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3	Swedish scientist named Svante Arrhenius: S. Arrhenius, “On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground,” Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 41, no. 251 (Apr. 1896): 237–276. See www.globalwarmingart.com/images/1/18/Arrhenius.pdf.
4	consider the “penny parable”: See www.commoncents.org.
5	U.S. government's Energy Star program: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Partnerships for Home Energy Efficiency, a joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Energy, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2006). See www.EnergyStar.gov/ia/home_improvement/PHEE_Report_final.pdf.
5	people of Salina, Kansas: See Leslie Kaufman, “In Kansas, Climate Skeptics Embrace Cleaner Energy,” New York Times, Oct. 18, 2010.
6	two-thirds of their energy as waste heat: See www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02d.html.
6	less than 20 percent of the gasoline: See, for instance, Dan Neil, “The Future of the Car,” Popular Science, Sept. 2004, p. 66.
6	technologies to recover energy from waste heat: Owen Bailey and Ernst Worrell, “Clean Energy Technologies: A Preliminary Inventory of the Potential for Electricity Generation,” LBNL-57451 (Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2005).
6	Canadian utility company drove home: BC Hydro's 2010 “PowerSmart” campaign is available at www.youtube.com/user/BCHydroPowerSmart.
7	21 tons of carbon dioxide: Derived from UCS modeling. For more on the model, see appendix C, “An Explanation of Our Research and Analysis Methodology.”
9	ozone layer is on a path to recovery: For up-to-date images of the ozone hole, see http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=49040.
9	story of the Cuyahoga River: For more information, see Ohio History Central, “Cuyahoga River Fire,” at www.ohiohistorycentral.org. See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_River.
10	builder in Montana: For more information on Steve Loken's work, see www.lokenbuilders.com.
11	8 percent of U.S. homes even had electricity: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “History of the U.S. Electric Power Industry, 1882–1991.” Available at www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/electric_kid/append_a.html.
11	computer storage capacity of the Apollo 11 spacecraft: See, for instance, James Tomayko, Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience, chap. 2, pt. 5, “The Apollo Guidance Computer: Hardware,” NASA Contractor Report 182505 (1988). Available at www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/computers/Ch2-5.html.
11	One survey of nearly 50 past forecasts: Roger H. Bezdek and Robert M. Wendling, “A Half Century of Long-Range Energy Forecasts: Errors Made, Lessons Learned, and Implications for Forecasting,” Journal of Fusion Energy 21, nos. 3 and 4 (Dec. 2002): 155–172.
12	2002 World Energy Outlook: International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2002 (Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and International Energy Agency, 2002). Available at www.worldenergyoutlook.com/docs/weo2002_part1.pdf.
12	wind industry passed this mark: Global Wind Energy Council and Greenpeace International, “Global Wind Energy Outlook 2008” (Brussels, 2008). Available at www.gwec.net/index.php?id=92.
12	double the predicted capacity: Global Wind Energy Council, “Global Wind Statistics 2010” (Brussels, 2011). Available at www.gwec.net/fileadmin/documents2/Publications/GWEC_PRstats_02-02-2011_final.pdf.
12	20-fold increase in installed wind capacity: China Wind Power, “2009 China Wind Power Industry Review,” p. 3. Available at www.chinawindpower.com.hk/English/Investor/Annual/09AnnualReportSummary.pdf.

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13	well over 1 billion tons: This figure results from multiplying 308,745,538 Americans (see www.census.gov) by 21 tons each per year.
14	200 of the nation's average-sized coal-fired plants2: As calculated using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's “Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator,” available at www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html.
14	80 percent or more by the middle of this century: See, for instance, A. L. Luers et al., “How to Avoid Dangerous Climate Change: A Target for U.S. Emissions Reductions (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2007). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change made a similar recommendation in Climate Change 2007: Mitigation—Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. B. Metz et al. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Available at www.ipcc-wg3.org.
15	Consumer's Guide: Michael Brower and Warren Leon, The Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices: Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists (New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999).
16	nearly the four tons: This figure is based on 24 pounds of carbon emissions per gallon of gasoline and 12,000 miles of driving annually.
16	Installing and using a programmable thermostat: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Energy Savers: Thermostats and Control Systems” (2011). Available at www.energysavers.gov.
17	experience of Ann Luskey: Elizabeth Festa, “A Green Dream in Suburbia: Bethesda Home Built to Leave Net-Zero Carbon Footprint,” Washington Post, May 1, 2010.
17	recent article in the New York Times: Joanne Kaufman, “Completely Unplugged, Fully Green,” New York Times, Oct. 19, 2008.
18	2010 study: S. Z. Attari et al., “Public Perceptions of Energy Consumption and Savings,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 37 (2010): 16054–16059.
20	2002 psychological study: L. T. McCalley and C. J. H. Midden, “Energy Conservation through Product-Integrated Feedback: The Roles of Goal-Setting and Social Orientation,” Journal of Economic Psychology 23 (2002): 589–603.
24	60 percent of all planned new electricity-generating projects: Sindya N. Bhanoo, “Snapshot: Northeast Clean Energy Projects,” SNL Financial, Oct. 29, 2009.
24	two dozen average-sized coal-fired plants2: Based on an average midsized coal-fired power plant rated at 600 megawatts (MW) and operating at 80 percent capacity, producing roughly 4,204,800 megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity per year. Comprehensive conversion information is available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's “Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator” at www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html.
24	all of the 200 large buildings: Keith Schneider, “Green Strategies Spur Rebirth of American Cities,” Yale Environment 360, Oct. 13, 2008. Available at http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2072.
24	Walmart recently pledged: “Wal-Mart Vows Major Cuts in Carbon Emissions by 2015,” Yale Environment 360, Feb. 26, 2010. Available at http://e360.yale.edu/content/digest.msp?id=2296.
24	U.S. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus: Office of Naval Research, Public Affairs Office, “Navy Secretary Announces Ambitious Energy Goals,” press release, Oct. 16, 2009. See also Elizabeth Rosenthal, “U.S. Military Orders Less Dependence on Fossil Fuels,” New York Times, Oct. 4, 2010.
24	2007 report: See Thomas Friedman, “The U.S.S. Prius,” New York Times, Dec. 18, 2010. Available at www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/opinion/19friedman.html.
25	2008 was a watershed year globally: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development, “Sustainable Development: Promotion of New and Renewable Sources of Energy” (Oct. 7, 2009). Available at www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/ga-64/briefings/EU_Brief.pdf.
25	report by HSBC Global Research: Nina Chestney, “World Climate Business Revenue $2 Trillion by 2020: HSBC,” Reuters, Sept. 18, 2009.

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27	only one in every ten Americans: A. Leiserowitz et al., Climate Change in the American Mind: Americans’ Global Warming Beliefs and Attitudes in May 2011 (New Haven, CT: Yale University and George Mason University, Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2011). Available at http://environment.yale.edu/climate/files/ClimateBeliefsMay2011.pdf.
28	People have been recording: See, for instance, Thomas C. Peterson and Russell S. Vose, “An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network Temperature Database,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78, no. 12 (Dec. 1997): 2837–2849.
29	readings at thousands of locations: D. S. Arndt, M. O. Baringer, and M. R. Johnson, eds., “State of the Climate in 2009,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 91, no. 6 (2010): S1–S224.
29	Figure 3.1: Global Average Surface Temperature: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, “Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index” (New York: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Institute for Space Studies; and Columbia University, 2011). Available at http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/Fig.A2.gif.
30	at the last ice age maximum: See E. Jansen et al., “Palaeoclimate,” in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis—Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. S. Solomon et al. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
30	15 of the past 16 years: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has detailed data on rankings of the warmest years. See, for instance, information available at www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/paleolast.html.
31	Carbon is a key building block: Wallace S. Broecker, How to Build a Habitable Planet (Palisades, NY: Eldigio Press, 1985).
33	highly accurate technique for measuring: Information about the technique can be found at www.aip.org/history/climate/Kfunds.htm.
33	Keeling Curve: The graph is adapted from work first published by C. D. Keeling, “The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere,” Tellus 12, no. 2 (May 1960). The Keeling Curve is updated by the University of California's Scripps Institute of Oceanography and by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
35	Box: Other Heat-Trapping Gases: See chapter 2 of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I, ed. Solomon et al., 2007.
36	Cameron Wake: K. Yalcin and C. P. Wake, “Anthropogenic Signals Recorded in an Ice Core from Eclipse Icefield, Yukon Territory, Canada,” Geophysical Research Letters 28, no. 23 (Dec. 1, 2001). The quotes are from Seth Shulman, “Glacier Gumshoe Seeks Secrets of Climate Change in Ice,” Union of Concerned Scientists Profile (2010). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
37	for the 800,000 years: See D. Lüthi et al., “High-Resolution Carbon Dioxide Concentration Record 650,000–800,000 Years before Present,” Nature 453 (2008): 379–382.
38	Benjamin Santer: B. D. Santer et al., “A Search for Human Influences on the Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere,” Nature 382 (July 4, 1996). See also W. D. Collins et al., “The Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3),” Journal of Climate 19 (June 1, 2006). Quotes are from Seth Shulman, “Climate Fingerprinter,” Union of Concerned Scientists Profile (2010). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
40	Julienne Stroeve: See J. Stroeve et al., “Arctic Sea Ice Extent Plummets in 2007,” Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 89, no. 2 (2008): 13–20. Quotes are from Seth Shulman, “Measuring Fast-Melting Arctic Sea Ice,” Union of Concerned Scientists Profile (2010). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
40	Stroeve estimates, some 40 percent: The extent of Arctic sea ice from 1978 to 2011 shows a drop from an average of 15.5 million square kilometers to around 14.5 million square kilometers, approximately a 6 percent loss in area. Available at http://nsidc.org/news/images/20081002_Figure4.jpg. See also http://nsidc.org/images/arcticseaicenews/20110504_Figure3.png.
40	Shrinking ice: Source for the world average is available at www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/2009-time-series/glacier.
41	Greenland ice sheet lost roughly 385 cubic miles: See I. Velicogna, “Increasing Rates of Ice Mass Loss from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets Revealed by GRACE,” Geophysical Research Letters 36, L19503 (2009).
41	two-thirds of the planet's freshwater: U.S. Geological Survey. See http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthglacier.html.
41	Chacaltaya Glacier: B. Francou et al., “Tropical Climate Change Recorded by a Glacier in the Central Andes during the Last Decades of the Twentieth Century: Chacaltaya, Bolivia, 16° S,” Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (2003). See also B. Francou et al., “Glacier Evolution in the Tropical Andes during the Last Decades of the 20th Century: Chacaltaya, Bolivia, and Antizana, Ecuador,” AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 29, no. 7 (2003): 416–422.
41	6.7 inches over the past century: See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I, ed. Solomon et al., 2007.
42	Figure 3.3: Global Average Absolute Sea Level: Data are from Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sea Level (Australia: CSIRO, 2011).
43	oceans are already about 30 percent more acidic: Royal Society, Ocean Acidification Due to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (London: Royal Society, 2005).
43	threat to the ocean's phytoplankton: See Daniel Boyce et al., “Global Phytoplankton Decline over the Past Century,” Nature 466 (July 29, 2010). See also Ralph F. Keeling, Arne Körtzinger, and Nicolas Gruber, “Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming World,” Annual Review of Marine Science 2 (2010): 199–299. Available at www.annualreviews.org.
43	John Guinotte: John M. Guinotte and Victoria J. Fabry, “Ocean Acidification and Its Potential Effects on Marine Ecosystems,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1134 (2008): 320–342; special issue, The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology. See also John M. Guinotte et al., “Will Human-Induced Changes in Seawater Chemistry Alter the Distribution of Deep-Sea Scleractinian Corals?” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4, no. 3 (2006): 141–146. Quote is from Seth Shulman, “Coral Doctor,” Union of Concerned Scientists Profile (2010). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
44	78 percent shifted their characteristic spring patterns: National Research Council, Committee on Stabilization Targets for Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Concentrations, Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010). Available at www.nap.edu/catalog/12877.html.
44	Camille Parmesan: Camille Parmesan, “Climate and Species’ Range,” Nature 382 (Aug. 29, 1996): 765–766. See also Camille Parmesan and Gary Yohe, “A Globally Coherent Fingerprint of Climate Change Impacts across Natural Systems,” Nature 421 (Jan. 2, 2003). And see Seth Shulman, “Are Butterflies Silent Harbingers of Global Warming?” Union of Concerned Scientists Profile (2010). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
46	ExxonMobil: Union of Concerned Scientists, “Smoke, Mirrors, and Hot Air: How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco's Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science” (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2010). Available at www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents2/global_warming/exxon_report.pdf.
46	emissions on track to increase by some 43 percent: The U.S. Energy Information Administration projects that world emissions will rise from 29.7 billion metric tons in 2007 to 42.4 billion metric tons by 2035, a 43 percent increase over that period. See U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2010 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, July 2010). Available at www.eia.gov/forecasts/archive/ieo10/pdf/0484(2010).pdf.
47	extreme weather events2: See T. Karl, J. Melillo, and T. Peterson, eds., Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, report from the U.S. Global Change Research Program (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Available at www.globalchange.gov.
47	increased, on average, by 67 percent: Ibid., p. 32.
47	link between global warming and hurricanes: See, for instance, M. A. Bender et al., “Modeled Impact of Anthropogenic Warming on the Frequency of Intense Atlantic Hurricanes,” Science 327 (2010): 454–458. See also R. Pielke Jr. and C. W. Landseer, “Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1925–95,” Weather and Forecasting 13 (1998): 621–631.

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51	one-quarter of your total carbon emissions: UCS modeling.
51	240 million cars: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “National Transportation Statistics” (2010), table 1-11. Available at www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics.
51	2.7 trillion miles annually: Ibid., table 1-32.
51	1.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide: U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book, 29th ed. (Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2010). Available at http://cta.ornl.gov/data.
52	45 percent of the world's automotive carbon dioxide emissions: John DeCicco and Freda Fung, Global Warming on the Road: The Climate Impact of America's Automobiles (New York: Environmental Defense, 2006). Available at www.environmentaldefense.org.
52	nearly 25 pounds of carbon dioxide: UCS modeling.
53	more than 19 pounds per gallon: Ibid.
54	peak year of U.S. train ridership: See, for instance, Mike Schafer et al., The American Passenger Train (St. Paul, MN: Motor Books International, 2001).
54	As recently as 1950: U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book, chap. 8, “Household Vehicles and Characteristics,” table 8.4.
54	80 percent of the population: Ibid.
54	64 percent of Americans commuted: N. McGuckin and N. Srinivasan, “Journey to Work Trends in the United States and Its Major Metropolitan Areas, 1960–2000,” Publication no. FHWA-EP-03-058 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Planning, 2003).
55	92 percent of Americans: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “National Transportation Statistics” (2011), table 1-38. Available at www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics.
55	more than three-quarters of all American workers drive: See “Commuting,” in State of Metropolitan America, 2010 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2010).
55	nearly double fuel economy by 2025: See Union of Concerned Scientists and Natural Resources Defense Council, “The Technology to Reach 60 mpg by 2025: Putting Fuel-Saving Technology to Work to Save Oil and Cut Pollution” (Oct. 2010). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
55	reduce U.S. global warming emissions: See, for instance, Union of Concerned Scientists, “Model E: The UCS Family of Electric Cars; A Guide to the Present and Future of Electric Drive Technology” (2010). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
55	Within just six years: Ibid.
56	16 million…cars and light trucks are replaced: DeCicco and Fung, Global Warming on the Road.
58	Box: But Aren't SUVs Safer? See M. Anderson, “Safety for Whom? The Effects of Light Trucks on Traffic Fatalities,” Journal of Health Economics 27, no. 4 (2008): 973–989.
60	Box: Can the Auto Industry…? See A. Bandivadekar et al., On the Road in 2035: Reducing Transportation's Petroleum Consumption and GHG Emissions, Report no. LFEE 2008-05 RP (Cambridge, MA: MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, 2008).
61	higher resale value of more efficient vehicles: See, for instance, Elisabeth Gilmore and Lester Lave, “Comparing Resale Prices and Total Cost of Ownership for Gasoline, Hybrid, and Diesel Passenger Cars and Trucks,” working paper (Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University, Nov. 2010).
61	Since 1950, our VMT has increased more than five-fold: U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book.
61	more than 80 percent of all trips are taken by car: Ralph Buehler and John Pucher, “Sustainable Transport in Freiburg: Lessons from Germany's Environmental Capital,” International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 5, no. 1 (2011): 43–70.
62	more than 60 percent…no more than six miles: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2009 National Household Travel Survey, Report no. FHW A-PL-ll-022 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2010). Available at http://nhts.ornl.gov.
62	Suza Francina: See “Carless in Carmaggedon” (editorial), Ojai Valley News, Apr. 22, 2008. Available at suzafrancina.com.
63	Gina Diamond: Warren Cornwall, “Simple Steps Reduce Carbon Footprints2,” Seattle Times, May 1, 2007.
63	car-sharing companies such as Zipcar: Information is available at www.zipcar.com.
63	one recent study found: See A. Millard-Ball et al., Car-Sharing: Where and How It Succeeds (Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 2005).
63	Boulder's Driven to Drive Less program: Information is available at www.driventodriveless.com.
64	24 percent of the nation's workforce: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey Summary (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010).
64	eliminate 136 billion vehicle travel miles: See W. Cox, Improving Quality of Life through Telecommuting (Washington, DC: Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, 2009).
65	Journey to Work Survey: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1997), and U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2009 National Household Travel Survey.
65	average number of occupants2: 1980, 1990, and 2000 U.S. Census, U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Journey to Work and Migration Statistics Branch.
66	nascent effort, called Avego: For more on the Seattle pilot program, see http://go520.avego.com.
66	“slugging”: On slugging in San Francisco, see www.ridenow.org/carpool; on slugging in Washington, DC, including maps, see http://slug-lines.com.
67	stressed-out driving: Information is available at www.fueleconomy.gov.
67	driving at 75 miles per hour: U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book.
67	Driving Change program: “Driving Change: City of Denver Case Study,” produced in collaboration with Enviance Corp. Available at www.drivingchange.org.
67	more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide: See, for instance, Amanda R. Carrico et al., “Costly Myths: An Analysis of Idling Beliefs and Behavior in Personal Motor Vehicles,” Energy Policy 37, no. 8 (Aug. 2009): 2881–2888.
68	low-rolling-resistance (LRR) tires: More information is available at U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center. See www.afdc.energy.gov.
68	roof rack can decrease: Information is available at www.fueleconomy.gov.
68	For every 100 pounds of extra weight: Ibid.
69	Box: Open the Windows or…? See Consumers Union, “Myth Busters: Air Conditioning vs. Opening Windows,” in “Fuel Economy: Save Money on Gas” (2011). Available at www.consumerreports.org. See also David Ellis, “Four Gas-Saving Myths” (2007), http://CNNMoney.com.
70	diesel will cause carbon emissions 10 to 15 percent higher: For more information, see www.hybridcenter.org, a project of the Union of Concerned Scientists.
70	fuels are getting dirtier: See, for instance, Michael T. Klare, Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet: The New Geopolitics of Energy (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2008), p. 276. For emissions information, see Alex D. Charpentier, Joule A. Bergerson, and Heather L. MacLean, “Understanding the Canadian Oil Sands Industry's Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” Environmental Research Letters 4, no. 1 (2009).
72	entire U.S. corn crop: See World Bank, “Biofuels: The Promise and the Risks,” pp. 70–71 in World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007). Available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2008/Resources/2795087-1192112387976/WDR08_05_Focus_B.pdf.
72	cellulosic biofuel: See Union of Concerned Scientists, “The Truth about Ethanol” (2007). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
72	electric-drive vehicles could be the start: David Friedman, “The Evolution of a Revolution,” Catalyst (Union of Concerned Scientists), Fall 2010. Available at www.ucsusa.org.
74	Americans annually make some 2.6 billion trips: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Findings from the National Household Travel Survey: Long Distance Transportation Patterns (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2009).
75	single round-trip flight from Los Angeles: See Union of Concerned Scientists, “Getting There Greener: The Guide to Your Lower-Carbon Vacation” (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, Spring 2008). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
75	Flying a family of four in first class: Scott Nathanson, “Getting There Greener,” Catalyst (Union of Concerned Scientists), Spring 2009. Note that the calculation uses the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Transportation Energy Data Book figure that Americans’ daily work commute represents2 roughly 27 percent of their annual travel.
76	Figure 4.4: CO2 Emissions per 100 Passenger-Miles: UCS modeling.
76	as the “Getting There Greener” report found: See Union of Concerned Scientists, “Getting There Greener.”
77	Colin Beavan: Colin Beavan, No Impact Man: The Adventures of a Guilty Liberal Who Attempts to Save the Planet, and the Discoveries He Makes about Himself and Our Way of Life in the Process (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2009).
77	passenger air travel accounts2 for less than 3 percent: M. Chambwera and B. Muller, Fairer Flying: An International Air Travel Levy for Adaptation (London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2008).
78	405 million long-distance business trips: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Business Travel (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2003).
78	meeting 500 miles away can easily cost: United Nations Environment Programme, World Environment Day 2009: Twelve Steps to Unite to Combat Climate Change (2009). Available at www.unep.org/wed/2009/english/content/steps12.asp.
79	Freiburg, Germany: Buehler and Pucher, “Sustainable Transport in Freiburg.”
80	Paris…bike-sharing program: See, for instance, Steven Erlanger, “A New Fashion Catches On in Paris: Cheap Bicycle Rentals,” New York Times, July 13, 2008.
80	bike-sharing program in Hangzhou, China: See, for instance, Elizabeth Press, “The Biggest, Baddest Bike-Share in the World: Hangzhou, China” (June 2011). Available at www.streetfilms.org.
81	Capital Bikeshare: See www.capitalbikeshare.com.
81	New York City…bike-share program: See Christine Haughney, “A Rider's Guide to the Public Bicycles,” New York Times, Sept. 14, 2011.

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83	emit about 500 million tons: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, 2007 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 2008).
83	energy costs of roughly $2,200: See “Where Does My Money Go?” at www.energystar.gov, based on Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, “Typical House Memo” (2009).
83	make up two-thirds: Alex Wilson and John Morrill, Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings (Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 1998), p. 53.
85	Engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology constructed: A. L. Hesselschwerdt, “Performance of the M.I.T. Solar House,” in Space Heating with Solar Energy: Proceedings of a Course Symposium Held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August 21–26, 1950, ed. Richard Winfield Hamilton [TH7413 .M414 1950] (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1954), pp. 99–106. See also “M.I.T. Builds Solar-Heated Home,” Architectural Record 105 (Apr. 1949): 135–138.
85	70 passive solar homes: For a discussion, see D. S. Parker, Very Low Energy Homes in the United States: Perspectives on Performance from Measured Data (Cocoa, FL: University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center, 2008).
85	“superinsulated” home: E. Leger, “Superinsulated Homes,” Environmental Science and Technology 22 (1988): 1399–1400.
85	“tale of two houses”: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases.
86	consumption from the electric grid…92 percent lower: Ibid.
86	1 billion tons of carbon dioxide: R. Heede, Cool Citizens: Everyday Solutions to Climate Change (Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, 2002).
87	Empire State Building: Rocky Mountain Institute, “Retrofit Project Case Study: Empire State Building.” Available at www.rmi.org/Retrofit. For more information, see the website of the Empire State Building: www.esbnyc.com/sustainability_energy_efficiency.asp. See also M. Navarro, “The Empire Building Plans a Growth Spurt, Environmentally,” New York Times, Apr. 7, 2009.
89	natural gas is the most commonly used fuel: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, table 1.
89	electricity…in 44 percent of homes: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “South Atlantic Household Electricity Report” (2006). Available at www.eia.gov/emeu/reps/enduse/er01_so-atl.html.
89	oil…used in some 36 percent of homes: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “Northeast Data Abstract” (2000). Available at www.eia.gov/emeu/reps/abstracts/northeast.html.
90	Efficiency Vermont: “Do It Yourself Audit Tools,” available at http://efficiencyvermont.com/stella/filelib/HowEnergyEfficientIsYourHome_Final.pdf.
91	one-third of the homes…have programmable thermostats: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “Residential Energy Consumption Survey” (Feb. 2011). Available at www.eia.gov.
92	way to save 15 percent on home heating: See, for instance, T. Peffer et al., “How People Use Thermostats in Homes: A Review,” Building and Environment 46, no. 12 (2011): 2529–2541. See also U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Star program, “Summary of Research Findings from the Programmable Thermostat Market” (2001).
92	A much-discussed study: M. J. Nevius and S. Pigg, Programmable Thermostats That Go Berserk? Taking a Social Perspective on Space Heating in Wisconsin (Madison: Energy Center of Wisconsin and University of Wisconsin–Madison, Departments2 of Sociology and Rural Sociology, 1999).
92	half of all American homes are empty: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Star program, “Summary of Research Findings.”
93	each degree Fahrenheit: Information is from U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Energy Savers: Thermostats and Control Systems” (2011). Available at www.energysavers.gov.
93	the EPA recommends: Information is from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Star program, “Programmable Thermostats” (2011). Available at www.energystar.gov.
94	Japan's per capita carbon dioxide emissions: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2010 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, July 2010). Available at www.eia.gov/forecasts/archive/ieo10/pdf/0484(2010).pdf.
95	air leaks may account for 15 to 25 percent: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Star program, “Methodology for Estimated Energy Savings from Cost-Effective Air Sealing and Insulating” (2011). Available at www.energystar.gov.
95	unweatherized house…loses as much air: Richard Heede et al., Homemade Money: How to Save Energy and Dollars in Your Home (Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1995).
95	$13 billion worth of energy: Information is from the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. Available at www.aceee.org.
95	air escapes through holes and cracks: See www.energysavers.gov/tips/air_leaks.cfm.
97	Box: Does My Fireplace Contribute…? Union of Concerned Scientists, “Your Heating Dollars—Up in Smoke,” Greentips, Feb. 2009. Available at www.ucsusa.org.
97	Box: 24,000 cubic feet of air per hour: Information is from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (2006). Available at www.eere.energy.gov.
97	Gary Reysa: See his blog at www.builditsolar.com. See also Gary Reysa, “The Half Plan: Reducing Your Carbon Footprint, Part Three; Defeating Drafts and Improving Insulation,” Home Power 120 (Aug.–Sept. 2007): 56–60.
98	Insulating your home is one of the cheapest: Union of Concerned Scientists, “Weatherizing Pays Dividends All Year,” Greentips, Nov. 2005. Available at www.ucsusa.org.
99	could save more than $1.8 billion: See www.energystar.gov.
99	turning your roof into a “cool roof”: A. Chen, “Cool Colors Project: Improved Materials for Cooler Roofs,” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division News 5, no. 4 (Fall 2004): 1–3.
99	studies at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: A. Kimble-Evans, “White Roofs Bring Cool Savings,” Mother Earth News, Feb.–Mar. 2010.
99	U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu: See D. A. Gabel, “Transitioning to Green Roofs,” News Center, July 21, 2010.
100	double-paned windows and insulated frames: D. Pimentel et al., “Energy Efficiency and Conservation for Individual Americans,” Environment, Development and Sustainability 11, no. 3 (2007): 523–546.
100	today's most efficient equipment: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Energy Savers: Furnaces and Boilers” (2011). Available at www.energysavers.gov.
100	up to 50 percent more efficient: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Energy Savers: Air Conditioning” (2011). Available at www.energysavers.gov.
102	AFUE (annual fuel utilization efficiency) rating: Available at www.acee.org/consumerguide/heating.htm.
102	7 million tons of carbon dioxide: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Star program, “Heating and Cooling” (Aug. 2008). Available at www.energystar.gov.
102	Water heaters are responsible for about 15 percent: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Star program, “High Efficiency Water Heaters Provide Hot Water for Less” (2006). Available at www.energystar.gov.
103	An ideal temperature is 120 degrees: For a discussion, see www.energysavers.gov/your_home/water_heating/index.cfm.mytopic=13090.
103	30 to 45 percent less energy: P. J. Hughes, Geothermal (Ground-Source) Heat Pumps: Market Status, Barriers to Adoption, and Actions to Overcome Barriers (Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2008).
103	100,000 systems installed: See U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “Geothermal Heat Pump” (2010), table 4.1. Available at www.eia.gov.
104	Box: the earth stays about 50 degrees: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Geothermal Technologies Program: Geothermal Basics” (2008). Available at www1.eere.energy.gov.
104	30 percent tax credit: For a discussion, see Hughes, Geothermal (Ground-Source) Heat Pumps.
104	cogeneration: See, for example, Amanda Chiu, “One Twelfth of Global Electricity Comes from Combined Heat and Power Systems,” in Vital Signs 2009: The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2009).
106	Cleveland Museum of Natural History…passive home: Information is available at www.cmnh.org.
106	as much electricity as two hair dryers: See Renee Schoof, “Latest in Cutting-Edge Energy Efficiency: Furnace-Free Homes,” McClatchy Newspapers, June 17, 2011.
107	Viking Terrace: For more information, see Rachel Cleetus, Steven Clemmer, and David Friedman, “Climate 2030: A National Blueprint for a Clean Energy Economy,” chap. 4 (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
107	costs for green building: For a discussion, see Greg Kats, Greening Our Built World: Costs, Benefits, and Strategies (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009).

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109	residential electricity use has gone up: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2010 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, July 2010). Available at www.eia.gov/forecasts/archive/ieo10/pdf/0484(2010).pdf.
109	projected to rise: Ibid.
110	Polls show that Americans: See, for instance, S. Z. Attari et al., “Public Perceptions of Energy Consumption and Savings,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 37 (2010): 16054–16059.
112	M-Power program: Salt River Project, “SRP M-Power Price Plan” (2010).
114	11,040 kilowatt-hours: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “Table 5. Residential Average Monthly Bill by Census Division, and State” (2009). Available at www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/table5.html.
115	displayed at the 1939 New York World's Fair: John H. Campbell, “The History and Technical Evolution of High Frequency Fluorescent Lighting” (Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Energy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Division, Dec. 1977).
116	2007 federal energy bill: Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, 42 U.S.C. § 17001 (2007).
116	about 4 milligrams of mercury: Information is from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, available at www.epa.gov/cfl/cfl-hg.html.
117	Box: Don't Compact Fluorescent Bulbs Contain Mercury? U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Star program, “Frequently Asked Questions: Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury” (Nov. 2010). Available at www.energystar.gov.
118	LED lights offer: Union of Concerned Scientists, “Let There Be LEDs,” Greentips, Jan. 2010. Available at www.ucsusa.org.
118	$190 annually on electricity for lighting: Information on “electricity usage from residential lighting” is from the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency, available at www.eia.gov. The figure reflects 15 percent of the annual household usage of 11,040 kWh of electricity at the current average electricity rate of 11.5 cents per kWh.
120	Figure 6.4: Typical Annual Electricity Costs: The numbers in this table were drawn from sources including www.eia.gov, www.energysavers.gov, and UCS modeling, and cross-checked against recent data compiled for consumers by local utility companies including Missouri Gas Energy and NV Energy.
120	$123 per year to operate: Information is from data at www.energysavers.gov  on the average electric cost of running a single refrigerator, adjusting for the fact that 26 percent of American homes operate a second refrigerator as well—see U.S. Department of Energy, “Refrigerator Market Profile, 2009” (Dec. 2009). Available at http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/pdfs/ref_market_profile.pdf.
121	an estimated 7 percent below: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Change the World, Start with Energy Star Campaign Overview” (2010). Available at www.energystar.gov.
121	$700 million in annual energy costs: Ibid.
121	Six rounds of progressively stricter standards: Information is from www.energystar.gov.
121	new refrigerator was 60 percent cheaper: Ibid.
121	if it's avocado: A. Tugend, “If Your Appliances Are Avocado, They Probably Aren't Green,” New York Times, May 10, 2008.
122	26 percent of all homes: U.S. Department of Energy, “Refrigerator Market Profile, 2009.”
123	Washing in hot water uses: Based on data from www.eia.gov  and www.energysavers.gov.
123	using 37 percent less energy: See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Star program, “Clothes Washers” (2011). Available at www.energystar.gov.
124	study at the University of Bonn: R. Stamminger et al., “A European Comparison of Cleaning Dishes by Hand” (Jan. 2008), University of Bonn, Germany.
124	boiling one cup of water: Jennifer Mitchell-Jackson and Alan Meier, “Cooking with Less Gas,” Home Energy Magazine, May–June 2001.
125	up to 70 percent: See, for instance, “Energy Efficient High Speed Cooking,” at http://fastcooking.ca (an online distributor of pressure cookers.)
125	some models consume more: See Alan Meier, “Standby Power” (2010), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Available at http://standby.lbl.gov/standby.html.
126	DVD on a gaming console: Noah Horowitz, Lowering the Cost of Play: Improving the Energy Efficiency of Video Game Consoles (New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, Nov. 2008).
126	power all the world's computers: G. Boccaletti, M. Löffler, and J. M. Oppenheim, “How IT Can Cut Carbon Emissions,” McKinsey Quarterly, Oct. 2008.
126	cut its energy usage in half: Information is available at www.energysaver.gov  or at www.climatesaverscomputing.org.
127	laptop…uses just one-quarter: For data on specific models, see University of Pennsylvania, Information Systems and Computing, “Approximate Desktop, Notebook, and Netbook Power Usage” (2011). Available at www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html.
128	40 percent of American homes draw: Google PowerMeter, “How Much Power Do You Use in the Middle of the Night?” (2010). Available at http://blog.google.org/2010/02/how-much-power-do-you-use-in-middle-of.html.
128	investigation of phantom loads: Meier, “Standby Power.”
131	carbon coefficient: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, “Updated State-Level Greenhouse Gas Emission Coefficients for Electricity Generation, 1998–2000” (Apr. 2002). Available at ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/environment/e-supdoc-u.pdf.
133	half of the nation's utility companies allow: Lori Bird and Blair Swezey, “Conservation Update: Growth Spurt for Green Power” (2010), U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Available at www1.eere.energy.gov/wip/update/2007-01_green_power.html.
133	certification programs such as Green-e: Ibid.
133	figures from the DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Lori Bird and Jenny Sumner, “Green Power Marketing in the United States: A Status Report (2009 Data),” Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-49403 (Golden, CO: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Sept. 2010). Available at www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/49403.pdf.
134	dropped by nearly 90 percent: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Solar America Initiative” (2007).
134	household photovoltaic system can cost: See Union of Concerned Scientists, “Need Help Paying for Solar Power?” Greentips, Mar. 2011. Available at www.ucsusa.org.
134	incentive programs: Ibid.
134	California Solar Initiative: Information available at www.californiasolarstatistics.ca.gov.
134	avoiding approximately 200 tons: Assuming a 10-kilowatt turbine, a 20 percent annual capacity factor, and a national average emissions rate of 1.34 pounds of carbon dioxide per kilowatt hour. See also American Wind Energy Association, “Wind Power and Climate Change” (2009). Available at www.awea.org/learnabout/publications/upload/Climate_Change.pdf.

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137	diet can make a big difference: See, for instance, L. Baroni et al., “Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Various Dietary Patterns Combined with Different Food Production Systems,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, no. 2 (Feb. 2007): 279–286.
137	account for about 14 percent: UCS modeling.
138	methane is 25 times more potent: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: Mitigation—Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. B. Metz et al. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Available at www.ipcc-wg3.org. For more on methane and beef, see Doug Gurian-Sherman, “Raising the Steaks: Global Warming and Pasture-Raised Beef Production in the United States” (Feb. 2011), Union of Concerned Scientists. Available at www.ucsusa.org.
138	methane accounts for about 13 percent: M. M. Kling and I. J. Hough, “The American Carbon Foodprint: Understanding Your Food's Impact on Climate Change” (2010), Brighter Planet. Note: this analysis employs a proprietary model for carbon accounting that is not available to the public.
141	roughly 300 pounds of carbon dioxide: See, for instance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Nitrous Oxide” (2010). Available at www.epa.gov/nitrousoxide/scientific.html.
141	N2O…responsible for about 15 percent: Kling and Hough, “The American Carbon Foodprint.”
141	A number of research teams: See, for instance, Brent Kim and Roni Neff, “Measurement and Communication of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Food Consumption via Carbon Calculators,” Ecological Economics 69 (2009): 186–196.
141	study by the Union of Concerned Scientists: Gurian-Sherman, “Raising the Steaks.”
142	One influential 2006 report: H. Steinfield et al., Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006). Available at www.fao.org.
142	6 percent of total global carbon emissions: Ibid.
142	ten pounds of milk: See, for instance, www.vermontdairy.com/cheese.
142	a diet rich in grains: See Baroni et al., “Environmental Impact of Various Dietary Patterns.”
142	seven pounds of grain: R. Goodland, “Environmental Sustainability in Agriculture: Diet Matters,” Ecological Economics 23 (1997): 189–200.
143	Box:…Sustainable Palm Oil? Union of Concerned Scientists, “Palm Oil and Tropical Deforestation: Is There a Sustainable Solution?” (Mar. 2011). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
144	most cattle in the United States: See N. Fiala, “The Greenhouse Hamburger,” Scientific American, Feb. 4, 2009.
144	manure cesspits used by CAFOs: See, for instance, Doug Gurian-Sherman, “CAFOs Uncovered: The Untold Costs of Confined Animal Feeding Operations” (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2008). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
144	Farmers in the Netherlands: See Arthur Max, “Energy from Pig Slurry Helps Fight Climate Change,” Associated Press, June 3, 2009.
144	several farms in California: See for instance, Scott Anders, Biogas Production and Use on California's Dairy Farms (San Diego, CA: University of San Diego School of Law, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, 2007).
144	270 pounds…per year: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food and Agriculture (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009). Available at www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0680e/i0680e.pdf.
145	three tons or more annually: Derived from the FAO figures on consumption with the CO2e numbers from UCS modeling.
146	1.3 million tons’ worth of plastic PET: U.S. Government Accountability Office, Bottled Water: FDA Safety and Consumer Protections Are Often Less Stringent Than Comparable EPA Protections for Tap Water (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office, June 2009).
146	50 million barrels of oil: Ibid.
146	2.5 million tons of carbon dioxide: Ibid.
146	roughly 7 percent: UCS modeling.
147	Box: Is Bottled Water Safer…? U.S. Government Accountability Office, Bottled Water.
148	wasted…33 million tons: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Basic Information about Food Waste” (updated Mar. 24, 2011). Available at www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/organics/food/fd-basic.htm.
148	14 percent of all trash: Ibid.
149	saves close to a ton: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks (2006). Available at www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/fullreport.pdf.
151	study comparing…dairy farms: J. E. Olesen et al., “Modeling Greenhouse Gas Emissions from European Conventional and Organic Dairy Farms,” Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 112 (2006): 207–220.
152	researchers at Carnegie Mellon University: C. L. Weber and H. S. Matthews, “Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States,” Environmental Science and Technology 42, no. 10 (2008): 3508–3513.
153	4 percent of total food emissions: Ibid.
153	Figure 7.4: Supply Chain Food Miles by Food Group: Adapted from Kling and Hough, “American Carbon Foodprint.”
154	New Zealand researchers: See Caroline Saunders, Andrew Barber, and Greg Taylor, Food Miles—Comparative Energy/Emissions Performance of New Zealand's Agriculture Industry (Canterbury, New Zealand: Lincoln University, Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit, 2006).
154	50 times more than…ocean transport: Weber and Matthews, “Food-Miles and Relative Climate Impacts.”
154	Michael Pollan has noted: As quoted in Helen Wagenvoord, “Interview: Michael Pollan; The Cheapest Calories Make You the Fattest,” Sierra, Sept.–Oct. 2004.
155	Figure 7.5: Emissions by Mode of Transport: Adapted from ibid.
155	one in every five meals: See National Restaurant Association, “Meal Consumption Behavior—2000” (2000), NPD Group Study. Information available at www.restaurant.org.
155	Mercury Café: Information available at www.mercurycafe.com.
156	Green Restaurant Association: Information available at www.dinegreen.com.
156	the Grey Plume: Information available at www.thegreyplume.com.
156	Tesco…carbon-footprint labeling: Available at www.tesco.com/greenerliving.

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160	about 10 percent: UCS modeling.
161	Scott and Béa Johnson: T. J. Story, “The Zero-Waste Home,” Sunset, 2010. Available at www.sunset.com/home/natural-home/zero-waste-home-0111-00418000069984.
162	flurry of recent articles: See, for instance, “Are E-Readers Greener Than Books?” New York Times, Aug. 31, 2009. Available at http://green.blogs.nytimes.com.
163	20 to 40 books: See Emma Ritch, “The Environmental Impact of Amazon's Kindle” (Mar. 2008), Cleantech Group LLC. See also Borealis Centre for Environment and Trade Research, “Environmental Trends and Climate Impacts: Findings from the U.S. Book Industry” (Mar. 2008), Book Industry Study Group and Green Press Initiative. Available at www.greenpressinitiative.org.
163	five and one-half pounds of carbon emissions: Ritch, “Environmental Impact of Amazon's Kindle”; Borealis Centre for Environment and Trade Research, “Environmental Trends and Climate Impacts.”
163	six miles round-trip: Assuming 20 miles per gallon, driving six miles produces 5.7 pounds of CO2 emissions.
164	Box: Is Organic Cotton Really Greener? N. L. Brooks, “Characteristics and Production Costs of U.S. Cotton Farms” (2001), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Available at www.ers.usda.gov/publications/sb974-2/sb974-2.pdf.
165	Box: Does Wood Harvested Sustainably Really Make a Difference? Information is from Doug Boucher et al., “The Root of the Problem: What's Driving Tropical Deforestation Today?” (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2011). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
165	Box: 15 percent of the world's total carbon emissions: Ibid.
165	Box: Forest Stewardship Council: Information available at www.fscus.org.
165	Box: 41 million acres of tropical forest: Boucher et al., “Root of the Problem.”
166	2 percent of total U.S. carbon emissions: UCS modeling.
166	4.3 pounds of trash each day: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2009 Facts and Figures, EPA530-R-10-012 (Dec. 2010). Available at www.epa.gov/wastes.
166	Making a can from recycled aluminum: See, for instance, “The Price of Virtue,” The Economist, June 7, 2007.
166	half of all the material recycled: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste.
167	Figure 8.3: Pounds of CO2e Emissions Saved: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Waste Reduction Model (WARM)” (2010). Available at www.epa.gov/warm.
167	more than half of all the paper and cardboard: Ibid.
167	important benefit of paper recycling: See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Benefits of Paper Recycling” (2011). Available at www.epa.gov.
168	25 times more potent: See www.epa.gov/methane.
170	8.2 pounds of carbon dioxide: UCS modeling.
171	19 percent of the state's electricity: G. Klein et al., “California's Water-Energy Relationship” (2005), California Energy Commission. Available at www.energy.ca.gov.
171	Box: one-third of the total electricity consumed: R. Cohen, B. Nelson, and G. Wolff, Energy Down the Drain: The Hidden Costs of California's Water Supply (New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, 2004).
171	Central Arizona Project: CAPSmartEnergy, “About Us” (2011). Available at www.capsmartenergy.com/AboutUs.aspx.
172	Box: 50 percent more carbon emissions: J. R. Stokes and A. Horvath, “Energy and Air Emission Effects of Water Supply,” Environmental Science Technology 43, no. 8 (2009): 2680–2687.
172	Box: 13,000 desalination plants: R. Matthews, “Are Desalination Technologies the Answer to the World Water Crisis?” (Mar. 24, 2011), Environmental News Network. Available at www.enn.com/business/article/42506.
172	Box: 33 million tons of carbon dioxide per year: Ibid.
173	life cycle analysis of lawn and garden care: J. Morris and J. Bagby, “Measuring Environmental Value for Natural Lawn and Garden Care Practices,” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 13, no. 3 (2008): 226–234. Available at www.springerlink.com/content/0t03r5w260045272/fulltext.pdf.
175	4.4 percent of the average American's: UCS modeling.
175	poorly insulated house of 1,500 square feet: A. Wilson and J. Boehland, “Small Is Beautiful: U.S. House Size, Resource Use, and the Environment,” Journal of Industrial Ecology 9, nos. 1 and 2 (2005): 277–287.

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183	one study in 2010: Matthew Feinberg and Robb Willer, “Apocalypse Soon? Dire Messages Reduce Belief in Global Warming by Contradicting Just-World Beliefs,” Psychological Science 22, no. 1 (2010): 34–38.
184	many leading economists: See, for instance, “U.S. Scientists and Economists’ Call for Swift and Deep Cuts in Greenhouse Gas Emissions” (Mar. 2010), Union of Concerned Scientists. Available at www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents3/global_warming/scientists-and-economists-1.pdf.
184	Elinor Ostrom: As quoted ibid.
184	2006 Stern Report: Nicholas Stern, Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (London: Her Majesty's Treasury, 2006).
185	Businesses saved some $255 billion: See Rachel Cleetus, Steven Clemmer, and David Friedman, “Climate 2030: A National Blueprint for a Clean Energy Economy” (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
187	A number of faith-based organizations: See, for instance, Interfaith Power & Light (www.interfaithpowerandlight.org) or the National Religious Partnership for the Environment (www.nrpe.org).
188	Erika Spanger-Siegfried: See Erika Spanger-Siegfried, “Close to Home: Going Green with the Neighbors,” Earthwise (Union of Concerned Scientists), Fall 2008. Available at www.ucsusa.org/publications/earthwise/going-green-with-the.html.
189	Box: Energy Smackdown: See the Energy Smackdown home page: www.energysmackdown.com. Also available from the Institute for Sustainable Communities at www.iscvt.org/clanetwork/case_studies.
190	350.org organized global warming work parties: Further details are available at www.350.org.
191	ICLEI—Local Governments for Sustainability: More information is available at www.icleiusa.org.
191	more than 1,000 mayors: For the complete list, see www.usmayors.org/climateprotection/list.asp.
191	Eighteen of the 20 largest U.S. cities: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, “Climate Change 101: Local Action” (Jan. 2011). Available at www.pewclimate.org.
191	Chicago: See Dirk Johnson, “Chicago Unveils Multifaceted Plan to Curb Emissions of Heat-Trapping Gases,” New York Times, Sept. 18, 2008.
192	San Francisco has adopted energy efficiency measures: Information is available from the San Francisco Planning Department at www.sf-planning.org.
192	The city has especially excelled at reducing transportation emissions: See, for instance, Matthew I. Slavin and Kent Snyder, “Strategic Climate Action Planning in Portland,” chap. 2 in Sustainability in America's Cities: Creating the Green Metropolis, ed. Matthew I. Slavin (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2011).
192	Greenburg, Kansas: See the town's website: “Greensburg, KS: Rebuilding…Stronger, Better, Greener!” Available at www.greensburgks.org.
193	solar panel arrays on capped landfills: Jim Kinney, “Constellation Energy Solar Power Project Will Lower Rates for Holyoke Gas & Electric Commercial Customers, Officials Say,” Springfield Republican, Apr. 13, 2011.
193	Freshkills site: See, for example, Sewell Chan, “Fresh Kills New York's Next Wind Farm?” New York Times, Aug. 22, 2008.
193	Babcock Ranch, Florida: See Kitson & Partners, “First Solar-Powered City to Fuel Clean Industry, Economic Recovery,” press release, Apr. 9, 2009. Available at www.babcockranchflorida.com/press.asp.
193	Fort Collins, Colorado: See City of Fort Collins, “2008 Fort Collins Climate Action Plan: Interim Strategic Plan Towards 2020 Goal” (Dec. 2008). Available at www.fcgov.com/climateprotection/pdf/climate_action_plan.pdf.
194	Box: a large majority—more than 80 percent: See, for example, “Large Majorities in U.S. and Five Largest European Countries Favor More Wind Farms and Subsidies for Bio-fuels, but Opinion Is Split on Nuclear Power,” Harris Interactive, Oct. 13, 2010. Polling data are available at www.harrisinteractive.com.
194	Box: American Wind Wildlife Institute: More information is available at www.awwi.org.
195	Holyoke, Massachusetts: See “Constellation Energy Is Developing a 4.5 Megawatt Solar Installation with Holyoke Gas & Electric,” press release, Business Wire, Apr. 13, 2011.
195	San Diego, California: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, “Climate Change 101: Local Action.”
195	Burlington, Vermont: Ibid.
195	Spirit Lake Elementary School: Information is from Iowa Energy Center, Alternate Energy Revolving Loan Program. Available at www.energy.iastate.edu/AERLP/downloads/SpiritLake_07.pdf.

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198	DuPont…cut its worldwide heat-trapping emissions: Rachel Cleetus, Steven Clemmer, and David Friedman, “Climate 2030: A National Blueprint for a Clean Energy Economy” (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009). Available at www.ucsusa.org. For further information, see DuPont, Sustainability Progress Report, 2008. Available at www2.dupont.com. See also A. J. Hoffman, Getting Ahead of the Curve: Corporate Strategies That Address Climate Change (Washington, DC: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2006), pp. 90–92.
198	retail giant Walmart: Information on Walmart's climate and energy policies is available at http://walmartstores.com/sustainability.
198	3.5 million megawatt-hours: Ibid.
198	The Green Workplace: Leigh Stringer, The Green Workplace: Sustainable Strategies That Benefit Employees, the Environment, and the Bottom Line (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
199	Tom Bowman: Tom Bowman, “How One Small Business Cut Its Energy Use and Costs,” Yale Environment 360, Oct. 7, 2010. Available at http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2326.
202	software maker Adobe: Stringer, The Green Workplace.
203	One innovative website: See www.carbonrally.com. See also Kyle Alspach, “Carbonrally Applies Gaming Concept to Cutting Carbon,” Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology, June 3, 2010.
204	In 2010, Xerox lauded: Xerox, “Xerox Earth Awards Drive Stronger Business Results,” press release, July 15, 2009. See also “Xerox Employees Use Green Tactics to Boost Savings, Earn Earth Awards,” press release, Nov. 11, 2010. Available at www.xerox.com.
204	nearly 6,000 hospitals: See, for instance, James B. Schultz, “Energy Efficiency Opportunities for Hospitals in the United States,” SMG10x, Inc. (Oct. 2010). Available at www.smg10x.com/downloads/EnergyEfficiencyOpportunitiesHospitalsInUS.pdf.
204	73 billion kilowatt-hours: Ibid. See also U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Star program, “Useful Facts and Figures” (June 2007), available at www.energystar.gov; and U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)” (2003) (most recent data available), available at www.eia.gov.
205	16 percent of U.S. gross domestic product: See, for instance, Congressional Budget Office, “The Long-Term Outlook for Health Care Spending” (2007). Available at www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/87xx/doc8758/MainText.3.1.shtml.
205	“seven elements of a climate-friendly hospital”: World Health Organization, “Healthy Hospitals, Healthy Planet, Healthy People: Addressing Climate Change in Health Care Settings,” discussion draft, 2009. Available at www.who.int/globalchange/publications/climatefootprint_report.pdf.
205	Cleveland Clinic: “Cleveland Clinic Named an Energy Star Partner of the Year: Award from the U.S. EPA and Department of Energy Program Recognizes Leadership in Energy Management,” press release, Mar. 14, 2011. Available at www.clevelandclinic.com.
206	Box: Green Guide for Health Care: Available at www.gghc.org.
206	York Hospital: Constellation New Energy, “York Hospital Is the First 100% Renewable Energy Customer of Constellation New Energy and Maine Power Options,” press release, Mar. 6, 2003. Available at http://apps3.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/markets/pdfs/0303_york_pr.pdf.
206	40 percent of all emissions: Estimate from the U.S. Green Building Council, www.usgbc.org.
206	widely recognized 2007 study: Peter Morris and Lisa Fay Matthiessen, “Cost of Green Revisited: Reexamining the Feasibility and Cost Impact of Sustainable Design in the Light of Increased Market Adoption” (July 2007). Available at www.davislangdon.com.
206	The EPA's Energy Star program: Information is available at www.energystar.gov.
207	Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design: Information on the LEED program is available at the U.S. Green Building Council, www.usgbc.org.
207	more than 21,000 buildings: Ibid.
208	LEED-certified buildings are selling for more: See, for instance, John Goering, “Sustainable Real Estate Development: The Dynamics of Market Penetration,” Journal of Sustainable Real Estate 1, no. 1 (2009): 167–201.
208	Oberlin College: See U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Highlighting High Performance: The Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio,” fact sheet, Nov. 2002. Available at www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/31516.pdf.
208	678 colleges have signed: For information and a list of signatories, see the American College and University Presidents’ Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) at www.presidents3climatecommitment.org.
208	grocery store built by Whole Foods Market: See, for instance, Paul Baier, “Whole Foods and the Greenest Grocery Store in the World,” Reuters, Apr. 4, 2011.
209	100 percent of the company's electricity needs: Paige Brady, “Energy Credits Fund New Wind Farm” (Sept. 15, 2009). Available at http://blog.wholefoodsmarket.com.
209	oil company BP: James Ridgeway, “BP's Slick Greenwashing,” Mother Jones, May 2010.
210	Pure & Natural Huggies: See, for instance, “The Top 25 Greenwashed Products in America,” at www.businesspundit.com.
211	“a truly organic experience”: See, for instance, Shireen Deen, “America's Ten Worst Greenwashers,” Valley Advocate, Aug. 29, 2002. Available at www.greenwashing.net.
211	Ceres, a nonprofit: Information is available at www.ceres.org.
212	Carbon Disclosure Project: Carbon Disclosure Project, “Supply Chain Report 2011,” compiled by A. T. Kearney. Available at www.cdproject.net.
212	Climate Registry: Information is available at www.theclimateregistry.org.
212	more than 200 founding members: Ibid.
213	computer maker Dell: See Carbon Disclosure Project, “Supply Chain Report 2011.”
213	Walmart asks suppliers: Ibid.
214	Patagonia: Information on the Common Threads Initiative garment recycling program is available at www.patagonia.com.
214	less than one-quarter of the energy: Ibid.
214	carpet manufacturer Interface: Interface has set forth a “Mission Zero” campaign, pledging to eliminate any negative impacts on the environment by 2020. More information is available at www.interfaceglobal.com.

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215	study by the Environmental Law Institute: Environmental Law Institute, “Estimating U.S. Government Subsidies to Energy Sources: 2002–2008” (Sept. 2009). Available at www.eli.org.
215	twice the total of direct subsidies: Ibid.
218	analysis by the Union of Concerned Scientists: Rachel Cleetus, Steven Clemmer, and David Friedman, “Climate 2030: A National Blueprint for a Clean Energy Economy” (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
219	saved some 1.3 percent: S. Nadel et al., Leading the Way: Continued Opportunities for New State Appliance and Equipment Efficiency Standards, ACEEE report A061 (Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 2006).
219	6.6 million households: Ibid.
219	Several states…have augmented: For more information, see U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, The Clean Energy Lead by Example Guide: Strategies, Resources, and Action Steps for State Programs (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 2009). Available at www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/resources/example.html. See also Barry G. Rabe, “Greenhouse and Statehouse: The Evolving State Government Role in Climate Change” (Nov. 2002), Pew Center on Global Climate Change. Available at www.pewclimate.org.
220	2009 International Energy Conservation Code: Available from the International Code Council at http://publicecodes.citation.com/icod/iecc/2009/index.htm. More information is available from the U.S. Department of Energy at www.energycodes.gov.
220	ASHRAE: More information is available at www.ashrae.org.
220	Energy Efficiency Resource Standards: Cleetus, Clemmer, and Friedman, “Climate 2030.”
221	France, Italy, and the United Kingdom: See Steven Nadel, Energy Efficiency Resource Standards: Experience and Recommendations (Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Mar. 2006). Available at www.aceee.org.
221	Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards: See Union of Concerned Scientists, “Fuel Economy Basics” (2007). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
221	130 billion fewer gallons: Union of Concerned Scientists, “The Costs of Delay: Fuel Efficiency and Auto Pollution Standards” (Mar. 2011). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
221	1.65 billion tons: Ibid. (Note: converted from 1.5 billion metric tons in the UCS analysis.)
222	Analysis by the Union of Concerned Scientists: Union of Concerned Scientists and Natural Resources Defense Council, “The Technology to Reach 60 mpg by 2025: Putting Fuel-Saving Technology to Work to Save Oil and Cut Pollution” (Oct. 2010). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
222	nearly 4 million barrels per day: Union of Concerned Scientists analysis. See, for instance, “UCS Applauds Obama Administration Agreement on Fuel Efficiency and Auto Pollution Standards,” press release, July 29, 2011. More information available at www.ucsusa.org.
222	770 million tons: Ibid.
223	More than two-thirds of the states: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, “Climate Change 101: State Action” (Jan. 2009). Available at www.pewclimate.org.
223	47 million typical homes: Union of Concerned Scientists, “Renewable Electricity Standards at Work in the States” (2010). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
223	30 million cars off the road: Ibid.
225	18 states require all their utilities: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, “Climate Change 101: State Action.”
226	Germany and Spain become leaders: See, for instance, Kate Galbraith, “Europe's Way of Encouraging Solar Power Arrives in the U.S.,” New York Times, Mar. 12, 2009.
226	Some 23 states have adopted: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, “Climate Change 101: State Action.”
226	Oregon and Washington: Ibid.
226	generated more than $880 million: Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, “Regional Clean Energy Economy Boosted with $25.5 Million in RGGI Auction Proceeds,” press release, June 2011. Available at www.rggi.org/docs/Auction_12_Release_Report.pdf.
227	U.S. Supreme Court confirmed: American Electric Power Company, Inc., et al., Petitioners v. Connecticut et al. 564 U.S. ___ (2011).
228	Climate Action Plans: See www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/state/state-examples/action-plans.html.
228	more than half of all U.S. states: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, “Climate Change 101: State Action.”
234	California won an important climate victory: See Union of Concerned Scientists, “California Renewable Electricity Standard” (Apr. 2011). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
234	one-quarter of the required renewable energy: See Union of Concerned Scientists, “California Passes Renewable Energy Standard,” press release, Apr. 14, 2011. Available at www.ucsusa.org.

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237	seven-story sign: Carbon Counter, Deutsche Bank, DB Climate Change Advisors, New York. For more on the counter's methodology, see J. Huang et al., “A Semi-Empirical Representation of the Temporal Variation of Total Greenhouse Gas Levels Expressed as Equivalent Levels of Carbon Dioxide,” Report no. 174 (June 2009), MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. Available at http://globalchange.mit.edu/pubs/abstract.php?publication_id=1975.
238	no matter what steps: See, for example, T. Karl, J. Melillo, and T. Peterson, eds., Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, report from the U.S. Global Change Research Program (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Available at www.globalchange.gov.
238	80 gigawatts…of renewable electricity capacity: Information is from Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables 2010: Global Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat, 2010). Available at www.ren21.net.
238	U.S. coal plants…335 gigawatts: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “Electric Power Annual 2009,” table 1.2, “Existing Capacity by Energy Source, 2009” (2010). Available at www.eia.gov.
238	replace nearly one in every 10: Even though the numbers would suggest that worldwide renewable capacity was equal to one-quarter the capacity of U.S. coal plants, the “one in every 10” figure takes into account the difference in capacity factors between coal-fired plants and renewable sources such as wind power and solar photovoltaics.
239	produce just 3 percent: REN21, Renewables 2010.
239	roughly 60 percent per year: Ibid.
239	has risen 100-fold since 2000: Ibid.
239	cumulative capacity doubling: Ibid.
240	fifth-largest industry: J. L. Coleman, “The American Whale Oil Industry: A Look Back to the Future of the American Petroleum Industry?” Natural Resources Research 4 (1995): 273–288.
240	700 ships: See L. E. Davis et al., “Technology, Productivity, and Profits: British-American Whaling Competition in the North Atlantic, 1816–1842,” Oxford Economic Papers, new series, 39, no. 4 (Dec. 1987): 738–759.
240	8,000 whales were slaughtered: Peter Applebome, “They Used to Say Whale Oil Was Indispensable, Too,” New York Times, Aug. 3, 2008.
242	Denmark relied on oil: Information is from Rachel Cleetus, Steven Clemmer, and David Friedman, “Climate 2030: A National Blueprint for a Clean Energy Economy,” chap. 5 (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009). Available at www.ucsusa.org.
242	power plant serving Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy, “The Danish Example: The Way to an Energy Efficient and Energy Friendly Economy” (Copenhagen, 2009). Available at www.kemin.dk/en-us/facts/danishexample/sider/thedanishexample.aspx.
242	29 percent of Denmark's electricity: Ibid.
242	cut its carbon emissions in half: Cleetus, Clemmer, and Friedman, “Climate 2030.”
242	roughly 20 percent of the country's electricity: Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy, “The Danish Example.” See also Danish Wind Industry Association, “Denmark—Wind Power Hub,” which claims that wind power now accounts for “nearly 25 percent” of Denmark's electricity supply. Available at www.windpower.org/en/news/news.html#718.
242	Sweden now gets some 56 percent: REN21, Renewables 2010.
243	18 percent of the planet's electricity: Ibid.
243	all the world's nuclear power plants: According to the World Nuclear Association, the planet's 440 commercial nuclear plants produce roughly 14 percent of the world's electricity. Information is available at www.world-nuclear.org.
243	300,000 people are currently employed: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety of Germany, “Development of Renewable Energy Sources in Germany” (Berlin, Mar. 18, 2010).
243	Germany's largest sector, the automotive industry: Ibid.
243	39 percent of all new electricity-generating capacity: REN21, Renewables 2010.
243	state of Iowa: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly (Mar. 2011). Available at www.eia.gov. See also Iowa Utilities Board, “Iowa's Electric Profile” (2011). Available at www.state.ia.us/government/com/util/energy/electric_profile.html.