ILLUSTRATIONS

Union soldiers with “contraband” (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Sunday morning in the Virginia pines (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Preparing for school (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
A New England ma’am holds primary classes in Mississippi (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Canvassing for votes (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
A political discussion (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
The Negro exodus (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Walter R. Vaughan (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Cover of the book Freedmen’s Pension Bill: A Plea for American Freedman (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Frederick Douglass (Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress)
John Mercer Langston, Thomas E. Miller, and H. P. Cheatham (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Isaiah Dickerson (Department of the Interior, Bureau of Pensions, National Archives)
Woman washing clothes (Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries)
African-American children and William Harding Jackson, Jr. (The Collection of Carl and Otto Giers/Tennessee State Library and Archives)
Two signed ex-slave petitions (Department of the Interior, Bureau of Pensions, National Archives)
Notice of the Ex-Slave Association 1898 convention (Department of the Interior, Bureau of Pensions, National Archives)
Reverend Dudley McNairy (Department of the Interior, Bureau of Pensions, National Archives)
Early certificate of the Ex-Slave Association (Department of the Interior, Bureau of Pensions, National Archives)
Legal documents from the Ex-Slave Association (Department of the Interior, Bureau of Pensions, National Archives)
Slaves driven South by the rebel officers (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Freedpeople eating corn cake and soured milk (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Old master and old man (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Squire Smith, Boone County ex-slave and an unidentified Boone County ex-slave (Harris Family photographs, 1880s-1960s, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Columbia, Missouri)
Richard and Drucilla Martin (WPA Slave Narratives, American Memory, Library of Congress)
Ex-slaves (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Senator Jacob Gallinger (Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress)
Henry Clay Evans (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Ell Torrance (Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress)
James Tyner (The Story of Our Post Office by Marshall Henry Cushing [Boston: A.M. Thayer, 1893] page 626)
Certificate of mutual assistance work of the Association chapters (Department of the Interior, Bureau of Pensions, National Archives)
Cornelius Jones (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
Calvin Chase (Men of Mark, Eminent, Progressive, Rising by William Simmons [Cleveland: George M. Rewell & Co., 1887] page 120)
Rolling cotton (Prints and Photographs Department, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University)
The official badge of the Ex-Slave Association (Cowan’s Historic American Auctions)
The Jefferson City, Missouri, Penitentiary Women’s Wing (Mark Schreiber, Associate Superintendent, Missouri State Penitentiary)
Emma Goldman (Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress)
Sarah Graves, Edgar and Minerva Bendy, Tiney Shaw, and Molly Ammond (WPA Slave Narratives, American Memory, Library of Congress)
The Atlanta chapter that continued to work after House’s jailing (The Constitution, Atlanta, Georgia)
Marcus Garvey (Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress)
Queen Mother Moore (Brian Lanker, 1988)
Christopher Alston and the organizers of a sit-down strike (Walter Reuther Archives, Wayne State University)
Flyer for Millions for Reparations march (Dr. Conrad Worrill, cochairman of the march)