Index

A
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), 791
adaptive behaviors, 791
contingencies, focus, 791
mechanism of action in social anxiety
disorder, 791–792
therapy, 792
Affiliation biobehavioral system (ABS), 601
endocrine substrates, associated
oxytocin, 601
progesterone, 601
neural association
social exclusion, 601
social rejection, 601
survival chance
key role in increasing, 601
AG, See Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia (AG)
comorbidity with social anxiety disorder, 228
misdiagnosis as social anxiety disorder, 47
subscale assesses fear, 53
symptoms of, 53
Alcohol abuse, social anxiety disorder comorbidity, 244
gender discrepancy, prevalence of, 244
individuals, 47
Alprazolam
social anxiety disorder management, 626–627
Ambiguous events interpretation, 490–495
ecologically valid ambiguous stimuli, 491
interpretation biases
classification, 492
offline, 492
online, 492, 493
studies, 493
social anxiety, 494
interpretation modification program (IMP), 494
advantage, 494
interpretation training, 494
research, 494
negative face stimuli, 492
social anxious individuals (SAIs), 490
characterization of, 490, 493, 495
negative interpretation, 490
vs. non-anxious individuals, 492
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
neuronal excitability, 383
reuptake inhibitor, 352
temperament role, 383
Amygdala
across primate species, 421
basolateral region, 422
biological measures, temperament assessment, 427–430
hyper-excitable, 424
intercalated islands, 422
prefrontal cortex connectivity, 342
response uncertainty and activation, 419–420
role in infant temperament, 421–424
high-reactive infant, 422
low-reactive infant, 423
thalamus, 422
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
creatine ratio, 359
dorsal portions of, 336
neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder
emotion regulation, activation studies, 343–344
functional neuroimaging, 339–340, 342–343, 352–354
structure, 336
posterior, 513
rostral, 336
Anticonvulsants, social anxiety disorder management
gabapentin, 645
levetiracetam, 646
pregabalin, 645–646
tiagabine, 647
topiramate, 646
valporic acid, 647
Antidepressants
bupropion, 641
mirtazapine, 640
nefazodone, 641
reboxetine, 641
tricyclic antidepressants, 641
Antipsychotics, atypical, 647
social anxiety disorder management, 647
Anxiety disorders interview
schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV), 48
current comorbidity, social anxiety disorder, 237
psychiatric disorders, 236
social anxiety evaluation, 48
Anxiety prevention
core feature, social anxiety, 318
meta-analysis, 318
social anxiety disorder (SAD)
modifiable risk and protective factors, strategies to address, 319
summary, 319
Anxiety-related syndromes, 4
Anxious symptomology, risk factors in development of
behavioral inhibition, 314
meta-analysis, 314
temperamental trait, 314
comorbid symptoms, severity of, 313
internalizing disorders, 313
etiology of, 313
heritability of, 313
negative life events, 313
parental psychopathology, 313
environmental, 313
genetic, 313
social phobia
empirically-based model, 313
summary, 316
Attention, See Attentional biases
Attentional biases
causal role, 487–489
attention bias modification (ABM) groups, 488
attention control condition (ACC) groups, 488
mediational analyses, 488
treatments, 489
evidence, 484–485
dot-probe detection paradigm, 484
emotional Stroop paradigm, 484
vs. dot-probe detection paradigm, 485
facial expressions, 484
human attentional system, limited capacity, 484
probe detection task, 484
social anxiety individuals (SAIs), 484
color-naming task, 484
spatial cueing paradigms, 485
methods, assessing limitations, 485–486
electroencephalogram (EEG) recording, 486
event-related potentials (ERPs), 486
finding’s interpretation, complications in, 485
psychophysiological measures, 486
standardized assessment procedures, lack of, 485
modification, 487–489
effect on anxiety, to examine, 487
threat/attentional control, 489
antisaccade task, 489
anxious individuals, 489
multi-session study, 489
probe detection task, modified version, 489
Attentional processes
attention-training programs, 679
cognitive models of social anxiety disorder, 679
social anxiety treatment impact, 679–679
Attention control condition (ACC), 679
attentional bias, 487
trains attention, 679
Attention modification program (AMP)
intervention for social anxiety disorder, 690
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
parasympathetic system, 75
sympathetic system, 75
Avoidant personality disorder (APD), 4
clinical, personality pathology of, 40
conceptualization of, 27
construct, empirical evidence, 36–37
course of social phobia (SP), 34
low remission rates, chronic, 34
overlap of GSP, 34
criteria for social phobia, 9
development of, 27
distinguishing features of, 15
DSM criteria for, 28
DSM-III, 27
stimulated interest, 27
empirical evidence relationship with social anxiety disorder, 37–38
empirical findings, 38
exclusionary criterion, 9
findings on disability, 39
genetic findings, 39
longitudinal studies, social anxiety disorder, 39
outlined in the DSM-5, 14
overlap, 30
paranoid personality disorders, 27
pathology, 40
psychological treatments, social anxiety disorder, 34, 35
psychopharmacological treatment studies, social anxiety disorder studies, 34, 35
psychotherapeutic interventions, 40
relating persons, problem, 27
social anxiety disorder comparison, 30–30
social interactional component, 14
state effects, 36
state personality effects, 38–38
symptoms, 40
B
Behavioral assessment test (BAT)
measurement, 211
performance sense, 198
role-play tests, 198
socially phobic individuals, 202
Behavioral avoidance, social anxiety treatment impact, 686–687
Behavioral avoidance test (BAT), 686–687
Behavioral inhibition (BI)
adolescence, level, 334
anxiety
prevention, 318
symptoms, 100
evidence of, 102
future anxious symptomology, 314
genetically stable traits, 314
interpersonal constraint, 458
social phobia, development of, 361
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS), anxiety role, 780
Behavioral ratings, performance quality
comorbid avoidant personality disorder, 690
social anxiety treatment impact, 688–690
computer-assisted CBGT, 689
received rational-emotive therapy, 688
social behaviors, micro ratings, 688
Behavioral theory, See also Cognitive behavioral model
contemporary status in social anxiety and phobia
generalization of social anxiety disorder
functional equivalence, 461–462
response generalization, 462–463
stimulus equivalence, 461
stimulus generalization, 460–461
initiation, 457–460
maintenance
behavioral cusps, 472–473
behavioral momentum, 473
delayed events, 466–467
matching law, 464–465
reinforcement amount and certainty, 466–470
rule-governed behavior, 465–466
signal detection, 470–471
therapeutic change, 472
models, overview of, 451–456
Belongingness changes, responses to
popularity, 611
manipulation of, 611
non-socially anxious individuals, 611
positive social attention effects, 611
socially anxious individuals, 611
social exclusion, 610–611
interpersonal rejection, 610
online ball-tossing task, 611
profoundly affect, 610
social anxiety affects, 610
socially anxious individuals, 610
high, 610
low, 611
temperamentally shy children, 610
Benzodiazepines
alprazolam, 642
anxiolytic properties, 641
benefits, 643
bromazepam, 643
children and adolescents use, 648
clonazepam
efficacy of, 642
paroxetine, treatment augmentation of, 643
vs. alprazolam, 642
social anxiety disorder management, 643
standing-dose treatment, 641
Beta-adrenergic blockers, social anxiety disorder management, 643–644, 755
Biological factors, social anxiety
amygdala, 259–263
brain/cognitive development, 258–259
genetic influence, 256–258
pediatric clinical syndromes, 256
puberty, 263–266
Bipolar disorder, social anxiety disorder comorbidity, 240–240
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), 239–240
DSM-IV criteria, 239
shubo-kyofu, social anxiety disorder, 240
social anxiety disorder comorbidity, 4, 239–240
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
depression prediction, temperament, 382
gene, allele possession, 382
Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE), 681
Brief social phobia scale (BSPS)
observer-rater instrument, 51
psychometric properties of, 51
Brofaromine, social anxiety disorder management, 629
Bromazepam, social anxiety disorder management, 643
Bupropion, social anxiety disorder management, 641, See also Antidepressants
sustained-release (SR), 641
Buspirone
social anxiety disorder management, 644–645
azapirone, 644
C
Cannabidiol, social anxiety disorder management, 647
cannabis sativa plant, derived from, 647
Child-adolescent anxiety multimodal study (CAMS), 284
childhood anxiety disorders, treatment of, 284
cognitive behavioral therapy
combination of, 284
efficacy, 284
document availability, 284
participants of, 284
Chronic shyness
adolescent onset, 103
age of onset, 102
areas of overlap, 102
attribution style, 101
behavioral inhibition (BI), 100
anxiety symptoms, 100
cognitive control, 100
development, 100–103
empirical findings, 101
maladaptive attributions, 101
negative stereotyping of, 100
observational learning, 100
one size fits all model, 100
private self-consciousness, 101
relationship of, 100
ruminative cycles, 101
shy adolescents, 101
self-consciousness, 101
skilled social behavior, 101
theory of, 101
thinking patterns, 101
vocabulary
scores, 100
skills, 100
Citalopram, social anxiety disorder management, 637–638
Clinical epidemiological study, 38
Clinical interview, social anxiety and phobia assessment
agoraphobia, 47
depression symptoms, 47
DSM-5 criteria, social anxiety disorder, 47
free-flowing approach, 46
goals, 46
interviewer-rated scales, 51–52
self-report measures, 52–53
instruments, 53
self-report questionnaires, 52
socially anxious individuals (SAIs), 47
structured interviews, 48–50
Clinically useful social anxiety disorder outcome scale (CUSADOS), 60
Clonazepam, social anxiety disorder management, 642
Cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT), 662
educational supportive group therapy, 691
non-behavioral interventions, 691
treatment dismantling study, 663
Cognitive behavioral model, See also Behavioral theory
anxiety response in social anxiety disorder
behavioral symptoms, 713–714
cognitive symptoms, 715
physical symptoms, 714
automatic thoughts, 276
childhood social anxiety, 274
combination, cognitive behavioral therapy, 284
co-rumination, 275
dysfunctional post-event processing, 275
emotional dysregulation in social anxiety disorder, 718–720
emotional expression in social anxiety disorder, 718–720
evidence-based care, accessibility of, 282
explicit threat-related associations, 276
long-term memory, 275
maladaptive cognitive feature, 276
mental representation of self as seen by audience, 708
meta-cognition, 277
negative evaluation
external indicators, 716
probability and consequences, 712
negative post-event processing, 275
other-directed social schemas, 276
perceived/anticipated audience, 706–708
perceived internal cues, 715
post-event processing, 717–718
preferential allocation of attentional resources, 710–711
psychological and physical comorbidities, 274
self image and audience behavior, 709–710
self representation as seen by audience
vs. appraisal of audience’s expected standard, 711–712
social situation, 275
vicious cycle, 716
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
childhood social phobia, 279
cognitive enhancers, psychosocial treatment, 762–765
combined pharmacotherapy, 757
emotion regulation interventions, 521–522
focus, 521
nerve growth factor gene, 256
pharmacological treatments, 755–756
comparison for social anxiety disorder management
individual trials, 758–761
meta-analyses, 757
psychosocial treatments, 753–754
relative efficacy of, 284
self-efficacy theory, 767
social anxiety disorder management, 626–627
treatment-related reduction, 340
Cognitive bias, social anxiety disorder
attention studies, 484–489
interpretation bias, 490–495
memory studies, 495–500
Cognitive-somatic anxiety questionnaire (CSAQ), 62–62, 63
Cognitive symptoms, social anxiety disorder
attentional processes, 679–680
beliefs, 667–674
biased judgments, 667
judgment and interpretation-biases, 674–678
interpretation bias, 677–678
subjective probabilities, 674–676
non-anxious adults, 667
sections, 667
self-statements, 667–674
endorsement methods, 670–673
production methods, 670
summary of treatments, intervention, 692
treatment impact, 667–685
Comorbidity in social anxiety disorder
comment, 244–246
future directions, 244–246
using, DSM-III AND DSM-III-R criteria, 228–230
using, DSM-IV criteria, 231–238
Composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI)
comorbidity DSM-IV disorders, 231
structured interview, 50
SP section of the scale, 50
structured interview based, 50
utility, clinical, 50
Continuum model, social anxiety disorder
fears, general population, 5
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
molecules, 380
peptide, 334
presence of, 385
secretion of, 420
Cortisol, activity in social anxiety disorder, 334–335
Cross-cultural assessment, social anxiety
challenges, 151–152
Cross-cultural expressions, social anxiety disorder comordity, 243–244
ethnic and gender differences, 243
groups of individuals, 244
Latino immigrants, after 21 age, 244
Latino immigrants, before age of 21, 244
Latinos born in the United States, 244
non-Latino white Americans, 244
Iranian adults, psychiatric disorders, 243
non-Western countries, 243
Cultural and developmental considerations, social anxiety, 15–18
D
D-cycloserine (DCS), social anxiety disorder management, 647
Developmental factors, social anxiety
attachment, 267–268
temperament, 268–270
Dexamethasone suppression test (DST), social anxiety disorder finding, 334–335
Diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM)
diagnostic issues, 27–30
behavior theory, 27
DSM criteria for social anxiety disorder, 28
DSM-III criteria, APD, 27
DSM III level, 27
DSM-III-R level, 29
DSM-IV, 30
DSM-V, 30
generalized social phobia (GSP), 29
low self esteem, APD criteria, 27
performance problems, 29
postulating one disorder (APD), internal image, 30
scope, 27
social situations, 27
social withdrawal, 27
mental disorders-5, 3, 47
schizoid personality disorder cluster, 34
social anxiety definitions
DSM-III, 9
DSM-III-R, 10
DSM-IV, 10
DSM-IV-TR, 10–10, 13–14
Diagnostic nosology, social phobia, 9–11
classifications, 9–11
clinically-based SAD research, 11
comorbid diagnosis
social phobia, 10
DSM-III, 9
DSM-III, advent, 9
DSM-III-R, publication, 10
DSM-IV-TR, children, 10
DSM-5, 10
DSM system, 11
ICD-X, 11
international classification of diseases (ICD), 11
neurobiological indices, 11
observable behaviors, 11
phobic neurosis category, 9
psychopathological behaviors, 10
psychopathological social anxiety, 9
Disability profile (DP), 52
Disciplines and subdisciplines, social anxiety, 19
Disqualification of positive social experiences (DPSOS), 64
Dopamine
extraversion genetic association studies of DR4, 385
neuroimaging of system in social anxiety disorder, 356–357
temperament role, 384
Duloxetine, social anxiety disorder management, 640
Dysthmic disorder, social anxiety disorder comorbidity, 230
E
Eating disorders, social anxiety disorder comorbidity, 239
Electroencephalogram
biological measures, temperament assessment, 427
Embarrassment
across cultures, 128
person’s misbehavior, 128
wide-ranging consequences, 128
antecedent events, 120–122
behavioral sequelae, 126
development of, 122–123
feelings, 118
fundamental cause of, 124–126
individual differences, 123–124
nature of, 118
awkward abashment, 118
unwanted evaluations, threat of, 118
nonverbal behavior, 119
physiology, 119
reaction of others, 127–128
reprise nature, 128–129
social anxiety disorder comparison, 128–135
behavioral sequelae, 131–132
development, 132–133
distinguishment, embarrassment and social anxiety, 130
normality and abnormality, 133–134
phenomenology, 130–131
similarities of the states, 135
timing, 131
social emotion, 117
social life, desirable functions, 117
unbecoming behavior, 117
Emotional face processing, functional neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder, 338–342
Emotional signals, processing and expression
body and posture, 605–606
body collapse, competition situations, 606
non-verbal social cues, 605
faces, 603–604
display of dominance, 604
emotional facial expressions (EFEs), 603
perception of, 603
threatening, 603
eye tracking studies, 604
smiles, positive stimuli, 604
voices, 604–605
fundamental frequency of speech (mF0), 605
prosody, 604
Emotional states, social anxiety disorder
general social anxiety, distributions of
social avoidance and distress scale (SADS), 7
overlapping and contrasting, 6–8
personal report of confidence as a speaker scale (PRCS), 6
public speaking fear, 8
social fears, level, 6
specific-fear questionnaires, 8
Emotion regulation interventions, social anxiety disorder, See Cognitive behavioral therapy; Mindfulness-based stress reduction
Emotion regulation, social anxiety disorder
attentional deployment, 515, 519
distraction method, 519
gross process model, 518, 519
rumination, 519
cognitive change, 515, 520
behavioral studies, 520
cognitive reappraisal, 520
reappraisal self-efficacy, 520
emotional episode, 515
process model, 515
psychological flexibility, 514
refers to, 515
response modulation, 520–521
associated with, 521
situation modification, 515, 518–519
gross process model, 518
safety behaviors, 519
situation selection, 515, 517–518
gross process model, 517, 518
measurement of, 518
strategies, 515
adaptive, 516, 517
gross process model, 516, 518
maladaptive, 516, 517
Emotions, social anxiety disorder
attention-training procedures, 513
cognitive models, 513
emotional reactivity, 513
exaggerated, 514
neuroimaging studies, 514
spans, 513
fMRI studies, brain responses, 514
modal model, 512
Escitalopram
children and adolescents use, 649
social anxiety disorder management, 637–638
Estimations of others scale (EOS), 105
Event-related potential (ERP), social anxiety disorder studies, 362, 429, 486
Evidence-based treatment, social anxiety
affords in-session, 279
child-adolescent anxiety multimodal study (CAMS), 284
cognitive-behavioral treatment, skill-building phase, 278
cognitive bias modification of interpretations (CBM-I), 282
exposure-based
tasks, 279
treatments, 279
in-vivo exercises, 282
launching emerging adults program (LEAP), 281
out-of-session exposures, 278
parental over-involvement, 282
problem-solving strategies, 278
psychopharmacologic interventions evaluation, 284
psychosocial treatment, 277
20-session LEAP intervention, 282
skill-building treatment, 278
transition-focused CBT protocol, 281
treatment builds, exposure phase, 278
F
Fear and avoidance of eye contact, social anxiety theoretically measured components, 64
Fear of embarrassment, measurement, 64
Fear of negative evaluation (FNE)
30-item true-false self-report measure, 60
overview in social anxiety disorder, 60–61, 471
treatment impact, 681–685
Fear of negative evaluation scale (FNES), 60–61, 471, 681
overview in social anxiety disorder, 60–61
Fear of positive evaluation scale (FPES), 63, 563–564, 712
Fear questionnaire (FQ), 56–57
anxiety disorder general measure, 56–57
good discriminate validity, 57
high test-retest reliability, 57
15 items designed, 57
primary fear, 56
screening tool, 56
Fluoxetine
children and adolescents use, 648–650
cognitive behavioral therapy comparison for social anxiety disorder management, 638
social anxiety disorder management, 638–639
Fluvoxamine
children and adolescents use, 649
social anxiety disorder management, 638
FRIENDS prevention programs, 321–325
anxiety early intervention and prevention, 323
children at anxiety risk, 325
follow-up, 325
cognitive behavioral therapy, developed as, 321
empathy training, 322
FRIENDS for Life, 322
description of, 323
fun FRIENDS program, 322
future research directions, 325–326
my youth FRIENDS, 322
protocols, 321
resilience for life, 322
significant revisions, 322
unique aspect, 322
universal prevention, 324
Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale
correlational research, 163–166
measures, 165
mistakes subscale, 162
reductions, 180
scores, 180
subscales, 167
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
activation studies in social anxiety disorder
emotional face processing, 338–342
non-social negative emotional processing, 350–351
positive emotional processing, 350–351
resting state studies, 352–355
social interactions, 347–349
symptom provocation, 344–347
brain activity, adolescents, 261
overview, 336
specific brain regions, 720
G
Gabapentin, social anxiety disorder management, 645, See also Anticonvulsants
GABAergic effects, 645
Gaze anxiety rating scale (GARS), 64
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
activation studies in social anxiety disorder
emotion regulation, 343–344
amygdala reactivity, 339
benzodiazepines, anxiolytic properties of, 641
functional neuroimaging studies, 339
positive event processing, 562
rates of comorbid, 230
scales, 59
subjective anxiety symptoms, 262
treatment of, 641
Generalized social phobia (GSP), 29
General social avoidance and inhibition (SAD-G), 66
G protein-coupled receptors, 385
H
Hewitt and Flett model, perfectionistic self-presentation, 169–172
facet
nondisclosure of imperfection, 169
nondisplay of imperfection, 169
perfectionistic self-promotion, 169
interpersonal psychological distress, 169
multi-faceted construct, 169
perfectionistic self-presentation scale (PSPS), 169, 170
sense of self-acceptance, 169
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
abnormal 5-HT1A binding, 358
activation of, 407
activity in social anxiety disorder, 334–335
circadian rhythm, 334
dexamethasone suppression test, 334
gland mediated cortisol, 513
neuroactivehormones, 334
social phobia patients, 334
I
Individual differences, social anxiety disorder comordity, See Cross-cultural expressions, social anxiety disorder comordity
International classification of diseases (ICD), 11
social phobias, 11
structured interview based, 50
International classification of diseases (ICD), social anxiety definition, 11
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
BFNE scores, 683
effects, SAQ, 668
transcripts of therapists, 793
Interpretation
ambiguous social interactions, 490, See also Ambiguous events interpretation
bias, study of, 490
social anxious individuals (SAIs), 490
social feedback, 490
inherent ambiguity, 490
Interpretation bias, social anxiety treatment impact, 677–678
consequences of negative social events questionnaire (CONSE-Q), 677
Interpretation of positive events scale (IPES), 562
Inter-rater reliability
diagnosis of SAD, 50
Interview, See Clinical interview
Interviewer-rated scales, social anxiety disorder, 51–52
Irrational beliefs test (IBT), 667
K
Karolinska scales of personality (KSP), 357
detachment scale of, 357
detachment scores, 357
D2 receptor density, 357
PET study, 357
Kutcher generalized social anxiety scale for adolescents (K-GSADS-A), 67
L
Levetiracetam, social anxiety disorder management, 646, See also Anticonvulsants
Liebowitz self-rated disability scale (LSRDS), 52
Liebowitz social anxiety scale for children and adolescents (LSAS-CA), 65
Liebowitz social phobia scale (LSPS), 51
self-report format, 53
Liebowitz social phobia scale-self-report (LSPS-SR), 53
clinician-administered LSPS, 53
correlated, 53
cut-off scores, 53
yield comparable means, 53
LSPS, Liebowitz social phobia scale, See Liebowitz social phobia scale
LSPS-SR, Liebowitz social phobia scale– self–report, See Liebowitz social phobia scale–self-report
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), See also Functional magnetic resonance imaging
overview, 336
structural brain imaging in social anxiety disorder, 337
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), social anxiety studies
N-acetylaspartate, 359
serotonin system, 357–358
Melatonin, temperament role, 386–387
Memory
social anxiety disorder studies, 495–500
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), emotion regulation interventions, 343–344, 522–523
Mindfulness-based therapy, social anxiety disorder
evidence of interventions, 732–735
key components of, 731
task concentration, eight-week protocol
allowing/letting be, session 5, 740
awareness and automatic pilot, session 1, 737–738
awareness of body, session 2, 738–739
awareness of breathing, session 3, 739
general elements, 735–736
preparation, 736
staying in present moment, session 4, 740
theory and experimental evidence, attentional processes, 730–732
Mini-SPIN-R, social anxiety disorder measures, 58–59
Mirtazapine, See also Antidepressants
children and adolescents use, 650
social anxiety disorder management, 640
Moclobemide, social anxiety disorder management, 626–627
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
pharmacologic treatments, 777
social anxiety disorder treatment
irreversible, nonselective inhibitors, 626–627
reverse monoamine oxidase-A inhibitors, 628–629, See also Reverse inhibitors of monoamine oxidase-A (RIMAS)
sources, 626
Multi-dimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC), 67
Mutism, anxiety disorders, 648
N
N-acetylaspartate (NAA), magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in social anxiety disorder, 359
Nefazodone, social anxiety disorder management, 641, See also Antidepressants
Neurological activity, social anxiety
treatment impact, 662–666
O
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 57
Opioids, temperament role, 383
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder
structure, 336
Overt behavioral performance, social anxiety
subgroups, 693
treatment impact, 686–690
behavioral ratings of performance quality, 688–690
escape and avoidance, 686–687
Oxytocin, temperament role, 383
P
Paroxetine
children and adolescents use, 649
social anxiety disorder management, 635–636
Perfectionism
definition, 159
discrepancy role, social anxiety
clinically diagnosed social phobia, trait perfectionism levels, 167–168
Hewitt and Flett model, 169–172
perfectionism cognitions, 172–174
extended model, 174–177
linking perfectionism with social anxiety, 160–162
research overview
correlational research, 163–166
role of discrepancy, social anxiety
feelings of dissatisfaction, 167
Hewitt and Flett model, perfectionistic self-presentation, 169–172
self-discrepancy model, 167
treatment implications, 178–181
cognitive behavioral therapy, 180
FMPS scores, 179
unidimensional vs. multidimensional conceptualizations, 162
Perfectionistic self-presentation scale (PSPS)
incremental validity, 170
predictor block, 170
variance
social interaction anxiety, 170
Performance deficits, social anxiety relationship, 12
Pergolide, 645
Personality disorders
association of social phobia, 34
DSM anxious personality disorder cluster, 34
Person perception, 606–607
impression formation, 606
clinical SAD individuals, 606
non anxious individuals, 606
interpersonal rejection, 606
people’s social status
estimation of, 607
social anxiety disorder
individuals vs. non-anxious individuals, 606
rated protagonists, 606
Phenelzine, social anxiety disorder management, 626
Phobic social situations, 48
list of, 48
Physiological symptoms, social anxiety
physiological reactors
wait-list condition, 663
positive face (AP), 665
positron emission tomography (PET), 665
pre-to-post treatment, 663
respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), 664
self-instructional training, 666
skin conductance reactivity (SCR), 665
social effectiveness therapy (SET), 663
social skills training, 663
threatening face (AT), 665
treatment impact, 662–666
cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT), 662
educational-supportive therapy (ES), 662
physiological measures, 662
skin conductance reactivity, 662
wait list control (WLC), 665
Positive experiences/events
biological markers of diminished rewards in social anxiety, 566–567
dopaminergic neurotransmission, 566
neurobiological circuitry, impaired, 566
impaired positive cognitions, social anxiety, 559–566
atypical post-event processing, positive information, 561–562
dearth of positivity, predicting, 564–565
lack of normative, positive self-evaluations, 562–564
positive evaluation fear, 563–564
life’s perceived quality, lack of positive bias, 565
meaningful heterogeneity in social anxiety, 567–568
self-regulatory model, social anxiety, 555–559
emotion dysregulation, positivity deficit mechanism, 556–557
extreme self-awareness, 555
hyper-focused, 555
impaired attention, positivity deficits mechanism, 558–559
social anxiety and diminished positive experiences, 552–555
depressive symptoms, 553
experience-sampling studies, 554
meta-analysis, 553
posttraumatic stress disorder, 554
single-occasion global questionnaire, 554
social relationships, 552
treatment implications, 568–570
Positron emission tomography (PET), 259
activation studies in social anxiety disorder
neuroanatomy, 336
resting state studies, 352–355
summary of studies, 356
symptom provocation, 344–347
brain profile, 408
neurotransmitter system imaging in social anxiety disorder
dopamine, 356–357
serotonin, 357–358
overview, 336
Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder
functional neuroimaging, 338, 352–355
structure, 336
Prefrontal cortex (PFC), 260–261
amygdala connectivity, 262–262, 342
functional overview, 336
neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder
functional neuroimaging, 338–340, 346–351
structure, 336
Pregabalin, social anxiety disorder management, 645–646, See also Anticonvulsants
Prevention programs, social anxiety disorder management
coping and promoting strength program (CAPS), 321
child anxiety prevention study, developed from, 321
child components, 321
cognitive-behavioral anxiety prevention program, 321
FRIENDS programs, See FRIENDS prevention programs
future research directions, 325–326
mental health concerns, 320
preschool intervention project, 320
anxious symptomology, 320
implementation, 320
parent-education program, 320
aim, 320
psychoeducation, anxiety and risk factors, 320
Prevention types, social anxiety, 317
effective prevention program, 317
key factors, 317
levels of prevention, 317
preventative intervention targets
indicated, 317
selective, 317
universal, 317
Protective factors, social anxiety development, 314–316
Erikson’s psychosocial stages, 316
familial transmission of anxiety, 315
function mechanism, 314
interpersonal relationships, 316
parent-child attachment, 315
disorganized, insecure attachment, 315
positive attachments, development of, 315
stable, secure attachment, 315
positive peer relationships, 316
prosocial behaviors, 316
social anxiety disorder
susceptibility to, 315
social networks, analysis of, 316
socio-emotional competence, 314
includes, 314
socio-emotional skills, 315
summary, 316
Psychopharmacological treatment studies, 34
Psychophysiological arousal, biological factor, 263
Psychophysiological assessment in social anxiety, 75–77
anxiety-provoking stimuli, 75
anxiety-related reactions, 75
embarrassment, 75
autonomic nervous system (ANS), 75
parasympathetic system, 75
sympathetic system, 75
cardiovascular assessment, 76–77
conducts, cognitive restructuring, 76
electrodermal recordings, 77
other physiological assessments, 77
physiological data, 76
social skills training, 76
treatment decisions, 76
pharmacological treatment, 76
Psychosis, social anxiety disorder comorbidity, 241
Psychosocial treatments, mechanisms of action in social anxiety disorder, 792–793
Q
Quetiapine, social anxiety disorder management, 647
R
Reboxetine, social anxiety disorder management, 641, See also Antidepressants
Regulator of G-protein signalling (RGS2), 383
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), 664
higher levels of resting, 664
measure
anticipation of a speech task, 664
withdrawal, 664
Reverse inhibitors of monoamine oxidase-A (RIMAS), social anxiety disorder management
brofaromine, 629
moclobemide, 628–629
treated patients, 628
vs. monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 628
Revised children’s manifest anxiety scale (RCMAS), 67
Role-playing procedures, social anxiety
role-play test (RPT), 69–71
social anxiety and phobia assessment, 69–71
simulated social interaction test (SSIT), 71–72
S
Scale for interpersonal behavior (SIB), social skill assessment in social phobia, 195
Schizoid personality cluster, 34
Screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED), 67
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
children and adolescents use, 648–650
controlled trials, 629
social anxiety disorder management
citalopram, 637–638
escitalopram, 637–638
fluoxetine, 638–639
fluvoxamine, 638
paroxetine, 635–636
sertraline, 636–637
Self
behavioral strategies, 540
cognitive processing, See Self-referent cognitive processing
concept clarity, 542
definition, 531
organization, 541–542
evaluative, 541
related concepts, 531
related motives, 540
approaches, 540
schema content, See Self-schema content
social cognitive perspective, 532
issues, examined, 532
structure, 541
refers to, 541
Self efficacy for social situations scale (SESS), 68
Self-monitoring, social anxiety and phobia, 72
Self-presentation theory
interpersonal behavior and social anxiety, 589–590
original theory
empirical support, 580
evidence for, 583
fundamental proposition, 580
original theory, 580–583
self-presentational perspective, 582
socially anxious people, 581
virtue of, 580
sociometer theory as extension
link to self-presentation, 587–588
overview, 583–584
social anxiety as sociometer, 585–587
treatment implications, 590–592
antecedents of trait social anxiety, 590–591
treating social anxiety disorder, 591–592
treating trait social anxiety, 591–592
Self-referent cognitive processing
judgment biases, 538
social anxious individuals, 538
post-event processing (PEP), 538, 539
processes, links between, 539
rumination, post-event, 538
selective attention, 536–539
consciousness, self, 536
focused attention, self, 537
threat-related external cues, 537
Self-schema content
efficacy, self, 536
definition, 536
esteem, self, 535
images, self, 534–535
negative self-images (NSI), 534
positive self-imagery, 535
related thoughts, self, 532–533
maladaptive self-beliefs, 533
core extrusion schema (CES) measure, 533
social comparison, 533
social ineptness, 533
types, 533
negative self-statements, 532
positive self-statements, 532
Self-statements during public speaking scale (SSPS), 74
Septohippocampal system
medications, 790
Serotonin
activity duration, 381
neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder, 357–358
secretion, 381
temperament role, 381
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
social anxiety disorder management
duloxetine, 640
venlafaxine, 639–640
Sertraline
children and adolescents use, 648–650
social anxiety disorder management, 636–637
treated patients vs. placebo-treated patients, 636
Sheehan disability scale (SDS), 52
Shyness
affective features, 107
behavior, 98, 107–108
characteristics of, 104–109
children behavior, 421
chronic shyness, 98
development, 100–103
fear of negative evaluation, 98
cognitive features and perception, 105–106
definitions, 99
egocentric preoccupation, 98
emotional component, 98
emotional states, 99
family characteristics, 108–109
heterogeneous, 99
impairment, assessment, 99
interest, 98
prevalence, 100
self-reported traits, 99
social phobics, 98
somatic symptoms, 104–104
treatment, 99
vs. social phobic individuals, 103–104
Simulated social interaction test (SSIT)
social anxiety and phobia assessment, 200–201
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
ADHD, 400
autism, 400
bipolar disorder, 400
schizophrenia, 400
temperament role, 385–386
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
dopamine system imaging in social anxiety disorder, 356–357
functional neuroimaging in social anxiety, 352
overview, 336
Social anxiety
cultural dimensions, impact, 146–149
individualism and collectivism, 146–148
self-construal, 149
cultural variations, 150
definitions, 8–9
prevalence, across countries, 142–146
Social anxiety disorder (SAD), 27
analysis of
observable behaviors, 19
anxiety-provoking situations, 651
anxious symptomology continuum, 312
characteristics of, 312
avoidant disorder of childhood and adolescence (AVD), 254
avoidant personality disorder comparison, See Avoidant personality disorder
body dysmorphic disorder, 4
comorbidity rates, using DSM-IV criteria
current, 236–237, 238
lifetime, 232–233, 235
core features, 612
conceptualization of, 612
multi-modal communication, examination of, 612
development of, 312–319
preventative interventions, 312
differences in, 6
DSM-5 alteration, 254
early intervention, 317
summary, 319
evidence, 40
forms, 12–15
generalized version of, 29
general social anxiety, distribution, 7
history, 254–256
lifetime prevalence of, 8
lower scores, 6
milder variant, 40
model, 778–780
morphology, 254–256
negative evaluation, social/performance fear, 254
pathological extremes, 19
pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, combined, 790
prevalence rate, social phobia, 142–146, 256
prevention programs, implementing challenges, 318
difficulties set, 318
evaluation of, 318
prime target for, 312
psychological treatment, across cultures, 152–153
social nature, 19
subgroups, 693
rational-emotive therapy, 693
subtypes, types of, 12
public speaking, 13
suicidality, comorbidity, 241–242
symptoms
impact of, 312
theory and experimental evidence, 730–732
treatment implications, 613
cognitive-behavioral interventions, 613
interpersonal interventions, 613
status-enhancing interventions, 613
thin-skinnedness, 613
Social anxiety disorder dimensional scale (SAD-D), 59
Social anxiety evolutionary models, two biobehavioral systems, 601–603
adaptive function, social anxiety, 602
dominance-submissiveness system, 601
Leary’s account, 602
self-awareness, heightened, 602
social anxiety characterization, 602
social cautiousness, 602
socially anxious individuals, 602
submissive
behaviors, 602
gestures, 601
symbolic gestures
dominance, 601
Social anxiety scale for children (SASC-CA), 66
Social anxiety screening questionnaire (SAS-Q)
sample, 52
Social anxiety session change index (SASCI), 59
Social avoidance and distress scale (SADS), 6, 61–62
Social backdrop, social anxiety, 96–97
Social effectiveness therapy (SET), 663
Social factors, social anxiety
parenting style, 270–272
peer influence, 272–274
Social fitness training, social anxiety and shyness
cognitive-emotional self-regulation, 109
compassion focused therapy approach, 110–111
egalitarian behavior, 109
Social interaction anxiety scale (SIAS), 55
Social interaction self-statement test (SISST), 73–74, 671–672
Social life, evolutionary perspective
group living, humans, 599
advantages, 599
two-biobehavioral systems, 600
Socially anxious individuals (SAIs), 47
Social performance survey schedule (SPSS), social skill assessment in social phobia, 195–198
Social phobia, See Social anxiety disorder
Social phobia anxiety inventory (SPAI), 53–55
for children (SPAI-C), 65
Social phobia inventory (SPIN), 57–58
Social phobia scale, 56
Social phobic inventory in adolescents, 67
Social rank biobehavioral system (SRBS), 600
estradiol
female social rank and dominance, 601
humans social rank, processing of, 600
social competition, 600
social hierarchies, 600
stable social organization, 600
testosterone, biochemical substrate related to, 601
Social self-efficacy and self-esteem in adolescents, measures of, 68
Social skills
aim and method, 190
assessment, socially phobic, 194–195
behavioral measures, 202–203
definition, 191
hypothesis, 191
improvement in performance, 214–215
notion of, 191
self-protective shell, 215
self-reports, 195–198
skills deficits, 191, 203–215
deficient, socially phobic sub-groups, 210–211
socially anxious individuals, 203
social functioning, social phobia problem, 216–217
training, 211–214, 791
treatment, social phobia, 218–220
views, 193–194
inter-personal view, 194
intra-personal view, 193
Social skills questionnaires (SSQ-P), 66
Social status changes, responses to
pride, 609–610
effects of social anxiety, 609
self-conscious emotion, 609
social anxious individuals, 610
social power/leadership, 609
cortisol high levels, 609
insulating effects, social anxiety, 609
psychological benefits of, 609
testosterone high levels, performance, 609
social status loss
defeat, 608
humiliation, 608
shame, 608
Spence children’s anxiety scale (SCAS), 67
SPIN/mini-SPIN in adolescents, 67
Stress response, social anxiety disorder findings, 334–335
Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV), 48
Subjective probabilities, social anxiety treatment impact, 674–676
individual cognitive therapy, 675
overestimations, likelihood, 674
subjective probability scale, 674
treatment effects, 674
within-group effect sizes, 674
T
Temperament
assessment
biological measures, 427–430
high-reactives, 429
low-reactives, 429
cascades and mental states, 435–436
eighteen year old, 432–434
clinical symptoms, 434–435
eleven years, 427
fifteen years, 430–432
biological measures, 432–434
four-and-a-half-years, 425–426
second year, 424–425
seven-and-a-half-years, 426
visceral feedback, 436–437
categories
high-reactivity, 439–441
low-reactivity, 439–441
determinism/limitations, 437–439
enthusiasm for biology, 392–412
American vs. Japanese psychiatrists, 405
anatomical interconnectivity, 405
antisocial behavior, origin of, 400
blood flow pattern, adults, 406
brain metrics, 411
brain, psychological phenomena foundation, 408
cause of saccade, 407
cerebral blood flow in humans, studies of, 401
childhood adversities, 399
contemporary films, 404
copy number variant (CNV), 405
depression bouts, high prevalence of, 402
emotions, adults, 393
emotions muting, 403
evolution, factors responsible for, 409
friendlessness, 402
general adaptation syndrome, 396
Hispanic children, 398
human actions, 407
human aesthetic evaluation of music, 409
human psychonome project, 411
idiosyncratic, 393
immune system, ability of, 397
intuitionpopular theory, 410
Niels Bohr’s principle, 409
Pavlov, 399–400
physical exercise, therapeutic effects, 393
psychologically stressful events, 396
psychological process, emergence of, 407
psychological stressor, 397
reluctance to blame victims, 398
sense of control, 395
stress, 396–397
symbolic world, properties of, 402
sympathy level, increasing, 403
unconditioned reflexes, 399
unhappiness, 402
world’s problems, nature of, 393
evidence sources in bias determination, 387–392
Lab-TAB, behavioral observations, 388
genes and neurochemistry, 380–386
dopamine, 384
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 383
heritability coefficients, 386
neuromodulators, 380
neuropeptides, 383
neurotransmitters, 380
serotonin, 381
infants
high-reactive, 421–424
low-reactive, 421–424
temperamental biases, 420
inhibited children, 420
reactions to the unfamiliar, 419–420
response uncertainty, 419
types, 378–380
behavioral phenotype, 379
temperamental biases, 378
uncertainty-evoking events, 420
Test-retest reliability
DSM-IV ADIS-C/P diagnoses, 50
Thought-listing and thought-recalling, social anxiety disorder, 74–75
Thought-listing, social anxiety and phobia assessment, 73–75
Tiagabine, social anxiety disorder management, 647, See also Anticonvulsants
Tier social stress test (TSST)
anxiety trait, measurement of, 732
social anxiety disorder findings, 335
Topiramate, social amxiety disorder management, 646, See also Anticonvulsants
Tranylcypromine, social anxiety disorder management, 627
Tricyclic antidepressants, 641, See also Antidepressants
TSST
V
Valporic acid, social anxiety disorder management, 647, See also Anticonvulsants
Venlafaxine
children and adolescents use, 650
social anxiety disorder management, 639–640
Virtual sphere, self-presentation, 607–608
computer-mediated communication, 607
Facebook profiles
objective measures of, 607
face-to-face communication, 607
non-verbal cues
substitution of, 607
social sites’ profiles, 607
social structures, 607