List of illustrations
1
The periodic table
2
Synthesis of urea
3
The carbon atom
4
Methane
5
Ethane
6
Methanal and ethyne
7
Structures of methane, ethane, and estradiol
8
‘Shorthand’ structural diagrams for ethane and estradiol
9
The tetrahedral shape of methane
10
Shapes of ethene and ethyne
11
Cis
and
trans
isomers of 2-butene
12
Benzene and cyclohexane viewed face on and side on
13
Side-on views of benzene and cyclohexane with hydrogen atoms included
14
Representation of benzene indicating delocalization of electrons
15
The shape of estradiol from two different perspectives
16
Structure of estradiol including wedge-shaped bonds
17
The two enantiomers of alanine
18
Examples of common functional groups (R indicates the rest of the molecule)
19
Ionization of carboxylic acids, amines, and phenols
20
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules and carboxylic acids
21
An ionic interaction between two opposite charges on different molecules
22
Synthesis of mepivacaine
23
Synthesis of propranolol
24
A regioselective reaction
25
Synthesis of dimazole
26
Synthesis of procaine
27
Comparison of molecular complexity for benzocaine with morphine
28
Examples of molecules that were synthesized out of curiosity or a sense of challenge
29
Retrosynthesis
30
The synthesis corresponding to the retrosynthesis shown in Figure 29
31
Thin-layer chromatography
32
Monitoring a reaction at different times using thin-layer chromatography
33
Reduction of a ketone to an alcohol
34
The infrared spectra for 2-butanone and 2-butanol
35
Extractions used to remove amines and carboxylic acids from a reaction mixture
36
A comparison of the C-13 NMR spectra for 2-butanone and 2-butanol
37
A proton NMR spectra for 2-butanone
38
Reaction of 1-bromopropane with 1-propanol
39
Mechanism for the reaction shown in Figure 38
40
Biosynthesis of proteins formed by linking amino acids one at a time
41
Structures of selected
α
-amino acids
42
The polypeptide backbone of a protein with substituents
etc.) attached to each
α
-carbon
43
General structure of nucleic acids (
or OH)
44
The nucleic acid bases present in DNA
45
The double helical structure of DNA
46
The process involved in steroid biosynthesis
47
The general biosynthetic process for penicillin G
48
The overall process involved in an enzyme-catalysed reaction
49
The process by which a substrate is recognized by an enzyme’s active site
50
The enzyme-catalysed hydrolysis of acetylcholine
51
Replication of DNA chains
52
Translation
53
Possible building blocks for adenine and ribose
54
A typical approach to the development of a drug
55
The pharmacophore for estradiol
56
Different conformations of dopamine
57
Rigid analogues of dopamine
58
Examples of organochlorine insecticides
59
Physostigmine and the insecticide carbaryl
60
Hydrolysis of acetylcholine catalysed by acetylcholinesterase
61
Reaction of dyflos with a serine residue in the active site of acetylcholinesterase
62
Organophosphate prodrugs used as insecticides
63
Structures of pyrethrins
64
Examples of synergists
65
Examples of pyrethroids
66
Important binding groups in acetylcholine, nicotine, and imidacloprid
67
Stemofoline and flupyradifurone
68
Example of a juvenile hormone
69
Diflubenzuron
70
Examples of fungicides
71
Examples of auxins
72
Miscellaneous herbicides
73
Examples of acetolactate synthase inhibitors
74
Glyphosate
75
The role of retinal in the visual process
76
Examples of molecules with conjugated systems
77
Tartrazine (E102)
78
Naturally occurring dyes
79
A synthetic molecule designed to detect magnetic fields
80
Examples of pheromones
81
Examples of foul-smelling thiols
82
Slow release of a volatile scented aldehyde
83
Examples of synthetic sweeteners
84
The sweetness triangle
85
Polymerization
86
Example of addition polymerization
87
Examples of condensation reactions involved in polymerization
88
Addition polymers where
for polythene,
for polypropylene, and
for PVC
89
Teflon
90
Addition polymers from epoxide monomers
91
Polymers prepared from dienes
92
Copolymers
93
Synthesis of nylon 6
94
Monomers used to produce nylon 66
95
Monomers used for Kevlar
96
Intermolecular interactions between the polymer chains of Kevlar (hydrogen bonds are indicated by the dashed lines)
97
Condensation polymerization to form Dacron
98
Condensation polymerization to form Lexan
99
Structure of a polyurethane. The boxed regions define the urethane linkers
100
The cross-linking reaction involved with superglue
101
Bisguaiacol-F (BGF)
102
Biodegradable polyesters
103
Carbon dioxide capture by polymerization
104
Structures of diamond and graphite
105
Arrangement of carbon atoms in fullerenes
© 123RF/ efks
106
Structural variation in nanotubes
107
General structure of a rotaxane involving a dumbell-shaped molecule ‘threaded’ through a macrocycle
108
Example of a rotaxane acting as a molecular shuttle
109
A rotaxane acting as a switchable catalyst
110
Hydrogen bonding interactions between the wheel and the protonated amine on the axle
111
A rotaxane acting as a molecular synthetic machine
112
Rotaxanes containing linear alkyne groups
113
Polyrotaxanes designed to have interactions between the wheels
114
Linked rotaxanes that mimic muscle action
115
Polymerized daisy-chain rotaxanes into a molecular muscle fibre
116
DNA origami
117
A nanocar
etc.) attached to each 
or OH)
for polypropylene, and 
for PVC