lane from June through August 1921. The address was later changed and is number 60 today. She later purchased the building at 74 Macondray Lane and lived there for many years. Macondray Lane served as the inspiration for the fictional Barbary Lane in Armistead Maupin’s Tales of the City in a San Francisco Chronicle serial in the 1980s and later in several novels, a television series, and a stage musical.
2 “San Quentin Life Is ‘Snap,’” Oakland Tribune, August 29, 1921, 1. Hamburger, Two Rooms, 287–92. Wood purchased the house at 1020 Broadway in 1919; it is still standing. Marie Equi to Sara Bard Field, April 3, 1921, C. E. S. Wood Collection, Huntington Library, WE 135 (52).
3 Estelle B. Freedman, Their Sisters’ Keepers: Women’s Prison Reform in America, 1830–1930 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981), 67–106. Freedman describes how these first women-centered prisons failed to meet expectations due to the difficulty in recruiting suitable staff, the influence of administrators who were less liberal in their prison philosophy, and the relatively small numbers of prime candidates for the prisons.
4 “San Quentin Life Is ‘Snap,’” Oakland Tribune, August 29, 1921, 1. The article was accompanied by a photo of Equi smiling. The report was also published in the Portland Evening Telegram, August 31, 1921, 1. “Rouge Aplenty Used in Jail,” New Bedford Evening Standard, September 12, 1921.
5 Equi wrote to several friends and allies about prison reform, including to her cousin Marion Wall, April 1, 1921; Rev. Robert Whitaker, April 1, 1921; activist Lena Morrow Lewis, April 8, 1921; radical Anna Louise Strong, May 9, 1921, and her friend Mrs. Sheldon Coons, May 9, 1921, all in DOJ Papers.
6 Freedman, Their Sister’s Keepers, 121–2. The California legislature approved farm facilities for women prisoners in 1919 (California Penal Code, 4100–4137). Cyndi Banks, Women in Prison: A Reference Handbook (ABC-CLIO, 2003), Google eBook, 24-27, books.google.com, accessed October 30, 2013; “Report Work on State Industrial Farm for Women, Berkeley Daily Gazette, January 4, 1923, 4; “Women Prisoners Become Home-Makers on State “Ranch,’” San Francisco News, September 11, 1934; “Dr. Equi Donates Turkeys to Women at San Quentin,” Oregon Daily Journal, December 25, 1930, 1.
7 “Law Violators Given Warning by Daugherty,” Oakland Tribune, August 31, 1921; Albert F. Gunns, Civil Liberties in Crisis: The Pacific Northwest 1917–1940 (New York: Garland Publishers, 1983), 63.
8 “Prison Found Refuge After ‘Persecution,’” Portland Evening Telegram, September 24, 1921, 1; “Dr. Marie Equi in City,” Oregonian, September 24, 1921, 8; Marie Equi to Mrs. Sheldon Coons, May 9, 1921, DOJ Papers; Transcript, Mary Equi, from Jewell Preparatory in Seaside, Oregon, to Lincoln High School in Portland, 1929, information provided by the alumni director of Lincoln High School, January 13, 2004.
9 “No Danger Here—Baker,” Oregonian, November 13, 1919, 7; Robert L. Tyler, Rebels of the Woods: The IWW in the Pacific Northwest (Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Books, 1967), 185–217. For an examination of the decline of the Socialists and Wobblies and formation of the Community Labor Party in Portland, see Adam Hodges, “Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: The Portland Soviet and the Emergence of American Communism, 1918–1920,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 98, No. 3 (Summer, 2007), 115–129.
10 Gary Murrell, “Hunting Reds in Oregon 1935–1939,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 100:4, (Winter 1999), 375; Alan Dawley, Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 323–27.
11 “Convictions Will Stand,” Oregonian, March 22, 1921, 1; Tyler, Rebels of the Woods, 185–217; Jeff Johnson, “The Heyday of Oregon’s Socialists,” Sunday Oregonian, Northwest Magazine, 15–18. For an examination of the decline of the Socialists and Wobblies and formation of the Community Labor Party in Portland, see Adam Hodges, “Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: The Portland Soviet and the Emergence of American Communism, 1918–1920,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 98, No. 3 (Summer, 2007), 115–29; Kate Richards O’Hare, The Kate O’Hare Booklet: Americanism and Bolshevism (St. Louis: F. P. O’Hare, 1919), 5, http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/3013742, accessed June 14, 2010; Mary Heaton Vorse, Daily Notes, 1926, Box 79, Wayne State University as cited in Dee Garrison, Mary Heaton Vorse: The Life of an American Insurgent (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 196. Dawley, Changing the World, 8. For the anti-Red campaign in Oregon, see Gary Murrell, “Hunting Reds,” 374–401.
12 “Oregon Is Invaded by Ku Klux Klan,” Oregonian, July 21, 1921, 14; Abbot, Portland, 100–102; Johnston, The Radical Middle Class, 243–47; David A. Horowitz, “Social Morality and Personal Revitalization: Oregon’s Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 90:4 (Winter, 1989), 365–84.
13 “History of the Federal Judiciary,” Federal Judicial Center, www.fjc.gov accessed April 6, 2013; “Robert S. Bean,” www.oregon.gov accessed April 8, 1921; “Answer Is Declined by General Disque,” Oregonian, December 26, 1918, 12; “W. R. Bryon Asked To Resign From Secret Service by W. J. Burns,” Portland Evening Telegram, August 31, 1921; “Mr. Bryon Gets Position,” Oregonian, October 14, 1921, 11. The bureau chief to Attorney General Daugherty, November 3, 1917, DOJ Papers. The chief noted that Bryon had considerable difficulty with agents and other division superintendents. Also, US Attorney Clay Allen in Portland asserted in a lengthy memo that Bryon has “never been of any great value to this office . . . .” No date, DOJ Papers.
14 Freedman, Their Sisters’ Keepers, 143–151; “Kate O’Hare in Portland,” Oregonian, June 27, 1921, 5; “Ex-Convict Is Speaker,” Oregonian, May 5, 1920, 4; Sally M. Miller, From Prairie to Prison: The Life of Social Activist Kate Richards O’Hare (Columbia: University of Columbia Press, 1993), 226–28; “Cedars Now Open,” Oregonian, August 11, 1918, 13. Kate Richards O’Hare took a position as an assistant administrator in the California Corrections System in 1938 with a focus on San Quentin prison.
15 Equi’s contemporary, Margaret D., often visited her at the office she shared with Dr. Griff. Margaret D. with Sandy Polishuk and Susan Dobrof, Interview, February 2, 1982, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
16 Economic statistics from a Brookings Institution study as noted in Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, (New York: Perennial Classics, 2001), 382–83.
17 Capazzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, 140–43; Dawley, Changing the World, 313–30.
18 Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interviews, May 1, 1971 and March 12, 1980, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; “Love of Humanity Dominates Radicalism of Dr. Marie Equi,” New Bedford Standard Times, June 1, 1924, 8; Jessie Laird Brodie, MD, Interview with Susan Dobrof (date uncertain, 1981–1982), OHS ACC 28389—Equi; Michael Helquist, “’Criminal Operations,’ The First Fifty Years of Abortion Trials in Portland, Oregon,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 116:1 (Spring 2015): 6–39; “Doctor’s Fate in Doubt,” Oregonian, June 30, 1920, 12; “Dr. Ausplund in Prison,” Oregonian, March 24, 1921, 14; “Medic May Lose License,” Oregonian, June 4, 1930, 22; Portland City Directory, 1930, (Portland: R. L. Polk, no month but usually published in September); C. E. Ambrose, attorney, with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 5, 1972, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Ambrose confirmed that Dr. Andre Ausplund acquired Equi’s office and patients after her retirement in 1930.
19 “Portland to Get New Convention,” Oregonian, July 30, 1922, 13; “Birth Control Sect Barred in Portland,” Oregonian, July 30, 1922, 13. The previous conferences had been convened in European cities, and Portland would have had the honor of hosting the first outside Europe and in the United States. Instead, New York hosted the event.
20 Reagan, When Abortion Was A Crime, 36, 132–34. Reagan notes that dire economic conditions in the 1930s contributed to a surge in the number of abortions performed in the county as many women were unable to afford a child and as physicians tried to maintain their incomes by providing abortions. Sadie Ann Adams, “We Were Privileged in Oregon,” 7.
21 “Resent MacSweeney’s Fate,” New York Times, September 9, 1920; “Miss O’Brennan to Speak,” Oregonian, November 16, 1921, 9; US Dept. of Justice: British Espionage in the United States, February 15, 1921, MID Document 9914 A-178 at http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/government/dept-justice/1921/0215-doj-britespionage.pdf, page 5. Marie Equi to Kathleen O’Brennan, December 22, 1921, Eamonn and Aine Ceannt, and Kathleen and Lily O’Brennan Papers, 1874–1952, Collection, Ms. 41, 509 (2), National Library of Ireland; “Papers of Eamonn and Aine Ceannt, and of Kathleen and Lily O’Brennan,” MSS 13,069-13,070; 41,478-41,522, pages 6, 46–53.
22 “Mrs. Skeffington Talks on Ireland,” Oregonian, February 24, 1923, 1; “Mrs. Skeffington A Judge,” New York Times, August 27, 1920, 3; Leah Levenson and Jerry H. Natterstad, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, Irish Feminist (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), 132–34.
23 “Suicide Committed by Woman Physician,” Oregonian, October 10, 1922, 1; Hamburger, Two Rooms, 215–16, 218, 232–233, 276, 294.
24 Hamburger, Two Rooms, 301–2, 327; “Beck, Kathryn, “Kitty” (?-1924) http://editorsnotes.org/topic/beck-kathryn-O’Brennan-1924/#article, accessed April 15, 2013; Christine Stansell, “Talking About Sex: Early Twentieth-Century Radicals and Moral Confessions,” 283–308, in Karen Halttunen and Lewis Perry, Moral Problems in American Life: New Perspectives on Cultural History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
25 “City’s Oldest Italian Dies,” New Bedford Standard Times, February 13, 1924, 1; “Dr. Marie Equi’s Father Dies,” February 14, 1924, 11. The New Bedford Death Registry lists “mitral insufficiency and arteriosclerosis” as “disease or cause of death.” “Love of Humanity Dominates Radicalism of Dr. Marie Equi,” New Bedford Sunday Standard, June 1, 1924. The article includes several inaccuracies and reprints an article in Industrial Solidarity. Sacramental Records, Death Records, St. Lawrence, Martyr Catholic Church, New Bedford, Massachusetts.
26 Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 111–21; Baxandall, Words on Fire, 20–30, 30–33, 141–46. Flynn’s account of the Sacco-Vanzetti defense campaign and trial appears in Flynn, The Rebel Girl, 297–332.
27 Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 114–15, 118–20. The “Garland Fund” was the popular name for the American Fund for Public Services, an organization financed with $1 million by Charles Garland, a young man who used his inheritance from his father, a Wall Street broker, for leftist causes. The Passaic woolen mill workers strike became known as the first successful Communist-led labor action in the United States. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn to Mary Heaton Vorse, December 23, 1926, Mary Heaton Vorse Papers, ACC LP000190, Wayne State University.
28 Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 125–26; Multnomah County Property Tax Records. Portland’s addresses and street names were renumbered and renamed in 1931; interview by author with current owner of the property, August, 21, 2003. The property is located today on the 1400 block of SW Hall Street.
29 Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 111–23, 126–37; Baxandall, Words on Fire, 126–31. Comment on Flynn’s state of health by Mary Heaton Vorse, as quoted in Baxandall, Words on Fire, 30. Ralph C. Walker, MD to Marie Equi, January 11, 1927, and Walter T. Brachvogel to Marie Equi, February 4, 1927, both in Sojourn in the West, microfilm, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Papers, Tamiment Library. Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 125–27; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, March 12, 1980, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
30 Baxandall, Words on Fire, 23–30; Marie Equi to “Dear Friend,” January 11, 1927, Sojourn in the West microfilm, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Papers, Tamiment Library; Marie Equi to “Dear Friend,” April 5, 1927; Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 125–27.
31 “Woman Continues on Hunger Strike,” Oregon Daily Journal, March 4, 1927, 6; “One Good Samaritan,” Oregon Daily Journal, March 13, 1927, 6.
32 “Obituary,” Morning Astorian, May 28, 1927, 4; Certificate of Death, Oregon State Department of Health, State Registered #92, May 31, 1927.
33 Woodrow C. Whitten, “Criminal Syndicalism and the Law in California, 1919–1927,” from Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Ser., Vol. 59, No. 2 (1969), 3–73. The US Supreme Court at first decided, in May 1927, to dismiss the Whitney appeal due to lack of jurisdiction, but in October 1927 the court reconsidered the case. For analysis of the Supreme Court’s evolution of thinking about free speech cases in general, and in Whitney v. California specifically, see Stone, Perilous Times, 523–25. “Won’t Ask Pardon, Cell Is Certainty for Miss Whitney,” New York World, October 22, 1925, 1, as reported in Al Richmond, Native Daughter, 126–34.
34 Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 126–27; Flynn, Rebel Girl, 297–332.
35 Elizabeth Gurley Flynn journal excerpt noted in Dorothy Gallagher, All the Right Enemies: The Life and Murder of Carlo Tresca (Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1988), 118.
CHAPTER 17
1 Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interviews, May 1, 1971, and March 12, 1980, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
2 “Aviatrix, 16, Qualifies,” Sunday Oregonian, January 3, 1932, 27. Mary Equi McCloskey to Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, ACC 28389—Equi.
3 “Margaret D.” with Sandy Polishuk and Susan Dobrof, Interview, February 2, 1982, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
4 Gay Walker, Reed College directory, correspondence with author, November 24, 2003; Mary Equi was listed in the class of 1936.
5 Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, March 12, 1980, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; Marie Equi to Dr. Belle Ferguson, December 5, 1935, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
6 Elizabeth Gurley Flynn to Mary Heaton Vorse, March 22, 1929, included in Baxandall, Words on Fire, 151–53.
7 Marie Equi to Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, n. d. but probably 1928, Sheehy-Skeffington Collection; James Weldon Johnson for The American Fund for Public Service to Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, February 16, 1928, “Sojourn in West”; C. S. Smith to Fellow Worker, March 30, 1929; Norman Tallentire to Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, March 29, 1929; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Papers, Tamiment Library.
8 Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
9 Marie Equi to Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, February 20, 1928, and “white marriage” letter, n.d. but after 1927, perhaps Spring of 1928, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington Collection, National Library of Ireland, Ms. 41, 177 (16), hereafter Sheehy-Skeffington Collection.
10 Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, March 12, 1980, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Historians have wondered if many of Flynn’s personal papers from her years with Equi had been destroyed after being deposited with the Communist Party USA. Similar questions have been raised regarding possible lesbian relationships of Flynn’s while she was imprisoned in the 1950s for two years in a federal prison camp near Alderson, West Virginia. She wrote a prison memoir, The Alderson Story: My Life as a Political Prisoner, but she mentions no lesbian relations of her own while there—or no account survived later editing. For a more indepth treatment of lesbians in the Communist Party—and specifically the fate of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn’s papers—see Bettina Aptheker, “Keeping the Communist Party Straight, 1940s-1980s,” New Politics, Vo. XII-1, # 45 (Summer 2008), http://newpol.org/content/keeping-communist-party-straight-1940s-1980s, accessed March 20, 2015.
11 Elizabeth Gurley Flynn to Mary Heaton Vorse, January and February 1930, as cited in Dorothy Gallagher, All the Right Enemies: The Life and Murder of Carlo Tresca (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 118–21.
12 William G. Robbins, “Surviving the Great Depression: The New Deal in Oregon,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 109, No. 2, (Summer 2008), 311–17.
13 Probate #68335, Marie Equi, Office of County Clerk, Multnomah County, Oregon. Equi died intestate; once her probate was settled, her daughter became her only heir.
14 “Predicts Revolution Unless Aid Is Given to 5,000,000 Unemployed,” Boston Globe, March 25, 1914.
15 Probate No. 28,462, Harriet F. Speckart, Circuit Court, Multnomah County, Oregon. The comparable value of Speckart’s $28,000 nearly one hundred years later is about $366,000.
16 Ibid.
17 Kimberly Jensen, “Portland’s ‘Experimental’ Woman Jury, Part 1, November 30, 1912, Kimberly Jensen’s Blog, http://kimberlyjensenblog.blogspot.com/2011/05/portlands-experimental-woman-jury-part.html.
18 “Convict’s Freedom Sought,” Oregonian, February 23, 1929, 9; “Audience Demands Mooney’s Release,” Oregonian, February 25, 1929, 7.
19 Marie Equi to Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, December 21, 1931, Sheehy-Skeffington Collection; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn to Alice Inglis, May 22, 1930, and July 11, 1934, Agnes Inglis Papers, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan.
20 Marie Equi to Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, December 21, 1931, Sheehy-Skeffington Collection; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, March 12, 1980, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Andre Ausplund, MD, had been convicted of manslaughter for the abortion-related death of a young woman in 1915. He was imprisoned and then resumed his abortion practice in Portland upon his release.
21 Marie Equi to Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, February 14, 1930, Sheehy-Skeffington Collection.
22 Mary Equi McCloskey to Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
23 Dorothy Gallagher, All the Right Enemies, 123–25; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, May 1, 1971, Interview, Polishuk Collection; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn to Agnes Inglis, September 10, 1936, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn to Kathy Flynn, August 6, 1955, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Papers, Tamiment Library; “Notes for Autobiography,” as quoted in Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 130.
24 Julia Ruuttila with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, n.d., OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
25 Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and Bina Bobba, photograph, and concern about Equi in Dorothy Gallagher, All The Right Enemies, 119; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn to Alice Inglis, July 11, 1934, Agnes Inglis Papers, Labadie Collection, University of Michigan.
26 Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 81–88, 99–105.
27 William G. Robbins, “Surviving the Great Depression: The New Deal in Oregon,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 109, No. 2, (Summer, 2008), 311–17; Michael Munk, The Portland Red Guide: Sites and Stories of Our Radical Past (Portland, Oregon: Ooligan Press, 2007) 96–98; “Negro Under Death Verdict Made Oregon Cause Celebre,” Oregonian, May 3, 1934, 4. “Theodore Jordan Case, correspondence,” International Labor Defense, AF/160955, A2001-074, Portland Archives and Records Administration.
28 “Roosevelt Grants War Foes Amnesty,” New York Times, December 25, 1933, 24; “1500 War Opponents Freed of Taint, Civil Rights Restored by President,” Oregonian, December 25, 1933, 1; Equi to Belle Cooper Ferguson, August 8, 1934, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; Equi to Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, April 1, 1938, Sheehy-Skeffington Collection.
29 William Bigelow and Norman Diamond. “Agitate, Educate, Organize: Portland, 1934,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 89: 1 (Spring 1988), 4–29; Walter Gallenson, The CIO Challenge to the AF of L. Cambridge, Mass., 1960, 602 as noted in David Robert Hardy, The 1934 Portland Longshoreman’s Strike, thesis, Reed College, May 1971, 15.
30 Sandy Polishuk, Sticking To The Union: An Oral History of the Life and Times of Julia Ruuttila (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003), 45–50; Walter Gallenson, The CIO Challenge to the AF of L., 602 as noted in Hardy, The 1934 Portland Longshoreman’s Strike, May 1971, 15; “Gasoline Drought Becoming Acute,” Oregonian, June 24, 1934, 1; Hardy, The 1934 Portland Longshoreman’s Strike, May 1971.
31 “A Friend for Labor,” The Hook, for Unity of Marine Crafts of the Pacific Coast, the Official ILA Bulletin, no. 11, vol. 11, July 11, 1937; Julia Ruuttila with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, June 6, 1981, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; “Veteran Labor Crusader Leaves Bed To Bring Check for Strike Victims,” Portland Evening Telegram, July 12, 1934, 1; Michael Munk, “Portland’s Silk Stocking Mob: The Citizens Emergency League in the 1934 Maritime Strike,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 91:3 (Summer 2000), 150–60.
32 “Long Dock Strike Becomes History,” Oregonian, July 31, 1934, 1; Hardy, The 1934 Portland Longshoreman’s Strike, 134–37.
33 “Two Professional Women, Well-Known to Labor, Give July Messages,” Voice of Action, Seattle, July 5, 1935, 8.
34 Margaret D. with Sandy Polishuk and Susan Dobrof, Interview, February 2, 1982, OHS ACC28389—Equi; Munk, Portland Red Guide, 91–93; Fred Leeson, Rose City Justice: A Legal History of Portland, Oregon (Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1998), 127–33; DeJonge v. Oregon, 299 US 353 (1937); Munk, “Portland’s ‘Silk Stocking Mob’” 150–60.
35 Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 112–23. Camp wrote that the US Communist Party wanted to keep Gurley Flynn’s membership secret while she was also working for the International Labor Defense.
36 Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, March 12, 1980, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Gallagher, All the Right Enemies, 125.
37 Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, “Sojourn in the West, 1927–1936,” Series IV. EGF Papers, The Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University; Baxandall, Words on Fire, 30–34, including Elizabeth Gurley Flynn to Agnes Inglis, September 10, 1936, Labadie Collection; Baxandall, Words on Fire, 150–51; Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 130; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn to Kathie Flynn, August 6, 1955, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Papers, Tamiment Library, as quoted in Baxandall, Words on Fire, 32. For Flynn’s involvement with the Communist Party and her trial for charges under the Smith Act, see Camp, Iron in Her Soul, 197–220, 221–53.
38 Marie Equi to Dr. Belle Ferguson, April 6, 1936, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; “Margaret D.” with Sandy Polishuk and Nancy Krieger, Interview, February 2, 1982, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; “Reed College Students Plan Dance,” Sunday Oregonian, Section 3, 1; “Communist Party; Flyers, for Forums and discussions put on by Young Communist League,” AF/160428, A2001-074 (“Red Squad” files), PARC.
CHAPTER 18
1 Stewart H. Holbrook, “Northwest Hysterias: Down With The Huns,” Sunday Oregonian, April 4, 1937, 75; Marie Equi to Stewart Holbrook, April 23, 1937, Stewart Hall Holbrook Papers, 0701-0001, Box 5, Folder 19, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Holbrook intended for many years to write a biography of Equi, but he did not complete one.
2 Michael Munk, The Portland Red Guide: Sites and Stories Of Our Radical Past (Portland, Oregon: Ooligan Press, 2007), 226–29; Michael Munk, “Portland’s Red Squad: A long and ongoing tradition, Part 1,” November 2000, www.lclark.edu/~polyecon/reds1.htm accessed May 29, 2013; Murrell, “Hunting Reds,” 374–401; John Terry, “Nobody in Oregon was above ‘red squad’ suspicion,” Oregonian, February 5, 2006, B08; “Oregonians—and typical ‘red squad’ targets,” Oregonian, February 12, 2006, www.oregonlive.com, accessed March 1, 2006; Julia Ruuttila with Sandy Polishuk and Nancy Krieger, Interview, June 6, 1981, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Ruth Barnett as told to Doug Baker, They Weep on My Doorstep (Beaverton, Oregon: Halo Publishers Edition, January, 1969), 18–19.
3 Julia Ruuttila, memo on Francis J. Murnane, no date, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
4 “‘Liberals’ Urged to Trim Martin,” Oregonian, April 25, 1937, 14; Murrell, “Hunting Reds,” 374–401; Monroe Sweetland to Marie Equi, August 21, 1937 and another of no date and Marie Equi to Monroe Sweetland, August 23, 1937, Oregon Commonwealth Federation Records, SCA Ms, Bx 033, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Oregon Libraries, Eugene, Oregon.
5 Julia Ruuttila memorandum to Sandy Polishuk, research notes for Sticking to the Union, n.d.; Marie Equi to Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, March 24, 1938, Sheehy-Skeffington Collection.
6 Marie Equi to Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, March 24, 1938, Sheehy-Skeffington Collection.
7 Marie Equi to Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, April 1, 1938, Sheehy-Skeffington Collection; Film File No. 42, Multnomah County Records Administration. Equi’s registration is dated December 30, 1939.
8 Marie Equi to Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, March 24, 1938, April 1, 1938, Sheehy-Skeffington Papers; Margaret D. with Sandy Polishuk and Susan Dobrof, Interview, February 2, 1982, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
9 Marie Equi to Mary Equi Lukes, n.d., OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
10 Arthur Champlin Spencer, telephone conversation with the author, June 13, 2003.
11 Margaret D. with Sandy Polishuk and Susan Dobrof, Interview, February 2, 1982, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
12 Marie Equi to Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, May 31, 1938, Sheehy Skeffington Papers; Obituary, Sophia Equi Gay, New Bedford Standard Times, May 22, 1942, 10; Marie Equi to Dr. Belle Ferguson, April 6, 1936, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Tillicum refers to a variant of a native flower of the Pacific Northwest, the trillium.
13 Margaret Sanger Papers, Sophia Smith Collection, as noted in Chesler, Woman of Valor, 398, fn 572; also in same volume re: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 421–24; “Planned Parenthood Opening in Portland Far Cry from 1916 Battle,” Sunday Oregonian, November 3, 1963, 35.
14 Julia Ruuttila to Nancy Clay, November 17, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi; Stuart McElderry, “Building a West Coast Ghetto: African American Housing in Portland, 1910–1960,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 92:3, (Summer, 2001), 137–48; Dale Skovgaard, “Memories of the 1948 Vanport Flood,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 108:1, (Spring 2007), 88–106.
15 “Hip Fractured,” Oregonian, September 13, 1950, 19; Julia Ruuttila to Nancy Clay, Letter, November 17, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. Michael Munk, The Portland Red Guide (Portland, Oregon: Ooligan Press, 2011, Second edition), 25–26. Munk notes that longshoreman leader Francis Murnane asked Ruuttila to write the poem for Equi.
16 Equi was transferred to Fairlawn Hospital in Gresham, Oregon; the facility functioned as a nursing home. Standard Certificate of Death, State of Oregon, #8396, date received July 29, 1952; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. “Dr. Equi Services Set,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 15, 1952, 7; Margaret D. with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, February 2, 1982, OHS ACC 28389—Equi. The Church of St. Michael the Archangel is located at 1701 SW Fourth Street, SW Fourth and SW Mill, in Portland.
17 Ralph Friedman, “Oregon’s incurable case of compassion,” Northwest Magazine, Sunday Oregonian, December 25, 1983; Mary Equi McCloskey with Sandy Polishuk, Interview, May 1, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.
18 Equi and Speckart’s vaults are located in the Harding Chamber, WH Section, Tier 7, Crypt Niche 1 at the Portland Memorial, 6705 SE Fourteenth Avenue. Probate No. 68335, Marie D. Equi, Multnomah County Circuit Court. “Divorce Granted,” Oregonian, June 8, 1946, 12. Mary Equi Lukes divorced her husband, Joseph, in 1946.
19 “Death Calls Dr. Marie Equi, Suffrage, Labor Champion,” Oregonian, July 15, 1952; “Generous Dissenter, Oregonian, July 16, 1952, 16; “Dr. Marie Equi, World War I Crusader, Dies,” Oregon Daily Journal, July 14, 1952; “Dr. Marie Equi Dies In Oregon,” New Bedford Standard-Times, July 14, 1952; “Dr. Marie D. Equi,” New York Times, July 15, 1952, 21; Several inaccuracies in the New Bedford obituary were repeated by other papers.
20 “Tribute Paid to Dr. Equi,” Oregonian, August 16, 1952, 12.
21 Julia Ruuttila with Sandy Polishuk and Nancy Krieger, Interview, June 6, 1981 and Ruuttila to Sandy Polishuk, June 17, 1971, OHS ACC 28389—Equi.