1. OR 30(3):202–3; Drouillard to McCook, 28 August 1863, and Bond to Beggs, 28 August 1863, both in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; Tabler Diary, 28 August 1863, private collection.
2. OR 30(3):187, 200, 203–5; Tabler Diary, 28 August 1863, private collection; Burns Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Austin Diary, 28 August 1863, ALPL; Crippin, “Diary,” 279; James S. McCarty to his brother, 29 August 1863, McCarty Letters, SRNB; Simonds Diary, 28 August 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU; Colburn/Gray Diary, 28 August 1863, private collection; Pecoy Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Cooley Diary, 28 August 1863, WHS; Hunter, Eighty-Second Indiana, 54; SOR 34:162, 171, 174; Drouillard to Burroughs, 28 August 1863, and Drouillard to Stanley, 28 August 1863, both in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; James W. Sligh to his wife, 28 August 1863, and Sligh Diary, 28 August 1863, both in Sligh Family Papers, UM-B; Roseberry Diary, 28 August 1863, EU.
3. Newlin, Seventy-Third Illinois, 206; Burroughs to O’Connell, 28 August 1863, Burroughs Papers, NARA; William M. Parkinson to his brother, 7 September 1863, Parkinson Papers, OHS; Heg, Letters, 238; OR 30(1):496–97, 528, 929; Meredith Diary, 28 August 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Shultz, Diary, 29; McCullough Diary, 28 August 1863, ISL; SOR 22:25, 61, 555; SOR 33:550; SOR 88:5; Himoe Diary, 28 August 1863, NAHA; John A. Martin to his sister, 30 August 1863, Martin Letters, KSHS; Mayfield Diary, 28 August 1863, IU; Lathrop, Fifty-Ninth Illinois, 213–14; Mosman, Rough Side, 70; Kiene, Journal, 169; Phillips Diary, 28 August 1863, HL; Pickering Diary, 28 August 1863, HL; Willoughby Diary, 28 August 1863, ISL; Lyon Diary, 28 August 1863, OHS; Shideler Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Riley, Diary, 52; Cummins Diary, 28 August 1863, Cummins Papers, ALPL. In a letter home, George Cummins was bitter: “For a year past Steve had not been able for the service. I had tried several times to get a discharge for him but in vain, but now he is done soldiering, they can’t drive him any more, the demon’s gun no more will point toward his breast. He will no more stand on the picket post while the assassin lurks in the bushes waiting a chance to send the deadly missle into his breast.” George A. Cummins to “My Cher Fille,” 30 August 1863, Cummins Papers, ALPL.
4. Webster Diary, 28 August 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Edmonds Diary, 28 August 1863, USAHEC; Johnston, Soldier Boy, 54; Charles Bailer to his sister, 28 August 1863, Bailer Letters, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Harris Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Bloom Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Shotts Diary, 28 August 1863, SRNB; Dilworth Journal, 28 August 1863, HC; Hinchberger Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Keegan, Diaries, 23; Keil, Thirty-Fifth Ohio, 120; Martling Diary, 28 August 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Bircher, Drummer-Boy, 71; Donahower Account, 28 August 1863, Donahower Papers, MHS; Albertson, Letters Home, Letter 101; Turchin, “Diary,” 60; OR 30(3):200; OR 30(1):468–69; Parker Diary, 28 August 1863, HL; Miller Journal, 28 August 1863, IHS.
5. Griest Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Records Diary, 28 August 1863, and Records Reminiscences, both in Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Kemper Diary, 28 August 1863, OHS; Campbell Journal, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; OR 30(3):203–4; Marshall Diary, 28 August 1863, OHS; Dewees Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; SOR 25:537; Phillips, Diary, 24; Johnston Diary, 28 August 1863, FHS; Brown Diary, 28 August 1863, ALPL; SOR 41:807; McLain Diary, 28 August 1863, ISHS. For an example of cross-river repartee by opposing pickets, see Kirkland N. Cowing to his brother, 30 August 1863, Cowing Letter, private collection.
6. Tuttle, Kentucky Captain, 141; Busbey Diary, 28 August 1863, SRNB; Botkin Diary, 28 August 1863, Baker Correspondence, OHS; Connelly Diary, 28 August 1863, IHS; Glisan Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Palmer Journal, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Williams Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Walker Diary, 28 August 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Howe Diary, 28 August 1863, IHS; Claggett Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 182–83; OR 30(3):970.
7. Merrill to O’Connell, 7:45 P.M., 28 August 1863, Burroughs Papers, NARA; Meredith Diary, 28 August 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Shultz, Diary, 29; Himoe Diary, 28 August 1863, NAHA; Nourse Diary, 28 August 1863, DU; Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 111; Prickitt, Company H, 102; Crane Diary, 28 August 1863, Thomas Papers, NARA; Crane Diary, 28 August 1863, CIHS; Hempstead Diary, 28 August 1863, UM-B; SOR 41:752; OR 30(3):201–2; Goddard to Brannan, 28 August 1863, DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(1):468–69; Miller Journal, 28 August 1863, IHS.
8. Rosecrans to Halleck, 28 August 1863, DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(3):199; Frankenberry Diary, 28 August 1863, WVU; Sturges Diary, 28 August 1863, Sturges Papers, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; OR 30(1):468–69; Floyd, Seventy-Fifth Indiana, 119; Miller Journal, 28 August 1863, IHS; J. Newt Conklin to Gen. H. V. Boynton, 30 January 1902, Unit Files, CCNMP.
9. Brent Diary, 28 and 29 August 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):561; Mackall to Hill, 28 August 1863, and J. Stoddard Johnston to “My Dear Sir,” 27 August 1863, both in Hill Papers, LV; Polk to Frances Polk, 27 August 1863, Polk Papers, US; Brent to Beard, 28 August 1863, Brent Papers, TU.
10. Cheatham to Jackson, 28 August 1863, Letters Sent, Polk’s Command, NARA; Fielder Diary, 28 August 1863, TSLA; Magee Diary, 28 August 1863, DU; Brown Notebook, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Beatty Diary, 28 August 1863, UNC; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 144–45; Seaton, Bugle, 38; Sparkman Diary, 28 August 1863, BPL; Perdue and Perdue, Cleburne, 205; Quintard, Doctor Quintard, 81–82; SOR 3:255–56; William D. Cole to his wife, 28 August 1863, Cole Letters, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC.
11. SOR 3:255–56; Dillon Diary, 28 August 1863, TSLA; SOR 18:195, 199; SOR 78, 714, 765; SOR 79:39, 246, 352; Johnson Diary, 25–28 August 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; A. P. Adamson to N. C. Adamson, 28 August 1863, UDC Collection, vol. 1, GDAH; Adamson, Thirtieth Georgia, 33; George A. Gordon to “Dear Krilla,” 30 August 1863, Gordon Letters, UTX; Reynolds, Worthy, 102; Capers Diary, 28 August 1863, CI; Pasco Diary, 27–28 August 1863, CCNMP; Bush Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; Jackman Journal, 28 August 1863, LC; Green, Johnny Green, 85; SOR 35:408, 425; OR 30(4):562; Sloan Diary, 28 August 1863, TSLA; Leverich Diary, 28 August 1863, LSU.
12. OR 30(1):926–28; Curry, Four Years, 108; SOR 61:546, 556; George Kryder to Elisabeth Kryder, 30 August 1863, Kryder Papers, BGSU; Marshall, Niver, 21; Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 111; Feagles Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Prickitt, Company H, 102; Elijah S. Watts to Edward Ruger, 17 June 1867, O. O. Smith to Edward Ruger, 27 April 1867, Ruger Correspondence, and Crane Diary, 29 August 1863, all in Thomas Papers, NARA; Crane Diary, 29 August 1863, CIHS; Pape-Findley, Fourth Ohio Cavalry, 153; Record of Events, Company G, Third Confederate Cavalry regiment, NARA.
13. OR 30(1):485, 528–29; OR 30(3):219, 970–72; Heg, Letters, 238–39, 246–48; SOR 33:571, 577, 587; John A. Martin to his sister, 30 August 1863, Martin Letters, KSHS; James E. Love to “Dearest Molly,” 30 August 1863, Love Papers, MHM; Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas, 120–21; Fisher, Staff Officer’s Story, 78; SOR 22:49, 61, 67, 73, 555, 564, 567, 572, 574, 576; James G. Watson to [addressee unknown], 30 August 1863, Watson Letters, UI; Himoe Diary, 29 August 1863, NAHA; SOR 88:6, 25, 29, 33, 38, 48, 54.
14. OR 30(1):485, 529, 926–28; Meredith Diary, 29 August 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Shultz, Diary, 30; McCullough Diary, 29 August 1863, ISL; Larew Diary, 29 August 1863, IHS; Isaac P. Rule to his brother, 31 August 1863, Rule Letters, HPL; William M. Parkinson to his brother, 7 September 1863, Parkinson Papers, OHS; Newlin, Seventy-Third Illinois, 207; Thomas Diary, 29 August 1863, UT. The distance to be spanned was 1,254 feet. Although Lieutenant Burroughs was instructed to use no more than fifty-six pontoon boats, the number counted by the Pioneer Brigade personnel varied from fifty-nine to seventy-six. If the pontoons were spaced at twenty-foot intervals, the lower number is most likely nearer the actual number used. For an excellent generic account of a pontoon bridge, in both word and diagram, see Coggins, Arms and Equipment, 104–5.
15. Drouillard Diary, 29 August 1863, Rosecrans Papers, UCLA; Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 4 September 1863; Frankenberry Diary, 29 August 1863, WVU; Kirk, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 228; SOR 69:341; Heg, Letters, 248; John A. Martin to his sister, 30 August 1863, Martin Letters, KSHS; Beatty, Citizen Soldier, 323–24; Hiram Russell to his wife and children, 30 August 1863, Russell Letters, SRNB; McCullough Diary, 29 August 1863, ISL; OR 30(1):497, 529; OR 30(3):971–72; SOR 23:19, 48–49; Patterson Diary, 29 August 1863, MHM; Colyer Diary, 29 August 1863, ALPL; SOR 66:685, 691, 702, 712, 726; Post Diary, 29 August 1863, KC.
16. Hempstead Diary, 29 August 1863, UM-B; John Wasson to his uncle, 18 October 1863, Wasson Letters, DeYoung Collection, WMU; Pirtle, “Leaves,” CIHS; Alfred Pirtle to “Dear Jim,” 30 August 1863, Pirtle Letters, FHS; Eugene E. Comstock to his parents, 30 August 1863, Comstock Papers, WHS; OR 30(3):220; Pecoy Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Cummins Diary, 29 August 1863, Cummins Papers, ALPL; Cooley Diary, 29 August 1863, WHS; Burns Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Tabler Diary, 29 August 1863, private collection; Colburn/Gray Diary, 29 August 1863, private collection; Austin Diary, 29 August 1863, ALPL; Crippin, “Diary,” 279; James S. McCarty to his sister, 29 August 1863, McCarty Letters, SRNB; Riley, Diary, 52; Simonds Diary, 29 August 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU.
17. OR 30(3):215–16; Goddard to Thomas, 9:50 A.M., 29 August 1863, DC, Letters Sent, NARA; Davidson Diary, 29 August 1863, NCWM; Keil, Thirty-Fifth Ohio, 121; Albertson, Letters Home, Letter 101; Bishop, Story, 93; Martling Diary, 29 August 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Harry Van Derveer to “Dear Mother,” 30 August 1863, Van Derveer Letters, SLRH.
18. OR 30(1):220–21, 468–69; Hollingsworth Diary, 29 August 1863, IHS; Morse, Diaries, 32; Taylor Diary, 29 August 1863, SRNB; Williams, Extracts, 88; Ward Diary, 29 August 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; Owen Diary, 29 August 1863, AU; Miller Journal, 29 August 1863, IHS; SOR 28:371; Banta Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Kemper Diary, 29 August 1863, OHS; Records Diary and Reminiscences, 29 August 1863, Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Griest Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Phillips, Diary, 24; Kitchell Diary, 29 August 1863, ALPL; Hines Diary, 29 August 1863, Hines Manuscript Collection, ISL; John S. McGraw to “Dear Wife and Children,” 30 August 1863, McGraw Letters, ISL; Kerwood, Fifty-Seventh Indiana, 201; Marshall Diary, 29 August 1863, OHS; Campbell Journal, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Chattanooga (Tenn.) Daily Rebel, 30 August 1863; OR 23(2):968; Brent Diary, 29 August 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS.
19. Joseph Bruff to Anna Bruff, 29 August 1863, Bruff Letters, private collection; David W. Norton to “DearMollie,” 24–29 August 1863, Norton Letters, ALPL; Thomas Prickett to “Dearest Matilda,” 29 August 1863, Prickett Letters, IHS; Busbey Diary, 29 August 1863, SRNB; Botkin Diary, 29 August 1863, Baker Correspondence, OHS; Glisan Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Benedict Diary, 29 August 1863, SRNB; Willis Jones to Rachel Jones, 29 August 1863, Jones Papers, NC; McKee Diary, 29 August 1863, http://mckee-burns.pasttracker.com/mckee/cw_mckee/mckee_robert_t_cw_diary_1 (15 June 2013); John E. Cummins to “Dear Hattie,” 29 August 1863, McCray Research Archive, BGSU; Howe Diary, 29 August 1863, IHS; Huntzinger Diary, 29 August 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); OR 30(3):220, 222.
20. Newlin, Seventy-Third Illinois, 206–7; Morledge Diary, 29 August 1863, KMNMP; Christian Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Shotts Diary, 29 August 1863, SRNB; Millen Diary, 29 August 1863, SRNB; William R. Stookey to Helen Stookey, 29 August 1863, Stookey Letters, IHS; Daniel O’Leary to “My dear Wife,” 29 August 1863, O’Leary Letters, KMNMP; Shanks Diary, 29 August 1863, BGSU; Dilworth Journal, 29 August 1863, HC; Hinchberger Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Ward Diary, 29 August 1863, Ward Papers, DP; Nupp Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Weaver Diary, 29 August 1863, SRNB; John W. Baldwin to his wife, 29 August 1863, Baldwin Papers, OHS; Edmonds Diary, 29 August 1863, USAHEC; Memorial of Burnham, 22–23.
21. Kiene, Journal, 169; Pickering Diary, 29 August 1863, HL; Willoughby Diary, 29 August 1863, Willoughby Manuscript Collection, ISL; Dean Diary, 29 August 1863, private collection; Henry Richards to his father, 29 August 1863, Gilbert-Richards Papers, MU; Wilson, Memoirs, 194–95; Shideler Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Bergun H. Brown to his parents and sisters, 29 August 1863, Brown Papers, IHS; Robinson Diary, 29 August 1863, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Oliver P. Hunt to “Jennie,” 29 August 1863, Hunt letters, UFL; OR 30(3):223, 239; Winans Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Hewes, Tenth Michigan, 48; Holmes, Then and Now, 4, 120; Porter Diary, 29 August 1863, OHS; Armstrong Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Schwartz, Diary, 10; Robinson Diary, 29 August 1863, ALPL; Patton Diary, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; McAdams, One Hundred and Thirteenth Ohio, 37.
22. OR 30(3):170, 199, 213, 222–23; Goddard to Granger, 29 August 1863 (two messages), Goddard to Commanding Officer, McMinnville, 11:45 P.M., 29 August 1863, Goddard to Simmons, 29 August 1863, Rosecrans to Totten, 29 August 1863, Garfield to Bassford, 29 August 1863, and Thoms to Halleck, 29 August 1863, all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; Hunt, Colonels in Blue, 25.
23. Brent Diary, 29 August 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):565; Mackall to Hill, 29 August 1863, Hill Papers, LV.
24. Brent Diary, 29 August 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 78; Record of Events, Company G, Third Confederate Cavalry regiment, NARA.
25. “Memorandum furnished by Col. B. J. Hill, 35th Tenn. Regt Aug 29, 1863,” Bragg Papers, WRHS.
26. OR 30(4):564. For negative assessments of Bragg during this period, see especially Connelly, Autumn of Glory, 168–70; and Hallock, Bragg, 46–48. Only slightly less judgmental is Cozzens, This Terrible Sound, 47–49. Also critical, though by no means objective, is Hill, “Chickamauga,” in Battles and Leaders, 3:640. It is not difficult to make Bragg appear confused and irresolute during the period 21–29 August 1863 if no direct connection is made between actions taken on a given day and the specific information available at that moment, particularly if the writer disregards any pretense of a detailed timeline. Performed in strict chronological order, however, a careful analysis linking Bragg’s knowledge at a particular instant to his subsequent decisions yields a considerably more sympathetic picture, that of a commander responding rationally to developing events as he perceived them, however misguided hindsight eventually would show the response to be.
27. Fielder Diary, 29 August 1863, TSLA; Brown Notebook, 29 August 1863, CCNMP; Magee Diary, 29 August 1863, DU; Robert L. Bliss to his mother, 29 August 1863, Bliss Letters, ADAH; James A. Hall to Bolling Hall Sr., 29 August 1863, Bolling Hall Family Papers, ADAH; William H. Moore to “Miss Jennie,” 29 August 1863, Parsons Letters, ADAH; Chattanooga (Tenn.) Daily Rebel, 30 August 1863; J. N. Honnoll to C. C. Honnoll, 29 August 1863, Honnoll Family Papers, EU; SOR 14:278; Memphis Daily Appeal, 31 August 1863, quoting Chattanooga (Tenn.) Daily Rebel, 29 August 1863; Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle, 4 September 1863, quoting Chattanooga (Tenn.) Daily Rebel, 1 September 1863; Sparkman Diary, 29 August 1863, BPL.
28. Brent Diary, 29 August 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):564; Fielder Diary, 29 August 1863, TSLA; Armstrong Diary, 29 August 1863, ADAH; Estes Diary, 29 August 1863, MC; Freeman Diary, 29 August 1863, TSLA; Dillon Diary, 29 August 1863, TSLA; William D. Cole to his wife, 28–31 August 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; SOR 18:195, 198, 285; SOR 78:765–66, 793, 801; SOR 79:246; Johnson Diary, 29 August 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; Moore Diary, 29 August 1863, UDC Collection, GDAH; Bolling Hall, Jr. to Bolling Hall Sr., 29 August 1863, Bolling Hall Family Papers, ADAH; Sloan Diary, 29 August 1863, TSLA; Leverich Diary, 29 August 1863, LSU; Dyer, Diary, 19; Corbitt Diary, 29 August 1863, EU; Stevenson, “Smith,” 42; Shields Diary, 29 August 1863, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sassytazzy/family/surnames/shields (1 February 2009); George A. Gordon to “Dear Krilla,” 30 August 1863, Gordon Letters, UTX; Capers Diary, 28 August 1863, Capers Papers, CI; Jackman Journal, 29 August 1863, LC; Pasco Diary, 27–29 August 1863, CCNMP; Bush Diary, 28 August 1863, CCNMP; William R. Jones to Mary F. Jones, 29 August 1863, Jones Letters, ADAH. Private Gray must have survived his fall, because his Compiled Service Record shows him present in October, and absent without leave in November 1863. Jarrott Gray CSR, NARA.
29. Alfred Pirtle to “Dear Jim,” 30 August 1863, Pirtle Letters, FHS; [unknown] to “Friend Lib,” 30 August 1861 [1863], Civil War Voices http://www.soldierstudies.org/blog/2011/03/camp-roberts-alabama-1861-august-30th/ (24 January 2012); John A. Martin to his sister, 30 August 1863, Martin Letters, KSHS; James E. Love to Eliza Mary Wilson, 30 August 1863, Love Papers, MHM; OR 30(1):485, 497, 505, 511, 513, 529; SOR 22:61, 555, 572, 574, 577; James G. Watson to [addressee unknown], 30 August 1863, Watson Letters, UI; OR 30(3):972–73; Patterson Diary, 30 August 1863, ALPL; Isaac P. Rule to his brother, 31 August 1863, Rule Letters, HPL; Colyer Diary, 30 August 1863, ALPL; SOR 21:515; SOR 23:19, 49; SOR 43:663, 671; SOR 66:679, 685, 691; Post Diary, 30 August 1863, Post Papers, KC; Mosman, Rough Side, 70–71; Lathrop, Fifty-Ninth Illinois, 214–15; Herr, Nine Campaigns, 140; SOR 24:393, 412; Mayfield Diary, 30 August 1863, IU; SOR 25:37–38; Society, Seventy-Fourth Illinois, Reunion Proceedings, 21; SOR 87:40, 67.
30. [Unknown] to “Friend Lib,” 30 August 1861 [1863], Civil War Voices http://www.soldierstudies.org/blog/2011/03/camp-roberts-alabama-1861-august-30th/ (24 January 2012); OR 30(3):231, 235–36; Lytle, For Honor, 198; Pecoy Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Cooley Diary, 30 August 1863, WHS; Simonds Diary, 30 August 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU; Riley, Diary, 52; Burns Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Tabler Diary, 30 August 1863, private collection; Crippin, “Diary,” 279; Hempstead Diary, 30 August 1863, UM-B.
31. Keegan, Diaries, 23; Martling Diary, 30 August 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Grebner, Ninth Ohio, 139; Albertson, Letters Home, Letter 101; John Reed Beatty to “Dearest Laura,” 30 August 1863, Beatty Papers, MHS; Reed Diary, 30 August 1863, MHS; Donahower Account, 30 August 1863, Donahower Papers, MHS; Bircher, Drummer-Boy, 71; Bishop, Story, 92–93; Davidson Diary, 30 August 1863, NCWM; Harry Van Derveer to his mother, 30 August 1863, Van Derveer Letters, SLRH; OR 30(3):232; Inskeep Diary, 30 August 1863, OHS; Wheeler Diary, 30–31 August 1863, OHS; DeVelling, Seventeenth Ohio, 73; Moses B. Walker, “History of the 1st Brigade,” Thomas Papers, NARA; Albert J. Baldwin to his parents, 6 September 1863, Baldwin Letters, UND.
32. OR 30(1):439, 468; OR 30(3):233–34; Ward Diary, 30 August 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; Josiah D. Cotton to his wife, 30 August 1863, Cotton Papers, LC.
33. Magid, Crook, 157; OR 30(1):926; OR 30(4):574; Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 111; SOR 61:546; Feagles Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Elijah S. Watts to Edward Ruger, 17 June 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; George A. Gotwald to A. O. Smith, 31 August 1863, DC, Letters Received, NARA; Confederate Railroads, Wills Valley Railroad, http://www.csa-railroads.com/Wills_Valley.htm (11 January 2014).
34. Records Diary and Reminiscences, 30 August 1863, Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Kemper Diary, 30 August 1863, OHS; Griest Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Campbell Journal, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; OR 30(3):251; Invoice, William Crutchfield, 27 September 1867, Accounts of Secret Service Agents, NARA; Thomas Crutchfield Jr. to James R. Hood, 27 December 1863, Crutchfield Family Papers, TSLA; Marshall Diary, 30 August 1863, OHS; W. E. Doyle, National Tribune, 22 June 1899; Smith, Samuel Thomas Smith, 80–81; Hines Diary, 30 August 1863, Hines Manuscript Collection, ISL; John S. McGraw to Mary Ann McGraw, 30 August 1863, McGraw Letters, ISL; Kitchell Diary, 30 August 1863, ALPL; SOR 25:508, 529, 537; Glisan Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Jonathan B. Holmes to “Anna My Friend,” 30 August 1863, private collection; Johnston Diary, 30 August 1863, FHS. Paid at the rate of $50 per month for his service to the Union from 1 November 1861 to 1 November 1864, William Crutchfield received $1,800 from the government in September 1867.
35. Busbey Diary, 30 August 1863, SRNB; Botkin Diary, 30 August 1863, Baker Correspondence, OHS; Connelly Diary, 30 August 1863, IHS; Smith, Thirty-First Indiana, 58; McKee Diary, 30 August 1863, http://mckee-burns.pasttracker.com/mckee/cw_mekee/mckee_robert_t_cw_diary_1 (15 June 2013); Harden, 90th Ohio, 91; Williams Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Walker Diary, 30 August 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Christopher Wetsel to “Dear Brother Granville,” 28–30 August 1863, Wetsel Letters, WIU; Willis Jones to Mellunda Ann Jones, 30 August 1863, Jones Papers, NC; Howe Diary, 30 August 1863, IHS; OR 30(3):237–38; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 183; Tilford Diary, 30 August 1863, FHS; History, Seventy-Ninth Indiana, 83; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 302; Welk Diary, 30 August 1863, BGSU; Pickering Diary, 30 August 1863, HL; Dean Diary, 30 August 1863, private collection; Kiene, Journal, 169; Phillips Diary, 30 August 1863, HL; Stahl Diary, 30 August 1863, BGSU; Davidson, Battery A, 82; Widney Diary, 30 August 1863, KMNMP; Talbot Diary, 30 August 1863, SRNB; Robinson Diary, 30 August 1863, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Lyon Diary, 30 August 1863, OHS; Moon Diary, 30 August 1863, KSHS; Beck Diary, 30 August 1863, KSHS; Protsman Diary, 30 August 1863, WSU; Doll, Sixth Indiana, 67; Shideler Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Ashmun Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Morledge Diary, 30 August 1863, KMNMP; Newlin, Seventy-Third Illinois, 207; Webster Diary, 30 August 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Clark Diary, 30 August 1863, Clark Papers, USAHEC; Lucius Brown to “Dear Sister Gennie,” 30 August 1863, Brown Letters, EU; Robert J. Bates to his parents, 30 August 1863, Bates Letters, WHS; Christian Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Johnston Diary, 30 August 1863, Johnston Collection, CHS; Shotts Diary, 30 August 1863, SRNB; Ward Diary, 30 August 1863, Ward Papers, DP; Dilworth Journal, 30 August 1863, HC; Hinchberger Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Johnston, Soldier Boy, 54; Bloom Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP.
36. OR 30(3):239–41; Charles H. Sowle to his mother, 30 August 1863, Sowle Papers, DU; Kendall Diary, 30 August 1863, HL; Merrill, Diary, 50; Read Diary, 30 August 1863, KSHS; Harris Diary, 30 August 1863, IHS; Hastings Clinton to “Rette,” 30 August 1863, and Daniel V. Culver to “Friend Anna,” 30 August 1863, both in Clinton Family Papers, CU; Roswell M. Russell to Edward Ruger, 12 June 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Carter, First Tennessee Cavalry, 83; Kinnear, Eighty-Sixth Illinois, 20–21; Stewart, 52nd O.V.I., 53; Holmes, Then and Now, 4, 120–21; Hewes, Tenth Michigan, 48; Porter Diary, 30 August 1863, OHS; Armstrong Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Partridge, Ninety-Sixth Illinois, 153–54; Robinson Diary, 30 August 1863, ALPL; Patton Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; McAdams, One Hundred and Thirteenth Ohio, 37; Schwartz, Diary, 10; Van Vleck, Leader, 162–64.
37. OR 30(1):601; OR 30(3):230–31, 235–36, 238, 974; Rosecrans to Crittenden, 30 August 1863, Garfield to Crittenden, 10:00 P.M., 30 August 1863, Garfield to Granger, 30 August 1863, Garfield to Morgan, 30 August 1863, Garfield to Simmons, 30 August 1863, Garfield to Thomas, 10:00 P.M., 30 August 1863, and Farfield to Lytle, 9:30 P.M., 30 August 1863, all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA.
38. Goddard to Simmons, 30 August 1863, Goddard to Morgan, 30 August 1863, Goddard to Commanding Officer, Cowan, 30 August 1863, Bond to Simmons, 30 August 1863, and Thoms to Lytle, 30 August 1863 (two messages), all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(3):230, 234–35, 239–40; Burroughs to O’Connell, 9:00 P.M., 30 August 1863, Burroughs Papers, NARA.
39. Beatty, Citizen Soldier, 324; Hapeman Diary, 30 August 1863, ALPL; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Illinois, 110; Harris Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Johnston Diary, 30 August 1863, Johnston Collection, CHS; Christian Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Shotts Diary, 30 August 1863, SRNB; Sturges Diary, 30 August 1863, Sturges Papers, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Ward Diary, 30 August 1863, Ward Papers, DP; Weaver Diary, 30 August 1863, SRNB; John W. Baldwin to his wife, 31 August 1863, Baldwin Papers, OHS; Dilworth Journal, 30 August 1863, HC; John C. Leonard to E. F. Kleckner, 31 August 1863, Leonard/Kleckner Letters, CCNMP; Hinchberger Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Cooley Diary, 30 August 1863, WHS; OR 30(1):439, 468, 911; OR 30(3):233, 256; Gates Diary, 30 August 1863, IHS; Shera Diary, 31 August 1863, FHS; Mauzy, 68th Indiana, 11; High, 68th Indiana, 175; Miller Journal, 30 August 1863, IHS; Hollingsworth Diary, 30 August 1863, IHS; Parker Diary, 30 August 1863, HL; Morse, Diaries, 32; Taylor Diary, 30 August 1863, SRNB; SOR 67:130.
40. Entries for 30 August 1863, “Summaries of the News,” 314–322, NARA; Rosecrans to Burnside, 30 August 1863, and Rosecrans to Colonel Kelton, 30 August 1863, both in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(3):229–30, 242, 244; William Rosecrans to Anna Rosecrans, 10:30 P.M., 30 August 1863, Rosecrans Papers, UCLA; Dana, Recollections, 104–5. Rosecrans’s message to Colonel Kelton at the War Department was apparently delayed in transit, and is also misdated 31 August in the Official Records. The copy in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA is correctly dated 30 August 1863 and there is a subsequent report for 31 August. According to James H. Wilson, Dana was supposed to visit Burnside first but found that to be impossible. Wilson, Dana, 254.
41. Mackall to Buckner, 30 August 1863 (two messages), Brent to Hill, 30 August 1863 (two messages), Brent to Liddell, 30 August 1863 (two messages), and Brent Diary, 29–30 August 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS.
42. OR 30(4):566–67; Polk to Brent, 30 August 1863, Polk to Cheatham, 30 August 1863, and Polk to Hindman, 30 August 1863, all in Letters Sent, Polk’s Command, NARA; Manigault, Carolinian, 92; William H. Moore to “Miss Jennie,” 29 August 1863, Parsons Papers, ADAH; Thomas Warrick to Martha Warrick, 9 August 1863, Warrick Papers, ADAH; Fielder Diary, 30 August 1863, TSLA; Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 78; Joshua K. Callaway to Mrs. D. Callaway, 2 September 1863, Callaway Papers, UTX; SOR 45:95, 149, 171, 190; Scrapbook, Rietti Papers, MDAH; SOR 46:184, 314; Rand Diary, 30 August 1863, MDAH; Fraser Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 76:805; SOR 77:142; Newton N. Davis to his wife, 31 August 1863, Davis Letters, ADAH; Thomas B. Hall to Bolling Hall Sr., 31 August 1863, Hall Family Papers, ADAH; Magee Diary, 30 August 1863, DU.
43. Lumsden Diary, 30 August 1863, ADAH; John W. Harris to his mother, 30 August 1863, Harris Letters, TSLA; Chattanooga (Tenn.) Daily Rebel, 30 August 1863; Cleburne to Hill, 30 August 1863, D. H. Hill Papers, LV; “Gist’s Brigade,” and Capers Diary, 30 August 1863, both in Capers Papers, CI; SOR 77:233; SOR 61:46; Claudius C. Wilson to “Dear Kate,” 3 September 1863, Wilson Papers, GHS; Jackman Journal, 30 August 1863, LC; Green, Johnny Green, 85; Bush Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Pasco Diary, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; Daniel Diary, 30 August 1863, SRNB; Joseph W. Ward to his mother, 30 August 1863, Ward Letters, CSA Records, UTX; Freeman Diary, 30 August 1863, TSLA.
44. OR 30(4):567, 570–71; William D. Cole to his wife, 28–31 August 1863, Cole Letters, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Dillon Diary, 30–31 August 1863, TSLA; Moore Diary, 30 August 1863, UDC Collection, GDAH; SOR 78:766; SOR 79:246; SOR 17:304, 757; SOR 14:258; Harry I. Thornton to William Mackall, 1 September 1863, Mackall Papers, UNC; Brent to Stewart, 1 September 1863, and Brent to Hill, 1 September 1863, both in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Johnson Diary, 30 August 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; Holmes, Diary, 17; Watson Journal, 30 August 1863, CCNMP; SOR 13:905; Sexton Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Joseph S. Espey to his sister, 3 September 1863, Espey Family Papers, UNC.
45. OR 30(4):567–72; Lindsley, Annals, 2:692–93; Powell, Failure, 22–23; OR 30(2): 608, 616.
1. Hapeman Diary, 31 August 1863, ALPL; McCullough Diary, 31 August 1863, ISL; OR 30(3):254–55; OR 30(4):574. Because Mauldin’s command was a composite one, it is possible that a few personnel from the Fourth Alabama Cavalry regiment were with Mauldin, but it is more likely that Lieutenant Colonel Abernathy erred in his identification. While both the Third and Fourth Alabama Cavalry regiments were in Martin’s Division, the Fourth was in Russell’s Brigade, not Hagan’s.
2. OR 30(3):254; Patterson Diary, 31 August 1863, MHM; SOR 23:19; Colyer Diary, 31 August 1863, ALPL; Morris, Eighty-First Indiana, 55; SOR 21:473, 507; Dodd Diary, 31 August 1863, Dodd Papers; ALPL; Muster roll, Company F, Twenty-First Illinois Infantry regiment, 31 August 1863, Blackburn Papers, ALPL; Day, One Hundred and First Ohio, 143–44; Isaac P. Rule to his brother, 31 August 1863, Rule Letters, HPL; SOR 66:685; SOR 43:663; Post Diary, 31 August 1863, Post Papers, KC; Mosman, Rough Side, 71; OR 30(1):510–11, 542; Lathrop, Fifty-Ninth Illinois, 215–16; SOR 24:393; Mayfield Diary, 31 August 1863, IU; SOR 25:38; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 302; Welk Diary, 31 August 1863, BGSU; Pickering Diary, 31 August 1863, HL; Dean Diary, 31 August 1863, private collection; Thomas J. Harrison to his wife, 31 August 1863, Harrison Letters, IHS; J. W. Bartmess to his wife, 31 August 1863, Bartmess Letters, IHS; Phillips Diary, 31 August 1863, and George S. Phillips to his wife, 15 September 1863, both in Phillips Collection, HL; Stahl Diary, 31 August 1863, BGSU; Kiene, Journal, 169; SOR 28:843; Davidson, Battery A, 82–83; Alpheus S. Bloomfield to his sister, 6 September 1863, Bloomfield Letters, OHS; Widney Diary, 31 August 1863, KMNMP; Talbot Diary, 31 August 1863, SRNB; Edward Payne to “ama mia,” 1 September 1863, Payne Papers, ALPL; J. Grosskoff to Edward Ruger, 23 June 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Lyon Diary, 31 August 1863, OHS; Moon Diary, 31 August 1863, KSHS; Beck Diary, 31 August 1863, KSHS; Protsman Diary, 31 August 1863, WSU; Wagner Reminiscences, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Doll, Sixth Indiana, 67; Richards, Letters, 19; Hiram Strong to his wife, 4 September 1863, Strong Letters, CCNMP; Shideler Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Ashmun Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Holm, Fifth Indiana Battery, 28; Robinson Diary, 31 August 1863, Regimental Papers, WRHS.
3. OR 30(3):256, 974; OR 30(1):240; Brown, Signal Corps, 472.
4. “Summaries of the News,” 323–25, NARA; Goddard to Pelham, 31 August 1863 (two messages), Goddard to Commanding Officer, Tullahoma, 31 August 1863, Goddard to Commanding Officer, Decherd, 31 August 1863, Goddard to Allen, Louisville, 31 August 1863, Bond to Granger, 31 August 1863, Bond to Hodges, 31 August 1863, Thoms to Innes, 31 August 1863, Thoms to Beggs, 31 August 1863 (five messages), Thoms to Watkins, 31 August 1863, Garfield to Lytle, 1:30 P.M., 31 August 1863, and Thoms to Lytle, 31 August 1863, all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(3):248–50, 255–56, 259–60; Drouillard Diary, 31 August 1863, Rosecrans Papers, UCLA; Runion Diary, 31 August 1863, http://civilwar.illinoisgenweb.org/scrapbk/runiondiary2.html (23 March 2013).
5. McCullough Diary, 31 August 1863, IHS; Shultz, Diary, 30; Meredith Diary, 31 August 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; George Burroughs to Patrick O’Connell, 7:30 P.M., 31 August 1863, Burroughs Papers, NARA; OR 30(1):929; Roseberry Diary, 31 August 1863, EU; Pecoy Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Simonds Diary, 31 August 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU; Riley, Diary, 53; Burns Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Tabler Diary, 31 August 1863, private collection; Austin Diary, 31 August 1863, ALPL; Crippin, “Diary,” 279; Lytle, For Honor, 198; OR 30(3):255–56; Pirtle, “Leaves,” CHS. The bridge photographer was probably Thomas T. Sweeny (1833–91), already known in Cleveland, Ohio, for landscape panoramas. One of the Bridgeport photographs is attributed to Sweeny by the Minnesota Historical Society. For a capsule biography of Sweeny, see Haverstock, Vance, and Meggitt, Artists in Ohio, 845.
6. Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 111; Feagles Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Prickitt, Company H, 102; O. O. Smith to Edward Ruger, 27 April 1867, and Elijah Watts to Edward Ruger, 17 June 1867, both in Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Crane Diary, 31 August 1863, CIHS; Bircher, Drummer-Boy, 71; Reed Diary, 31 August 1863, MHS; Davidson Diary, 31 August 1863, NCWM; Martling Diary, 31 August 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Keegan, Diaries, 23; Albertson, Letters Home, Letter 101; Price Diary, 31 August 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Small Diary, 31 August 1863, IHS; Shaw, Tenth Indiana, 211; Chase, Fourteenth Ohio, 45; Letter excerpt, Everett F. Abbott to his mother, Chamberlain Papers, IHS; Moses B. Walker, “History of the 1st Brigade,” Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; DeVelling, Seventeenth Ohio, 74; McNeil, Recollections, 4–5; Inskeep Diary, 31 August 1863, OHS; Wheeler Diary, 31 August 1863, OHS; Gierhart Reminiscences, Gierhart Papers, OHS.
7. OR 30(1):469–70, 911; Mauzy, Sixty-Eighth Indiana, 11; Shera Diary, 31 August 1863, FHS; Miller Journal, 30–31 August 1863, IHS; Essington, “Second Years’ History,” Essington Papers, IHS; SOR 30:512, 528, 537; Hollingsworth Diary, 31 August 1863, IHS; Parker Diary, 31 August 1863, HL; Taylor Diary, 31 August 1863, SRNB; D. M. Ray to Edward Ruger, 6 October 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; J. M. Nash to William Rosecrans, 30 August 1863, DC, Letters Received, NARA; Muster Roll, Company B, Third Engineer Regiment, Record of Events, NARA; OR, Series 3, 5:953.
8. Smith, Civil War Tour for Cavers, 81–90; Smith, Niter District Eight, 13–18; Miller Journal, 31 August 1863, IHS. A handful of soldiers from the Second Michigan Cavalry regiment had already visited Nickajack Cave briefly on the previous day, during a reconnaissance from their bridgehead at Bridgeport. Hempstead Diary, 30 August 1863, UM-B.
9. Griest Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Records Diary, 31 August 1863, and Reminiscences, Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Kitchell Diary, 31 August 1863, ALPL; McManus, Morning, 103–4; Brown Diary, 31 August 1863, ALPL; Phillips, Diary, 24; John H. Rippetoe to Mary Rippetoe, 31 August 1863, Rippetoe Letters, VCPL; Campbell Journal, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; OR 30(3):251–52, 257–58; Kerwood, Fifty-Seventh Indiana, 202; Hines Diary, 31 August 1863, Hines Manuscript Collection, ISL; Dewees Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Marshall Diary, 31 August 1863, OHS; Albert G. Hart to his wife, 31 August 1863, Hart Papers, WRHS; Johnston Diary, 31 August 1863, FHS; Glisan Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Vale, Minty, 214; George W. Chase to his brother and sister, 31 August 1863, Chase Letters, UM-B.
10. OR 30(1):601, 617; OR 30(3):257, 259, 974–75.
11. SOR 65:419, 438, 441; Tuttle, Kentucky Captain, 142; Goddard to Allen, Louisville, 31 August 1863, DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; Busbey Diary, 31 August 1863, SRNB; Hyde Diary, 31 August 1863, KYHS; Botkin Diary, 31 August 1863, Baker Correspondence, OHS; Williams Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; SOR 62:803, 830; Walker Diary, 31 August 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Harden, 90th Ohio, 91; SOR 66:635; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 183–84; Tilford Diary, 31 August 1863, FHS; Howe Diary, 31 August 1863, IHS; Huntzinger Diary, 31 August 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); History, Seventy-Ninth Indiana, 84; Benedict Diary, 31 August 1863, SRNB; Claggett Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; OR 30(3):258.
12. Frankenberry Diary, 31 August 1863, WVU; Morledge Diary, 31 August 1863, KMNMP; Newlin, Seventy-Third Illinois, 207; Hapeman Diary, 31 August 1863, ALPL; Harris Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Bloom Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Johnston Diary, 31 August 1863, Johnston Collection, CHS; Christian Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Shotts Diary, 31 August 1863, SRNB; Lewis Tripp to his parents and sister, 1 September 1863, Tripp Letters, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Sturges Diary, 31 August 1863, Sturges Papers, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Ward Diary, 31 August 1863, Ward Papers, DP; Weaver Diary, 31 August 1863, SRNB; John C. Leonard and Tilden Kleckner to E. F. Kleckner, 31 August 1863, Leonard/ Kleckner Letters, CCNMP; Hinchberger Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Millen Diary, 31 August 1863, SRNB; Hinkley Diary, 31 August 1863, Hinkley Papers, WHS; Frank M. Phelps to “Dear Friends,” 31 August 1863, Phelps Letters, Lewis Leigh Collection, USAHEC; Webster Diary, 31 August 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; SOR 29:147; Johnston, Soldier Boy, 54; Clark Diary, 31 August 1863, Clark Papers, USAHEC; Barringer Diary, 31 August 1863, private collection; Augustus B. Carpenter to his parents, 2 September 1863, Carpenter Letters, YU; Hempstead Diary, 31 August 1863, UM-B; Roswell M. Russell to Edward Ruger, 12 June 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; George Shuman to “My own dear Fannie,” 3 September 1863, Shuman Letters, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Dan T. Wooten to “Dear Friend Mell,” 31 August 1863, Green Letters, IHS; Mendenhall Diary, 31 August 1863, IHS; Kendall Diary, 31 August 1863, HL; Harris Diary, 31 August 1863, IHS; Merrill, Diary, 50; Orson Clinton to “Dear friend Anna,” 2 September 1863, Clinton Family Papers, CU; Read Diary, 31 August 1863, KSHS; Persons Diary, 31 August 1863, WHS; SOR 86:698; OR 30(3):260–61; Thoms to Beggs, 31 August 1863 (three messages), and Thoms to Watkins, 31 August 1863, all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA.
13. OR 30(3):260; Warner, Generals in Blue, 466–67; Winans Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Porter Diary, 31 August 1863, OHS; Thomas M. Burns to his father, 9 September 1863, Burns Letters, VPI; Armstrong Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Stewart, 52nd O.V.I., 53–54; Harmon, Life and Letters, 99–100; Holmes, Then and Now, 121–23; George Dillon to his wife, 9 September 1863, Dillon Letters, DPL. Some of McCook’s soldiers believed Lynnville to be near the site of the mortal wounding of Brig. Gen. Robert L. McCook in August 1862, and also the home of McCook’s alleged killer, Capt. Frank Gurley. In fact, McCook died approximately forty miles to the southeast, near Hazel Green, Alabama, and Gurley’s home was twenty miles farther still near Gurley, Alabama. See also Steenburn, Man Called Gurley, 18, 106–30.
14. OR 30(3):244–45; OR 52(1):439, 442; Thoms to Halleck, 31 August 1863, and Drouillard to Beggs, 31 August 1863, both in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA.
15. OR 30(3):267–76; Consolidated Tri-monthly Report, Department of the Cumberland, 31 August 1863, Polk Papers, US. According to definitions of the time, Aggregate Present “shows the total number with the army in every capacity. It includes all arms of the service, wagon trains, medical department, special details, men under arrest, and the sick in camp,—in fact, all for whom rations must be provided.” Present for Duty “includes all who were present with their commands and ready for duty, whatever their duties might be. It embraced musicians, company cooks, quartermasters and commissaries, hospital corps, and other noncombatants.” An additional category, Present for Duty Equipped, “included only those who were actually available for line of battle at the date of the regimental reports.” Fox, New York at Gettysburg, 1:101–2. On 31 August 1863, the Department of the Cumberland’s Present for Duty Equipped total was 80,425 officers and men. The Present for Duty Equipped total for the Fourteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-First, and Cavalry Corps was 61,114 soldiers of all ranks.
16. OR 23(2):940–46; OR 30(4):557; OR 52(2):520; Abstract from Return of the Army of Tennessee, for August 31, 1863, Polk Papers, US.
17. Brent Diary, 31 August 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Mackall to Buckner, 31 August 1863, Brent to Buckner, 31 August 1863 (two messages), Brent to Forrest, care of Buckner, 31 August 1863, and Brent to Liddell, 31 August 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Oladowski to Wright, 31 August 1863 (two messages), and Oladowski to Gorgas, 31 August 1863, all in Ordnance Office, Army of Tennessee, Letters Sent, NARA; Chattanooga (Tenn.) Daily Rebel, 1 September 1863, as reprinted by the Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle, 4 September 1863.
18. Rennolds Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Fielder Diary, 31 August 1863, TSLA; Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 78; Magee Diary, 31 August 1863, DU; Joshua K. Callaway to Dulcinea Callaway, 2 September 1863, Callaway Papers, UTX; Thomas B. Hall to Bolling Hall Sr., 31 August 1863, Hall Family Papers, ADAH; SOR 45:183; Scrapbook, Rietti, Papers, MDAH; SOR 46:193, 289; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 146; Sparkman Diary, 31 August 1863, BPL; SOR 14:278, 286; SOR 79:227; Seaton, Bugle, 38–39; J. L. Bostick to his sister, 31 August 1863, Bostick Family Collection, TSLA. A tantalizing glimpse of the controversy between Hindman and Polk’s staff can be found in the summary of William B. Richmond to Alexander H. Polk, 29 August 1863, as offered for sale by Raynors’ Historical Collectible Auctions, 22 September 2011.
19. OR 30(4):575; OR 52(2):520–21; Dillon Diary, 31 August 1863, TSLA; Moore Diary, 31 August 1863, UDC Collection, GDAH; SOR 79:35, 246, 352, 559; SOR 18:196, 199; Johnson Diary, 31 August 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; SOR 78:714, 793; Owen, Camp and Battle, 269; Holmes, Diary, 17; Watson Journal, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Joseph S. Espey to his sister, 3 September 1863, Espey Family Papers, UNC; Sexton Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; SOR 13:905, 909, 919, 925; Brown Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Huwald Account, Nutt Papers, UNC; Sloan Diary, 31 August 1863, TSLA; Leverich Diary, 31 August 1863, LSU; Dyer, Diary, 19; Jordan and Pryor, Campaigns of Forrest, 298–99; William D. Cole to his wife, 28–31 August 1863, Cole Letters, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC.
20. Capers Diary, 31 August 1863, and “Gist’s Brigade,” both in Capers Papers, CI; Ellison Capers to his wife, 1 September 1863, Capers Papers, DU; SOR 77:221; Gentry Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; SOR 80:726; Claudius C. Wilson to his wife, 3 September 1863, Wilson Papers, GHS; SOR 36:431; Pasco Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Jackman Journal, 31 August 1863, LC; Green, Johnny Green, 85; Bush Diary, 31 August 1863, CCNMP; Corbitt Diary, 31 August 1863, EU; Poole, Cracker Cavaliers, 86; Shields Diary, 31 August 1863, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sassytazzy/family.surnames/shields (1 February 2009); SOR 13:61; OR 30(4):574; Stevenson, “Smith,” 42.
21. OR 52(2):519–20; Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 3:163–65; Wert, Longstreet, 300–301; Piston, Tarnished Lieutenant, 65–67; Robertson, “Bull of the Woods,” 117–19; OR 51(2):761; OR 30(4):575; Bragg, Joe Brown’s Army, 67–72.
22. Brent Diary, 1 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Shook, “Timely Information”; U.S. Federal Census, 1860, Jackson County, Alabama; Richmond Whig, 30 October 1863; OR 30(2):137. The identity of “Historicus” has not been determined with certainty, although some inferences can be drawn. The writer was intimately familiar with Polk’s Corps and was critical of Braxton Bragg. Further, large portions of the “Historicus” text were repeated verbatim in William Polk’s article on Chickamauga published in 1882 and his subsequent two-volume biography of his father, both without attribution to any outside source. Polk, “Chickamauga,” 2–3; Polk, Polk, 2:219–23. A member of his father’s staff during the campaign and a fierce defender of Leonidas Polk’s record, William Polk had firsthand knowledge of events, the literary skill to craft a coherent narrative, and a motive for making that narrative detrimental to the reputation of the army commander. Finally, both Leonidas Polk and his personal staff were in Atlanta on 23 October 1863, mounting a campaign to have the general restored to duty. “Historicus” wrote from “North Georgia” on that date, and the Richmond Whig clearly offered a better platform for influencing the government than the various papers published in Atlanta. Circumstantial evidence thus points to William Polk as “Historicus,” at least until a better candidate surfaces.
23. Brent Diary, 1 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Brent to Rice, 2:00 A.M., 1 September 1863 (two messages), Brent to McDonald, 2:00 A.M. 1 September 1863 (two messages), and Brent to Lieutenant [W. N. Mercer] Otey, 1 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):579.
24. Brent Diary, 1 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Brent to Hill, 2:00 A.M., 1 September 1863 (two messages), Brent to Hill and Liddell, 2:00 A.M., 1 September 1863, and Brent to Polk, 1 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):579; Jack to Cheatham and Hindman, 3:00 A.M., 1 September 1863, and Jack to Hindman, 10:30 A.M., 1 September 1863, both in Letters Sent, Polk’s Command, NARA; SOR 45:84, 146, 164, 201; SOR 46:187, 314; Rand Diary, 1–2 September 1863, MDAH; Fraser Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; McAdory Memo, Twenty-Fifth Alabama File, ADAH; James A. Hall to Bolling Hall Sr., 2 September 1863, Hall Family Papers, ADAH; Joshua K. Callaway to Dulcinea Callaway, 2 September 1863, Callaway Papers, UTX; Fielder Diary, 1 September 1863, TSLA; Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 78; Rennolds Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; W. K. Beard to Henrietta Adair Anderson, 1 September 1863, Anderson Papers, UF.
25. Brent Diary, 27–31 August 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):564–65, 574, 580; Stevenson, “Smith,” 42; SOR 13:61; OR 30(2):520; Falconer to Foster, 2:30 A.M., 1 September 1863, Falconer to Commanding Officer, Troops Wheeler’s Corps, Calhoun, Georgia, and Falconer to Caldwell, 1 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS. Carothers, a young merchant clerk from Bardstown, Kentucky, had joined the Army of Tennessee in October 1862, during Bragg’s invasion of the state. Nominally a private in Company F, First Kentucky Cavalry regiment, he was posted immediately to Bragg’s staff as a clerk and remained so in September 1863. Alfred R. Carothers CSR, NARA; U.S. Federal Census, 1860, Bullitt County, Kentucky.
26. Brent Diary, 1 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Brent to Martin, 1 September 1863, Brent to Wharton, 1 September 1863 (three messages), Brent to Roddey, 1 September 1863, Brent to Wharton and Martin, 1 September 1863, and Brent to Lee, 1 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS. Wheeler’s biographers cast little light on Wheeler’s location during this period. Dyer, Wheeler, 110–11, claims he was at Gadsden, Alabama, until 1 September, but offers no source. Longacre, Soldier, 109–10, does not attempt a guess. Powell, Failure, 45, asserts that Wheeler entered LaFayette with Wharton on 1 September but provides no documentation. Certainly Bragg and his staff did not believe that Wheeler was with Wharton on 1 September.
27. Brent to Forrest, 1 September 1863 (two messages), Brent to Buckner, 1 September 1863 (two messages), Brent to Stewart, 1 September 1863, Brent to Hill, 1 September 1863, Brent to Wright, 1 September 1863, Brent to Stevenson, 1 September 1863, Brent to McMicken, 1 September 1863, Brent to Hill and Polk, 1 September 1863, and Brent to Polk, 1 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS.
28. Bragg, Joe Brown’s Army, 66–73; OR 3 (4):580; Brodnax Memoirs, FHS; Dudley D. Saunders to Samuel H. Stout, 1 September 1863, Stout Papers, MC; Schroeder-Lein, Confederate Hospitals, 123–24. Brown did not relinquish the Georgia Military Institute to Saunders, even after Stout’s personal intervention.
29. Neal Diary, 1 September 1863, NC; Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 78; Rennolds Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Fielder Diary, 1 September 1863, TSLA; Brown Notebook, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 146; Sparkman Diary, 1 September 1863, BPL; Estes Diary, 1 September 1863, MC; Daniel Diary, 1 September 1863, SRNB; OR 30(4):580; Orders Received, First Kentucky Brigade, NARA; SOR 45:84, 146, 164, 201; SOR 46:187, 314; Fraser Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; McAdory Memorandum, 1 September 1863, ADAH; James A. Hall to Bolling Hall Sr., 2 September 1863, Hall Family Papers, ADAH; Joshua K. Callaway to Dulcinea Callaway, 2 September 1863, Callaway Papers, UTX; Jackman Journal, 1 September 1863, LC; SOR 35:203, 273, 332, 408; SOR 13:698; SOR 36:288, 420, 452; Pasco Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 17, 260; Shields Diary, 1 September 1863, http://freepages.genealoby.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sasswytazzy/family.surnames/shields (1 February 2009); Wyeth, Sabre, 238; Corbitt Diary, 1 September 1863, EU; Poole, Cracker Cavaliers, 86; SOR 79:39, 352, 550, 797; Harry I. Thornton to “My Dear General” [William W. Mackall], 1 September 1863, Mackall Papers, UNC; Hiram Talbert Holt to “Dear Carrie,” 1 September 1863, Holt Letters, AU; Johnson Diary, 1 September 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; Harder Reminiscences, 1 September 1863, TSLA; Owen, Camp and Battle, 269; SOR 84:824; Holmes, Diary, 17; Watson Journal, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Joseph S. Espey to his sister, 3 September 1863, Espey Family Papers, UNC; Massey, Reminiscences, 180; SOR 13:913, 925; Brown Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Dyer, Diary, 20; SOR 35:41; Lindsley, Annals, 2:693; Huwald Account, Nutt Papers, UNC; Sloan Diary, 1 September 1863, TSLA; Leverich Diary, 1 September 1863, LSU; John A. James to “Dear Companion,” 7 September 1863, UDC Collection, vol. 8, GDAH; William Jasper Whitehead CSR, NARA. Whitehead had enlisted in October 1862, deserted in November or December 1862, and had been held in confinement since at least March 1863.
30. OR 30(3):279–82, 285–86, 289–91; Garfield, Wild Life, 293–94; Rosecrans to Sheridan, 2:00 P.M., 1 September 1863, Garfield to Steedman, 1 September 1863; Goddard to Granger, 1 September 1863, Goddard to Pelham, 1 September 1863, Bond to Morgan, 1 September 1863, Thoms to Granger, 1 September 1863, Thoms to Carlton, 1 September 1863, Thoms to Crittenden, 1 September 1863, Thoms to Minty, 1 September 1863, and Thoms to Hodges, 1 September 1863 (two messages), all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA.
31. OR 30(1):510; SOR 24:441; Mayfield Diary, 1 September 1863, IU; Isaac P. Rule to his brother, 3 September 1863, Rule Letters, HPL; Colyer Diary, 1 September 1863, ALPL; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 302; Kiene, Journal, 169–70; SOR 62:541; Doll, Sixth Indiana, 67; Shideler Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Moon Diary, 1 September 1863, KSHS; Beck Diary, 1 September 1863, KSHS; OR 30(3):252–53, 976; Thruston to Johnson and Davis, 1 September 1863, and Thruston to Sheridan, 1 September 1863, both in Twentieth Corps, Letters Sent, NARA.
32. Heg, Letters, 240; Hiram Strong to his wife, 4 September 1863, Strong Letters, CCNMP; Widney Diary, 1 September 1863, KMNMP; Talbot Diary, 1 September 1863, SRNB; U.S. Surgeon-General’s Office, Medical and Surgical History, 1:appendix, 275; Dennis Memoir, HPL; Mosman, Rough Side, 71; Dean Diary, 1 September 1863, private collection; Kiene, Journal, 169; OR 30(3):285, 975; Thruston to Johnson, 1 September 1863, Twentieth Corps, Letters Sent, NARA; Post Diary, 1 September 1863, Post Papers, KC.
33. Simonds Diary, 1 September 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU; Riley, Diary, 53; Tabler Diary, 1 September 1863, private collection; Burns Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Austin Diary, 1 September 1863, ALPL; Crippin, “Diary,” 279; James S. McCarty to his mother, 1 September 1863, McCarty Letters, SRNB; Pecoy Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Cooley Diary, 1 September 1863, WHS; Harold J. Bartlett to “Dear Ma and Eugene,” 9 September 1863, Bartlett Letters, UM-B; Meredith Diary, 1 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Shultz, Diary, 30; McCullough Diary, 1 September 1863, ISL; Larew Diary, 1 September 1863, IHS; Roseberry Diary, 1 September 1863, EU; OR 30(3):280, 285–86; Newlin, Seventy-Third Illinois, 207–8; SOR 23:340; SOR 25:4; SOR 48:284; Thomas J. Frazee to his sister, 4 September 1863, Frazee Papers, ALPL; Smith, Private Smith’s Journal, 85; Pirtle, “Leaves,” CIHS; Bradley to Lee, 1 September 1863, Sheridan Papers, LC; Thoms to Sheridan, 1 September 1863, DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA.
34. OR 30(3):284; Inskeep Diary, 1 September 1863, OHS; Wheeler Diary, 1 September 1863, OHS; Benjamin B. Mabrey to his wife, 29 [2] September 1863, Mabrey Letters, IHS; Harold J. Bartlett to “Dear Ma and Eugene,” 9 September 1863, Bartlett Letters, UM-B; Price Diary, 1 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Small Diary, 1 September 1863, IHS; Shaw, Tenth Indiana, 211; SOR 34:162, 172; Everett F. Abbott to his mother, 2 [1] September 1863, Chamberlain Papers, IHS; J. D. Myers, National Tribune, 29 March 1900; Reed Diary, 1 September 1863, MHS; Bishop, Story, 93; Davidson Diary, 1 September 1863, NCWM; Bircher, Drummer-Boy, 71; Martling Diary, 1 September 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Alanson R. Ryman to Jane Ryman, 9 September 1863, Ryman Letters, IHS; Miller Journal, 1 September 1863, IHS; Floyd, Seventy-Fifth Indiana, 121; Essington, “Second Years History,” Essington Papers, IHS; Hollinsworth Diary, 1 September 1863, IHS; Morse, Diaries, 32; Tourgee, “Diary,” 118; Taylor Diary, 1 September 1863, SRNB; Hartzell, Ohio Volunteer, 121; Parker Diary, 1 September 1863, HL; SOR 67:136, 152; Williams, Extracts, 88; OR 30(1):476; Turchin, “Diary,” 61; Steward Diary, 1 September 1863, Chattanooga (Tenn.) Free Press, 21 September 1938, clipping in CPL; SOR 63:162; Ward Diary, 1 September 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; SOR 34:466; SOR 27:648.
35. Records Diary and Reminiscences, 1 September 1863, Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Griest Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Campbell Journal, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Hines Diary, 1 September 1863, Hines Manuscript Collection, ISL; Dewees Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Marshall Diary, 1 September 1863, OHS; Phillips, Diary, 25; OR 30(3):287–88; Andrew C. Parker to his wife, 1 September 1863, Parker Letters, HPC; Johnston Diary, 1 September 1863, FHS; Hannaford, Sixth Ohio, 443; Glisan Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; OR 30(1):925; McLain Diary, 1 September 1863, ISHS; SOR 41:807.
36. Woodruff, Fifteen Years, 279; Hight, Fifty-Eighth Indiana, 170; William J. Carroll to his sister, 1 September 1863, Carroll Papers, UM-B; Hinman, Sherman Brigade, 408; SOR 65:389, 419; Mallory Diary, 1 September 1863, HPL; Gillis Diary, 5 September 1863, OHS; Tuttle, Kentucky Captain, 142; Opdycke Diary, 1 September 1863, and Emerson Opdycke to his wife, 2 September 1863, both in Opdycke Papers, OHS; Joseph Bruff to Anna Bruff, 2 September 1863, Bruff Family Letters, private collection; Clark, Tigers, 83; SOR 67:603; SOR 62:413; OR 30(1):601,624–25, 651, 709–10, 721; Busbey Diary, 1 September 1863, SRNB; Hyde Diary, 1 September 1863, KYHS; George W. Botkin to Liddie C. Baker, 5 September 1863, Baker Correspondence, OHS; SOR 34:56, 106, 281, 429, 568; McKee Diary, 1 September 1863, http://mckee-burns.pasttracker.com/mckee/cw_mckee/mckee_robert_t_cw_diary (15 June 2013); Mason Diary, 1 September 1863, SRNB; Smith, Thirty-First Indiana, 58; Connelly Diary, 1 September 1863, IHS; Dillman Diary, 1 September 1863, IU; SOR 28:788; Marshall Diary, 1 September 1863, OHS; Harden, 90th Ohio, 91; SOR 66:376; Palmer Journal, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 63:666; Walker Diary, 1 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Christopher Wetsel to his wife, parents and family, 4 September 1863, Wetsel Letters, WIU; Suiter Diary, 1 September 1863, ALPL; Simmons, 84th Illinois, 75; Williams Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Grose, 36th Indiana, 172; OR 30(3):286–87, 289; Horatio Van Cleve to his wife, 1 September 1863, Van Cleve Papers, MHS; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 184; Tilford Diary, 1 September 1863, FHS; Huntzinger Diary, 1 September 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); History, Seventy-Ninth Indiana, 84; Howe Diary, 1 September 1863, IHS; Benedict Diary, 1 September 1863, SRNB; Hurd Diary, 1 September 1863, private collection; Claggett Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Wright, Eighth Kentucky, 176; J. E. Cummins to “Dear Hattie,” 1 September 1863, Cummins Letters, McCray Archive, BGSU; Claiborne J. Walton to “My Dear Nannie,” 3–4 September 1863, Walton Letter, Hess Collection, USAHEC; Moses F. Yoder to Samuel Yoder, 7 September 1863, Yoder Papers, LC.
37. Kiene, Journal, 169–70; OR 30(1):324–25, 905, 912; Carter, First Tennessee Cavalry, 85; Hempstead Diary, 1 September 1863, UM-B; SOR 41:721, 761; SOR 33:746; Kendall Diary, 1 September 1863, HL; Mendenhall Diary, 1 September 1863, IHS; Baum Diary, 1 September 1863, IHS; Harris Diary, 1 September 1863, IHS; Leeper Diary, 1 September 1863, SRNB; Merrill, Diary, 50–51; Read Diary, 1 September 1863, KSHS; Persons Diary, 1 September 1863, WHS; SOR 86:654; Wisconsin State Journal, 17 October 1863; OR 30(3):261, 283; Nourse Diary, 1 September 1863, DU; Lester Diary, 1 September 1863, ALPL; Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 112; Feagles Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Prickitt, Company H, 102; Crane Diary, 1 September 1863, CIHS; Hough, Soldier, 133; Wilson, Column South, 85; Beatty, Citizen Soldier, 327; SOR 29:219; Harris Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Kirkpatrick, Experiences, 46; SOR 26:118; George Marsh Jr. to his brother, 1 September 1863, Marsh Family Papers, ALPL; Hapeman Diary, 1 September 1863, ALPL; SOR 20:439.
38. Bloom Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Sheffield Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Thornton, Gallantry, 160; Christian Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Joseph S. Johnston to his mother, 5 September 1863, and Johnston Diary, 1 September 1863, Johnston Collection, CHS; Fenton Reminiscence, ALPL; Haynie, Nineteenth Illinois, 215; SOR 21:358; Shotts Diary, 1 September 1863, SRNB; Launcelot L. Scott, National Tribune, 27 October 1910; Eben P. Sturges to “Dear Folks,” 5 September 1863, Sturges Papers, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; OR 30(1):378, 383, 386, 393, 396, 1063; SOR 65:673; Millen Diary, 1 September 1863, SRNB; Andrew G. Wickham to his parents, September 1863, UT; Blackburn, Letters, 145; Weaver Diary, 1 September 1863, SRNB; John W. Baldwin to his wife, 1 September 1863, Baldwin Papers, OHS; Hinchberger Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Gibson, Seventy-Eighth Pennsylvania, 83; Nupp Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Ward Diary, 1 September 1863, Ward Papers, DP; Puntenny, Thirty-Seventh Indiana, 47–48; Adams, “Diary,” 648; Dilworth Journal, 1 September 1863, HC; Shanks Diary, 1 September 1863, BGSU; Vance, God’s War, 269–70; Canfield, Twenty-First Ohio, 104. Sun and moon data can be found at http://aa.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/aa_pap.pl (4 April 2014). William H. Christian and his father, David W. Christian of the Fifty-First Illinois Infantry regiment, both survived the war. U.S. Federal Census, 1860 and 1870, Cook County, Illinois.
39. Thoms to Halleck, 1 September 1863, and Thoms to Sheridan, 1 September 1863, both in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(3):279, 280, 283; Webster Diary, 1 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Perry, Thirty-Eighth Indiana, 79–80; Clark Diary, 1 September 1863, Clark Papers, USAHEC; George Desforges to his sister, 5 September 1863, Desforges Letters, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Henry Clay Taylor to his parents, 1 September 1863, Taylor Papers, WHS; Thomas M. Burns to his father, 9 September 1863, Burns Letters, VT; Holmes, Then and Now, 5, 119, 123; Porter Diary, 1 September 1863, OHS; Armstrong Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP; Winans Diary, 1 September 1863, CCNMP.
1. OR 30(3):300, 303; OR 30(1):325, 578–79, 582, 589; Pirtle, “Leaves,” CIHS; Alfred Pirtle to his mother, 2 September 1863, and Alfred Pirtle to Jane Pirtle, 3 September 1863, both in Pirtle Letters, FHS; Cummins Diary, 2 September 1863, Cummins Papers, ALPL; Bennett and Haigh, Thirty-Sixth Illinois, 448–49; Walker, “Union Soldier’s Diary,” Chattanooga (Tenn.) Times, 25 April 1937, CPL; SOR 22:161, 164, 585, 601; Pecoy Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Ely Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Daniel E. Barnard to his sister, 9 September 1863, Howe Barnard Family Papers, NL; SOR 25:4, 13, 350, 354; A. E. Stebbins, National Tribune, 19 October 1899; Goodale Account, http://www.21stmichigan.us/goodalestory.htm (18 March 2012); Quiner, Military History, 724; Cooley Diary, 2 September 1863, WHS; Merrill, Soldier, 2:436; SOR 27:603; Otto, 11th Battery, 35; Newlin, Seventy-Third Illinois, 208–9; Thomas J. Frazee to his sister, 4 September 1863, Frazee Papers, ALPL; SOR 23:201, 208, 340, 371; SOR 48:304, 339; Luther P. Bradley to his mother, 3 September 1863, and Luther P. Bradley to “Buel,” 8 September 1863, both in Bradley Papers, USAHEC; SOR 21:527, 531; Austin Diary, 2 September 1863, ALPL; Crippin, “Diary,” 279; Simonds Diary, 2 September 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU; Lyman H. Needham to his brother and sister, 12 September 1863, Needham Papers, ALPL; Riley, Diary, 53; Burns Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 24:28, 43; Tabler Diary, 2 September 1863, private collection; Smith, “Recollections,” Smith Papers, ALPL; Moody Diary, 2 September 1863, SRNB; Colburn/Gray Diary, 2 September 1863, private collection; Hapeman Diary, 2 September 1863, ALPL; Harris Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Christian Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Dilworth Journal, 3 September 1863, HC; Eicher and Eicher, High Commands, 404, 483.
2. OR 30(1):269; OR 30(3):307, 978; Prickitt, Company H, 102–3; Feagles Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Inskeep Diary, 2 September 1863, OHS; Bruce Diary, 2 September 1863, ISL; Harold J. Bartlett to “Dearest Ma and Eugene,” 9 September 1863, Bartlett Letters, UM-B; Benjamin B. Mabrey to his wife, 2 September 1863, Mabrey Letters, IHS; Joseph W. Miller, in Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 3 September 1863 and 9 September 1863.
3. Goodale Account, http://www.21stmichigan.us/goodalestory.htm (18 March 2012); Rosecrans to Halleck, 2 September 1863, DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(3):296, 326–27; John W. Miller, Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 9 September 1863; Roseberry Diary, 2 September 1863, EU; McCullough Diary, 2 September 1863, ISL; Meredith Diary, 2 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; George Burroughs to Patrick O’Connell, 7:30 P.M., 31 August 1863, Burroughs Papers, NARA; Hoffman, “Brave Mechanics,” 162–63.
4. Garfield to Crittenden, 10:00 A.M., 2 September 1863, Garfield to Granger, 11:00 A.M., 2 September 1863, Garfield to Innes, 11:00 A.M., 2 September 1863, Garfield to Thompson, 2 September 1863, Garfield to Morgan, 2 September 1863, Goddard to Granger, 2 September 1863, Goddard to Morgan, 2 September 1863, Bond to Sheridan, 2 September 1863, Bond to Granger, 2 September 1863, Thoms to Irvin, 2 September 1863, Thoms to Beggs, 2 September 1863, Garfield to Crittenden, 2:00 P.M., 2 September 1863, and Drouillard to Sheridan, 2 September 1863, all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(3):298, 302, 303, 305, 309, 310, 314.
5. OR 30(3):303, 976–77; OR 30(4):127; James P. Brownlow to Sir, 30 May 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Post Diary, 2 September 1863, Post Papers, KC; Mayfield Diary, 2 September 1863, IU; SOR 28:537; OR 30(1):510–11, 529; Mosman, Rough Side, 71–72; Herr, Nine Campaigns, 356; SOR 25:38; William P. Carlin, National Tribune, 2 April 1885; SOR 21:449, 456; Patterson Diary, 2 September 1863, MHM; Isaac P. Rule to his brother, 3 September 1863, Rule Letters, HPL; SOR 23:19; Colyer Diary, 2 September 1863, ALPL; SOR 66:679, 702; Day, One Hundred and First Ohio, 143–44; SOR 43:664, 671; John A. Martin to his sister, 5 September 1863, Martin Letters, KSHS; James E. Love to “Molly,” Love Papers, MHM; SOR 33:541, 587; Himoe Diary, 2 September 1863, NAHA; SOR 22:61, 73, 561, 567; SOR 87:67.
6. U.S. Geological Survey, 1:24,000 Series, Alabama Quadrangles: Ider, Sulphur Springs, Dugout Valley, and Valley Head; “Survey from Winson’s to Lebanon by L. H. Case, Sept. 5th 1863,” Adjutant General’s Office, Union Battle Reports, NARA; William P. Carlin, National Tribune, 2 April 1885; Mosman, Rough Side, 72; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 303; Pickering Diary, 2 September 1863, HL; Welk Diary, 2 September 1863, BGSU; Kiene, Journal, 170; Phillips Diary, 2 September 1863, and George Phillips to his wife, 2 September 1863, Phillips Collection, HL; Willoughby Diary, 2 September 1863, Willoughby Manuscript Collection; ISL; Dean Diary, 2 September 1863, private collection; SOR 27:405, 689; Chapin, “Diary,” 232; SOR 28:774, 837; Davidson, Battery A, 83; SOR 25:156; Bergun H. Brown to his friends, 2–4 September 1863, Brown Papers, IHS; Lyon Diary, 2 September 1863, OHS; Moon Diary, 2 September 1863, KSHS; Beck Diary, 2 September 1863, KSHS; Protsman Diary, 2 September 1863, WSU; E. T. Hooker to “My Dear Jessie,” 7 September 1863, private collection; SOR 62:541; Ashmun Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Shideler Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Hiram Strong to his wife, 4 September 1863, Strong Letters, CCNMP; Henry Richards to his father, 4–5 September 1863, Gilbert-Richards Papers, MU; Briant, Sixth Indiana, 223; Doll, Sixth Indiana, 67; SOR 34:198; Robinson Diary, 2 September 1863, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Widney Diary, 2 September 1863, KMNMP.
7. OR 30(3):315; OR 30(1):907–9, 918, 927; Thomas Diary, 2 September 1863, UT; D. M. Ray to Edward Ruger, 6 October 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Kendall Diary, 2 September 1863, HL; Mendenhall Diary, 2 September 1863, IHS; Baum Diary, 2 September 1863, IHS; SOR 86:654, 690; Merrill, Diary, 51; Orson Clinton to “Dear Friend Anna,” 2 September 1863, Clinton Family Papers, CU; Read Diary, 2 September 1863, KSHS; Wisconsin State Journal, 17 October 1863; Persons Diary, 2 September 1863, WHS; Leeper Diary, 2 September 1863, SRNB; Harris Diary, 2 September 1863, IHS; Greenwood Diary, 2 September 1863, Knight Family Papers, UAK; Eli Long to Edward Ruger, 15 June 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Curry, Four Years, 108; George Kryder to his wife, 7 September 1863, Kryder Papers, BGSU; SOR 61:687; Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 112; Crane Diary, 2 September 1863, CIHS; Pape-Findley, Fourth Ohio Cavalry, 157; O. O. Smith to Edward Ruger, 27 April 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Crane Diary, 2 September 1863, Thomas Papers, NARA; Thomson Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Elijah Watts to Edward Ruger, 17 June 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Historical Sketch, CBOT Battery, 24; Nourse Diary, 2 September 1863, DU; SOR 20:456; Lester Diary, 2 September 1863, ALPL; Prickitt, Company H, 102–3.
8. OR 30(1):269, 325, 386, 393, 398; Johnston, Soldier Boy, 54–55; Clark Diary, 2 September 1863, Clark Papers, USAHEC; SOR 72:502, 515; Henry A. Hambright Report, 1889, Union Battle Reports, NARA; SOR 87:106, 129; SOR 88:253, 257, 267; Otto, Mudsill, 158; Galpin Diary, 2 September 1863, Galpin Family Papers, WHS; SOR 21:358, 376, 622, 641, 652; Hinkley Diary, 2 September 1863, and Lucius D. Hinkley to his mother, 8 September 1863, both in Hinkley Papers, WHS; Robert J. Bates to his parents, 5 September 1863, and Bates Memorandum, Bates Papers, WHS; Wallace W. Darrah to his father, 8 [2] September 1863, Darrah Papers, NC; Webster Diary, 2 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Knapp Diary, 2 September 1863, WHS; Robert Newell Elder to his sister, 4 September 1863, OHS; Frank M. Phelps to his friends, 9 September 1863, Phelps Letters, Lewis Leigh Collection, USAHEC; Edmonds Diary, 2 September 1863, USAHEC; Record, Ninety-Fourth Ohio, 36; Bloom Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Sheffield Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Johnston Diary, 2 September 1863, and Joseph S. Johnston to his mother, 5 September 1863, both in Johnston Collection, CHS; Haynie, Nineteenth Illinois, 215; Christian Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Sturges Diary, 2 September 1863, Sturges Papers, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Blackburn, Letters, 145–46; SOR 65:678; Andrew G. Wickham to his parents, September 1863, Wickham Letter, UT; Weaver Diary, 2 September 1863, SRNB; John W. Baldwin to his wife, 5 September 1863, Baldwin Papers, OHS; Dilworth Journal, 3 September 1863, HC; Adams, “Diary,” 648; Canfield, Twenty-First Ohio, 104; Shanks Diary, 2 September 1863, BGSU; Ward Diary, 2 September 1863, Ward Papers, DP; SOR 62:350; Nupp Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Millen Diary, 2 September 1863, SRNB; Hinchberger Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Gibson, Seventy-Eighth Pennsylvania, 83; Keegan, Diaries, 23–24; Inskeep Diary, 2 September 1863, OHS; Wheeler Diary, 2 September 1863, OHS; Price Diary, 2 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Small Diary, 2 September 1863, IHS; Ferdinand Van Derveer to his wife, 2 September 1863, Van Derveer Letters, SLRH; Billings D. Sibley to his mother, 2 September 1863, Sibley Papers, MHS; Donahower Account, 2 September 1863, Donahower Papers, MHS; Reed Diary, 2 September 1863, MHS; Martling Diary, 2 September 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection; Williams, Extracts, 88–89; Alanson R. Ryman to Jane Ryman, 9 September 1863, Ryman Letters, IHS; Miller Journal, 2 September 1863, IHS; Essington, “Second Years’ History,” Essington Papers, IHS; Hollingsworth Diary, 2 September 1863, IHS; Parker Diary, 2 September 1863, HL; Morse, Diaries, 32; Tourgee, “Diary,” 118; John T. Booth, National Tribune, 25 September 1890; Ward Diary, 2 September 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; Phillips, Turchin, 101; Josiah D. Cotton to his wife, 2 September 1863, Cotton Papers, LC; George B. Turner to his father, 4 September 1863, Turner Papers, OHS; Owen Diary, 2 September 1863, AU.
9. OR 30(3):304–5, 307–9, 978–79; OR 30(1):602; Garfield to Crittenden, 10:00 A.M., 2 September 1863, and Garfield to Crittenden, 2:00 P.M., 2 September 1863, both in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; Mallory Diary, 2 September 1863, HPL; Hight, Fifty-Eighth Indiana, 170; Caleb Carlton to his wife, 2 September 1863, Carlton Papers, LC; Tilford Diary, 1–2 September 1863, FHS; History, Seventy-Ninth Indiana, 84; Howe Diary, 2 September 1863, IHS; Huntzinger Diary, 2 September 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); Benedict Diary, 2 September 1863, SRNB; Hurd Diary, 2 September 1863, private collection; Claggett Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 183–84; Brasher Diary, 1–3 September 1863, CCNMP; John M. Palmer to his wife, 2 September 1863, Palmer Papers II, ALPL.
10. OR 30(3):301, 306–7, 316–17, 327; Griest Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Records Diary, 2 September 1863, Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Campbell Journal, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; OR 30(1):760; Johnston Diary, 2 September 1863, FHS; SOR 28:27; William B. Hazen to Benson H. Lossing, 23 August 1866, Palmer Collection, WRHS; Dewees Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Marshall Diary, 2 September 1863, OHS; Vale, Minty, 214–15; McLain Diary, 2 September 1863, ISHS.
11. OR 30(3):192, 274, 309, 311–314, 329; John H. Hoffman to his wife, 2 September 1863, Hoffman Letters, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Ferree Diary, 2 September 1863, SRNB; Decker Diary, 2 September 1863, WHS; OR 30(1):872; Hewes, Tenth Michigan, 48–49; Porter Diary, 2 September 1863, OHS; Holmes, Then and Now, 5; Thomas M. Burns to his father, 9 September 1863, Burns Letters, VT; Armstrong Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Fahnestock Diary, 2 September 1863, ALPL; Keeler Diary, 2 September 1863, Keeler Papers, UM-B; Robinson Diary, 2 September 1863, ALPL; Schwartz, Diary, 11; Patton Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP.
12. Pirtle, “Leaves,” CIHS; Alfred Pirtle to his sister, 3 September 1863, Pirtle Letters, FHS; Ely Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Smith, Private Smith’s Journal, 85; Simonds Diary, 2 September 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU; Smith, “Recollections,” Smith Papers, ALPL; Moody Diary, 2 September 1863, SRNB; Inskeep Diary, 2 September 1863, OHS; Keegan, Diaries, 24; Martling Diary, 2 September 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Davidson Diary, 2 September 1863, NCWM; OR 30(3):304, 326–2 7; McCullough Diary, 2 September 1863, ISL; Meredith Diary, 2 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Roseberry Diary, 2 September 1863, EU; Garfield to Hunton, 8:30 P.M., 2 September 1863, Garfield to Sheridan, 9:30 P.M., 2 September 1863, and Garfield to Hunton, 10:30 P.M., 2 September 1863, all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA.
13. OR 30(3):296–98; Rosecrans to James Guthrie, 9:35 P.M., 2 September 1863, Rosecrans to Stanton, 2 September 1863, Thoms to Beggs, 2 September 1863, Thoms to Crittenden, 2 September 1863, Drouillard to Beggs, 2 September 1863, and Rosecrans to Halleck, 2 September 1863, all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; Drouillard Diary, 2 September 1863, Rosecrans Papers, UCLA; OR 30(1):653; Woodruff, Fifteen Years, 279–80; Hight, Fifty-Eighth Indiana, 170.
14. Brent to Mauldin, 2 September 1863, Brent to Wharton, 2 September 1863, Brent to Polk, 2 September 1863, Brent to Hill, 2 September 1863, and Brent to Liddell, 2 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):584; Brent Diary, 2 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Liddell, Record, 134–36.
15. Liddell, Record, 136; Bragg to Seddon, 2 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):583–84.
16. Brent to Mauldin, 2 September 1863, Brent to Wharton, 2 September 1863, Brent to Martin, 2 September 1863, Brent to Liddell, 2 September 1863 (two messages), Brent to Polk, 2 September 1863, Brent to Hill, 2 September 1863, Brent to Gorgas, 2 September 1863, and Brent to Buckner, 2 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Oladowski to Wright, 2 September 1863, Letters Sent, Ordnance Office, AT, NARA; Brent Diary, 2 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Eicher and Eicher, High Commands, 329; Davis and Hoffman, Confederate General, 4:2; John H. Kelly CSR, NARA; Allardice, Confederate Colonels, 248; McMicken to Gribble, 2 September 1863, Army of Tennessee Files, KMNMP; Bragg to Brown, 2 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS.
17. Brent Diary, 2 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Liddell, Record, 136.
18. OR 30(4):584–86.
19. James A. Hall to Bolling Hall Sr., 2 September 1863, Hall Family Papers, ADAH; D. L. Kelly to S. J. Honnoll, 2 September 1863, Honnoll Family Papers, EU; SOR 45:87, 151, 211; SOR 46:65, 72, 74, 289; Rand Diary, 2 September 1863, MDAH; SOR 13:679; Fraser Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Manigault, Carolinian, 92; Polk to Hindman, 2 September 1863, Letters Sent, Polk’s Command, NARA; Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 78; Fielder Diary, 2 September 1863, TSLA; Rennolds Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Magee Diary, 2 September 1863, DU; Brown Notebook, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Etter Diary, 2 September 1863, SRNB; Coleman Diary, 2 September 1863, UNC; Smith Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 146; SOR 80:160, 181; SOR 14:280; SOR 79:221; Sparkman Diary, 2 September 1863, BPL; SOR 35:408; Jackman Journal, 2 September 1863, LC; Pasco Diary, 2–4 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 61:455; Claudius C. Wilson to his wife, 3 September 1863, Wilson Papers, GHS; Capers Diary, 2 September 1863, CI; Grammer Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Freeman Diary, 2 September 1863, TSLA; Brief Narrative, http://www.perryvillebattlefield.org/html/ms-swett-charles-cs.html (24 July 2012).
20. Coleman Diary, 2 September 1863, UNC; SOR 46:64–65, 72, 74; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 146; SOR 14:215, 220, 280–81; SOR 79:156, 221, 246, 550; Sparkman Diary, 2 September 1863, BPL; Dyer, Diary, 20; SOR 78:125; Davis Diary, 2 September 1863, TSLA; OR 30(4):586–87; Owen, Camp and Battle, 269; SOR 13:912, 917; Brown Diary, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Holmes, Diary, 17; Ulmer, Stockton Correspondence, 220; Watson Journal, 2 September 1863, CCNMP; Dugger/White Diary, Watauga (N.C.) Democrat, 14 May 1891; Joseph S. Espey to his sister, 3 September 1863, Espey Family Letters, UNC. Although Hess (Knoxville Campaign, 14) gave the Loudon railroad bridge’s length at 900 feet, and a Federal soldier estimated it to be 370 yards (Rudy Diary, 4 September 1863, UK), the Federal railroad constructor who rebuilt it claimed in an official report that it was 1,700 feet in length (OR, Series 3, 5:942).
21. Sloan Diary, 2 September 1863, TSLA; OR 30(3):333–34; Allen Memoirs, TSLA; Allen, “Loudon Bridge,” 44; Allen, Reminiscences, 31–32; Leverich Diary, 2 September 1863, LSU; Rudy Diary, 4–5 September 1863, UK; OR 30(4):587.
22. OR 51(2):761; OR 52(2):519–20; OR 30(4):565–66, 575; Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, 3:163–65; Wert, Longstreet, 300–301; Piston, Tarnished Lieutenant, 65–67; Robertson, “Bull of the Woods,” 117–19; Longstreet, Manassas to Appomattox, 434–35; James Longstreet to “General” [Robert E. Lee], 2 September 1863, Longstreet Papers, GDAH.
23. OR 30(3):322–23.
24. Larew Diary, 2–3 September 1863, IHS; McCullough Diary, 3 September 1863, ISL; Meredith Diary, 3 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Shultz, Diary, 31; OR 30(3):326–27, 341–42; Memorandum, Robert J. Bates Letters, WHS; Wallace W. Darrah to his father, 8 [3] September 1863, Darrah Papers, NC; Frank M. Phelps to his friends, 9 September 1863, Phelps Letters, Lewis Leigh Collection, USAHEC; Webster Diary, 3 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Robert Newell Elder to his sister, 4 September 1863, Elder Letters, OHS; Clark Diary, 3 September 1863, Clark Papers, USAHEC; Record, Ninety-Fourth Ohio, 36; Drouillard Diary, 3 September 1863, Rosecrans Papers, UCLA; Roseberry Diary, 3 September 1863, EU.
25. OR 30(1):325, 383–84, 386, 393, 396, 1063; James S. Negley to George E. Flynt, 3 September 1863, DC, Letters Received, NARA; Hough, Soldier, 133–34n; Blackburn, Letters, 146; Andrew G. Wickham to his parents, September 1863, UT; Nupp Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Weaver Diary, 3 September 1863, SRNB; John W. Baldwin to his wife, 5 September 1863, Baldwin Papers, OHS; Shanks Diary, 3 September 1863, BGSU; Dilworth Journal, 3 September 1863, HC; Adams, “Diary,” 648–49; Canfield, Twenty-First Ohio, 104; Ward Diary, 3 September 1863, Ward Papers, DP; Puntenny, Thirty-Seventh Indiana, 48; Archibald Blakely, in Skinner, Pennsylvania at Chickamauga, 217; Hinchberger Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Gibson, Seventy-Eighth Pennsylvania, 84; Millen Diary, 3 September 1863, SRNB; Bloom Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Sheffield Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Joseph S. Johnston to his mother, 5 September 1863, and Johnston Diary, 3 September 1863, both in Johnston Collection, CHS; Christian Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Haynie, Nineteenth Illinois, 215; SOR 21:358, 376; Eben P. Sturges to “Dear Folks,” 5 September 1863 and 2 October 1863, and Sturges Diary, 3 September 1863, all in Sturges Papers, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Beatty, Citizen Soldier, 327; Hapeman Diary, 3 September 1863, ALPL; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Illinois, 110–11; Kirkpatrick, Experiences, 46; Harris Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP.
26. Williams, Extracts, 89; John T. Booth, National Tribune, 25 September 1890; Ward Diary, 3 September 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; Owen Diary, 3 September 1863, AU; George B. Turner to his father, 4 September 1863, Turner Papers, OHS; SOR 34:477; Lyle, Lights, 278–79; Steward Diary, 3 September 1863, Chattanooga (Tenn.) Free Press, 21 September 1938, CPL; SOR 63:162, 166; Andrew, Letters, 74; SOR 27:652; OR 30(1):246, 264, 398, 470; Mauzy, Sixty-Eighth Indiana, 11; Shera Diary, 3 September 1863, FHS; Alanson R. Ryman to Jane Ryman, 9 September 1863, Ryman Letters, IHS; Gates Diary, 3 September 1863, IHS; High, Sixty-Eighth Indiana, 54; Floyd, Seventy-Fifth Indiana, 121; Miller Journal, 3 September 1863, IHS; Hollingsworth Diary, 3 September 1863, IHS; Parker Diary, 3 September 1863, HL; Morse, Diaries, 32–33; Tourgee, “Diary,” 118; Taylor Diary, 3 September 1863, SRNB; SOR 27:637; Inskeep Diary, 3 September 1863, OHS; Wheeler Diary, 3 September 1863, OHS; DeVelling, Seventeenth Ohio, 74; Albert J. Baldwin to his parents, 6 September 1863, Baldwin Letters, UND; Hunter, Eighty-Second Indiana, 54; Price Diary, 3 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Small Diary, 3 September 1863, IHS; Letter excerpt, Everett F. Abbott to his mother, 4 September 1863, Chamberlain Papers, IHS; Chase, Fourteenth Ohio, 45; Bishop, Story, 93–94; Bircher, Drummer-Boy, 71–72; Reed Diary, 3 September 1863, MHS; Keegan, Diaries, 24; Martling Diary, 3 September 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Davidson Diary, 3 September 1863, NCWM; OR 30(3):323–25; Bennett, Ninth Michigan, 33; Carpenter Diary, 3 September 1863, SRNB.
27. John Levering Account, CCNMP; OR 30(3):344, 980–82; OR 30(1):626, 653, 687, 701, 726, 740, 751, 754, 780, 788; Hight, Fifty-Eighth Indiana, 170–71; Woodruff, Fifteen Years, 280; Charles G. Harker to N. T. Stratton, 1 October 1863, Harker Letters, private collection; Hinman, Sherman Brigade, 408; Mallory Diary, 3 September 1863, HPL; Gillis Diary, 5 September 1863, OHS; Joseph Bruff to his wife, 9 September 1863, Bruff Family Collection, private collection; Emerson Opdycke to his wife, 4 September 1863, and Opdycke Diary, 3 September 1863, both in Opdycke Papers, OHS; Duncan Thompson to his parents, 8 September 1863, Thompson Letters, Brookes Collection, USAHEC; SOR 62:413; SOR 65:389, 419; SOR 67:603; McKee Diary, 3 September 1863, http://mckee-burns.pasttracker.com/mckee/cw_mckee/mckee_robert_t_cw_diary_1 (June 2013); Mason Diary, 3 September 1863, SRNB; Smith, Thirty-First Indiana, 58; Connelly Diary, 3 September 1863, IHS; Dillman Diary, 3 September 1863, IU; Harden, 90th Ohio, 91, 96–97; Marshall Diary, 3 September 1863, OHS; Busbey Diary, 3 September 1863, SRNB; Hyde Diary, 3 September 1863, KYHS; George W. Botkin to Liddie C. Baker, 5 September 1863, Baker Correspondence, OHS; SOR 34:58, 106; Cutter, Our Battery, 130–31; Glisan Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Hannaford, Sixth Ohio, 443; SOR 62:780; Williams Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Grose, Thirty-Sixth Indiana, 172–73; Suiter Diary, 3 September 1863, ALPL; Simmons, 84th Illinois, 76; Walker Diary, 3 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Christopher Wetsel to his wife, 4 September 1863, Wetsel Letters, WIU; Palmer Journal, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Benedict Diary, 3 September 1863, SRNB; Hurd Diary, 3 September 1863, private collection; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 184; Claggett Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Tilford Diary, 3 September 1863, FHS; History, Seventy-Ninth Indiana, 84; Howe Diary, 3 September 1863, IHS; Huntzinger Diary, 3 September 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); Claiborne J. Walton to “My Dear Nannie,” Walton Letter, Hess Collection, USAHEC; SOR 30:279; Barnes, Carnahan, and McCain, Eighty-Sixth Indiana, 145; Moore Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; McCain, Song, 87; SOR 63:267; Rerick, Forty-Fourth Indiana, 91; Morgan and Murphy, 7th Indiana Battery, 22; Decker Diary, 3 September 1863, WHS.
28. OR 30(1):485, 510–11, 894, 898–99, 901, 903, 909, 912; OR 30(3):325–26, 331, 333, 977; Post Diary, 3 September 1863, Post Papers, KC; Mayfield Diary, 3 September 1863, IU; Mosman, Rough Side, 72–73; Patterson Diary, 3 September 1863, ALPL; SOR 23:19; Colyer Diary, 3 September 1863, ALPL; SOR 43:664; SOR 28:837; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 303; Pickering Diary, 3 September 1863, HL; Welk Diary, 3 September 1863, BGSU; Phillips Diary, 3 September 1863, Phillips Collection, HL; Kiene, Journal, 170; Willoughby Diary, 3 September 1863, Willoughby Manuscript Collection, ISL; Dean Diary, 3 September 1863, private collection; Davidson, Battery A, 83; SOR 25:156; Bergun H. Brown to his friends, 2–4 September 1863, Brown Papers, IHS; Robinson Diary, 3 September 1863, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Lyon Diary, 3 September 1863, OHS; Moon Diary, 3 September 1863, KSHS; Beck Diary, 3 September 1863, KSHS; Protsman Diary, 3 September 1863, WSU; SOR 62:541; Ashmun Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Shideler Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Demoret, Ninety-Third Ohio, 21; Hiram Strong to his wife, 4 September 1863, Strong Letters, CCNMP; Briant, Sixth Indiana, 223; Doll, Sixth Indiana, 67; Roswell M. Russell to Edward Ruger, 12 January 1867, and Leonidas S. Scranton to Edward Ruger, 8 June 1867, both in Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; SOR 41:722; Hempstead Diary, 3 September 1863, UM-B; Thomas Diary, 3 September 1863, UT; Carter, First Tennessee Cavalry, 85–86; Kendall Diary, 3 September 1863, HL; Baum Diary, 3 September 1863, IHS; Leeper Diary, 3 September 1863, SRNB; Merrill, Diary, 51; Orson Clinton to his sister, 5 September 1863, Clinton Family Papers, CU; Read Diary, 3 September 1863, KSHS; Persons Diary, 3 September 1863, WHS; Wisconsin State Journal, 17 October 1863; Harris Diary, 3 September 1863, IHS; SOR 33:746; Greenwood Diary, 3 September 1863, Knight Family Papers, UAK; Nourse Diary, 3 September 1863, DU; Lester Diary, 3 September 1863, ALPL; Curry, Four Years, 108; George Kryder to his wife, 7 September 1863, Kryder Papers, BGSU; Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 112; Feagles Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Crane Diary, 3 September 1863, Thomas Papers, NARA; Crane Diary, 3 September 1863, CIHS; Pape-Findley, Fourth Ohio Cavalry, 157; Prickitt, Company H, 103; Thomson Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP.
29. Griest Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Records Diary and Reminiscences, 3 September 1863, Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Campbell Journal, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Marshall Diary, 3 September 1863, OHS; Hines Diary, 3 September 1863, Hines Manuscript Collection, ISL; OR 30(1):759–60; OR 30(3):327–28, 356; McLain Diary, 3 September 1863, ISHS; Haines, “Fourth Michigan Cavalry,” UM-B; Robertson, Michigan in the War, 654.
30. OR 30(3):328–31; Winans Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Porter Diary, 3 September 1863, OHS; Holmes, Then and Now, 5; Thomas M. Burns to his father, 9 September 1863, Burns Letters, VT; Fahnestock Diary, 3 September 1863, ALPL; Armstrong Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Putney Diary, 3 September 1863, KMNMP.
31. OR 30(3):321; Rosecrans to Halleck, 3 September 1863, Thoms to Captain Perkins, A. Q. M. Nashville, 3 September 1863, Thoms to Captain Irwin, A. Q. M. Nashville, 3 September 1863, Thoms to Colonel Smith, Murfreesboro, 3 September 1863, and Goddard to King, 3 September 1863, all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; Smith, Garfield, 1:318; Colton, Journal and Correspondence, 153.
32. “Summaries of the News,” 325–27, NARA. Sherlock’s base was probably in McLemore’s Cove, known to be populated by many Union sympathizers. The name Sherlock was probably a pseudonym, as no Sherlocks were listed in northwestern Georgia in the Federal Censuses of 1850, 1860, or 1870.
33. Brent Diary, 3 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS.
34. Brent to Polk, Hill, Buckner, Wheeler, and Forrest, 3 September 1863, Brent to Beard, 3 September 1863, Brent to McDonald, 3 September 1863, Brent to Rice, 3 September 1863, Brent to Buckner, 3 September 1863, Brent to Hill, 3 September 1863, Brent to Pillow, 3 September 1863 (two messages), Brent to Wright, 3 September 1863, Brent to Commanding Officer, Paroled Prisoners, 3 September 1863, and Brent to Jones, 3 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Special Orders, No. 237, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Oladowski to Wright, 3 September 1863, and Oladowski to Humphries, 3 September 1863, both in Letters Sent, Ordnance Office, Army of Tennessee, NARA. George Brent recorded the favorable view of Forrest in his headquarters diary: “Forrest is the best of our cavalry commanders. He has been uniformly successful: Kept his men in good order, & in an improving condition. He is brave & active, & a man of excellent judgment. Had he been educated & cultivated he would have made a higher reputation. He is honest zealous, & his heart is in the work in which he is engaged.” Brent Diary, 3 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS. For Gideon Pillow’s activities as conscription officer during this period, see Hughes and Stonesifer, Pillow, 267–72.
35. OR 30(4):588; Brent Diary, 4 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Hill to Bragg, 3 September 1863, Hill Papers, LV.
36. Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 78; Rennolds Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Fielder Diary, 3 September 1863, TSLA; Freeman Diary, 3 September 1863, TSLA; Rand Diary, 3 September 1863, MDAH; Fraser Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; Thaddeus Marion Brindley to his sister, 3 September 1863, Brindley Letters, CCNMP; Freeman Diary, 3 September 1863, BPL; Robert L. Bliss to his father, 3 September 1863, Bliss Letters, ADAH; Marsh, “Confederate Letters,” 27–28.
37. Coleman Diary, 3 September 1863, UNC; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 146; SOR 14:291; Sparkman Diary, 3 September 1863, BPL; Pasco Diary, 3 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 35:206, 208, 210; Claudius C. Wilson to his wife, 3 September 1863, Wilson Papers, GHS; OR 30(4):590–92; Abram H. Glazener to his wife, 3 September 1863, Glazener Letters, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Ulmer, Stockton Correspondence, 220; Quintus S. Adams to his mother, 3 September 1863, Adams Letters, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Memphis Daily Appeal, 3 September 1863. Linebaugh wrote from Dalton, Georgia.
38. Dyer, Diary, 20; Davis Diary, 3 September 1863, TSLA; OR 30(4):585–86, 589, 590–91; Sloan Diary, 3 September 1863, TSLA; Leverich Diary, 3 September 1863, LSU; Davis and Hoffman, Confederate General, 3:110; Corbitt Diary, 3 September 1863, EU; Dodd, Diary, 22; Stevenson, “Smith,” 43–44; Shields Diary, 3 September 1863, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sassytazzy/family/surnames/shields (1 February 2009). For John Pegram’s command difficulties, see Griggs, Pegram, 74–75. For the composition of Hodge’s Brigade, see OR 23(2):945, and OR 31(3):582, 747, 771.
39. OR 30(3):342–43, 346, 353; Smith Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Kirk, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 222, 228, 280; Wilson, Column South, 85; SOR 69:312, 320, 322, 341, 347, 354, 363, 370, 379, 386, 391, 398, 405, 412; Frankenberry Diary, 4 September 1863, WVU; Garfield to Morgan, 4 September 1863, and Goddard to Innes, 4 September 1863, both in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA.
40. Roseberry Diary, 4 September 1863, EU; Larew Diary, 4 September 1863, IHS; Meredith Diary, 4 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Shultz, Diary, 31; McCullough Diary, 4 September 1863, ISL; OR 30(3):297, 301, 316, 339, 348–49, 351, 357–58; Rosecrans to Halleck, 4 September 1863, and Garfield to Granger, 4 September 1863 (two messages), all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA. The copy of Rosecrans’s message to Halleck printed in the Official Records indicates it was sent from Stevenson, but the copy in the Department of the Cumberland telegraph log places its origin at Bridgeport, a more likely location given Rosecrans’s early departure from the Stevenson headquarters and subsequent messages by both Rosecrans and Garfield from Bridgeport.
41. Shultz, Diary, 31; McCullough Diary, 4 September 1863, ISL; OR 30(3):339–44, 352; Bond to Morgan, 1 P.M., 4 September 1863, Drouillard to King, 4 September 1863, and Rosecrans to Halleck, 4 September 1863, all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; Burroughs to O’Connell, 5 September 1863, Burroughs Papers, NARA; Hiram Russell to his wife and children, 5 September 1863, Russell Letters, SRNB; Roseberry Diary, 4 September 1863, EU; Kirk, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 222, 228; Frankenberry Diary, 4 September 1863, WVU; Smith, Civil War Tour for Cavers, 43.
42. OR 30(1):325, 384, 386, 393, 396, 1063; Hough, Soldier, 134; Blackburn, Letters, 146–47; Weaver Diary, 4 September 1863, SRNB; John W. Baldwin to his wife, 5 September 1863, Baldwin Papers, OHS; Adams, “Diary,” 649; Dilworth Journal, 4 September 1863, HC; Shanks Diary, 4 September 1863, BGSU; Ward Diary, 4 September 1863, Ward Papers, DP; Archibald Blakely, in Skinner, Pennsylvania at Chickamauga, 217; Gibson, Seventy-Eighth Pennsylvania, 83–84; Nupp Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Millen Diary, 4 September 1863, SRNB; Hinchberger Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Bloom Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Sheffield Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Johnston Diary, 4 September 1863, Johnston Collection, CHS; Christian Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Fenton Reminiscences, ALPL; Haynie, Nineteenth Illinois, 215; SOR 21:358, 376; Shotts Diary, 4 September 1863, SRNB; Sturges Diary, 4 September 1863, Sturges Papers, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Beatty, Citizen Soldier, 327–28; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Illinois, 111; Hapeman Diary, 4 September 1863, ALPL; Harris Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Kirkpatrick, Experiences, 46; SOR 20:439; OR 30(3):347; Sheridan, Memoirs, 1:273–74; Smith, Private Smith’s Journal, 86–87; Luther Bradley to his wife, 8 September 1863, Bradley Papers, USAHEC; Austin Diary, 4 September 1863, ALPL; Crippin, “Diary,” 280; Lyman H. Needham to his brother and sister, 12 September 1863, Needham Papers, ALPL; SOR 23:208, 248; Riley, Diary, 53; Simonds Diary, 4 September 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU; Tabler Diary, 4 September 1863, private collection; Burns Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Moody Diary, 4 September 1863, SRNB; Colburn/Gray Diary, 4 September 1863, private collection; Pirtle, “Leaves,” CIHS; Mann Diary, 4 September 1863, Robert W. Walker, “Union Soldier’s Diary,” Chattanooga (Tenn.) Times, 25 April 1937, clipping in CPL; Pecoy Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Cummins Diary, 4 September 1863, Cummins Papers, ALPL; Bennett and Haigh, Thirty-Sixth Illinois, 449; Cooley Diary, 4 September 1863, WHS; Ely Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; E. E. Stebbins, National Tribune, 19 October 1899; Merrill, Soldier, 2:436; Newlin, Seventy-Third Illinois, 209–10.
43. OR 30(3):341–42, 344; Levering Account, CCNMP; O. Q. Herrick, Report of Chickamauga Campaign, 19 February 1864, Union Battle Reports, NARA; Williams, Extracts, 89; Turchin, “Diary,” 61–62 [date incorrect]; OR 30(1):398, 470, 476; Ward Diary, 4 September 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; Owen Diary, 4 September 1863, AU; George B. Turner to his father, 4 September 1863, Turner Papers, OHS; Steward, “Bodies Found,” Chattanooga (Tenn.) Free Press, 21 September 1938, clipping in CPL; Mauzy, Sixty-Eighth Indiana, 11; Shera Diary, 4 September 1863, FHS; Alanson R. Ryman to Jane Ryman, 9 September 1863, Ryman Letters, IHS; Gates Diary, 4 September 1863, IHS; Miller Journal, 4 September 1863, IHS; Essington, “Second Years’ History,” Essington Papers, IHS; Hollingsworth Diary, 4 September 1863, IHS; Parker Diary, 4 September 1863, HL; SOR 67:140; Tourgee, Thousand, 207; Morse, Diaries, 33; Taylor Diary, 4 September 1863, SRNB; SOR 27:570, 637, 643; Inskeep Diary, 4 September 1863, OHS; Wheeler Diary, 4 September 1863, OHS; Walker, “History,” Thomas Papers, NARA; DeVelling, Seventeenth Ohio, 74; Hunter, Eighty-Second Indiana, 54; Albert J. Baldwin to his parents, 6 September 1863, Baldwin Letters, UND; Price Diary, 4 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Small Diary, 4 September 1863, IHS; Abbott Extract, 4 September 1863, Chamberlain Papers, IHS; Chase, Fourteenth Ohio, 45; SOR 34:162; John R. Beatty to “Libbie Dear,” 4 September 1863, Beatty Papers, MHS; Albertson, Letters Home, Letter 102; Reed Diary, 4 September 1863, MHS; Bruce Diary, 4 September 1863, ISL; Keegan, Diaries, 24; Martling Diary, 4 September 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Davidson Diary, 4 September 1863, NCWM; Memorandum, Bates Letters, WHS; Frank M. Phelps to his friends, 9 September 1863, Phelps Letters, Lewis Leigh Collection, USAHEC; Record, Ninety-Fourth Ohio, 36; Wallace W. Darrah to his brother, 9 September 1863, Darrah Papers, NC; Lucius W. Hinkley to his mother, 8 September 1863, Hinkley Papers, WHS; Webster Diary, 4 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; SOR 29:107, 142; Edmonds Diary, 4 September 1863, USAHEC; Clark Diary, 4 September 1863, Clark Papers, USAHEC; Johnston, Soldier Boy, 55; SOR 72:532; SOR 87:124; H. C. Hobart Report, Union Battle Reports, NARA; Galpin Diary, 4 September 1863, Galpin Family Papers, WHS; Haddock, “Sketch,” Haddock Papers, IHS; U.S. Surgeon-General’s Office, Medical and Surgical History, 1:appendix, 270; Memorial of Burnham, 24.
44. OR 30(3):344–46, 353–55, 982–83; OR 30(1):485, 497, 510–11, 513, 529, 890, 899, 901, 903, 905, 909, 912; OR 30(4):127; Thruston to Davis (two messages), 11 A.M. and 6 P.M., 4 September 1863, both in Twentieth AC, Letters Sent, NARA; Brewer, Alabama, 235; Post Diary, 4 September 1863, Post Papers, KC; Nathaniel P. Charlot to “My Dear Harriet,” undated, Charlot Papers, AU; Mayfield Diary, 4 September 1863, IU; Mosman, Rough Side, 73–74; Herr, Nine Campaigns, 356; SOR 25:38, 65; Society, Seventy-Fourth Illinois, Reunion Proceedings, 40; Dodge, Seventy-Fifth Illinois, 90; SOR 87:41, 48, 67; SOR 23:20; Isaac P. Rule to his brother, 6 September 1863, Rule Letters, HPL; Colyer Diary, 4 September 1863, ALPL; Patterson Diary, 4 September 1863, ALPL; SOR 43:664, 671; Heg, Letters, 240–41; John A. Martin to his sister, 4 September 1863, Martin Letters, KSHS; James E. Love to “Molly,” 6 September 1863, and Love Autobiography, Love Papers, MSM; SOR 33:541; Himoe Diary, 4 September 1863, NAHA; SOR 88:6; SOR 22:61; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 303; Pickering Diary, 4 September 1863, HL; Welk Diary, 4 September 1863, BGSU; George Phillips to his wife, 2–4 September 1863, and Phillips Diary, 4 September 1863, Phillips Collection, HL; Kiene, Journal, 170; Stahl Diary, 4 September 1863, BGSU; SOR 27:405; Dean Diary, 4 September 1863, private collection; Willoughby Diary, 4 September 1863, Willoughby Manuscript Collection, ISL; Davidson, Battery A, 83; Widney Diary, 4 September 1863, KMNMP; Bergun H. Brown to his friends, 2–4 September 1863, Brown Papers, IHS; Robinson Diary, 4 September 1863, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Lyon Diary, 4 September 1863, OHS; Protsman Diary, 4 September 1863, WSU; SOR 62:541; Moon Diary, 4 September 1863, KSHS; Beck Diary, 4 September 1863, KSHS; Ashmun Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Shideler Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Henry Richards to his father, 4–5 September 1863, Gilbert-Richards Papers, MU; Doll, Sixth Indiana, 68; Briant, Sixth Indiana, 223; Roswell M. Russell to Edward Ruger, 12 June 1867, and Leonidas S. Scranton to Edward Ruger, 8 June 1867, both in Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; SOR 41:752; Thatcher, Hundred Battles, 140; Hempstead Diary, 4 September 1863, UM-B; SOR 41:722; Thomas Diary, 4 September 1863, UT; Carter, First Tennessee Cavalry, 86; Kendall Diary, 4 September 1863, HL; Baum Diary, 4 September 1863, IHS; SOR 86:654; Leeper Diary, 4 September 1863, SRNB; Orson Clinton to his sister, 5 September 1863, Clinton Family Papers, CU; Merrill, Diary, 51–52; Wisconsin State Journal, 17 October 1863; Read Diary, 4 September 1863, KSHS; Persons Diary, 4 September 1863, WHS; Harris Diary, 4 September 1863, IHS; SOR 33:746; Curry, Four Years, 108; Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 112; Crane Diary, 4 September 1863, Thomas Papers, NARA; Thomson Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Crane Diary, 4 September 1863, CIHS.
45. OR 30(1):602, 687, 701, 710, 721, 726, 740, 751, 754, 788–90, 798, 802, 807, 837, 842–44, 846, 848; Decker Diary, 4 September 1863, WHS; McCain, Song, 87; Hinman, Sherman Brigade, 408; Clark, Tigers, 83–84; SOR 34:90, 150, 429, 568; Joseph Bruff to his wife, 9 September 1863, Bruff Family Collection, private collection; Emerson Opdycke to his wife, 4 September 1863, and Opdycke Diary, 4 September 1863, both in Opdycke Papers, OHS; McKee Diary, 4 September 1863, http://mckee-burns.pasttracker.com/mckee/mckee_robert_t_cw_diary_1 (15 June 2013); Mason Diary, 4 September 1863, SRNB; Connelly Diary, 4 September 1863, IHS; Smith, Thirty-First Indiana, 58; Busbey Diary, 4 September 1863, SRNB; Hyde Diary, 4 September 1863, KYHS; George W. Botkin to Liddie C. Baker, 5 September 1863, Baker Correspondence, OHS; Cutter, Our Battery, 131–32; John M. Palmer to his wife, 2–4 September 1863, Palmer Papers II, ALPL; Jonathan B. Holmes to “Anna,” 7 September 1863, private collection; Glisan Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 62:781–86; Williams Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Grose, 36th Indiana, 173; Christopher Wetsel to his wife, 4 September 1863, Wetsel Letters, WIU; Walker Diary, 4 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Suiter Diary, 4 September 1863, ALPL; Simmons, 84th Illinois, 77–78; Palmer Journal, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Van Cleve to Edward Ruger, 24 May 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; OR 30(3):347–48, 350; Horatio Van Cleve to his wife, 4 September 1863, Van Cleve Papers, MHS; Tilford Diary, 4 September 1863, FHS; History, Seventy-Ninth Indiana, 84; Howe Diary, 4 September 1863, IHS; Huntzinger Diary, 4 September 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); Benedict Diary, 4 September 1863, SRNB; Hurd Diary, 4 September 1863, private collection; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 184–85; Claggett Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Morgan and Murphy, Seventh Indiana Battery, 22; Claiborne J. Walton to his wife, 3–4 September 1863, Walton Letter, Earl Hess Collection, USAHEC; Wright, Eighth Kentucky, 176–77; Moses F. Yoder to his brother, 7 September 1863, Yoder Papers, LC; SOR 66:635; Potter Diary, 4 September 1863, Potter Papers, UM-B.
46. OR 30(3):349–50, 355–56; SOR 34:207, 219, 227; Johnston Diary, 4 September 1863, FHS; Runion Diary, 4 September 1863, http://civilwar.illinoisgenweb.org/scrapbk/runiondiary2.html (23 March 2013); Brown Diary, 4 September 1863, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Albert Woodcock to his wife, 7 September 1863, Woodcock Papers, NC; SOR 25:499, 518; King, Three Years, 110; Phillips, Diary, 25, 157; Ninety-Second Illinois, 99; Dewees Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Marshall Diary, 4 September 1863, OHS; Hines Diary, 4 September 1863, Hines Manuscript Collection, ISL; Griest Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Joshua D. Foster to his parents, 9 September 1863, Foster Letters, CCNMP; Records Diary, 4 September 1863, and Records Reminiscences, Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; McLain Diary, 4 September 1863, ISHS.
47. OR 30(3):329, 351–52; Schwartz, Diary, 11; Keeler Diary, 4 September 1863, UM-B; Winans Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Hewes, Tenth Michigan, 49; Patton Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; McAdams, One Hundred and Thirteenth Ohio, 38; Porter Diary, 4 September 1863, OHS; Armstrong Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Holmes, Then and Now, 5, 123; Thomas M. Burns to his father, 9 September 1863, Burns Letters, VT; Putney Diary, 4 September 1863, KMNMP; Brown, Murphy, and Putney, Behind the Guns, 52; Kinnear, Eighty-Sixth Illinois, 21; Fahnestock Diary, 4 September 1863, ALPL.
48. Jones Diary, 4 September 1863, SRNB; Rosecrans to Halleck, 4 September 1863, DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(3):339. At least three members of the First Battalion, Ohio Sharpshooters, part of Rosecrans’s escort, spent the night in a private dwelling in the cove, so it is unlikely that Rosecrans did otherwise. Smith Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP.
49. Brent Diary, 4 September 1863, Brent to Hill, 4 September 1863, and Brent to Walker, 4 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):594–95; Bragg to Cooper, 4 September 1863, Bragg Letters and Telegrams, NARA; OR 30(2):21.
50. Bragg to Hill, 10 A.M., 4 September 1863, Hill Papers, LV; OR 30(4):594; Scout Book, Army of Tennessee, 4 September 1863, MC; Brent to Hill, 4 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Lumsden Diary, 4 September 1863, ADAH; Connolly, Three Years, 118.
51. Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 78; Fielder Diary, 4 September 1863, TSLA; Grammer Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Freeman Diary, 4 September 1863, TSLA; Magee Diary, 4 September 1863, DU; Etter Diary, 4 September 1863, SRNB; Circular, Polk’s Corps, 4 September 1863, Letters Sent, Polk’s Command, NARA; Rand Diary, 4 September 1863, MDAH; Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle, 6 and 9 September 1863; Richmond Daily Dispatch, 7 September 1863; Macon (Ga.) Telegraph, 21 September 1863, clipping in Civil War Miscellany, GDAH; Richmond Examiner, 22 September 1863; Davis, Papers, 9:343; Jabez R. Rhodes CSR, NARA; U.S. Federal Census, 1850, Newton County, and 1860, Fulton County, Georgia; Dyer, Diary, 20; Sparkman Diary, 4 September 1863, BPL; Coleman Diary, 4 September 1863, UNC; Fraser Diary, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Isaac Madden [Miller] to his mother, 4 September 1863, Madden Letters, TSLA; Charleston (S.C) Mercury, 7 September 1863; Capers Diary, 4 September 1863, Capers Papers, CI. Two days before Rhodes’s execution, his commander, Lt. Col. Jacob W. Aderhold, was cashiered from the service for also misappropriating substitute fees. Jacob W. Aderhold CSR, NARA.
52. OR 30(4):589, 595–98; Corbitt Diary, 4 September 1863, EU; Dodd, Diary, 22; Stevenson, “Smith,” 43–44; Shields Diary, 4 September 1863, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sassytazzy/family/surnames/shields/ (1 February 2009); Owen, Camp and Battle, 269; SOR 13:917; SOR 79:550; Holmes, Diary, 17; Watson Journal, 4 September 1863, CCNMP; Jackson, So Mourns, 61–62; Dugger/White Diary, 4 September 1863, Watauga (N.C.) Democrat, 21 May 1897; Dillon Diary, 4 September 1863, TSLA; SOR 18:196; SOR 78:685, 756; Johnson Diary, 4 September 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; Sloan Diary, 4 September 1863, TSLA; Leverich Diary, 4 September 1863, LSU; Brent to Buckner, 10:00 P.M., 4 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS.
1. OR 30(3):322–23, 369, 373–74; Garfield to Granger, 9:00 A.M., 5 September 1863, and Garfield to Crittenden, 5 September 1863, both in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA.
2. OR 30(3):369; Kirk, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 228; Weller Journal, 5 September 1863, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Drouillard Diary, 5 September 1863, Rosecrans Papers, UCLA; Smith, “Rosecrans’ Visit,” 37, 40–45; Smith, Civil War Tour for Cavers, 43–46; Colton, Journal and Correspondence, 154; Wilson, Column South, 85–86; Knight Account, VMI.
3. OR 30(1):325, 384, 393; OR 30(3):363–64; Hough, Soldier, 134, 136; Dilworth Journal, 5 September 1863, HC; Shanks Diary, 5 September 1863, BGSU; Adams, “Diary,” 649; Canfield, 21st Ohio, 104–5; Gibson, Seventy-Eighth Pennsylvania, 83; Archibald Blakely, in Skinner, Pennsylvania at Chickamauga, 217–18; Nupp Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Millen Diary, 5 September 1863, SRNB; Hinchberger Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP. The Empire State Iron Works is described in McCallie, Iron Ores of Georgia, 72.
4. Beatty, Citizen Soldier, 328–29; William R. Stookey to his wife, 5 September 1863, Stookey Letters, IHS; SOR 29:206; Harris Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Kirkpatrick, Experiences, 46; Hapeman Diary, 5 September 1863, ALPL; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Illinois, 111; Oliver Shelly to his brother, 5 September 1863, Shelly Letters, IHS; Christian Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Johnston Diary, 5 September 1863, and Joseph S. Johnston to his mother, 5 September 1863, Johnston Collection, CHS; Sheffield Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Bloom Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Shotts Diary, 5 September 1863, SRNB; Sturges Diary, 5 September 1863, and Eben Sturges to the “folks,” 5 September 1863, both in Sturges Papers, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Blackburn, Letters, 147; Weaver Diary, 5 September 1863, SRNB; John W. Baldwin to his wife, 5 September 1863, Baldwin Papers, OHS; Ward Diary, 5 September 1863, Ward Papers, DP; Pirtle, “Leaves,” CIHS; OR 30(1):246, 269–70, 398, 470, 476, 582; Pecoy Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Mann Diary, 5 September 1863, Chattanooga (Tenn.) Times, 25 April 1937, clipping in CPL; SOR 22:585, 610; Cooley Diary, 5 September 1863, WHS; John Wilcox to his wife, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Daniel E. Barnard to his sister, 9 September 1863, Howe Barnard Family Papers, NL; Merrill, Soldier, 2:436; Riley, Diary, 53; Simonds Diary, 5 September 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU; Lyman H. Needham to his siblings, 12 September 1863, Needham Papers, ALPL; SOR 23:208, 248; Burns Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Moody Diary, 5 September 1863, SRNB; Colburn/ Gray Diary, 5 September 1863, private collection; Tabler Diary, 5 September 1863, private collection; SOR 24:47; Crippin, “Diary,” 280; SOR 22:181; Austin Diary, 5 September 1863, ALPL; Miller Journal, 5 September 1863, IHS; Parker Diary, 5 September 1863, HL; Morse, Diaries, 33; Tourgee, “Diary,” 118; Tourgee, Thousand, 400; Taylor Diary, 5 September 1863, SRNB; SOR 67:121; Alanson R. Ryman to Jane Ryman, 9 September 1863, Ryman Letters, IHS; SOR 29:820; Gates Diary, 5 September 1863, IHS; Hollingsworth Diary, 5 September 1863, IHS; SOR 30:512, 518; SOR 27:570, 644; A. T. Ward Diary, 5 September 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; John T. Booth, National Tribune, 25 September 1890; Owen Diary, 5 September 1863, AU; George B. Turner to his mother, 9 September 1863, Turner Papers, OHS; Steward Diary, 5 September 1863, Chattanooga (Tenn.) Free Press, 21 September 1938, clipping in CPL; SOR 63:162, 172; SOR 34:477; Levering Account, CCNMP; John R. Dow to “My Dear Ann,” 6 September 1863, Dow Letters, FHS; Inskeep Diary, 5 September 1863, OHS; DeVelling, Seventeenth Ohio, 74–75; Wheeler Diary, 5 September 1863, OHS; Frederick Marion to his sister, 7 September 1863, Marion Letters, ALPL; Harold J. Bartlett to his sister, 9 September 1863, Bartlett Letters, UM-B; Albert J. Baldwin to his parents, 6 September 1863, Baldwin Letters, UND; Shaw, Tenth Indiana, 212; Small Diary, 5 September 1863, IHS; Price Diary, 5 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Chase, Fourteenth Ohio, 45; Bircher, Drummer-Boy, 72; Bishop, Story, 94; Reed Diary, 5 September 1863, MHS; Albertson, Letters Home, Letter 103; Donahower Account, Donahower Papers, MHS; Bruce Diary, 5 September 1863, ISL; Martling Diary, 5 September 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Davidson Diary, 5 September 1863, NCWM; Keegan, Diaries, 24; Hinkley Diary, 5 September 1863, and Lucius D. Hinkley to his mother, 8 September 1863, Hinkley Papers, WHS; Memorandum, and Robert T. Bates to his parents, 5 September 1863, both in Bates Letters, WHS; Webster Diary, 5 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; F. W. Perry, National Tribune, 21 September 1893; Frank M. Phelps to his friends, 9 September 1863, Phelps Letters, Lewis Leigh Collection, USAHEC; Perry, Thirty-Eighth Indiana, 81; SOR 29:155; Edmonds Diary, 5–6 September 1863, USAHEC; SOR 88:282; Clark Diary, 5 September 1863, Clark Papers, USAHEC; Johnston, Soldier Boy, 55–56; Henry A. Hambright Report, 1889, Union Battle Reports, NARA; Galpin Diary, 5 September 1863, Galpin Family Papers, WHS; SOR 72:502, 516; William S. Mitchell to his father, 6 September 1863, Mitchell Letters, CCNMP; George Desforges to his sister, 5 September 1863, Desforges Letters, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; SOR 87:106, 112; SOR 21:646, 652; OR 30(3):363; Bennett, Ninth Michigan, 33; Carpenter Diary, 5 September 1863, SRNB.
5. OR 30(3):322–23, 369–70; OR 30(1):602; Potter Diary, 5 September 1863, UM-B; John J. McCook to Garfield, 3:30 P.M., 5 September 1863, DC, Letters Received, NARA; Horatio Van Cleve to his wife, 4–5 September 1863, Van Cleve Papers, MHS; Suiter Diary, 5 September 1863, ALPL; Harden, Ninetieth Ohio, 91; McCain, Song, 87; Decker Diary, 5 September 1863, WHS.
6. OR 30(3):370, 983–84; Plum, Military Telegraph, 2:65–66; Augusta (Ga.) Daily Constitutionalist, 8 September 1863; Richmond Whig, 8 September 1863; OR (1):626, 651, 653, 687–88, 699, 703, 706, 710, 721, 726, 740, 751, 754, 790, 802, 807, 837, 843, 845, 848; Woodruff, Fifteen Years, 280; Hight, Fifty-Eighth Indiana, 58; SOR 44:153; Diary, 5 September 1863, HPL; Gillis Diary, 8 September 1863, OHS; Opdycke Diary, 5 September 1863, and Emerson Opdycke to his wife, 6 September 1863, Opdycke Papers, OHS; SOR 67:603, 627; Joseph Bruff to his wife, 9 September 1863, Bruff Family Collection, private collection; SOR 65:389; Duncan Thompson to his parents, 8 September 1863, Timothy Brookes Collection, USAHEC; SOR 62:413; John M. Palmer to his wife, 2–7 September 1863, Palmer Papers II, ALPL; McKee Diary, 5 September 1863, http://mckee-burns.pasttracker.com/mckee/cw_mckee/mckee_robert_t_cw_diary_1 (15 June 2013); Mason Diary, 5 September 1863, SRNB; Connelly Diary, 5 September 1863, IHS; Dilman, Dillman, 8; Dillman Diary, 5 September 1863, IU; Hyde Diary, 5 September 1863, KYHS; Busbey Diary, 5 September 1863, SRNB; SOR 34:74, 90, 106, 113, 429, 440, 568; Marshall Diary, 5 September 1863, OHS; Suiter Diary, 5 September 1863, ALPL; Harden, 90th Ohio, 91; Cutter, Our Battery, 131–33; SOR 62:781, 786; Glisan Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Hannaford, Sixth Ohio, 443; Willis Jones to his wife, 5 September 1863, Jones Papers, NC; Simmons, 84th Illinois, 76–77; Walker Diary, 5 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Williams Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Palmer Journal, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Horatio Van Cleve to his wife, 4–5 September 1863, Van Cleve Papers, MHS; Van Cleve to Edward Ruger, 24 May 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Benedict Diary, 5 September 1863, SRNB; Reep Manuscript, private collection; Hurd Diary, 5 September 1863, private collection; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 185–86; Patton Diary, 5 September 1863, TSLA; Tilford Diary, 5 September 1863, FHS; History, Seventy-Ninth Indiana, 84–85; Howe Diary, 5 September 1863, IHS; Huntzinger Diary, 5 September 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); Claggett Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Wright, Eighth Kentucky, 177; Moses F. Yoder to his brother, 7 September 1863, Yoder Papers, LC.
7. OR 30(3):365–66, 371, 377; Johnston Diary, 5 September 1863, FHS; SOR 34:207, 227; Joshua D. Foster to his parents, 5 September 1863, Foster Letters, CCNMP; Records Diary and Reminiscences, 5 September 1863, Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Campbell Journal, 5 September 1863, CCNMP.
8. Marshall Diary, 5 September 1863, OHS; Dewees Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Hines Diary, 5 September 1863, Hines Manuscript Collection, ISL; Griest Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Kemper Diary, 5 September 1863, OHS; McGee, 72nd Indiana, 151–52; OR 30(3):366–67, 371–72, 393.
9. Mayfield Diary, 5 September 1863, IU; Mosman, Rough Side, 74; Pickering Diary, 5 September 1863, HL; Kiene, Journal, 170; Chauncy Brooks to his fiancée, 5 September 1863, Brooks Papers, ISL; Philip Welshimer to his wife, 5 September 1863, Welshimer Letters, CCNMP; Rollin Olson to his wife and children, 5–7 September 1863, Olson Letters, WHS; John A. Martin to his sister, 5 September 1863, Martin Letters, KSHS; Henry Richards to his father, 4–5 September 1863, Gilbert-Richards Papers, MU; “Cam,” 5 September 1863, in Dayton (Ohio) Weekly Journal, 15 September 1863; Eli Clampitt to his brother, 5 September 1863, Clampitt Letters, ISL; Widney Diary, 5 September 1863, KMNMP; OR 30(3):367–68.
10. OR 30(3):322, 374–76; Frankenberry Diary, 5 September 1863, WVU; Thomas Diary, 5 September 1863, Thomas Collection, UT; Read Diary, 5 September 1863, KSHS; Merrill, Diary, 52; Persons Diary, 5 September 1863, WHS; Leeper Diary, 5 September 1863, SRNB; Harris Diary, 5 September 1863, IHS; Prickitt, Diary, 103; Elijah S. Watts to Edward Ruger, 17 June 1867, Roswell M. Russell to Edward Ruger, 12 June 1867, and James P. Brownlow to Edward Ruger, 30 May 1867, all in Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; OR 30(1):895, 899, 903, 905, 909, 917–18; Carter, First Tennessee Cavalry, 86; George Shuman to his wife, 7 September 1863, Shuman Letters, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Curry, Four Years, 108–9; Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 112; George Kryder to his wife, 7 September 1863, Kryder Papers, BGSU; Feagles Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Crane Diary, 5 September 1863, Thomas Papers, NARA; Crane Diary, 5 September 1863, CIHS. According to Crook’s report, only the First and Third Ohio Cavalry regiments participated in his scout, but Fourth Ohio Cavalry sources indicate that regiment took part as well.
11. OR 30(3):372–73; OR 52(1):442; Partridge, Ninety-Sixth Illinois, 154; SOR 25:499, 686; Sowers Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Royse, 115th Illinois, 93; Robinson Diary, 6 September 1863, ALPL; Imboden, Army of the Cumberland, 9; SOR 26:413, 425; Schwartz, Diary, 11; Keeler Diary, 5 September 1863, UM-B; SOR 43:400, 406; Patton Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; McAdams, One Hundred and Thirteenth Ohio, 38; Winans Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Hewes, Tenth Michigan, 49; Porter Diary, 5 September 1863, OHS; Holmes, Then and Now, 5, 123; Thomas M. Burns to his father, 9 September 1863, Burns Letters, VT; Fahnestock Diary, 5 September 1863, ALPL; Kinnear, Eighty-Sixth Illinois, 22; Armstrong Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Brown, Murphy, and Putney, Behind the Guns, 53; Putney Diary, 5 September 1863, KMNMP; Brown Diary, 5 September 1863, ALPL; Cort, Letters, 103; Ninety-Second Illinois, 99; Phillips, Diary, 25, 157; King, Three Years, 110; Albert Woodcock to his wife, 7 September 1863, Woodcock Papers, NC; Runion Diary, 5 September 1863, http://civilwar.illinoisgenweb.org/scrapbk/runiondiary2.html (23 March 2013).
12. Moore Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Rosecrans to Halleck, 5 September 1863, DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(3):361–62; Rosecrans to Anna Rosecrans, 5 September 1863, Rosecrans Papers, UCLA.
13. OR 30(3):321, 339, 361; OR 29(2):699; Frederick W. Sims to Thomas Dodamead, 5 September 1863 (two messages), Sims Letter Book, HL.
14. Kean, Confederate Government, 102–3; Jones, War Clerk’s Diary, 2:32–33; OR 30(4):602–4, 606–7, 616, 623; OR 52(2):521.
15. Brent Diary, 5 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Brent to Walker, 5 September 1863 (two messages), Brent to Hill, 5 September 1863, Falconer to Walker, 5 September 1863, and Falconer to Williams, 5 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Walker to [Mary Cresswell Walker], undated fragment, Walker Papers, DU; Liddell, Record, 131, 136–37.
16. Brent Diary, 5 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Scout Book, Army of Tennessee, 5 September 1863, MC; Brent to Wheeler, 5 September 1863 (two messages), Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):602.
17. New York Times, 26 August 1863; OR 30(4):599–600.
18. Brent to Mauldin, 5 September 1863, Brent to Polk, 5 September 1863 (four messages), Brent to Buckner, 5 September 1863, and Mackall to Hill, 5 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):600; Brent Diary, 5 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS. The signal station on Lookout Mountain may be the one described in Evans, Inventory and Assessment, Dade County, 181–86. The charges and specifications preferred against Hindman can be found in Thomas C. Hindman CSR, NARA. Pvt. Thomas B. Hall of the Twenty-Fourth Alabama Infantry regiment described the incident, which occurred on the night of 23–24 August, in a letter to his father: “When we halted Gen Hindman found Polks staff camped on the spot where he had picked out his Head quarters and he went up and roused them calling them ‘a set of d——d unprincipled curs’ and other such epithets as that. Next day Poks [sic] Inspec. Gen’l challenged him but Hindman would not accept. Cheatham’s Inspector Genl who bore the challenge considered himself insulted by the refusal in some way and he challenged him. Hindman would not accept. Two more of Polk’s staff then challenged him but he as many times refused. I understand that he wrote Polk a note but the note was returned unread. These little facts I learn are so.” Thomas B. Hall to Bolling Hall Sr., 31 August 1863, Hall Family Papers, ADAH. According to Lt. William B. Richmond, Polk’s aide-de-camp, “It will now be seen if Bragg is the man he has assumed to be to make men ‘feel the sting of discipline.’” William B. Richmond to Alexander H. Polk, 29 August 1863, quoted in Raynor’s Historical Collectible Auctions, Lot no. 212, September 2011, http://hcaauctions.com/LotDetail.aspx?inventoryid=27261 (14 January 2014).
19. Reid Diary, 5 September 1863, Reid Family Papers, LC; Andrews, South Reports, 347; Polk to Hindman, 5 September 1863, and Polk to Cheatham, 5 September 1863, both in Letters Sent, Polk’s Command, NARA; Brent Diary, 5 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Fielder Diary, 5 September 1863, TSLA; Oldham Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 79; Rennolds Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Brown Notebook, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Lumsden Diary, 5 September 1863, ADAH; Daniel Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Henry T. Wulff to “Friend Clay,” 5 September 1863, Wulff Collection, CHS; Coleman Diary, 5 September 1863, UNC; Sparkman Diary, 5 September 1863, BPL; Anderson to Helm, 5 September 1863, Letters, First Kentucky Brigade, NARA; Cleburne to Anderson, 5 September 1863, Hill Papers, LV; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 146; Claudius C. Wilson to his wife, 5 September 1863, Wilson Papers, GHS; Grammer Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Bush Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP; Joshua K. Callaway to his wife, 5 September 1863, Callaway Papers, UTX; Rand Diary, 5 September 1863, MDAH; Pasco Diary, 5 September 1863, CCNMP.
20. Capers Diary, 5 September 1863, Capers Papers, CI; OR 30(4):601; Dodd, Diary, 23; Corbitt Diary, 5 September 1863, EU; Stevenson, “Smith,” 43–44; Shields Diary, 5 September 1863, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sassytazzy/family/surnames/shields (1 February 2009); George Knox Miller to “My Dear Cellie,” 15 September 1863, Miller Letters, UNC; Van Sheliha to Stewart, General Orders no. 12, 5 September 1863, Orders and Circulars, Army of Tennessee, NARA; Owen, Camp and Battle, 269; SOR 13:917, 925; Dugger Diary, 5 September 1863, Watauga (N.C.) Democrat, 21 May 1891; Joseph S. Espey to his sister, 3–6 September 1863, Espey Family Papers, UNC; SOR 19:194; Dillon Diary, 5 September 1863, TSLA; SOR 78:685; Johnson Diary, 5 September 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; Watson Journal, 5 September 1863, CCNMP.
21. Cleburne to Hill, 10:00 P.M., 5 September 1863, Hill Papers, LV; OR 30(4):601; Mackall to Hill, 5 September 1863, Brent to Hill, 5 September 1863, and Brent to Buckner, 5 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Plum, Military Telegraph, 2:65–66; Augusta (Ga.) Daily Constitutionalist, 8 September 1863; Richmond Whig, 8 September 1863.
22. OR 30(1):626, 653, 682, 688, 699, 701, 703, 706; Hinman, Sherman Brigade, 409; Mallory Diary, 6 September 1863, HPL; Emerson Opdycke to his wife, 9 September 1863, and Opdycke Diary, 6 September 1863, both in Opdycke Papers, OHS; Joseph Bruff to his wife, 9 September 1863, Bruff Family Collection, private collection; SOR 34:146, 150; SOR 65:390; SOR 67:603, 611; Duncan Thompson to his parents, 8 September 1863, Thompson Letters, Timothy Brookes Collection, USAHEC; Gillis Diary, 8 September 1863, OHS; Woodruff, Fifteen Years, 280; Hight, Fifty-Eighth Indiana, 171–72.
23. OR 30(3):369, 390–91; OR 30(1):710, 721, 726–27, 740, 751, 790; McKee Diary, 6 September 1863, http://mckee-burns.pasttracker.com/mckee/cw_mckee/mckee_robert_t_cw_diary_1 (15 June 1863); Mason Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Connelly Diary, 6 September 1863, IHS; Hyde Diary, 6 September 1863, KYHS; Busbey Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; SOR 34:74, 90, 568; Marshall Diary, 6 September 1863, OHS; Harden, 90th Ohio, 91, 97; Cutter, Our Battery, 133–34; SOR 62:781, 786; Glisan Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Hannaford, Sixth Ohio, 443; Simmons, 84th Illinois, 78; Suiter Diary, 6 September 1863, ALPL; Walker Diary, 6 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Williams Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Grose, 36th Indiana, 173; Van Cleve to Edward Ruger, 24 May 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA.
24. OR 30(3):385–86, 987; John R. Dow to “My Dear Ann,” 6 September 1863, Dow Letters, FHS; Bishop, Story, 94; Billings D. Sibley to “Anna,” 6 September 1863, Sibley Papers, MHS; Albertson, Letters Home, Letter 103; Reed Diary, 6 September 1863, MHS; Bircher, Drummer-Boy, 72; Bruce Diary, 6 September 1863, ISL; Martling Diary, 6 September 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Davidson Diary, 6 September 1863, NCWM; Keegan, Diaries, 24; Inskeep Diary, 6 September 1863, OHS; DeVelling, Seventeenth Ohio, 75; Wheeler Diary, 6 September 1863, OHS; Frederick Marion to his sister, 7 September 1863, Marion Letters, ALPL; SOR 34:186; Albert J. Baldwin to his parents, 6 September 1863, Baldwin Letters, UND; Price Diary, 6 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Small Diary, 6 September 1863, IHS; S. Hendricks, National Tribune, 5 November 1891; OR 30(1):726–27, 740, 751, 790, 837, 843, 845, 848; Mason Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Connelly Diary, 6 September 1863, IHS; Busbey Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Marshall Diary, 6 September 1863, OHS; Simmons, 84th Illinois, 78; Suiter Diary, 6 September 1863, ALPL; Van Cleve to Edward Ruger, 24 May 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Benedict Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Patton Diary, 6 September 1863, TSLA; Claggett Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; History, Seventy-Ninth Indiana, 85; Howe Diary, 6 September 1863, IHS; Huntzinger Diary, 6 September 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); Tilford Diary, 6 September 1863, FHS; Evans, Inventory and Assessment, Dade County, 33–48.
25. OR 30(3):986–87; Chapin, “Diary,” 233; Potter Diary, 6 September 1863, Potter Papers, UM-B; Joseph Bruff to Anna Bruff, 12 November 1863, Bruff Family Collection, private collection.
26. OR 30(3):985, 987–88. In his 7:00 P.M. message to Wood, Oldershaw stated that he (and presumably corps headquarters) was a mile and a half from “Naylor’s” on the Trenton/Wauhatchie Road. The location identified as “Naylor’s” on Federal maps probably referenced Taylor’s Spring, which was just east of the Trenton/Wauhatchie road near its junction with the Nickajack Road down Sand Mountain. A mile and a half from Taylor’s Spring would place the Twenty-First Corps headquarters in the midst of the camps occupied by Palmer’s and Brannan’s divisions on the Cole property.
27. OR 30(1):627, 653, 688, 699, 703, 706; OR 30(3):420–22, 681–84, 852–53; Woodruff, Fifteen Years, 280; Hight, Fifty-Eighth Indiana, 171–72; Hinman, Sherman Brigade, 409–10; Joseph Bruff to Anna Bruff, 9 September 1863, Bruff Family Collection, private collection; Opdycke Diary, 6 September 1863, and Emerson Opdycke to his wife, 6 and 7 September 1863, all in Opdycke Papers, OHS; Duncan Thompson to his parents, 8 September 1863, Thompson Letters, Timothy Brookes Collection, USAHEC; Mallory Diary, 6 September 1863, HPL; Gillis Diary, 8 September 1863, OHS; SOR 62:413.
28. OR 30(1):325–26, 384, 386, 393, 1063; OR 30(3):383–85; Shanks Diary, 6 September 1863, BGSU; Adams, “Diary,” 649; Dilworth Journal, 6 September 1863, HC; Ward Diary, 6 September 1863, Ward Papers, DP; Ward Diary, 6 September 1863, IHS; Nupp Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Millen Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Hinchberger Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Weaver Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; John W. Baldwin to his wife, 5–12 September 1863, Baldwin Papers, OHS; Blackburn, Letters, 147; Shotts Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Johnston Diary, 6 September 1863, Johnston Collection, CHS; Christian Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Haynie, Nineteenth Illinois, 215; SOR 21:358, 376; Sheffield Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Bloom Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Sturges Diary, 6 September 1863, Sturges Papers, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Beatty, Citizen Soldier, 329; SOR 28:206; Harris Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Hapeman Diary, 6 September 1863, ALPL; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Illinois, 112; George Marsh Jr. to his brother, 7 September 1863, Marsh Family Papers, ALPL; Evans, Inventory and Assessment, Dade County, 131–38. The Seventy-Eighth Pennsylvania Infantry regiment of Sirwell’s Third Brigade was left behind at Payne’s [Sitton’s] Mill near Trenton, where it continued to operate the mill.
29. OR 30(1):246, 270, 579, 582, 589; OR 30(3):383, 388–89; Eugene Comstock to his father, 6 September 1863, Comstock Papers, WHS; Pirtle, “Leaves,” CIHS; Alfred Pirtle to his mother, 6 September 1863, Pirtle Letters, FHS; Pecoy Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Bennett and Haigh, Thirty-Sixth Illinois, 449–50; SOR 22:181, 187, 610, 667; Cooley Diary, 6 September 1863, WHS; Eugene E. Comstock to his father, 6 September 1863, Comstock Papers, WHS; Ely Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Daniel E. Barnard to his sister, 9 September 1863, Howe Barnard Family Papers, NL; Merrill, Soldier, 2:436; Newlin, Seventy-Third Illinois, 210–12; SOR 23:208, 341; SOR 48:284, 292; Riley, Diary, 53; Simonds Diary, 6 September 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU; Lyman H. Needham to his brother and sister, 12 September 1863, Needham Papers, ALPL; Melville Cox Follett Diary, 6 September 1863, http://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibitions/letters/follett_melville/default (17 January 2009); Colburn/Gray Diary, 6 September 1863, private collection; Moody Diary, 6 September 1863; Burns Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Tabler Diary, 6 September 1863, private collection; SOR 24:47; Crippin, “Diary,” 280; Austin Diary, 6 September 1863, ALPL; Jones Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Hinkley Diary, 6 September 1863, and Lucius D. Hinkley to his mother, 8 September 1863, Hinkley Papers, WHS; Memorandum, and Robert J. Bates to his parents, 9 September 1863, both in Bates Letters, WHS; Wallace W. Darrah to his brother, 9 September 1863, Darrah Papers, NC; Webster Diary, 6 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Frank M. Phelps to his friends, 9 September 1863, Lewis Leigh Collection, USAHEC; SOR 29:155; Nelson Purdum, “Thirty-Third Ohio,” Purdum Papers, OHS; Edmonds Diary, 6–7 September 1863, USAHEC; Record, Ninety-Fourth Ohio, 36; SOR 27:570; SOR 87:106, 112, 253, 282; Otto, Mudsill, 159–61; Clark Diary, 6 September 1863, Clark Papers, USAHEC; Johnston, Soldier Boy, 56–57; Galpin Diary, 6 September 1863, Galpin Family Papers, WHS; Hambright Report, Union Battle Reports, NARA; SOR 72:502, 521; SOR 21:646, 653; Bennett, Ninth Michigan, 33; Miller Journal, 6 September 1863, IHS; Parker Diary, 6 September 1863, HL; Morse, Diaries, 33; Tourgee, “Diary,” 118; Luman G. Grist to his parents, 6 September 1863, Grist Letter, CCNMP; Taylor Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Shera Diary, 6 September 1863, FHS; Alanson R. Ryman to Jane Ryman, 9 September 1863, Ryman Letters, IHS; Hollingsworth Diary, 6 September 1863, IHS; Turchin, “Diary,” 62; Williams, Extracts, 90; Ward Diary, 6 September 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; Owen Diary, 6 September 1863, AU; Phillips, Turchin, 101–2; Josiah D. Cotton to his wife, 6 September 1863, Cotton Papers, LC.
30. OR 30(3):388–90, 984; Thruston to Sheridan, 12:30 P.M., 6 September 1863, Sheridan Papers, LC; Thruston to Davis, 6 September 1863, Twentieth Army Corps, Letters Sent, NARA; Mosman, Rough Side, 74–75; Mayfield Diary, 6 September 1863, IU; SOR 24:393; Colyer Diary, 6 September 1863, ALPL; SOR 23:20; Heg, Letters, 243; James E. Love to “Molly,” 6 August [September] 1863, Love Papers, MHM; Phillips Diary, 6 September 1863, Phillips Collection; HL; Kiene, Journal, 170–72; Pickering Diary, 6 September 1863, HL; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 303; Thomas J. Harrison to his wife, 6 September 1863, Harrison Letters, IHS; Willoughby Diary, 6 September 1863, ISL; Alpheus S. Bloomfield to his sister, 6 September 1863, Bloomfield Letters, OHS; Robinson Diary, 6 September 1863, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Moon Diary, 6 September 1863, KSHS; Protsman Diary, 6 September 1863, WSU; W. L. Patterson to his parents, 6 September 1863, Patterson Family Papers, WSU; Beck Diary, 6 September 1863, KSHS; Shideler Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP.
31. OR 30(3):374–75, 397–98; OR 30(1):895, 901, 909; Frankenberry Diary, 6 September 1863, WVU; Kirk, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 223–24; Leonidas S. Scranton to Edward Ruger, 8 June 1867, William G. Brownlow to Edward Ruger, 30 May 1867, and Elijah S. Watts to Edward Ruger, 17 June 1867, all in Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Hempstead Diary, 6 September 1863, UM-B; SOR 41:722; Thomas Diary, 6 September 1863, Thomas Collection, UT; SOR 86:713; Merrill, Diary, 52; Persons Diary, 6 September 1863, WHS; Kendall Diary, 6 September 1863, HL; Baum Diary, 5–6 September 1863, IHS; Harris Diary, 6 September 1863, IHS; Curry, Four Years, 109; Proceedings, Thirtieth Reunion, 16; Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 112; Prickitt, Company H, 103; Feagles Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Crane Diary, 6 September 1863, Thomas Papers, NARA; Crane Diary, 6 September 1863, CIHS; George Kryder to his wife, 7 September 1863, Kryder Papers, BGSU; Thomson Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Nourse Diary, 6 September 1863, DU; Lester Diary, 6 September 1863, ALPL.
32. Campbell Journal, 6–7 September 1863, CCNMP; Records Diary, 6 September 1863 and Records Reminiscences, Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Kemper Diary, 5–6 September 1863, OHS; Griest Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Unidentified Diary, Seventy-Second Indiana Infantry, 6 September 1863, Meisner Collection, ISL; Joshua D. Foster to his parents, 9 September 1863, Foster Letters, CCNMP; OR 30(3):385–87, 392–94, 396–99; Hines Diary, 6 September 1863, Hines Manuscript Collection, ISL; Marshall Diary, 6 September 1863, OHS; Dewees Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Smith, Samuel Thomas Smith, 81; Elias D. Work to his sister, 6 September 1863, Work Letters, IHS; Albert G. Hart to his wife, 7 September 1863, Hart Papers, WRHS; SOR 25:518, 525, 552.
33. Brown Diary, 6 September 1863, ALPL; SOR 25:499, 508; Runion Diary, 6 September 1863, http://civilwar.illinoisgenweb.org/scrapbk/runiondiary2.html (23 March 2013); Brown Diary, 6 September 1863, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Ninety-Second Illinois, 99; King, Three Years, 111–12; Phillips, Diary, 25, 157; Albert Woodcock to his wife, 7 September 1863, Woodcock Papers, NC; Barnes, Carnahan, and McCain, Eighty-Sixth Indiana, 158; Moore Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; McCain, Song, 87; Decker Diary, 6 September 1863, WHS; Keeler Diary, 6 September 1863, UM-B; SOR 43:391, 404; OR 30(1):852; OR 30(3):397; Partridge, Ninety-Sixth Illinois, 154; Nelson G. Huson to his parents, 6 September 1863, Huson Letters, HL; Sowers Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Royse, 115th Illinois, 93; Robinson Diary, 6 September 1863, Robinson Papers, ALPL; Royse Diary, 6 September 1863, Royse Manuscript Collection, ISL; SOR 26:407, 413; Schwartz, Diary, 11; Patton Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; J. M. Brannum, National Tribune, 20 December 1900; McAdams, One Hundred and Thirteenth Ohio, 38; William L. Broaddus to his wife, 9 September 1863, Broaddus Papers, DU; Van Vleck, Leader, 166; Members, Battery M, 1st Illinois, 76; Winans Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Hewes, Tenth Michigan, 49; Porter Diary, 6 September 1863, OHS; Holmes, Then and Now, 5, 123–24; Thomas M. Burns to his father, 9 September 1863, Burns Letters, VT; Putney Diary, 6 September 1863, KMNMP; Armstrong Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Fahnestock Diary, 6 September 1863, ALPL; Kinnear, Eighty-Sixth Illinois, 22.
34. Garfield, Wild Life, 294–95; Drouillard Diary, 6 September 1863, Rosecrans Papers, UCLA; Kirk, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 228–29; Wilson, Column South, 86; Knight Account, 6 September 1863, VMI; SOR 68:412; Miller Journal, 6 September 1863, IHS; Morse, Diaries, 33; Parker Diary, 6 September 1863, HL; Williams, Extracts, 90; C. A. Smith Diary, 6–7 September 1863, CCNMP; “Summaries of the News,” 333–36, NARA; Garfield to Sheridan, 9:30 P.M., 6 September 1863, Sheridan Papers, LC; OR 30(3):381, 390–91, 397–98; Rosecrans to Halleck, 6 September 1863, DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA.
35. Bragg to Johnston, 3:00 A.M., 6 September 1863, and Bragg to Davis, 3:00 A.M., 6 September 1863, both in Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):607–8.
36. Brent Diary, 6 September 1863, Brent to Hill, 5 September 1863, Brent to Buckner, 5 September 1863, Brent to Commanding Officer, Rome, Georgia, 6 September 1863, Brent to Gist, Rome, 9:00 A.M., 6 September 1863, Brent to Gist, via Kingston, 9:00 A.M., 6 September 1863, Bragg to Brown, 9:00 A.M., 6 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Beatty Diary, 6 September 1863, UNC; OR 30(4):615, 618; Bragg to Davis, 6 September 1863, Bragg Letters and Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 52(2):522.
37. Mackall to Stewart, 9:00 A.M., 6 September 1863, and Brent Diary, 6 September 1863, both in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Sloan Diary, 6 September 1863, TSLA; Leverich Diary, 6 September 1863, LSU; OR 30(4):616–18.
38. Circular, 6 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Circular, 6 September 1863, Hill Papers, LV; Circular, 6 September 1863, Buckner Papers, HL; OR 30(4):610–11; Brent to Wright, 10:00 A.M., 6 September 1863, Mackall to Wright, 10:00 A.M., 6 September 1863, Falconer to Quartermaster, Marietta, Georgia, 10:00 A.M., 6 September 1863, and Falconer to McMicken, 6 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS.
39. Lumsden Diary, 6 September 1863, ADAH; Daniel Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Fielder Diary, 6 September 1863, TSLA; Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 79; Rennolds Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; OR 30(4):614; Brown Notebook, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Magee Diary, 6 September 1863, DU; Etter Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Neal Diary, 6 September 1863, NC; Rand Diary, 6 September 1863, MDAH; Fraser Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Thomas B. Hall to Bolling Hall Sr., 6 September 1863, Hall Family Papers, ADAH; Joshua K. Callaway to his wife, 6 September 1863, Callaway Papers, UTX; Claudius C. Wilson to his wife, 6 September 1863, Wilson Papers, GHS; Grammer Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Swett, “Warren Light Artillery,” http://www.perryvillebattlefield.org/html/ms-swett-charles-cs.html (24 July 2012); James R. Riggs to his sister, 6 September 1863, Riggs Letters, ADAH; Freeman Diary, 6 September 1863, TSLA.
40. Cleburne to Hill, 10:00 P.M., 5 September 1863, and Cleburne to Anderson, 5 September 1863, both in Hill Papers, LV; OR 30(4):601, 613; Milner Diary, 6 September 1863, ADAH; J. H. Smith Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 13:641–42, 698; Armstrong Diary, 6 September 1863, ADAH; Williamson, 45th Mississippi, 120; SOR 46:72; Coleman Diary, 6 September 1863, UNC; Seaton, Bugle, 39; SOR 80:74, 160, 181; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 146; Sparkman Diary, 6 September 1863, BPL; SOR 79:221; Breckinridge to Anderson, 6:45 P.M., 6 September 1863, Avery to Hill, 6 September 1863, and Buck to Cleburne, 6 September 1863, all in Hill Papers, LV; Cleburne to Hill, 6 September 1863, Hill Papers, NCDAH; SOR 35:199, 203, 254, 273, 404, 408; Jackman Journal, 6 September 1863, LC; Bush Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; John McGrath to “Friend Danl,” 24 September 1863, McGrath Papers, LSU; SOR 36:297, 434, 456; Pasco Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Ives, Journal and Letters, 41–42.
41. Avery to Anderson, 6 September 1863, and Avery to Hill, 6 September 1863, both in Hill Papers, LV; Beatty Diary, 6 September 1863, UNC; Cleburne to Hill, 6 September 1863, Hill Papers, NCDAH.
42. OR 30(4):592; Elliott, Soldier of Tennessee, 86; Owen, Camp and Battle, 266–67, 269; Schlinger, Last Cavalier, 1–148; Warner, Generals in Gray, 246; Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 668; Davis and Hoffman, Confederate General, 5:54–57; Eicher and Eicher, High Commands, 439; Brent Diary, 5 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Dillon Diary, 6 September 1863, TSLA; SOR 78:685; Johnson Diary, 6 September 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; Harder Reminiscences, TSLA; SOR 13:925, 929; SOR 79:559; John E. Hall to Bolling Hall Sr., 6 August [September] 1863, Hall Family Papers, ADAH; SOR 19:194; Joseph S. Espey to his sister, 3–6 September 1863, Espey Family Papers, UNC; Dugger Diary, 6 September 1863, Watauga (N.C.) Democrat, 21 May 1891; Watson Journal, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Holmes, Diary, 17.
43. OR 30(4):614–15; Isaac B. Ulmer to his mother, 6 September 1863, Ulmer Papers, UNC; Stevenson, “Smith,” 44–45; Shields Diary, 6 September 1863, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sassytazzy/family/surnames/shields (1 February 2009); Jordan and Pryor, Campaigns of Forrest, 305–6; Davis Diary, 6 September 1863, TSLA; Huwald Account, Nutt Papers, UNC; Sloan Diary, 6 September 1863, TSLA; Leverich Diary, 6 September 1863, LSU; Dyer, Diary, 20.
44. Capers Diary, 6 September 1863, Capers Papers, CI; Ellison Capers to his wife, 6 September 1863 (two letters), Capers Papers, DU; George A. Gordon to “Dear Krilla,” 6 September 1863, Gordon Letters, UTX; Wayne to Brown, 13 September 1863, Cuyler Collection, UGA; Flewellen to Stout, 6 September 1863, Flewellen to Ussery, 6 September 1863, Flewellen to McFadden, 6 September 1863, Flewellen to Tucker, 6 September 1863, and Flewellen to Ryan, all in Letters Sent, Medical Director, Army of Tennessee, NARA; Currey to Stout, 5 September 1863, Stout Papers, MC; Stout, “Outline,” 70–71; Schroeder-Lein, Confederate Hospitals, 123–24; Cumming, Kate, 137.
45. Frank M. Hayley to his wife, 6 September 1863, Hayley Letter, CCNMP; OR 30(4):608; OR 29(2):700–701; James Longstreet to Louis T. Wigfall, 18 August 1863, Wigfall Papers, LC; Jordan Account, ADAH; Jordan, Events, 49–50; Giles, Rags and Hope, 195–96.
46. Bragg to Johnston, 5:00 P.M., 6 September 1863, Brent to Walker, 8:00 P.M., 6 September 1863 (two messages), Brent to Buckner, 8:00 P.M., 6 September 1863, Brent to Buckner, 6 September 1863, Brent to Polk, 6 September 1863, Brent to Mauldin, 6 September 1863, and Brent Diary, 6–7 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Oladowski to Humphries, 6 September 1863, and Oladowski to Rains, 6 September 1863, both in Letters Sent, Ordnance Office, Army of Tennessee, NARA; Fielder Diary, 6 September 1863, TSLA; Neal Diary, 6 September 1863, NC; Rand Diary, 6 September 1863, MDAH; Fraser Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Thomas B. Hall to Bolling Hall Sr., 6 September 1863, Hall Family Papers, ADAH; Daniel Diary, 6 September 1863, SRNB; Cleburne to Hill, 6 September 1863, Hill Papers, NCDAH; Milner Diary, 6 September 1863, ADAH; Coleman Diary, 6 September 1863, UNC; Seaton, Bugle, 39; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 146; Breckinridge to Anderson, 6:45 P.M., 6 September 1863, Hill Papers, LV; Jackman Journal, 6 September 1863, LC; John McGrath to “Friend Danl,” 24 September 1863, McGrath Papers, LSU; Pasco Diary, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Dillon Diary, 6 September 1863, TSLA; Johnson Diary, 6 September 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; Watson Journal, 6 September 1863, CCNMP; Dugger Diary, 6 September 1863, Watauga (N.C.) Democrat, 21 May 1891; Richmond Diary, 6 September 1863, Polk Papers, US; OR 30(2):70–71.
1. OR 30(3):322–23, 397–98, 412, 432.
2. OR 30(3):414, 986–87, 989; John J. McCook to James Garfield, 1:00 A.M., 7 September 1863, DC, Letters Received, NARA.
3. OR 30(3):414, 852, 989; OR 30(1):627–28.
4. OR 30(3):416–17, 419, 988.
5. OR 30(1):681–82, 688, 699, 701–4, 706; Hinman, Sherman Brigade, 410; SOR 62:413; SOR 65:390, 419, 423, 441, 445; Mallory Diary, 7 September 1863, HPL; Gillis Diary, 7 September 1863, OHS; Duncan Thompson to his parents, 8 September 1863, Thompson Letters, Timothy Brookes Collection, USAHEC; Clark, Tigers, 84; General Orders, No. 4, 8 September 1863, Emerson Opdycke to his wife, 7 September 1863, and Opdycke Diary, 7 September 1863, all in Opdycke Papers, OHS; Joseph Bruff to his wife, 9 September 1863, Bruff Family Letters, private collection; SOR 67:603, 611.
6. OR 30(3):414–17, 425.
7. OR 30(3):418–24, 989–90.
8. OR 30(1):727, 740, 755, 790, 821, 829, 831, 837, 843, 845, 848; McKee Diary, 7 September 1863, http://mckee-burns.pasttracker.com/mckee/cw_mckee/mckee_robert_t_cw_diary (15 June 2013); Mason Diary, 7 September 1863, SRNB; Connelly Diary, 7 September 1863, IHS; Hyde Diary, 7 September 1863, KYHS; Busbey Diary, 7 September 1863, SRNB; SOR 34:90; Marshall Diary, 7 September 1863, OHS; Harden, 90th Ohio, 91; SOR 62:798, 803; Glisan Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Jonathan B. Holmes to “Anna,” 7 September 1863, Holmes Letters, private collection; Hannaford, Sixth Ohio, 443; Suiter Diary, 7 September 1863, ALPL; Walker Diary, 7 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Willis Jones to his wife, 7 September 1863, Jones Papers, NC; Grose, 36th Indiana, 173; Williams Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Palmer Journal, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Benedict Diary, 7 September 1863, SRNB; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 186; Patton Diary, 7 September 1863, TSLA; Claggett Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; History, Seventy-Ninth Indiana, 85; Tilford Diary, 7 September 1863, FHS; Huntzinger Diary, 7 September 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); Howe Diary, 7 September 1863, IHS; SOR 63:275; SOR 87:32; Barnes, Carnahan, and McCain, Eighty-Sixth Indiana, 158; Moore Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; McCain, Song, 88; Decker Diary, 7 September 1863, WHS; Moses F. Yoder to his brother, 7 September 1863, Yoder Papers, LC; Claiborne J. Walton to his wife, 7 September 1863, Walton Letter, Lewis Leigh Collection, USAHEC; OR 30(3):411, 430.
9. OR 30(1):326, 384, 386, 393; OR 30(3):408–9; Beatty, Citizen Soldier, 329; Harris Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Hapeman Diary, 7 September 1863, ALPL; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Illinois, 113; George Marsh Jr. to his brother, 7 September 1863, Marsh Family Papers, ALPL; SOR 20:439; Johnston Diary, 7 September 1863, Johnston Collection, CHS; Haynie, Nineteenth Illinois, 215; SOR 21:358; Sheffield Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Bloom Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Shotts Diary, 7 September 1863, SRNB; Sturges Diary, 7 September 1863, Sturges Papers, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Shanks Diary, 7 September 1863, BGSU; Adams, “Diary,” 649; Dilworth Journal, 7 September 1863, HC; Ward Diary, 7 September 1863, Ward Papers, DP; Ward Diary, 7 September 1863, IHS; Puntenny, Thirty-Seventh Indiana, 48; Weaver Diary, 7 September 1863, SRNB; John W. Baldwin to his wife, 5–12 September 1863, Baldwin Papers, OHS; Blackburn, Letters, 147; SOR 25:499, 508; Brown Diary, 7 September 1863, ALPL; Phillips, Diary, 25; King, Three Years, 112; Albert Woodcock to his wife, 7 September 1863, Woodcock Papers, NC; Runion Diary, 7 September 1863, http://civilwar.illinoisgenweb.org/scrapbk/runiondiary2.html (23 March 2013).
10. Christian Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; OR 30(1):270, 398, 470; Jones Diary, 7 September 1863, SRNB; Memorandum, and Robert J. Bates to his parents, 9 September 1863, both in Bates Letters, WHS; Hinkley Diary, 7 September 1863, and Lucius D. Hinkley to his mother, 8 September 1863, both in Hinkley Papers, WHS; Webster Diary, 7 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Wallace W. Darrah to his brother, 9 September 1863, Darrah Papers, NC; Frank M. Phelps to his friends, 9 September 1863, Phelps Letters, Lewis Leigh Collection, USAHEC; SOR 28:106, 155; SOR 86:118, 134; Record, Ninety-Fourth Ohio, 36; SOR 27:570; SOR 88:282; Johnston, Soldier Boy, 57; Clark Diary, 7 September 1863, Clark Papers, USAHEC; Galpin Diary, 7 September 1863, Galpin Family Papers, WHS; Hambright Report, Union Battle Reports, NARA; SOR 72:502, 521; SOR 87:138; SOR 21:646, 675; Williams, Extracts, 90; OR 30(3):410–11; Levering Account, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Miller Journal, 7 September 1863, IHS; Floyd, Seventy-Fifth Indiana, 121; Morse, Diaries, 33; Tourgee, “Diary,” 118; Tourgee, Thousand, 400; Parker Diary, 7 September 1863, HL; Taylor Diary, 7 September 1863, SRNB; SOR 67:121; Shera Diary, 7 September 1863, FHS; Alanson R. Ryman to Jane Ryman, 9 September 1863, Ryman Letters, IHS; SOR 29:821; Gates Diary, 7 September 1863, IHS; Hollingsworth Diary, 7 September 1863, IHS; SOR 27:637, 644; Ward Diary, 7 September 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; Owen Diary, 7 September 1863, AU; Steward Diary, 7 September 1863, clipping in Chattanooga (Tenn.) Free Press, 21 September 1938, CPL; Andrew, Letters, 75; Inskeep Diary, 7 September 1863, OHS; Frederick Marion to his sister, 7 September 1863, Marion Letters, ALPL; Price Diary, 7 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Small Diary, 7 September 1863, IHS; Bishop, Story, 94; Albertson, Letters Home, Letter 103; Donahower Account, 7 September 1863, Donahower Papers, MHS; Reed Diary, 7 September 1863, MHS; Bircher, Drummer-Boy, 72–73; Martling Diary, 7 September 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Davidson Diary, 7 September 1863, MCWM; Keegan, Diaries, 24–25; Bruce Diary, 7 September 1863, ISL; Ferdinand Van Derveer to his wife, 7 September 1863, Van Derveer Letters, SLRH.
11. OR 30(3):431–32; OR 30(1):895, 901, 909; Leonidas S. Stanton to Edward Ruger, 8 June 1867, Elijah S. Watts to Edward Ruger, 17 June 1867, and James P. Brownlow to Edward Ruger, 20 May 1867, all in Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Hempstead Diary, 7 September 1863, UMJ-B; SOR 41:722; Thomas Diary, 7 September 1863, Thomas Collection, UT; SOR 86:713; Merrill, Diary, 52; Persons Diary, 7 September 1863, WHS; Kendall Diary, 7 September 1863, HL; Mendenhall Diary, 7 September 1863, IHS; Baum Diary, 7 September 1863, IHS; Harris Diary, 7 September 1863, IHS; Lester Diary, 7 September 1863, ALPL; Nourse Diary, 7 September 1863, DU; Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 112; Prickitt, Company H, 103; George Kryder to his wife, 7 September 1863, Kryder Papers, BGSU; Crane Diary, 7 September 1863, Thomas Papers, NARA; Feagles Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Crane Diary, 7 September 1863, CIHS; Thomson Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP.
12. OR 30(3):412–13, 988; Post Diary, 7 September 1863, Post Papers, KC; William McAdams to his wife, 7 September 1863, McAdams Letters, Lewis Leigh Collection, USAHEC; Mosman, Rough Side, 75; Mayfield Diary, 7 September 1863, IU; Lathrop, Fifty-Ninth Illinois, 216–17; SOR 24:393; Colyer Diary, 7 September 1863, ALPL; Patterson Diary, 7 September 1863, MHM; SOR 23:20, 208, 248, 371; Elbert J. Squire to his mother, 7 September 1863, Squire Letters, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Himoe Diary, 7 September 1863, NAHA; Rollin Olson to his wife and children, 5–7 September 1863, Olson Letters, WHS; James E. Love to “Molly,” 6 August [7 September] 1863, Love Papers, MHM; Phillips Diary, 7 September 1863, Phillips Collection, HL; Pickering Diary, 7 September 1863, HL; Kiene, Journal, 172; Dean Diary, 7 September 1863, private collection; Jacob W. Bartmess to his wife, 7 September 1863, Bartmess Letters, IHS; Willoughby Diary, 7 September 1863, Willoughby Manuscript Collection, ISL; Robinson Diary, 7 September 1863, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Lyon Diary, 7 September 1863, OHS; Moon Diary, 7 September 1863, KSHS; Protsman Diary, 7 September 1863, WSU; E. T. Hooker to his daughter, 7 September 1863, private collection; Beck Diary, 7 September 1863, KSHS; Shideler Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; OR 30(1):579, 583, 589; Smith, Memoirs, 57; Pirtle, “Leaves,” CIHS; Pecoy Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Cummins Diary, 7 September 1863, Cummins Papers, ALPL; Bennett and Haigh, Thirty-Sixth Illinois, 450; L. W. Mann Diary, 7 September 1863, clipping from Chattanooga (Tenn.) Times, 25 April 1937, CPL; SOR 22:187, 585, 610; Cooley Diary, 7 September 1863, WHS; Ely Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Daniel E. Barnard to his sister, 9 September 1863, Howe Barnard Family Papers, NL; Merrill, Soldier, 2:436; Newlin, Seventy-Third Illinois, 212–13; SOR 48:304; Riley, Diary, 53; Simonds Diary, 7 September 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU; Lyman H. Needham to his brother and sister, 12 September 1863, Needham Papers, ALPL; Colburn/Gray Diary, 7 September 1863, private collection; Moody Diary, 7 September 1863, SRNB; Burns Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Tabler Diary, 7 September 1863, private collection; Crippin, “Diary,” 280; Austin Diary, 7 September 1863, ALPL; Evans, Inventory and Assessment, Dade County, 143–58.
13. OR 30(3):425–30, 433; Marshall Diary, 7 September 1863, OHS; Dewees Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Hines Diary, 7 September 1863, Hines Manuscript Collection, ISL; Records Reminiscences, 7 September 1863, Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Unidentified Diary, 7 September 1863, Meisner Collection, ISL; Kemper Diary, 7 September 1863, OHS; Griest Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Kemper Diary, 7 September 1863, OHS; Johnston Diary, 7 September 1863, FHS; Eighteenth Indiana Battery Chronology, 7 September 1863, Lilly Papers, LCA; McLain Diary, 7 September 1863, ISHS.
14. OR 30(3):430–31; Winans Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Hewes, Tenth Michigan, 50; Wilson, Memoirs, 193; Holmes, Then and Now, 5, 124; Thomas M. Burns to his father, 9 September 1863, Burns Letters, VT; Armstrong Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Kinnear, Eighty-Sixth Illinois, 22; Fahnestock Diary, 7 September 1863, ALPL; OR 30(1):864; SOR 25:681, 686; George Pepoon to his sister, 5 October 1863, Pepoon Letters, NIU; Hoch Journal, 7 September 1863, Illinois Historical Survey, UI; Nelson G. Huson to his parents, 11 September 1863, Huson Letters, HL; Partridge, Ninety-Sixth Illinois, 154–55; Sowers Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Royse, 115th Illinois, 93; Royse Diary, 7 September 1863, Royse Manuscript Collection, ISL; Imboden, Army of the Cumberland, 9; SOR 26:407, 413; Robinson Diary, 7 September 1863, Robinson Papers, ALPL; Schwartz, Diary, 11; Boyd Diary, 6–7 September 1863, Boyd Family Papers, UCB; Beach, Fortieth Ohio, 39; Patton Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; John M. Branum, National Tribune, 20 December 1900; Papers, DU; Batchelor Diary, 7 September 1863, ALPL; Linus A. Patrick to his father, 7 September 1863, Patrick Correspondence, BGSU; Members, Battery M, First Illinois, 76; Kennedy, “Army Life,” SRNB; Goddard to Bingham, 7 September 1863, and Goddard to Carlton, 9:00 P.M., 6 September 1863, both in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; Keeler Diary, 7 September 1863, Keeler Papers, UM-B.
15. OR 30(3):412, 432; “Summaries of the News,” 333–36, NARA.
16. OR 30(3):406–7, 409, 417; Bond to Van Duzer, 7 September 1863, Bond to Guthrie, 12:00 P.M., 7 September 1863, Thoms to R. S. Granger, 7 September 1863, Goddard to Dickson, 7 September 1863, Thoms to Brigadier General King, 7 September 1863, and Rosecrans to Halleck, midnight, 7 September 1863, all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA. At some point during the day, Lt. Col. Calvin Goddard telegraphed another staff officer in Nashville to forward a message to Goddard’s wife, “All well so far,” a sentiment probably not shared by his chief.
17. OR 30(4):616, 618, 623–24; OR 30(3):433–34; Maj. Frederick Sims to Maj. J. D. Whitford, Goldsboro, North Carolina, 7 September 1863, Sims Letter Book, HL.
18. Brent Diary, 7 September 1863, Brent to Beard, 7:00 A.M., 7 September 1863, Brent to Forrest, 7:30 A.M., 7 September 1863, and Brent to Buckner, 9:00 A.M., 7 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(2):27.
19. Circular, 7 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Circular, 7 September 1863, Buckner Papers, HL; Circular (Polk), 7 September 1863, Orders and Circulars, Army of Tennessee, NARA; OR 30(4):597–98, 621–23; Brent to Buckner (two messages), 7 September 1863, Brent to Polk (two messages), 7 September 1863, Brent to Mauldin, 7 September 1863, Brent to Rucker, 7 September 1863, Brent to Blanton, 7 September 1863, and Brent to Pegram, 7 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Sloan Diary, 7 September 1863, TSLA; Leverich Diary, 7 September 1863, LSU.
20. OR 30(4):622; John Henry Smith Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Coleman Diary, 7 September 1863, UNC; Seaton, Bugle, 39; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 146–47; Bush Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Jackman Journal, 7 September 1863, LC.
21. Thomas Jack to Hindman, 7 September 1863, and Thomas Jack to J. K. Jackson, 7 September 1863, both in Letters Sent, Polk’s Command, NARA; OR 30(4):621; Rennolds Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Fielder Diary, 7 September 1863, TSLA; Oldham Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 79; Lindsley, Annals, 2:820; Richmond Diary, 7 September 1863, Polk Papers, US; OR 30(2):71. The notes penned by Lt. W. B. Richmond were shorn of many personal references by the editors of the Official Records. A complete transcript may be found in the Leonidas Polk Papers at the University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee.
22. OR 30(4):621; Bragg to Cooper, 7 September 1863, Brent to Wayne, 7 September 1863, Brent to Garland, 7 September 1863, Falconer to Horbach, 7 September 1863, Brent to Commanding Officer, Chickamauga Station, 7 September 1863, Brent to Buckner, 9:00 P.M., 7 September 1863, and Brent to J. W. Davis, 7 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Wayne to Brown, 13 September 1863, Cuyler Collection, UGA; Adamson, Thirtieth Georgia, 33; Flewellen to McMicken, 7 September 1863, Letters, Orders, and Circulars Sent, Medical Director, AT, NARA; Cumming, Kate, 137–38.
23. John Henry Smith Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 13:644, 646; Milner Diary, 7 September 1863, ADAH; Armstrong Diary, 7 September 1863, ADAH; Williamson, 45th Mississippi, 120; SOR 46:72; Coleman Diary, 7 September 1863, UNC; Seaton, Bugle, 39; SOR 80:74, 160, 181; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 146–47; Sparkman Diary, 7 September 1863, BPL; SOR 79:420; Estes Diary, 7 September 1863, MC; SOR 14:281; Jackman Journal, 7 September 1863, LC; SOR 35:199, 203, 266, 273, 350, 354, 404, 408; Bush Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; John McGrath to “Friend Danl,” 24 September 1863, McGrath Papers, LSU; SOR 36:434; Pasco Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Lumsden Diary, 7 September 1863, ADAH; John Snow to his sister, 30 September 1863, Snow Papers, DU.
24. Fraser Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Rand Diary, 7 September 1863, MDAH; John A. James to his wife, 7 September 1863, UDC Collection, vol. 8, GDAH; Rennolds Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Magee Diary, 7 September 1863, DU; Brown Notebook, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Richmond Diary, 7 September 1863, Polk Papers, US; OR 30(2):71; Otey, “Signal Corps,” 130.
25. Daniel Diary, 7 September 1863, SRNB; SOR 14:366, 370, 438, 441, 491, 501, 539, 542; Grammer Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; Freeman Diary, 7 September 1863, TSLA; Capers Diary, 7 September 1863, Capers Papers, CI; Adamson, Thirtieth Georgia, 33; Gentry Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; General Orders, Nos. 13 and 14, 7 September 1863, Orders and Circulars, AT, NARA; Dillon Diary, 7 September 1863, TSLA; SOR 78:685; Owen, Camp and Battle, 269; SOR 13:917, 925, 929; Dugger Diary, 7 September 1863, Watauga (N.C.) Democrat, 21 May 1891; SOR 19:194; Johnson Diary, 7 September 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; Holmes, Diary, 17; Watson Journal, 7 September 1863, CCNMP. Scarcity of information precludes determining either the order of march of Buckner’s divisions or their exact locations during the night.
26. Sanders Diary, 7 September 1863, SRNB; Simpson Diary, 7 September 1863, TSLA; Farris, “Letters to Mary,” 99; Jones, “Train Wreck,” 15; SOR 78:474, 476; SOR 80:677, 684; OR 30(4):608, 619–20; OR 52(2):522; Leeper, Rebels Valiant, 185–86; SOR 14:193, 203, 340–41, 344; SOR 61:188; Lawton to Lee, 7 September 1863, Quartermaster General’s Office, Letters and Telegrams Sent, NARA; Sims to Lee, 7 September 1863, and Sims to John D. Whitford, 7 September 1863 (two messages), both in Sims Letter Book, HL; Whitford to Sims, 7 September 1863, Railroad Bureau Telegrams, VM; Giles, Rags and Hope, 196; Lowrey Diary, 7 September 1863, HC; Campbell, Lone Star Confederate, 96; Ballard Diary, 7 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 18:397, 406; Screven Diary, 7 September 1863, SCHS; Wyckoff, 2nd South Carolina, 87; Wyckoff, Third South Carolina, 132–33; Belue Diary, 7 September 1863, WU; Hill Diary, 7 September 1863, Rietti Papers, MDAH; SOR 45:471; Montgomery Diary, 7 September 1863, GDAH; Moore, Life, 164. Originally scheduled to travel via Selma, Alabama, McNair’s Brigade was redirected to go via the Mobile route. Nevertheless, it appears that at least two regiments, the Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Arkansas, took the route through Selma. SOR 14:340–41, 344, 346, 348, 350, 685, 692.
27. John M. Palmer to his wife, 8 September 1863, Palmer Papers II, ALPL; OR 30(1):710, 727, 740, 744, 751, 755, 790, 821, 837, 843, 848; SOR 34:70, 74, 106; Busbey Diary, 8 September 1863, SRNB; Hyde Diary, 8 September 1863, KYHS; Pate Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; McKee Diary, 8 September 1863, http://mckee-burns.pasttracker.com/mckee/cw_mckee/mckee_robert_t_cw_diary_1 (15 June 2013); Connelly Diary, 8 September 1863, IHS; Harden, 90th Ohio, 91; Hannaford, Sixth Ohio, 444; Glisan Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 62:781, 786; Simmons, 84th Illinois, 78; Suiter Diary, 8 September 1863, ALPL; Walker Diary, 8 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Palmer Journal, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Williams Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Grose, 36th Indiana, 173; OR 30(3):462–63; 466; Van Cleve to Edward Ruger, 24 May 1867, Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Howe Diary, 8 September 1863, IHS; History, Seventy-Ninth Indiana, 85; Reep Manuscript, private collection; Benedict Diary, 8 September 1863, SRNB; Patton Diary, 8 September 1863, TSLA; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 186; Claggett Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Huntzinger Diary, 8 September 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); Tilford Diary, 8 September 1863, FHS; Wright, Eighth Kentucky, 178; Barnes, Carnahan, and McCain, Eighty-Sixth Indiana, 158; Moore Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; McCain, Song, 88; Decker Diary, 8 September 1863, WHS; Horatio Van Cleve to his wife, 8 September 1863, Van Cleve Papers, MHS.
28. Woodruff, Fifteen Years, 280–81; William J. Carroll to his sister, 8 September 1863, Carroll Papers, UM-B; OR 30(1):688–89, 699, 702, 704; Hinman, Sherman Brigade, 410; Duncan Thompson to his parents, 8 September 1863, Thompson Letters, Timothy Brookes Collection, USAHEC; Clark, Tigers, 84; Opdycke Diary, 8 September 1863, Opdycke Papers, OHS; OR 30(3):424–25, 452–53, 455–58, 991–92.
29. OR 30(3):453–54, 462–63; OR (1):602, 710, 727, 751; SOR 34:106; Pate Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Williams Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Grose, 36th Indiana, 173; Evans, Inventory and Assessment, Dade County, 187–90.
30. OR 30(1):326, 387, 393, 396; OR 30(3):446, 448–49; Beatty, Citizen Soldier, 329–30; Hapeman Diary, 8 September 1863, ALPL; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Illinois, 114; George Marsh Jr. to his brother, 1–8 September 1863, Marsh Family Papers, ALPL; Sheffield Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Bloom Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Hicks, “Personal Recollections,” 527; Shanks Diary, 8 September 1863, BGSU; Adams, “Diary,” 649; Dilworth Journal, 8 September 1863, HC; Canfield, 21st Ohio, 105; Weaver Diary, 8 September 1863, SRNB; John W. Baldwin to his wife, 5–12 September 1863, Baldwin Papers, OHS; Blackburn, Letters, 147; SOR 65:673, 679; Nupp Diary, 7–8 September 1863, CCNMP; Millen Diary, 8 September 1863, SRNB; Gibson, Seventy-Eighth Pennsylvania, 84; SOR 62:350.
31. OR 30(3):411, 445–48; Jones Diary, 8 September 1863, SRNB; Hinkley Diary, 8 September 1863, and Lucius D. Hinkley to his mother, 8 September 1863, both in Hinkley Papers, WHS; Frank M. Phelps to his friends, 9 September 1863, Phelps Letters, Lewis Leigh Collection, USAHEC; Webster Diary, 8 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Edmonds Diary, 8 September 1863, USAHEC; Record, Ninety-Fourth Ohio, 36; SOR 88:283; Johnston, Soldier Boy, 57; Clark Diary, 8 September 1863, Clark Papers, USAHEC; SOR 72:516; Hambright Report, Union Battle Reports, NARA; Galpin Diary, 8 September 1863, Galpin Family Papers, WHS; Charles K. Bailer to his sister, 27 September 1863, Bailer Letters, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Morledge Diary, 8 September 1863, KMNMP; Levering Account, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Williams, Extracts, 91; Owen Diary, 8 September 1863, AU; Ward Diary, 8 September 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; SOR 29:803, 806; Shera Diary, 8 September 1863, FHS; Miller Journal, 8 September 1863, IHS; SOR 30:98; Floyd, Seventy-Fifth Indiana, 121; Tourgee, “Diary,” 118; Parker Diary, 8 September 1863, HL; Morse, Diaries, 33; Hollingsworth Diary, 8 September 1863, IHS; Benjamin Mabrey to Lou and Alis Mabrey, 8 September 1863, Mabrey Letters, IHS; Inskeep Diary, 8 September 1863, OHS; Price Diary, 8 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Small Diary, 8 September 1863, IHS; Everett F. Abbott to his mother, 8 September 1863, Chamberlain Papers, IHS; Keegan, Diaries, 25; Martling Diary, 8 September 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Davidson Diary, 8 September 1863, NCWM; Solomon M. Deacon to his sister, 8 September 1863, Deacon Letter, CCNMP; Bruce Diary, 8 September 1863, ISL; Reed Diary, 8 September 1863, MHS; Bircher, Drummer-Boy, 73; Horatio Van Cleve to his wife, 8 September 1863, Van Cleve Papers, MHS.
32. Thomas Diary, 8 September 1863, Thomas Collection, UT; Merrill, Diary, 52–53; Persons Diary, 8 September 1863, WHS; Baum Diary, 8 September 1863, IHS; Kendall Diary, 8 September 1863, HL; Stanley, Memoirs, 140, 153–55; Lubetkin, Before Custer, 33, 280–81; OR 30(1):220; OR 30(3):468, 652–53; Belcher, Stanley, 155–56, 158–59, 161–67. Stanley’s biographer, Dennis W. Belcher, while admitting Stanley’s fondness for alcohol, dismisses that as a reason for Stanley’s poor performance. He ascribes Stanley’s problem purely to illness, arguing that Stanley had been sick since the beginning of September. Unfortunately, part of Belcher’s argument depends on a 13 September message from Alexander McCook, misdated 3 September in the Official Records. OR 30(3):332.
33. Mayfield Diary, 8 September 1863, IU; Mosman, Rough Side, 75–76; Morris, Eighty-First Indiana, 56; Colyer Diary, 8 September 1863, ALPL; Pickering Diary, 8 September 1863, HL; Cope, Fifteenth Ohio, 303; Kiene, Journal, 172; Stahl Diary, 8 September 1863, BGSU; Phillips Diary, 8 September 1863, Phillips Collection, HL; Davidson, Battery A, 83; Robinson Diary, 8 September 1863, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Protsman Diary, 8 September 1863, WSU; Beck Diary, 8 September 1863, KSHS; Lyon Diary, 8 September 1863, OHS; SOR 62:541; Shideler Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Doll, Sixth Indiana, 68; OR 30(1):579, 583; Pirtle, “Leaves,” CIHS; Cooley Diary, 8 September 1863, WHS; Cummins Diary, 8 September 1863, Cummins Papers, ALPL; Pecoy Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 22:610, 627; Ely Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Simonds Diary, 8 September 1863, Simonds Papers, NIU; Riley, Diary, 53; Lyman H. Needham to his brother and sister, 12 September 1863, Needham Papers, ALPL; Burns Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Moody Diary, 8 September 1863, SRNB; Tabler Diary, 8 September 1863, private collection; Crippin, “Diary,” 280; Austin Diary, 8 September 1863, ALPL; Luther Bradley to his wife, 8 September 1863, Bradley Papers, USAHEC; Merrill, Soldier, 2:437.
34. OR 30(3):468–70; OR 30(1):891, 901, 909; SOR 41:722; Leonidas S. Stanton to Edward Ruger, 8 June 1867, Elijah Watts to Edward Ruger, 17 June 1867, and O. O. Smith to Edward Ruger, 21 April 1867, all in Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Hempstead Diary, 8 September 1863, UM-B; Merrill, Diary, 52–53; Read Diary, 8 September 1863, KSHS; Persons Diary, 8 September 1863, WHS; Charles A. Pettibone, Receipt from Horace T. Persons, 8 September 1863, Persons Letters, WHS; Baum Diary, 8 September 1863, IHS; Kendall Diary, 8 September 1863, HL; Harris Diary, 8 September 1863, IHS; Watts, “Chickamauga Campaign,” Watts Papers, FHS; Prickitt, Company H, 103–4; Feagles Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Crane Diary, 8 September 1863, Thomas Papers, NARA; Crane Diary, 8 September 1863, CIHS; Thomson Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Proceedings, 30th Reunion, 16; Nourse Diary, 8 September 1863, DU.
35. OR 30(1):679, 760; OR 30(3):459–65, 470–71; Marshall Diary, 8 September 1863, OHS; Dewees Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Campbell Journal, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Benefiel, Souvenir, Seventeenth Indiana, unpaginated; Banta Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Kemper Diary, 8 September 1863, OHS; Records Diary, 8 September 1863, and Records Reminiscences, both in Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Griest Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; McGee, 72nd Indiana, 153.
36. OR 52(1):443; OR 30(3):467; Winans Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Hewes, Tenth Michigan, 50; Porter Diary, 8 September 1863, OHS; Holmes, Then and Now, 5, 124; Thomas M. Burns to his father, 9 September 1863, Burns Letters, VT; Thomas Green to Dear _____, 30 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Alexander M. Ayers to his wife, 8 September 1863, Ayers Papers, EU; Harmon, Life and Letters, 97–98; Armstrong Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 20:421; Brown, Murphy, and Putney, Behind the Guns, 53–54; Fahnestock Diary, 8 September 1863, ALPL; Kinnear, Eighty-Sixth Illinois, 23; Boyd Diary, 8 September 1863, and newspaper clippings, Boyd Family Papers, UCB; Partridge, Ninety-Sixth Illinois, 155; Sowers Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Schwartz, Diary, 11; Robinson Diary, 8 September 1863, Robinson Papers, ALPL; Patton Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; McAdams, One Hundred and Thirteenth Ohio, 38–39; Members, Battery M, First Illinois, 76–77; Caleb Carlton to his wife, 8 September 1863, Carlton Papers, LC. Capt. Ephraim Wilson, one of Tillson’s officers, described Stevenson at this time: “This town of Stevenson is a perfect sandhole and is uninviting in every respect. The stench from dead horses and mules lying around in the brush almost everywhere is enough to breed a pestilence. The town is small and dirty, and has a genuine rebel look about it that is woe-begone in every feature. The natives have all left—they attended to that just before the Yankees arrived—they might have stayed. But they did wisely by going and leaving behind them such a looking place as this. We simply make use of the name of the town instead of the town itself for a military Camp, and a sort of an intermediate or secondary base for the supplies necessary for the operations of the army.” Wilson, Memoirs, 198–99.
37. OR 30(3):411, 442–43, 446, 458; Wilson, Column South, 86; Kirk, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 229; OR 30(1):453; SOR 25:499, 530; Phillips, Diary, 25; Brown Diary, 8 September 1863, ALPL. Nickajack Trace is described in Evans, Inventory and Assessment, Dade County, 85–90. The McKaig Trace described in the same work (177–80), however, is in Johnson’s Crook, and is not the McKaig Trace identified by the Federals. The latter trail was just north of Trenton, and is shown in Col. William Palmer’s sketch in OR 30(3):443.
38. OR 30(3):444, 452, 459–60, 990–91; G. P. Thruston to Philip Sheridan, 8:00 P.M., 8 September 1863, Sheridan Papers, LC; Richard L. Owen CSR, NARA; “Summaries of the News,” 336–38, NARA; OR 30(1):602. The possibility exists that Owen was a Federal agent. His Compiled Service Record shows that he enlisted at Bardstown, Kentucky, in September 1862, was captured by Union forces at Auburn, Tennessee (his home), on 7 February 1863, was paroled and quickly processed through Nashville; Louisville; and Columbus, Ohio; to City Point, Virginia, for exchange on 1 April. Present with his regiment, the Fourth [Eighth] Tennessee Cavalry, in May and June 1863, he thereafter disappears from the record, both Union and Confederate, except for the mention in Rosecrans’s “Summaries of the News.” Unlike Owen’s first experience with the Federal prisoner of war system, there are no records of another incarceration of any kind, or indeed any record at all.
39. OR 30(3):451, 467–69. Two versions of Rosecrans’s message to Halleck are printed in OR 30(3):442, 479, with insignificant differences in wording. As for Garfield’s, and possibly Rosecrans’s, misunderstanding of the geography east of Lookout Mountain, Pigeon Mountain, a spur of Lookout, intervened between Alpine and the southern end of Missionary Ridge, which lay in McLemore’s Cove. Garfield made no mention of this salient fact in his orders to Stanley and McCook. Pigeon Mountain would play a much greater role in the days ahead.
40. Brent Diary, 8 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Richmond Diary, 8 September 1863, Polk Papers, US; OR 30(2):71; Samuel Chester Reid Diary, 5 and 8 September 1863, Reid Family Papers, LC; Braxton Bragg to Marcus J. Wright, 7 March 1864, Wright Papers, UNC; Marriner, “Chickamauga,” 8–9; Lumsden Diary, 8 September 1863, ADAH; John Snow to his sister, 30 September 1863, Snow Papers, DU; Hollingsworth, Barefoot Confederate, 12; Macon (Ga.) Telegraph, 11 September 1863, quoting Atlanta Daily Intelligencer, 10 September 1863; Atlanta Daily Intelligencer, 12 September 1863; Jackman Journal, 8 September 1863, LC; Sparkman Diary, 8 September 1863, BPL; Harder Reminiscences, TSLA; Johnson Diary, 8 September 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; SOR 78:787; SOR 79:39, 352; Huntzinger Diary, 2 October 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016).
41. Sloan Diary, 8 September 1863, TSLA; Leverich Diary, 8 September 1863, LSU; Louis DeLaigle to Samuel D. Stockman, 8 September 1863, Louis DeLaigle CSR, NARA; Watson Journal, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Memphis Daily Appeal, 10 September 1863; Cumming, Kate, 138–40; Record of Events, Company B, Third Regiment, Engineer Troops, C.S.A., Muster Roll, 31 October 1863, NARA; Henry C. Wayne to Joseph Brown, 15 September 1863, Cuyler Collection, UGA.
42. Coleman Diary, 8 September 1863, UNC; SOR 46:72; Milner Diary, 8 September 1863, ADAH; Armstrong Diary, 8 September 1863, ADAH; John Henry Smith Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 13:156, 573, 640–41; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 147; Seaton, Bugle, 39; SOR 80:74, 160, 181; SOR 14:281; Evans, Civil War Sites Assessment for Walker County, 141–50; SOR 35:340, 404; Bush Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Ellis Diary, 8 September 1863, LSU; Pasco Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; OR 30(2):71; Richmond Diary, 8 September 1863, Polk Papers, US; Anonymous Diary, 8 September 1863, Baker Papers, MDAH; SOR 45:95, 136, 192; SOR 46:180, 314; Hugh A. McLaurin to his father, 15 September 1863, McLaurin Papers, WHS; Rand Diary, 8 September 1863, MDAH; Fraser Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; McAdory Memorandum, Twenty-Fifth Alabama File, ADAH; Manigault, Carolinian, 103–4; SOR 76:810; SOR 77:138; SOR 79:15, 24, 141, 197, 410; Rennolds Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; James M. Brannock to his wife, 30 September 1863, Brannock Papers, VHS; David Godwin to “Miss B.,” 30 September 1863, Godwin Letters, CCNMP; SOR 78:609, 743; Magee Diary, 8 September 1863, DU; Brown Notebook, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Head, Sixteenth Tennessee, 117; Etter Diary, 8 September 1863, SRNB; Lindsley, Annals, 2:820; Jones Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Fielder Diary, 8 September 1863, TSLA; Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 79; U.S. Federal Census, 1860, Walker County, Georgia, NARA.
43. Freeman Diary, 8 September 1863, TSLA; Daniel Diary, 8 September 1863, SRNB; SOR 14:548, 552; Grammer Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Swett, “Warren Light Artillery,” http://www.perryvillebattlefield.org/html/ms-swett-charles-cs.html (24 July 2012); Capers Diary, 8 September 1863, Capers Papers, CI; Adamson, Thirtieth Georgia, 33; Owen, Camp and Battle, 269; William Alexander Brown Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 13:917; Holmes, Diary, 17; SOR 19:194–95; Dugger/White Diary, 8 September 1863, Watauga (N.C.) Democrat, 21 May 1891; Anonymous Diary, 8 September 1863, MC; Andrew J. Neal to his father, 8 September 1863, Neal Letters, UDC Collection, vol. 4, GDAH; Dillon Diary, 8 September 1863, TSLA; OR 30(4):628.
44. OR 30(4):627–28; Dyer, Diary, 20; Davis Diary, 8 September 1863, TSLA; Corbitt Diary, 8 September 1863, EU.
45. Joseph Wheeler to Samuel Cooper, 17 May 1863, and Braxton Bragg endorsement, in James Hagan CSR, NARA; Knox Miller to “My dear Cellie,” 15 September 1863, Miller Letters, UNC; OR 30(4):585, 611; Brent to Polk, and Brent to Mauldin, both 7 September 1863, in Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(2):19, 522–23. For a detailed estimate of Wharton’s and Martin’s respective strengths, see Powell, Failure, 251–55.
46. Falconer to Buckner, 6:30 P.M., 8 September 1863, Brent to Polk, 8 September 1863, Brent to Hill, 11:30 P.M., 8 September 1863, Brent to Walker, 8 September 1863, Brent to Forrest, 11:30 P.M., 8 September 1863, and Brent to Wheeler, 11:30 P.M., 8 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Brent to Hill, 11:30 P.M., 8 September 1863, Hill Papers, LV; Richmond Diary, 8–9 September 1863, Polk Papers, US; OR 30(2):71; OR 30(4):626–27.
47. Sims to Thomas Dodamead, 8 September 1863, Sims to John D. Whitford, 8 September 1863 (two messages), Sims to Henry T. Peake, 8 September 1863 (two messages), Sims to Thomas R. Sharp, 8 September 1863, Sims to Henry M. Drane, 8 September 1863 (two messages), Sims to George Yonge, 8 September 1863, Sims to Thomas Peters, 8 September 1863, and Sims to Mason Morfit, 8 September 1863, all in Sims Letter Book, HL; Henry M. Drane to Sims, 8 September 1863, Railroad Bureau Telegrams, VM; H. A. Troutman to John F. Divine, 8 September 1863, Confederate Citizens Files, NARA; Alexander R. Lawton to Lafayette McLaws, 8 September 1863, Quartermaster General’s Office, Letters and Telegrams Sent, NARA.
48. Sanders Diary, 8 September 1863, SRNB; Simpson Diary, 8 September 1863, TSLA; Farris, “Letters to Mary,” 99–100; SOR 14:340–41, 685; Reynolds, Worthy, 103; Henry S. Figures to his mother, 26 September 1863, Figures Letter, private collection; Laine and Penny, Law’s Alabama Brigade, 139; Ballard Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Simpson, Gaines’ Mill, 151–52; SOR 80:614; Joskins, “Sketch,” HC; Campbell, Lone Star Confederate, 96; Lowrey Diary, 8 September 1863, HC; Joab Goodson to his niece, 28 September 1863, Goodson Letter, CCNMP; SOR 13:277, 744, 760; Vaughan Diary, 8 September 1863, Vaughan Papers, UNC; SOR 76:695, 754; SOR 77:65; Belue Diary, 8 September 1863, WU; Screven Diary, 8 September 1863, SCHS; Humphreys, “Sunflower Guards,” Claiborne Papers, UNC; Cooper, Confederate Soldier, 25; Moore, Life, 164; SOR 45:280, 610; Hill Diary, 8 September 1863, Rietti Papers, MDAH; Mitchell Journal, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; Montgomery Diary, 8 September 1863, GDAH; Stillwell, Letters, 211; Brown Diary, 8 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 82:586; SOR 83:157, 178, 355, 454, 536, 633, 796; SOR 84:106, 502; New York Herald, 8 September 1863.
1. OR 30(3):481, 491–92; Bond to Crittenden, 2:30 A.M., 9 September 1863, and Bond to Merrill, 2:35 A.M., 9 September 1863, both in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(1):780, 786, 807; Suiter Diary, 9 September 1863, ALPL; Claggett Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Evans, Inventory and Assessment, Dade County, 85–90, 187–90. For accounts of Rosecrans’s headquarters routine, see Garfield, Wild Life, 233, 263; and Bickham, Rosecrans’ Campaign, 28–29.
2. OR 30(3):460, 480, 482, 492, 496; OR 30(1):240–41; Van Duzer to Bond, 9 September 1863 and 1:00 P.M., 9 September 1863, both in DC, Letters Received, NARA; Plum, Military Telegraph, 2:66–67. For an excellent discussion of the means through which Wagner’s message was communicated to Rosecrans, see Baker, “Command and Control Mechanisms,” esp. 89–93. James Garfield’s role, if any, in the decision to mount an immediate pursuit is unknown. His most astute biographer, Theodore C. Smith, commented, “That he was responsible for Rosecrans’s adventurous decision it is too much to assume, but that he heartily sympathized with it and embodied his own aggressive spirit in his dispatches may be conjectured with some show of probability.” Smith, Garfield, 1:319. Certainly Garfield opposed turning places into army objectives, writing to Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase on 5 May 1863, “I [have] been anxious to impress upon the General [Rosecrans] the truth that our true objective point of operations is the rebel army and not any particular position or territory.” Garfield, Wild Life, 266.
3. OR 30(1):247; Carpenter Diary, 9 September 1863, SRNB; Bennett, Ninth Michigan, 33; Van Horne, Army of the Cumberland, 1:315–18; Van Horne, Life of Thomas, 103–6; Thomas B. Van Horne to Emerson Opdycke, 20 February 1884, Opdycke Papers, OHS. Van Horne’s letter to Opdycke continued, “Had the General lived he would doubtless have given me a statement of these facts in writing. I thought the facts too important to be omitted and consequently have no other support than my own assertion as to their communication to me by him.” Thomas biographers Francis McKinney, Benson Bobrick, and Christopher Einolf accept Van Horne’s account as factual, while biographer Brian Wills does not mention Thomas’s meeting with Rosecrans. Larry Daniel, in his history of the Army of the Cumberland, dismisses Van Horne’s account out of hand. McKinney, Education in Violence, 224–25; Bobrick, Master of War, 175–76; Einolf, Thomas, 158–59; Wills, Thomas, 194–95, Daniel, Days of Glory, 299.
4. OR 30(3):349–50, 393–97, 426, 458–59, 495; David G. Blodgett and W. A. Naylor, National Tribune, 21 October 1886; A. B. Smith, National Tribune, 15 July 1882; P. S. Moore, National Tribune, 11 March 1886; Milton Barnes, National Tribune, 15 April 1886; Cy Crisman and Craig Jackson, National Tribune, 1 July 1886; C. J. Gardner, National Tribune, 5 August 1886; Joshua Dewees, National Tribune, 2 June 1887; Joshua Dewees, National Tribune, 11 April 1901. The various accounts differ slightly in detail, especially in regard to how the original boat was acquired, but in the main they are consistent with the account provided in the text.
5. OR 30(1):454, 603, 653, 689, 699, 727, 740, 751, 786, 802, 807, 821, 837, 843; Kelly, Historic Sketch, 10–11; Woodruff, Fifteen Years, 281; Mallory Diary, 9 September 1863, HPL; Gillis Diary, 9 September 1863, OHS; Opdycke Diary, 9 September 1863, Opdycke Papers, OHS; SOR 62:413; Williams Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Suiter Diary, 9 September 1863, ALPL; Glisan Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Hannaford, Sixth Ohio, 444–45; Connelly Diary, 9 September 1863, IHS; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 186–89; Patton Diary, 9 September 1863, TSLA; Claggett Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Reep Manuscript, private collection; Tilford Diary, 9 September 1863, FHS; Huntzinger Diary, 9 September 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); Howe Diary, 9 September 1863, IHS; Horatio Van Cleve to his wife, 9 September 1863, Van Cleve Papers, MHS; Barnes, Carnahan, and McCain, Eighty-Sixth Indiana, 160; Moore Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; McCain, Song, 88; Decker Diary, 9 September 1863, WHS; Rerick, Forty-Fourth Indiana, 91; Atkins, Chickamauga, 6–7; Ninety-Second Illinois, 100–101.
6. Atkins, Chickamauga, 6–7; Ninety-Second Illinois, 100–101; OR 30(1):454, 628–29; OR 30(2):71; Campbell Journal, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Itinerary, Eighteenth Indiana Battery, Lilly Papers, LCA. A story in the 12 August 1881 edition of the Cincinnati Enquirer by “Jayhawker [James H. Woodard]” claimed that Crittenden attempted to restrain Wood’s impetuous push into Chattanooga, but that Wood contemptuously disregarded Crittenden’s instructions. “Jayhawker” claimed to be an eyewitness to the events he described. Given the bad relationship then existing between Wood and Crittenden and the personalities of the two men, the story is plausible, but it is utterly undocumented otherwise. At some point after the original story reached print, Eli Lilly drafted a partial response to “Jayhawker,” touting the primacy of the Ninety-Second Illinois’s entry into the city, but his unfinished commentary was apparently never published. Eli Lilly to Cincinnati Enquirer, undated, Lilly Papers, LCA.
7. Atkins, Chickamauga, 7; Ninety-Second Illinois, 101; OR 30(1):454, 653, 699, 702, 704, 706; OR 30(3):487–88; Levering Account, CCNMP; John H. Bohn, National Tribune, 31 December 1885; Benjamin F. McMillan, National Tribune, 3 January 1901; Cy Crisman and Craig Jackson, National Tribune, 1 July 1886; Joshua Dewees, National Tribune, 2 June 1887; Dewees Diary, undated fragment, CCNMP; Hines Diary, 9 September 1863, Hines Manuscript Collection, ISL; Marshall Diary, 9 September 1863, OHS; Hight, Fifty-Eighth Indiana, 173–74; SOR 43:123; Woodruff, Fifteen Years, 281; S. L. Coulter, National Tribune, 12 November 1885; Mallory Diary, 9 September 1863, HPL; Gillis Diary, 9 September 1863, OHS; SOR 65:381, 419; Emerson Opdycke to his wife, 9 September 1863, and Opdycke Diary, 9 September 1863, both in Opdycke Papers, OHS; SOR 67:603; Joseph Bruff to his wife, 9 September 1863, Bruff Family Letters, private collection; SOR 34:146; SOR 62:413.
8. W. J. Carroll to his sister, 16 September 1863, Carroll Papers, UM-B; Hoobler, Cities under the Gun, 163; Hight, Fifty-Eighth Indiana, 173–74; Long, “War Time,” Chattanooga (Tenn.) Star, 23 November 1907, clipping in CPL; Thomas Crutchfield Jr. to James R. Hood, 27 December 1863, Crutchfield Family Papers, TSLA; Cy Crisman and Craig Jackson, National Tribune, 1 July 1886; OR 30(3):481; U.S. Federal Census, 1850, Morgan County, Alabama, 1860, 1870, and 1880, Hamilton County, Tennessee (see also chap. 5, n. 30); McCallie, “Bragg Headquarters,” Chattanooga (Tenn.) Free Press, 21 September 1938, clipping in CPL.
9. OR 30(1):603; OR 30(3):493–95.
10. Suiter Diary, 9 September 1863, ALPL; OR 30(1):780, 786, 798, 807; Walker Diary, 9 September 1863, Harrisburg Civil War Roundtable Collection, USAHEC; Palmer Journal, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; A. Brandley, National Tribune, 15 February 1894; William C. Margedant Account, Rosecrans Papers, UCLA; OR 30(3):498; Woodcock, Southern Boy, 186–89; Patton Diary, 9 September 1863, TSLA; Claggett Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 34:440; Benedict Diary, 9 September 1863, SRNB; Hurd Diary, 9 September 1863, private collection; Reep Manuscript, private collection; Huntzinger Diary, 9 September 1863, http://www.lafavre.us/huntzinger/hunt_3.htm (23 May 2016); Tilford Diary, 9 September 1863, FHS; Howe Diary, 9 September 1863, IHS; History, Seventy-Ninth Indiana, 85–87.
11. OR 30(3):488, 495–96, 498, 500–501; Benefiel, Souvenir, Seventeenth Indiana, unpaginated; Kemper Diary, 9 September 1863, OHS; Henry Campbell Journal, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; OR 30(1):449, 767; Records Diary, 9 September 1863, and Records Reminiscences, both in Records Manuscript Collection, ISL; Griest Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Kitchell Diary, 9 September 1863, ALPL; McManus, Morning, 112; Ninety-Second Illinois, 101–2; Samuel Kessler to his uncle, 1 October 1863, Thomas J. Kessler Letters, NC; SOR 28:13; SOR 67:582; Johnston Diary, 9 September 1863, FHS; SOR 34:207; Potter Diary, 9 September 1863, Potter Papers, UM-B; McLain Diary, 9 September 1863, ISHS.
12. OR 30(3):488–89, 500.
13. Kirk, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 229–30; Wilson, Column South, 86; Weller Journal, 9 September 1863, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; SOR 69:371–79, 405; OR 30(3):451, 483. The deserter statements referenced by McCook may be those described in “Summaries of the News,” 336–38, NARA, as they were recorded on 8 September but forwarded to army headquarters a day later.
14. OR 30(3):489–90, 992–94; OR 30(1):497; Mosman, Rough Side, 76; William P. Carlin, National Tribune, 2 April 1885; Morris, Eighty-First Indiana, 56; Patterson Diary, 9 September 1863, ALPL; Colyer Diary, 9 September 1863, ALPL; SOR 21:449; Day, One Hundred and First Ohio, 144; I. P. Rule to his brother, 15 September 1863, Rule Letters, HPL; Himoe Diary, 9 September 1863, NAHA; SOR 88:6; SOR 22:61, 548; James E. Love to “Dearest Molly,” 12 September 1863, Love Papers, MHM.
15. OR 30(1):887–88, 891, 895, 899, 901, 927; Elijah S. Watts to Edward Ruger, 17 June 1867, Leonidas S. Scranton to Edward Ruger, 8 June 1867, and Roswell M. Russell to Edward Ruger, 12 June 1867, all in Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Watts, “Chickamauga Campaign,” Watts Papers, FHS; Mosman, Rough Side, 76; Hempstead Diary, 9 September 1863, UM-B; Thomas Diary, 9 September 1863, Thomas Collection, UT; Merrill, Diary, 53; Read Diary, 9 September 1863, KSHS; Persons Diary, 9 September 1863, WHS; John Smith CSR, NARA; Crane Diary, 9 September 1863, Thomas Papers, NARA; Crane Diary, 9 September 1863, CIHS; Crook, Autobiography, 103–4.
16. OR 30(1):887–88, 891, 895, 899, 903, 906–10, 912, 918, 927; Greenwood Diary, 9 September 1863, Knight Papers, UAK; Elijah S. Watts to Edward Ruger, 17 June 1867, O. O. Smith to Edward Ruger, 27 April 1867, and Roswell M. Russell to Edward Ruger, 12 June 1867, all in Ruger Correspondence, Thomas Papers, NARA; Watts, “Chickamauga Campaign,” FHS; Proceedings, 30th Reunion, 16; Curry, Four Years, 109–10; Crofts, Third Ohio Cavalry, 112; Feagles Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Crane Diary, 9 September 1863, Thomas Papers, NARA; Crane Diary, 9 September 1863, CIHS; Thomson Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Second Cavalry Division Itinerary, CCNMP; Nourse Diary, 9 September 1863, DU; Hempstead Diary, 9 September 1863, UM-B; SOR 41:722; Thatcher, Hundred Battles, 141; Thomas Diary, 9 September 1863, UT; Carter, First Tennessee Cavalry, 86–87; Merrill, Diary, 53; Read Diary, 9 September 1863, KSHS; Persons Diary, 9 September 1863, WHS; SOR 86:654; Kendall Diary, 9 September 1863, HL; Mendenhall Diary, 9 September 1863, IHS; Baum Diary, 9 September 1863, IHS; Harris Diary, 9 September 1863, IHS; McCammon, Loyal Mountain Troopers, 64. A reporter for the Cincinnati Commercial considered Crook to be the hero of the action, but Lt. Col. Elijah S. Watts, a participant, believed the Confederates escaped because Crook was too slow in his flanking maneuver. Cincinnati Commercial, 22 September 1863; Watts, “Chickamauga Campaign,” FHS.
17. OR 30(3):345–46 [misdated 4 September], 483, 489, 490–91; McCook to Garfield, 9 September 1863, Twentieth Army Corps, Letters Sent, NARA; OR 30(1):485–86, 497, 505–6, 510, 529; OR 30(4):127; Post Diary, 9 September 1863, Post Papers, KC; Mayfield Diary, 9 September 1863, IU; Mosman, Rough Side, 76; Rogers, “Diary,” 11; James E. Love to “Dearest Molly,” 12 September 1863, Love Papers, MHM; Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas, 121–22; Himoe Diary, 9 September 1863, NAHA; SOR 88:6; SOR 22:61, 548; SOR 33:541.
18. OR 30(3):489–91, 993–94.
19. OR 30(3):483–86; OR 30(1):247, 326; Hinkley Diary, 9 September 1863, Hinkley Papers, WHS; Edmonds Diary, 9 September 1863, USAHEC; Johnston, Soldier Boy, 57; Galpin Diary, 9 September 1863, Galpin Family Papers, WHS; Charles K. Bailer to his sister, 27 September 1863, Bailer Letters, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Levering Account, CCNMP; Miller Journal, 9 September 1863, IHS; Tourgee, “Diary,” 118, 120; Parker Diary, 9 September 1863, HL; Hollingsworth Diary, 9 September 1863, IHS; Turchin, “Diary,” 62–63; Williams, Extracts, 90–91; Ward Diary, 9 September 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; Owen Diary, 9 September 1863, AU; George Butler Turner to his mother, 9 September 1863, Turner Papers, OHS; Inskeep Diary, 9 September 1863, OHS; Price Diary, 9 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Small Diary, 9 September 1863, IHS; Everett F. Abbott Letter Extracts, Chamberlain Papers, IHS; Keegan, Diaries, 25; Reed Diary, 9 September 1863, MHS; John Reed Beatty to “Dearest Laura,” 9 September 1863, Beatty Papers, MHS; Bircher, Drummer-Boy, 73; Carpenter Diary, 9 September 1863, SRNB; Bennett, Ninth Michigan, 33; John Parkhurst to his sisters, 9 September 1863, Parkhurst Papers, UM-B.
20. OR 30(3):448; OR 30(1):326, 387, 393, 396, 1064; Sheffield Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Bloom Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Shotts Diary, 9 September 1863, SRNB; Haynie, Nineteenth Illinois, 215; Johnston Diary, 9 September 1863, Johnston Collection, CHS; Christian Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 21:376; Sturges Diary, 9 September 1863, Sturges Papers, Civil War Times Illustrated Collection, USAHEC; Beatty, Citizen Soldier, 330; Harris Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Hapeman Diary, 9 September 1863, ALPL; Calkins, One Hundred and Fourth Illinois, 116; Shanks Diary, 9 September 1863, BGSU; Canfield, 21st Ohio, 105; Dilworth Journal, 9 September 1863, HC; Adams, “Diary,” 650; Weaver Diary, 9 September 1863, SRNB; John W. Baldwin to his wife, 5–12 September 1863, Baldwin Papers, OHS; SOR 65:673; Blackburn, Letters, 147–48; Nupp Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Millen Diary, 9 September 1863, SRNB; Gibson, Seventy-Eighth Pennsylvania, 84; Ward Diary, 9 September 1863, Ward Papers, DP; SOR 62:350; Evans, Civil War Sites Assessment for Walker County, 25–49.
21. Evans, Civil War Sites Assessment for Walker County, 29, 33, 37; OR 30(3):484–86; Sheffield Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Bloom Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Shotts Diary, 9 September 1863, SRNB; Haynie, Nineteenth Illinois, 215–16; Johnston Diary, 9 September 1863, Johnston Collection, CHS; Christian Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 21:376.
22. OR 30(3):485–86; OR 30(1):270; Hinkley Diary, 9 September 1863, and Lucius D. Hinkley to his sister, 14 September 1863, both in Hinkley Papers, WHS; Frank M. Phelps to his friends, 9 September 1863, Phelps Letters, Lewis Leigh Collection, USAHEC; Webster Diary, 9 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Robert J. Bates to his parents, 9 September 1863, Bates Letters, WHS; Record, Ninety-Fourth Ohio, 36; Edmonds Diary, 9 September 1863, USAHEC; Johnston, Soldier Boy, 57; Clark Diary, 9 September 1863, Clark Papers, USAHEC; Inskeep Diary, 9 September 1863, OHS; Price Diary, 9 September 1863, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Small Diary, 9 September 1863, IHS; Everett F. Abbott Letter Extracts, Chamberlain Papers, IHS; West, “Personal Recollections,” 7; Martling Diary, 9 September 1863, Martling Manuscript Collection, ISL; Davidson Diary, 9 September 1863, NCWM; Keegan, Diaries, 25; Reed Diary, 9 September 1863, MHS; John Reed Beatty to “Dearest Laura,” 9 September 1863, Beatty Papers, MHS; Bircher, Drummer-Boy, 73; Gates Diary, 9 September 1863, IHS; Shera Diary, 9 September 1863, FHS; Miller Journal, 9 September 1863, IHS; Tourgee, “Diary,” 118, 120; Parker Diary, 9 September 1863, HL; Hollingsworth Diary, 9 September 1863, IHS; Turchin, “Diary,” 62–63; Williams, Extracts, 90–91; Ward Diary, 9 September 1863, Booth Papers, OHS; Josiah D. Cotton to his wife, 9 September 1863, Cotton Papers, LC.
23. Holmes, Then and Now, 5, 118–19, 124; Fahnestock Diary, 9 September 1863, ALPL; W. and J. F. Evans to their brother, 9 September 1863, Evans Letters, Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, USAHEC; Alexander M. Ayers to his wife, 10 September 1863, Ayers Papers, EU; Harmon, Life and Letters, 98; George Dillon to his wife, 9–10 September 1863, Dillon Letters, DPL; Armstrong Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Brown, Murphy, and Putney, Behind the Guns, 54; SOR 20:421; Boyd Diary, 9 September 1863, Boyd Family Papers, UCB; Partridge, Ninety-Sixth Illinois, 155–56; Royse Diary, 9 September 1863, Royse Manuscript Collection, ISL; Schwartz, Diary, 11; Robinson Diary, 9 September 1863, Robinson Papers, ALPL; Sowers Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Patton Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; J. M. Branum, National Tribune, 20 December 1900; McAdams, One Hundred and Thirteenth Ohio, 39; Van Vleck, Leader, 166–67; Members, Battery M, First Illinois, 77; Winans Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Busbey Diary, 9 September 1863, SRNB; OR 30(1):744–45; Charles K. Bailer to his sister, 27 September 1863, Bailer Letters, Regimental Papers, WRHS; Albert G. Riley to “My Dearest Boy,” 14 March 1864, Riley Letter, CCNMP; Lucius Brown to his sister, 10 September 1863, Brown Papers, EU; Barringer Diary, 9 September 1863, private collection; Augustus B. Carpenter to his parents, 16 September 1863, Carpenter Letters, YU; OR 30(3):499, 521; OR 52(1):443–44.
24. Calvin Goddard to his wife, 9 September 1863, Goddard to Commanding Officer, Bridgeport, 7:40 P.M., 9 September 1863, Bond to Innes, 9 September 1863, Drouillard to Purcell, 9 September 1863, and Rosecrans to Halleck, 9 September 1863, all in DC, Telegrams Sent, NARA; OR 30(3):479–80, 493–94; Henry Cist to his mother, 9 September 1863, Cist Family Papers, CIHS; McCullough Diary, 9 September 1863, ISL.
25. Richmond Diary, 9 September 1863, Polk Papers, US; OR 30(2):71, 522–23; Falconer to Polk, 5:30 A.M., 9 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):626, 629.
26. Brent Diary, 9 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Falconer to Mauldin, 7:00 A.M., 9 September 1863, Falconer to Polk, 7:30 A.M. 9 September 1863, Brent to Hill, 7:30 A.M., 9 September 1863, Brent to Wheeler, 8:00 A.M., 9 September 1863, Brent to Walker, 8:30 A.M., 9 September 1863, Brent to Buckner, 7:00 A.M., 9 September 1863, and Brent to Buckner, untimed (three messages), 9 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Brent to Hill, 7:30 A.M., 9 September 1863, Hill Papers, LV; OR 30(4):629–30.
27. Davis Diary, 8–9 September 1863, TSLA; OR 30(3):495; Marriner, “Chickamauga,” 8–9; Brent to Rucker, 7 September 1863, Brent to Buckner, 7 September 1863, Brent to Pegram, 7 September 1863, Brent to Polk, 9 September 1863, and Brent to Forrest, 3:00 P.M., 9 September 1863, all in Bragg Papers, WRHS; Milton Barnes, National Tribune, 15 April 1886; Long, “War Time,” Chattanooga (Tenn.) Star, 23 November 1907, clipping in CPL; Richmond Diary, 9 September 1863, Polk Papers, US; OR 30(2):71.
28. Hill to Breckinridge, 9 September 1863, Hill Papers, NCDAH; SOR 35:282, 327, 404; Bush Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 36:452; Pasco Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Ives, Journal and Letters, 42; Coleman Diary, 9 September 1863, UNC; Milner Diary, 9 September 1863, ADAH; Smith Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Armstrong Diary, 9 September 1863, ADAH; SOR 13:637, 641, 912; Heartsill, Fourteen Hundred, 147; Adamson, Thirtieth Georgia, 33; Gentry Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 14:370; Grammer Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Freeman Diary, 9 September 1863, TSLA; Daniel Diary, 9 September 1863, SRNB; Dillon Diary, 9 September 1863, TSLA; Bodenhamer Memoir, TSLA; Moore Diary, 9 September 1863, UDC Collection, vol. 6, GDAH; SOR 18:196; Owen, Camp and Battle, 269; Brown Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; SOR 79:554; Holmes, Diary, 17; SOR 19:194; Dugger/White Diary, 9 September 1863, Watauga (N.C.) Democrat, 21 May 1891; Anonymous Diary [Fifty-Fourth Virginia Infantry regiment], 9 September 1863, MC.
29. Johnson Diary, 9 September 1863, Johnson Papers, NARA; SOR 78:787; SOR 79:39, 352, 420; Jackman Journal, 9 September 1863, LC; Watson Journal, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Sparkman Diary, 9 September 1863, BPL; Estes Diary, 9 September 1863, MC.
30. OR 30(4):627; Dyer, Diary, 20; Brent to Wheeler, 11:30 P.M., 8 September 1863, and Brent to Wheeler, 8:00 A.M., 9 September 1863, both in Bragg Papers, WRHS; SOR 17:586; Corbitt Diary, 9 September 1863, EU; Davis Diary, 9 September 1863, TSLA; Eugene H. Smith to his mother, 19 October 1863, UDC Collection, GDAH; SOR 79:797; Bunting, Civil War Letters, 196; A. W. Hart CSR, NARA; OR 30(1):888–89; Foote, Recollections, 4–5; OR 30(2):523–24; Jordan and Pryor, Campaigns of Forrest, 305–6.
31. Foote, Recollections, 4–5; Richmond Diary, 9 September 1863, Polk Papers, US; OR 30(2):21–22, 71; General Orders, No. 178, 9 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS, and Orders Received, First Kentucky Brigade, NARA; Brent to Polk, 9 September 1863, and Falconer to Polk, 9 September 1863, both in Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(3):501; Brent Diary, 9 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Fielder Diary, 9 September 1863, TSLA; Moorman, “Moorman Memorandum,” 79–80; Oldham Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Rennolds Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Magee Diary, 9 September 1863, DU; Brown Notebook, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Etter Diary, 9 September 1863, SRNB; Jones Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Joshua K. Callaway to his wife, 24 September 1863, Callaway Papers, UTX; Jack to Cheatham and Hindman, 9 September 1863, and Jack to Cheatham, 5:00 P.M., 9 September 1863, both in Letters Sent, Polk’s Command, NARA; Jack to Mackall, 2:00 P.M., 9 September 1863, Dispatches, Polk’s Corps, NARA; SOR 78:614; SOR 79:405, 407–8.
32. Sanders Diary, 9 September 1863, SRNB; Simpson Diary, 9 September 1863, TSLA; Farris, “Letters to Mary,” 100; SOR 14:340–41, 685; Reynolds, Worthy, 103; Lawton to McLaws (two messages), 9 September 1863, Letters and Telegrams Sent, Quartermaster General’s Office, NARA; SOR 76:695; Henry S. Figures to his mother, 26 September 1863, Figures Letter, private collection; Belue Diary, 9 September 1863, WU; Screven Diary, 9 September 1863, SCHS; Shields and Wyckoff, Legacy, 98; Moore, Life, 164; SOR 45:441; Hill Diary, 9 September 1863, Rietti Papers, MDAH; Mitchell Journal, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Montgomery Diary, 9 September 1863, GDAH; Stillwell, Letters, 211; Sims to H. M. Drane, 9 September 1863, Sims to Campbell Wallace, 9 September 1863, and Sims to T. R. Sharp, 9 September 1863, all in Sims Letter Book, HL; Troutman to Capt. Eugene Carrington, Richmond, 9 September 1863, and Troutman to Maj. Mason Morfit, Petersburg, 9 September 1863, Confederate Citizens File, NARA.
33. Ballard Diary, 9 September 1863, CCNMP; Benjamin F. Abbott to Green Haygood, 26 September 1863, Confederate Miscellany, GDAH; Troutman to Maj. W. W. Peirce, Raleigh, undated, Troutman to Capt. C. W. Styron, Wilmington (two messages), 9 September 1863, Troutman to Hood, 9 September 1863, and Troutman to Peirce and Styron, 9 September 1863, all in Confederate Citizens File, NARA; Simpson, Gaines’ Mill, 151–52; SOR 80:630; Joskins, “Sketch,” HC; Campbell, Lone Star Confederate, 96; Lowrey Diary, 9 September 1863, HC; Cooper to Benning, 18 September 1863, Shepherd to Cooper, 6 October 1863, Shepherd to Benning, 8 October 1863, Vance to Seddon, 15 October 1863, Seddon to Benning, 20 October 1863, Whitford to Vance, 31 October 1863, and Vance to Whitford, 10 November 1863, all in Benning Papers, UNC; Barrett, Civil War in North Carolina, 195–96; Houghton and Houghton, Two Boys, 137. For a detailed account of the “riot” at the Standard office, see the Richmond Daily Dispatch of 14 September 1863, which reprinted a lengthy article from the Raleigh Daily Progress of 11 September 1863.
34. Brent Diary, 9 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Richmond Diary, 9 September 1863, Polk Papers, US; OR 30(2):72; OR 30(4):630. Martin’s original dispatch to Bragg has not come to light. In an 1867 draft letter to Bragg, he described it as follows: “Thinking, as I then saw no effort to avail ourselves of the enemy’s extraordinary dispersion of his army, that his object & position might be misapprehended I wrote directly to you a somewhat lengthy communication in regard to the isolated fragment of Thomas’ Corps, then at Davis’ Cross Roads in the Cove, between 9 and 11,000 strong, of all arms. This communication was dispatched to you at Lee & Gordon’s Mills the day preceding the abortive movement.” The 1867 draft letter can be found in the Will T. Martin Papers, UTX. Martin described the circumstances prompting the 1867 letter and published the draft in slightly modified form in 1883 in “A Defence of General Bragg’s Conduct at Chickamauga,” 201–6. It is possible that Major Johnson, identified by George Brent as the bearer of the critical information, carried Martin’s message.
35. T. B. Mackall to Hindman, 10:00 P.M., 9 September 863, Hindman Papers, NARA; Falconer to Hindman, 11:45 P.M., 9 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; Brent Diary, 9 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(2):298–99; Anderson Paper, NCDAH. William Polk’s assertion that his father was the author of the plan can be found in Polk, “Chickamauga,” 4; and in Polk, Polk, 2:237–38. In the latter account, Polk stated that his father was responding to a query from Bragg. In both accounts, Polk posits specific knowledge of Federal dispositions known in only the most general way by the Confederate high command through most of 9 September 1863. In contrast, Lt. William Richmond, a Polk aide and favorite, wrote in his diary that on that day information on Federal activity beyond Lookout Mountain was utterly lacking. Richmond Diary, 9 September 1863, Polk Papers, US. According to Richmond, Bragg and Polk shared lunch on 9 September. They certainly could have discussed offensive possibilities at that time in a general way, but the information upon which Bragg acted did not reach army headquarters until after nightfall. Unless Polk happened to be at Bragg’s headquarters that night, a highly unlikely event given the relationship between the two men, there was little time for Polk to be consulted before Hindman was summoned at 10:00 P.M. to receive his orders. Had Polk been present at that time, it would have been superfluous for Major Falconer to write to Polk subsequently, “Orders have been given Maj. Genl. Hindman, detaching him from your corps. He is directed to move at once.” Falconer to Polk, 9 September 1863, Bragg Papers, WRHS.
36. Falconer to Hindman, 11:45 P.M., 9 September 1863, copies in Bragg Papers, WRHS, Hill Papers, LV, Buckner Papers, HL, and OR 30(2):28, 298–99; Falconer to Hill, 11:45 P.M., 9 September 1863, copies in Bragg Papers, WRHS, Hill Papers, LV, Hill Papers, NCDAH, Buckner Papers, HL, and OR 30(2):28, 137–38; Anderson Paper, NCDAH; Falconer to Buckner, 9 September 1863, and Falconer to Polk, 9 September 1863, both in Bragg Papers, WRHS; OR 30(4):629; Field Return of T. C. Hindman’s Division, 31 August 1863, NARA.
37. Foote, Recollections, 5.