Index

A

absorption 77
acetolactate synthase inhibitors 110–11
acetone 35
acetylcholine 57, 94, 100–1
acetylcholinesterase 94–5
acetylene 10, 14
acid chloride
reaction with amine 134–5
acid halide 20
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 134
active conformation 81
active principle 72
addition polymerization 128
addition polymers 129–34
adenine 53
prebiotic synthesis 62
adipic acid 67
adrenaline 11
Agent Orange 110
agonists 76
alanine 18, 51
alarm pheromones 119
alcohol 19–20
from alkyl halide 48
from reduction of ketone 38
ir absorption 38–9
reaction with carboxylic acid 129
reaction with ester 129, 135–6
aldehyde 19
reaction with amine 121
aldrin 92–3
alkene 20
polymerization 129–34
alkyl halide 20, 27
reaction with amine 35
reaction with NaOH 48
reaction with phenol 27–9
alkynes 20
in rotaxanes 155
allelopathy 108
allergic chemicals 121
allotropes 145
almonds 123
Alzheimer’s disease 85
American Civil War 33
amide 20
from amine and acid chloride 134–5
from amine and carboxylic acid 129, 134
from an amine and ester 26
amine 19–21, 41–2
from amine and alkyl halide 35
from nitro 29, 30
reaction with acid chloride 134
reaction with aldehyde 121
reaction with alkyl halide 35
reaction with carboxylic acid 129, 134
reaction with epoxide 28–9, 137–8
reaction with ester 26
aminium ion 21, 23–4
amino acids 50–2
prebiotic synthesis 62
ammonium cyanate 3
amylases 66–7
analgesics 31, 33, 76
androstenone 119
annihilation 89
ant repellant 120
antagonists 76
antiasthmatics 73, 76
antibacterials 73, 77, 85–6, 116
resistance 85–6
veterinary practice 87
antibiotics 73
anticancer agents 83, 85
antidepressants 76, 88
antidote to pesticide poisoning 72
antifreeze 68
antifungal agent 29
antihypertensives 76
anti-impotence drug 78
anti-inflammatory agents
veterinary practice 87
antimalarials 72–3
antimicrobial agents 72
antiparasitic drugs 87
antiulcer drugs 73, 76
antiviral drugs 73, 85
aromatic ring 20
arrow poison 33
aspartame 123–5
astrochemistry 63
atrazine 110
atropine 72
auxins 109–10
Axel, Richard 118
azadirachtin 91
azoxystrobin 107

B

Bacillus subtilis 106
Bacillus thuringiensis 106
bald eagle 93
barbiturates 72
bartailed godwits 117
base pairing 53
BASF 114
batteries 68–70
Bayer Cropscience 102
bees 88
susceptibility to insecticides 98, 101–2
benomyl 106
benzaldehyde 122–3
benzene 14–16
benzocaine 30–1
Bergman, Torbern 1
beta-blockers 27, 73, 76
bicyclo[1.1.0]butane 33
binding regions 79
binding site 79
bioassays 76–8
biodegradable plastics 140–1
bioethanol 67
biofuels 67
bioplastics 142
bird migration 117
bisguaiacol-F 139
Bismarck Brown Y 114
bisphenol A 138–9
reaction with diphenyl carbonate 136–7
Bitrex 126
Black Sigatoka 108
bleaching herbicides 110
brazzein 126
1-bromopropane 48
Buck, Linda 118
buckminsterfullerene C60 147
buckyballs 33, 148, 150
2-butanol 38–9
nmr 45–6
2-butanone 38–9
nmr 45–7
2-butene 14
butyl rubber 134
tertiary-butyl thiol 120

C

caffeine 72
calabar bean 94
camouflage 68
cannabinoids 89
captopril 76
carbarayl 94
carbazones 110
carbon allotropes 145–8
carbon dioxide 122
carbon dioxide capture 143
carbon photovoltaic cell 160
carboxylate ion 19, 21, 23–4, 41
carboxylic acid 19–22, 41–2
reaction with alcohol 129
reaction with amine 129, 134
β-carotene 113–14
carotenoid 117–18
carvone 118, 123
Cassino probe 63
Cellic 67
cellulases 66–7
celluloid 127, 139
cephalosporins 87
Chanel No 5 121
Chardonnet, Louis 127
chemical development 40, 75, 83–4
chemical evolution 60–6
chemical libraries 74
chemical space 6
chemical warfare 95
chemophobia 4
chemoselectivity 28
chiral centres 18
chirality 18–19
chitin 105
chlorantraniliprole 103
4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid 109
chlorophyll 113
chlorpyrifos 95–6
chlorsulfuron 110–11
choline 57, 94
cholinergic receptors 99
chondrites 64
chromatography 43
chromophore 112
chrysanthemums 91, 96
cigarette beetles 118
cimetidine 76
cinerin 97
cinnamaldehyde 106
cinnamon 106
citral 118
citronella 106
citronellol 120
clinical trials 75, 84
Coca Cola 142
Coca Cola Life 125
coca leaves 72
cocaine 72, 88
codling moth larva 120
collagen 55
colony collapse disorder 88, 101
colour 112–17
condensation polymerization 129
condensation polymers 134–7
conformational restriction 81
conjugated systems 112
copolymers 133–4
Corey, E. J. 32
coupling patterns 45, 47
coupling reactions 29
cross-resistance 108
crosslinked polymer 137
cryptochromes 117
crystallization 43
cubane 33
Curiosity Rover 63
cuttlefish 68
cyanamide 65
cyanide 122
cyantraniliprole 103
cyclamate 123, 125
cyclohexane 14, 15
cypermethrin 98–9
cysteine 56
cytochrome P450 CYP15 104–5
cytosine 53

D

2, 4-D 109–10
Dacron 135–6
damascenone 118
damascone 120
Darwin, Charles 60
data storage 68–9
DDT 92–4
DEET 122
dengue viral fever 122
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 53–4, 58–60
commercial applications 68–70
nanotechnology 158–9
origami 158–9
deoxyribose 53
depolymerization 140
derris roots 91
desalination filter 147
desoxypipradol 89
detergents 67
diagnostic devices 69
diamond 145–6
diazo group 113–14
dichloromethane 35, 41
dienes, polymerization 132
diethyl ether 41
diflubenzuron 105
dimazole 28–9
dimethyl sulphoxide 35
dimethylformamide 35
dinosaurs 116
diphenyl carbonate, reaction with bisphenol A 136–7
disconnection 34
distillation 43
distribution 77
docking sites 153
docking stations 151
dodecahedrane 33
dopamine pharmacophore 80
drug candidates 82–3
drug delivery 157–9
drug design 73, 82
drug optimization 75, 82
drug targets 76
drug testing 76–8
drugs of abuse 88–9
drying agent 43
Du Pont 66
dye-sensitized solar cells 117
dyes 118–23, 157
dyflos 95
Dyneema 128

E

E. faecalis 85
E102 114–15
E125 114
Ebola 69
ecdysone 104
ecdysone receptor 105
Econic Technologies 143
ecstacy 88
Edinburgh University 153
elastin 55
electronic noses 122
elemental analysis 44
Emerging Technology Award 146
enantiomers 18–19, 32
prebiotic synthesis 64
scents 118
enzyme 94
enzyme inhibitors 76, 94
enzymes 55–7, 76
commercial applications 66–8
epoxides 27
polymerization 132
reaction with amines 28–9, 137–8
reaction with carbon dioxide 143
epoxy cements 137
epoxy resins 138–9
ergoside 126
erythritol 125
ester 20
from alcohol and carboxylic acid 129
from alcohol and ester 129, 135–6
reaction with alcohol 129, 135–6
reaction with amine 26
estradiol 11–12, 16–17
pharmacophore 79–80
ethanal 9, 19
ethane 8–9, 11–12
ethanoic acid 57, 94
ethanol 19, 35, 67
ethene 13–14
ether 20
from epoxide and alkyl halide 27–8
from phenol and alkyl halide 28–9
reaction with HBr 28–9
ethyl acetate 35, 41
ethyl ethanoate 35
ethylamine 19
ethyne 10, 13–14
eugenol 121
eumelanin 116
European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) 84
European Food Safety Agency 125
excretion 77
exothermic reaction 36
explosives, detection of 143
extraction 19, 40–3

F

Fandango 108
fatty acids 55
filtration 43
fire retardant 69
first-pass effect 77
flubendiamide 103
fluoxastrobin 108
flupyradifurone 102–3
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 84, 125
formaldehyde 9, 62
formamide 64
formulation 75, 84
fracking 67
Freud, Sigmund 88
fullerenes 117–18, 147–8
as nanowheels 160–1
functional group transformations 29–30
functional groups 19–21
fungicides 106–8
funnel web spider 104
furan-2, 5-dicarboxylic acid 142

G

Gandhi, Mahatma 114
general anaesthetics 72
genetic engineering 66, 106
geraniol 120
germacrene D 106
glaucoma 72
GlaxoSmithKline 85
Glean 110
glucose 68
glutamic acid 51
glycine 50–1
glycogen 67
glyphosate 110–11
golden orb spiders 120
Goodyear, Charles 133
graphene 147
graphite 146
guanine 53

H

haemoglobin 11
α-hemolysin 160
herbicides 108–11
heroin 88
herring sperm 69
high-throughput screening 73, 77
HIV 85
HIV protease 52
hormones 57
human genome 73
hydrogen bond acceptor 23
hydrogen bond donor 23
hydrogen bonds 21–3

I

ice creams 68
ICI 109, 129
imidacloprid 99–101
imines, from aldehydes and amines 121
in vitro testing 76–7
in vivo testing 77–8
indigo 114–15
induced fit 56–8
infra-red spectroscopy 37–8
insect growth regulators 104
insect repellants 96, 106
insecticides 91–106
intermolecular and intramolecular interactions 24
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 10
iodine 37
ion channels 58
targets for insecticides 93, 94, 96, 103–4
ionic interactions 21, 23–4
iridophores 68
irreversible inhibitors 95
ivermectin 87
ivory 140
ivory wave 89

J

Japanese beetle 119
Japonilure 119
jasmine 118
jasmolin 97
cis-jasmone 118
Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre 107
JH acid methyltransferase 104–5
jojoba 106
juglone 109
Jupiter 63
juvenile hormone 104–5
juvenoids 104

K

kelp 106
keratin 55
ketone 19
ir absorption 38–9
reduction to alcohol 38
Kevlar 134–6
kinase inhibitors 85
kinases 73
Kroto, Henry 148

L

lactic acid 141
lead compound 72, 74–5, 78–9
legal highs 88–9
Lexan 136–7
lignin 139
limonene 118, 121
linalool oxide 122
lipases 66
local anaesthetics 26, 29, 30, 72
London dispersion forces 21, 24
LSD 88
lycophene 113
Lycra 128
lysine 51

M

macrocycle 150
macromolecule 50
magnesium sulphate 43
magnetic field detection 117–18
magnetite 117
maitotoxin 32
malaria 72, 92–3, 104, 122
malathion 95–6
marine annelid worm 102
Mars 63
mass spectrometry 44
MDMA 88
melanin 116
melanosomes 116
menthol 123
mephedrone 89
mepivacaine 26
messenger RNA (mRNA) 59–61
metabolism 77
metalaxyl 106, 108
metal-organic frameworks 155
meterorites 64
methanal 10
methane 8, 9, 11, 13, 60–1, 63
methane capture 143
methicillin 85
methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 85
methlenedioxyprovalerone 89
methoprene 104
methylcarbamate insecticides 94
methylene blue 116–17
MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas 117
microplastic 141
Miller, Stanley L. 60–1
miracle fruit 126
miraculin 126
mogrosides 126
molecular computers 145, 149
molecular modelling 74
molecular muscle fibre 156
molecular muscles 156
molecular shuttle 151–2
molecular switch 153
molecular synthetic machines 154–5
molecular wires 155
molting process, target for insecticides 104–5
monk fruit 126
monocerin 106
monoethylene glycol 142
monomers 127
morphine 11, 31–3, 72, 76
mosquito attractants and repellants 122
mosquito control 157–8
Muller, Paul 92
tuberculosis 85
muscone 118

N

nanocapsules 157
nanocar 160–1
nanodevices 160–1
nanoelectronics 149, 155
nanolaboratory 159
nanomachines 160–1
nanoparticles 157–8
nanosequencer of DNA 160
nanotechnology safety and toxicology 161–2
nanotubes 148–50
1-naphthol 27
naphthylpyrovalerone 89
Napoleonic wars 96
natural gas 120
N-C coupling 27–8, 30
neem tree 91, 106
neonicotinoid insecticides 98–102
neoprene 132
neotame 123
Neptune 63
nereistoxin 102
nerve toxins 95
neuromuscular blocker 33
neurotoxin 32, 102
neurotransmitters 57–8, 80, 94
neutraceuticals, delivery of 157
nicotine 91, 98–101, 126
nicotinic receptor 98–9, 102
nitrile 20
nitro, conversion to amine 29–30
nitrocellulose 127
nmr spectroscopy 45–7, 74
Nobel Prize 32, 92, 118, 130, 147–8
norflurazon 110
Novozymes 66–7
nucleic acids 52–4
function 58–60
nucleotides 52–4
nylons 67, 128, 134

O

oak moss 121
O-C coupling 27–8, 30
octopus 68
oestrogen 138
selectivity 91
olefactory receptors 118, 122–3
oligonucleotides, prebiotic synthesis 65
opium 72
opsin 112–13
oregano 106
organochlorine insecticides 92–4
organophosphate insecticides 95–6
organophosphates 88
oxo-biodegradable plastics 141
oxytetracycline 88

P

paclitaxel 157
parathion 95–6
Parkinson’s disease 85
patenting 75, 82–3
penicillin G 55–6
penicillins 73, 85, 87
pentadin 126
Pepsi 142
peptide bond 51
peregrine falcon 93
perfumes 120
periodic table 1–2
pesticide poisoning, antidote 72
pharmacodynamics 77
pharmacokinetics 77
pharmacophores 78–82
phenol 19–20
from an aromatic ether 28–9
reaction with an alkyl halide 27–9
phenothrin 98–9
phenylacetic acid 56
phenylbutazone 87
2-phenylethanol 120
pheomelanin 116
pheromone traps 119
pheromones 118–20
Philae 63
phosphorylation 73
photodynamic therapy 116–17
photoreceptors 117
photorhodopsin 113
photosensitizing agent 116
physostigmine 72, 94
piperonyl butoxide 97–8
pi-pi interaction 151
plant hormones 109
plastic recycling 140
poison ivy 121
poly(alkenes) 127
poly(ethane) 129
poly(furan-2, 5-dicarboxylic acid) (PEF) 142
poly(N-isopropylacylamide) 144
poly(vinyl) chloride 131
polyacrylonitriles 128
polycarbonates 136–9
CO2 capture 143
recycling 140
polyesters 128, 135–6, 139
recycling 140
polyethers 132
polyethylene 129, 131
polyethylene glycol 69
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 127, 142
polyfluorinated polymers 138
polyhydroxyalkanoates 141
polylactides 141
polymerization 69, 127
polymers
biodegradable 143–4
self healing 142
water absorption 144
polypeptide 51
polypeptide deformylase 85
polypropene 130
polypropylenes 130, 139
polyrotaxanes 155–6
polystyrene 127
recycling 140
polythene 129–30
polyurethane, methane capture 143
polyurethanes 137
polyvinyl chloride 127, 130
poppy plant 32
porous organic polymers 143
porphyrin 117–18
potato blight 108
prebiotic chemistry 60
biopolymers 64–5
preclinical trials 75, 84
Presidential Green Chemistry Award 105
prismane 33
procaine 29–30
process development 83–4
prodrugs 78, 91, 96
as insecticides 95
proflavin 116
prontosil 77–8, 116
1-propanol 48
propanone 19, 35
propoxycarbazone-sodium 110–11
propranolol 76
proteases 66
protection/deprotection strategy 30
protein primary structure 51
protein function 55–8
proteins 50–2
commercial applications 66
prothioconazole 107–8
psychoactive drugs 88
purification 43
pyrethoids 88
pyrethrins 91, 96–8
pyrethroids 98
pyrethrum 91, 96

Q

queen bee substance 119
quinine 72
quinone outside inhibitors 107

R

racemate 32
radiosynthesis 75, 84
ranitidine 76
rayon 127
reaction mechanisms 47–9
rebaudioside A 125
receptors 57–8, 76
reduction 38
reflectin 68
regioselectivity 28–9
resistance to penicillins 85
resistance to pyrethrins 96–7
11-cis-retinal 112–13
retrosynthesis 33–5
rhodamine B 114
rhodopsin 112–13
ribonucleic acid, prebiotic synthesis 65
ribonucleic acid (RNA) 53, 59–60
ribose 53
prebiotic synthesis 62
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 59
ribosomes 59–61, 65–6
ribozymes 65
rigidification 81
Robinson, Sir Robert 32
Rohm and Haas 105
rose scent 120
rosemary 106
Rosetta probe 63
rotaxanes 33, 150–6
daisy-chain 156
rotenone 91
Roundup 111
Royal Society of Chemistry 146
rubbers 127, 132–3
ryanoids 103

S

saccharin 123–5
Saccharopolyspora spinosa 102
salbutamol 76
salicylic acid 72
salt 108
saquinavir 76
Saran 134
sarin 95
Saturn 63
scanning electron microscope 116
scarlet GN 114
scent and smell 118–23
sea snails 115
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 76
sensitization 121
sensors 122, 143, 147, 150
serine in acetylcholinesterase 95
serotoni 89
serotonin 76
serricornin 119
sesamex 97–8
Sevin 94
sex pheromones 118–19
sildenafil 78
sitagliptan 66
skunk 120
sleeping sickness 92
smart clothing 68, 143
social drug 88
sodium borohydride 38
solid-state molecular switches 156
solvents 35
soman 95
sorafenib 83
spearmint oil 123
spinosyns 102
squid 68
Staphylococcus aureus 85
starch 67
stemofoline 102–3
stereochemistry 12–19
steroids 55, 58
steviol glycosides 125
stimulants 89
stink tree 108
Stockholm convention 93
strobilurins 108
structural analysis 43–7
structure-activity relationships 75, 78–82
structure-based drug design 82
styrene-acrylonitrile resin (SAN) 134
substrate 55–7
sucralose 123
sucrose 123–4
sulfoximines 102
sulfurons 110
sulphonamides 73, 78, 116
sulphur 91, 133
super glue 137–8
sweeteners 123–6
sweetness triangle 124–5
switchable catalyst 153–4
synergist 97–8
synthon 34
syphilis 72

T

tabun 95
tartrazine 114–15
taste 123–6
taste receptors 123–6
Taxol 157
tea tree 106
tebufenozide 105
Teflon 131, 138
terpenes 106
tetrafluoroethene 131
tetrahydrofuran 35
thaumatin 126
theobromine 87
theophylline 72
theranostics 157
thin layer chromatography 36–7
thiols 120
thymone 53
Titan 63
tobacco extracts 91, 99
tobacco mosaic virus 150
toluene 35
tomatoes 106
toxophore 107
trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) 83
trail pheromones 119
transcription 59
transfer RNA (tRNA) 59–61
translation 59–61
transport proteins 58, 76
tree from Hell 108
tree of heaven 108
triazine herbicides 110
triazole fungicides 107
triplet code 59
Tritan 139
tubocurarine 33
Turin, Luca 122
typhus 92
Tyrian purple 115

U

Ulocladium oudemansii 106
University of Chicago 60
University of Manchester 147
University of Ulm 122
Uranus 63
urea 3, 20
Urey, Harald C. 60–1
urushiols 121

V

valence electrons 6
valine 51, 56
van der Waals interactions 21, 24
vanilla 123
vanillin 123
varroa mite 88, 102
Vester–Ulbrecht hypothesis 64
veterinary drugs 86–8
Vietnam war 110
vinclozolin 106
vision 112–13
vitamin D 157
volatile chemicals
detection 122, 143
vulcanization 133
VX 95

W

walnut tree 109
washing powders 66
water 21–2, 35
West Nile virus 104
willow bark 72
Woodward, Robert 32
World Health Organization 86

X

X-ray crystallography 44, 74, 79

Y

Yale university 116
yellow fever 92

Z

zeaxanthin 113–14