emp. |
emperor |
k. |
king |
du. |
duke |
ct. |
count |
pat. |
patriarch |
metrop. |
metropolitan |
bp. |
bishop |
ab. |
abbot |
s. |
son |
d. |
daughter |
Chari. |
Charlemagne |
capit. |
capitulary |
Ostrog. |
Ostrogothic |
Visig. |
Visogothic |
Lomb. |
Lombard |
Merov. |
Merovingian |
ABBO, 65
ABBIO, 363
ABDULLAH OF EGYPT, 200
ABU’L-‛ABBAS, 203
ACOLYTE, 183
ACRE, 142
ADALARD, ab., 318, 328, 391, 397, 404, exiled, 432, 507, restored, 435, 437
ADALBERT OF BAMBERG, 569
ADALBERT OF RHAETIA, 570
ADALBERT, ct., 319
ADALGISEL, du., 274
ADALOALD, Lomb. k., 250
ADANA, 123
ADDA, 35
AD DECIMUM, battle, 84
ADELARD OF BATH, 576
ADELRIC, 353
ADIGE, Lombards on, 246
ADOPTION, 152
ADRIATIC, 34, 35, 49, 67, 134, 246, the Franco-Byzantine frontier war, 371–4, Byzantines defeat Arabs on shores of, 417
ADVOCATUS, 350
AEGIDIUS, at Soissons, 31
ÆLLA, bretwalda, 2
ÆONUS, bp., 72
AERARIUM, 110
AETIOS OF AMIDA, 207
ÆTHELSTAN, k., 476
AFRICA, North, 7, 14, 27, 29, under Vandals, 74–92, 106, under Arabs, 134, 160, 163, 164, 187, 200–2, 204, 375–6
AGADA, 196
AGAPETUS, pope, 50
AGHTAMAR, 239
AGOBARD, bp, of Lyons, 433, 437, 513, his writings, 514, 524
’AGRABA, 197
AGRICULTURE, 111, 140–3, in Moorish Spain, 574, Byzantine, 148–9
AIDAN, bp., 469
AIO, ct., 374
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, Roman, 53, Charl.’s palace, 311–13, 319, 332, 353, 371, 378, 380, 382, 386, 388, 431, storehouses at, 396, Charl. dies at, 404, sacked in 881, 406, assembly of 802 at, 390–1, of 831, 438, Walafrid Strabo at, 511
AKROINON, 408
ALANS, 23, 26, 29, 484, cross Rhine, 53, in Spain, 75, Africa, 79
ALBERTUS MAGNUS, 210
ALBI, 66
ALCHEMY, 210
ALCHFRITH, 305
ALCUIN, 317, 324–5, 327, 330–3, 378, 502, letters of, 320, 327–9, text of Bible, 511, songs of, 329, sacramentary, 406, his Libri Carolini, 320, 332, protests about Saxons, 364, 358, influence on missions to Slavs and Avars, 371, his views on the imperial title, 379, 384, on Leo III, 381–2, at Tours, 505, 510, use of Caroline minuscule there, 528, illumination there, 547
ALDGILD, 281
ALEMANS, 8, 9, 52, 58, defeated by Franks, 40, 265, 281, 285, Partus Alemannorum, 63, lex Aleman-novum, 285, fight Pepin, 288
ALEXANDER OF TRALLES, 207
ALEXANDRIA, 77, 117, 121, 145, 182, 216, 261, Byzantine trade with, 419, her trade, 123–4, 155–6, 164, 168–9, 171, paschal cycle, 174–5, conquered by Persians, 217, Arabs, 199–200, learning at, 207, art at, 236
AL-FAZARI, 209
ALFONZO I, k. of the Asturias, 576
ALFONZO II, k. of the Asturias, 354
AL-FUSTAT, 199
ALMORAVID, 137
AL-MU‘TASSIM, 415
AL-MUTHANNA, 198
ALPAÏS, 281
ALPHABET, RUNIC, 305, 315, 476–8, geographical spread of runes, 477, Viking runes, 478, GREEK, 477, 492, LATIN, 268, 477, 492, GLAGOLITIC AND SLAV, 493–9, 497
ALPS, 96
AL-QULZUM, 199
AL-ZARQALI, 575
AMALARIC, liturgist, 514
AMALRIC, 391
AMALS, 27
AMIENS, 52
AMORIUM, 415
ANASTASIUS, pat., 216
ANASTASIUS, syncellus, 411
ANATOLIA, 407
ANCHIAR, marquess, 565
ANCONA, 45
ANGILBERT, primicerius, 329–30, ab., 329, 332, 337, 350, rebuilds Saint-Riquier, 307–8
ANGLO-SAXONS, 3, 14, 32, 55, as horsemen, 24, their grave-goods, 46, 255, witan, 108, art, 232, use of gold, 135–7, agriculture, 142, conversion, 183, society, 261, place-names, 245, a slave, 277
ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE, 263
ANIMAL ORNAMENT, Hunnish, 24, Germanic, 55, 93, 466, Frankish, 69, 70, Anglo-Saxon, 304
ANNALES CAMBRIAE, 261
ANNALS, 261, early writing of, 262–5, Carol., 263, 316–18, Royal Annals, 263, 316–19, 352, of Lorsch, 316–17, Metz, 317, Saint-Maximin, 317
ANNEMUND, 303
ANNONA CIVICA, 121
ANONYMOUS VALESII, 41
ANSEMUND, du., 294
ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES, 161
ANTIOCH, 120, 124, 155–6, 160–1, 164, 168–9, 171, 182, 190, 216, 218, 261, Gulf of, 408, city regained by Byzantines, 429
ANTWERP, Carol., 313
APHTHARTODOCETISM, 163
APOCRYSARIUS, 101, 179, Carol., 397–8, 400–1, his duties, 400
APOLLO, 87
APULEIUS, 87
APULIA, under Ostrogs., 67
AQUILEIA, 30, 126, 246, patriarchate of, 181, 249, 303, 333–5, moves to Grado, 334, converts Slavs, 371, Carol, pat., 445, Latin missions from, 491, its apostolic foundation, 534
AQUINAS, 210
AQUITANIA, Visig., 29, 93–4, 120, Frankish, 261, 267, divisions in, 269, 281, contested by Saracens, 286–8, 294, capitulary for, 295, Carol., 310, 314, 324, 335, 343, 350–3, Arabs raid, 375, Louis the Pious lives in, 431
ARABS, ARABIA, 185–212, pre-Islamic, 189–91, 193, conquests, 144, 154, 197, 199–212, 231, 261, wars with Byzantium, 197–212, 251, Arab fleet, 79, 219, language, 185, 187–90, scholars, 208–10, translations, 208, script, 194, learning, 420, 424, papyrus supply, 137, Arab tribes, 17, levy of tribute, 202, effect of conquests on Mediterranean trade, 117–19, 126–8, 137–9, 310, on Byzantine agriculture, 148–9, Arabs invade Africa, 86, 95, 199–202, Visig. Spain, 106–7, 201, Gascony and Provence, 286–8, their coins, 135, art and architecture, 206–10, relations with Carols., 336, 446, fight for Mediterranean islands, 374–6, Italy, 456, fight Byzantines, 388, 415–18
ARAXES, 155
ARBOGAST, 52
ARCHCHAPLAIN, 397
ARCULF, bp., 471
ARDENNES, 225
ARIANISM, of Ostrogs., 14, 40–4, 47, Burgundians, 14, 30, 66, 72, Vandals, 70–82, Visigs., 14, 27, 42, 60, 71, 97, 100–4, 109, Sueves, 112, Lombs., 246, 249, their conversion, 257, Arian doctrine, 14, 155–6
ARIBERT I, Lomb. k., 251
ARISTOTLE, his logic, 158, 230, 575, Analytics, 208, science, 207, 575, studied by Islam, 208, 210, in Bulgaria, 499, translations of, 208, in Carol, renaissance, 524, in Byzantine renaissance, 421–2
ARITHMETIC, 87
ARIUS, 155
ARLES, 28, 31, 97, 131, 266, C. Martel retakes from Arabs, 287, Saracens plunder, 446
See Councils
ARMENIA, 6, 154–5, 157, 161–3, 256, 408, early missions in, 166, 169, 170, as unorthodox, 155, 230, trade with, 124, 139, 145, 188, 419, kingdom of, 416, language, 494, illumination in, 423, conquered by Arabs, 199, 204, fights the Byzantines, 213, 215, 217–18
ARMENTARIA, 57
ARMOUR, 120
ARN, bp. of Salzburg, 316, 320, 334–5, 366–9, sends missions to Pannonians, 371, as missus, 381–2
ARNOLD, ct., 352
ARNULF OF CARINTHIA, 456, 463, 548, 561, elected k. of Germany, 561, father of Louis the Child, 562, invited to Rome, 564, 565, crowned emp., 565, died, 566, relations with Magyars, 566–8, with west Franks, 571
ARRAS, trade at, 313
ARSENIUS, bp., 452
ART-FORMS AND TECHNIQUES: Greco-Roman, 232–9, Byzantine, 204–6, Egyptian, 234, South Russian, 232, 234, Germanic, 234, 237, Iranian, 232, 239, 410, Byzanto-Lomb., 255–6, Muslim, 232, Anglo-Saxon, 304–5, Celtic, 233–4, 237, 304, 466, 472, 544, Christian, 235–6, Attic and Neo-Attic, 236–8, 544, Alexandrian (naturalistic), 69, 94, 201, 237, 307, 544, in early Christian architecture, 238–40, Scandinavian, 478–81, Dalmatian, 492
ASBESTAS, 424
ASHOT BAGRATUNI, k., 416
ASIATIC, influence, 144
ASSAFIUS, spathiarius, 388
ASTROLABE, 209
ATHANARIC, 26
ATLANTIC COAST, 125
AUDOFLEDA, 41
AUGSBURG, 368
ST AUGUSTINE OF CANTER-BURY, 183, 302, his abbey, 232, 305, Gospels, 305
ST AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, 86–92, 173, 179, 201, 379, De civitate dei, 90–2, 292, 324, 560, his rule, 72–4, Disciplina, Regula Sororum, Transcript, 89–90, as practised, 289, monastery, 88, Confessions, 88
AUSTRASIA, 66, 93, 259, 261, her history, 262, 266–7, 270, palace of, 269, 271, 399, growing independence, 275
AUTCHAR, du., 252
AUTHARI, Lomb. k., 250
AUTHENTICATION BY SIGNATURE, 137, 402, seal, 137, 398–9, ‘recognition’, 398–9
AUTOKRATOR: See Empire, Byzantine
AUVERGNE, 96–7, loyal to Austrasia, 281, recovered from Saracens, 295
AVARS, 34, 139, 214–17, 246, 249, 407, 484, 487, 491, Charl. and, 353, their khan, 360, war with, 369–72, conversion of, 371–2, 377, empire destroyed, 498
AVIGNON, yielded to Saracens, 287
AVITUS OF VIENNE, 66
BAALBEK, 164
BABENBERGERS, Franconian, counts, 569
BADDILO, 399
BADR, 196
BADUARIUS, 250
BAGHDAD, 198, 202–8, 261, 294, caliph of, 314, 351, 376, 408–10, 416, learning at, 419–20, 422, 424, house of Wisdom at, 425, science of, 572, trade with Russia, 489, art of, 502
BAHRAAM, 214
BALDWIN, ct. of Flanders, 571
BALEARICS, 85, Franks capture, 354, fight Saracens for, 374–6
BALKANS, 26, 35, 40, 82, 120, 162–3, 214, 249, conversion, 188
BALTIC, migrations from, 21, 25, 30, Frankish trade with, 313, Byzantine trade with, 419
BANGOR, 469
BARCA, 200
BARCELONA, 28, 66, 98, 106, Moors lose, 351–5, attack again, 436
BARDAS, caesar, 416, 420, patron of scholars, 421–2, 425–8, patron of Constantine, 493
BARDS, Celtic, 467
BARO, Frankish, 64
BASIL I, emp., 415–17, his legal reforms, 419, 428, defends Italy from Saracens, 455, 459, 463
BASIL II, 429
BASILICAN CHURCHES, 47, 68, 69, 80, 89, 205, 238, 307, early church at Saint-Denis, 532
BASILICS, 420
BASILISCUS, 96
BAUGULF, ab., 317
BAVARIA, BAVARIANS, 63, 67, 70, 125, 136, 227, 485, duchy of, 246, 265, oppose the Slavs, 275, Pepin II, 281, C. Martel, 285, 288, Pepin, 294, 295, Carol., 323, 348, Charles’ subjugation of, 365–71, Cai Ionian rules, 457, country raided by Magyars, 567
BAVARIAN MARK, 371
BEDE, 207, 228–9, 302–3, 377, 502, 530, his Historia Ecclesiastica, 56, 226, 265, other works, 226, 229, 511, and annals, 263, his De temporum ratione, 265, Lives of the Abbots, 303
BELGICA SECUNDA, 125
BELGIUM, 313
BELISARIUS, 157, 163, 339, conquers Vandals, 77–9, 82–4, sent to Persia, 162, sent to Italy, 45, 161–3, founds convent, 49
BENEDICT OF ANIANE, his monastery, 307, 432, 435, schools, 505, rule, 505–6, Concordia Regulatum and Codex Regularum, 506
BENEDICT OF CLUSA, 223
BENEDICT THE DEACON, 537
BENEDICT OF NURSIA, his rule, 51–3, 471, life of. in Moralia, 179, community of Monte Cassino, 49, 51–3, 183, 226, 247, 450, 463, 464, abbots of, 247, plundered, 248, restored, 257, Carloman at, 291, illumination in, 492, opus dei, 52, the rule in Carol, empire, 390, combined with that of Columbanus, 469, education in, 223, communities in Germany, 227–8, 303–4
BENEFICE, Roman, 62, 553–4, ecclesiastical, 69, Frankish, 139, 296, 555–8, size of, 557, resumption of, 270, duchy as, 368, royal chaplains as holding, 400
BENEVENTO, 219, 246–8, 251, duchy, 180, dukes Arichis, 247, Ariulf, 247, duchy not given to papacy, 293, 345, 347, duke Siconolf, 445, under Carols., 450, 455
BEORHTRIC, k. of Wessex, 474
BERCHAR, mayor, 280
BERENGAR, ct. of Friuli, 457, 463–4, elected k. of Italy, 563–5
BERNARD, uncle of Charles, 344
BERNARD, s. of Pepin, 328, k. of Italy, 336, 404, 433, in Ordinatio, 434, killed, 434, 435
BERNARD, s. of ct. William, 436, has March of Septimania, 439, rebels, 447
BERTEFRID, 269
BERTHOLD, ct., 569
BERTOALD, mayor, 270
BIBLE, Scriptures, translated into Gothic, 4, 14, 477, 507, into Slavonic, 497, Cassiodoran text, 40–50, biblical canon, 166–7, influence on Arabs, 187, 195
BIRMALI, 80
BISHOP, consecration of, 241, 272, his status, 63, 68, 167, court, 68, 272, 298, appeal from Carol, bishops court, 391, his familia, 15, 68, 89, 178, 183, 224–5, 233, 256, 330, episcopal elections, 34, 52, 57, 88, 172–3, 183–4, 241–4, 296, 558–9, royal nomination of, 272, 296, 299, his endowment, 68, 132, 178, chancellor, 402, mint, 131–2, division of episcopal revenue, 180, position on Carol. royal council, 396–402, archbp. of the sacred palace, 400, function among Irish, 468
BJÖRN, k., 476
BLACK (PONTIC) SEA, 5, 21, 124, 134, 145, 155, 162, 213, and migrations, 26
BLACK STONE. See Ka‛ba
BLANDINIUM, 317
BOBBIO, 257, its foundation, 469, 507, Irish at, 507, Gothic MSS. at, 507, washing down of MSS. for palimpsests at, 529
BOBBO, bp., 278
BOETHIUS, 42–3, his Consolation of Philosophy, 43, use of Aristotle, 51, studied by Carols., 513, on liberal arts, 51, 510, 179
BOHEMIA, 135, 265, and Louis the German, 448, Slavs in, 486, 488
BOÏARS, 499
BOLOGNA, Carol., 346
BONIFACE OF CREDITON, 226–9, erection of crosses, 235, chronology, 264, in Thuringia, Hesse, Bavaria, 288–9, consecrated by Gregory II, 288, founds German sees, 288, Bavarian sees, 289, 334, 366, archbishopric, 289, reforms Frankish church, 290, 303, requests books, 305, conversion of Saxons, 358–60, as archicancellarius, 399
BONI HOMINES, 298
BONN, 53
BOOK OF THE PREFECT, 420
BORDEAUX, Visig., 97, Frankish, 127, 266, 267, Danes raid, 447
BORGUND, 479
BOULOGNE, Itium, 313
BOW, archers, 145
BRAN, s. of Cuchulainn, 468
BRAULIO, bp. of Saragossa, 109
BRENNER, 366
BRESCIA, Lomb., 250
BRETON MARCH, 328, 354, prefect of, 354, rebellion in, 438, 446–7
BREVIARY OF ALARIC, 63, 72, 97, 103, recopied, 390, use of cancellarius, 401, MS. at Lyons, 513
BRIGANTIA, goddess, 467
BRINDISI, 251
BRITAIN, under Romans, 5, 7, 9, 10, 125, invaded by Anglo-Saxons, 32, under Anglo-Saxons, 134, 234, 261, slave trade with, 313
BRITTANY, Armorica, Roman, 2, Frankish, 66, 67, 95, 265, March of, 352–5, language, 466
BUCELLARII, 214
BUKKARA, 199
BULGAR, town, 489
BULGARS, 25, 170, 217, 220, 246, 371, 388, 407–8, 487, khan of, 408, fight the Byzantines, 415, 418, 429, missions to, 426–9, 493, 496, conversion to Byzantine Christianity, 497–8, Franks oppose, 437, they divide Pannonia, 448, fight Moravians, 455, Bulgarian success under Symeon, 500
BULLA, leaden seal, 138
BULLA REGIA, 85
BURCHARD, constable, 375
BURCHARD, ct. of Rhaetia, 570
BURGUNDIANS, by Baltic, 30, in Rhone Valley, 2, 11, 30, cross Rhine, 52, kingdom of, 66, 97–8, fall of, 72, Frankish Burgundy, 252, 259, 261, 270–6, Saracens raid, 295, Lex Burgundiorum, 306, in the Ordinatio of 806, 392, under emp. Louis II. 451, Boso made k. of, 562, k. Louis, 562, Rudolf I, k. of Transjurane Burgundy, 562, 565
BURIAL, Roman law on, 404
BUTLER: See Pincerna
BYZANTIUM, Constantinople, the city, 6, 7, 10, 29, 35, 37, 41–5, 49, 66–7, 81, 101, 121, 126, 134, 148, 154, 156, 163, 204, 388, 419, foundation of city, 144–6, buildings in, 42, 205, Long Wall, 154, 162–3, Golden Horn, 169, gilds in, 410–20, Christianity of, 145–7, see of, 42, patriarchate, 39, 150, 156–7, 169, 182, 185, 258, 385, 420, patriarchȉs school, 230, monasticism in, 412–14
CABAON, 80
CADI, 575
CADIZ, 107
CAIRO, 199
CALIPH, caliphate, 106, 188, 197–8, 200, 203, 205, 207, 211, caliphate divided, 202–4, succession to, 202–4
CALLINICUS, architect, 219
CAMERA, Charl.‘s, 404
CAMLANN, 261
CAMPULUS, sacellarius, 381
CAMULOS, 467
CANAL, Charl. builds, 370
CANNABAE, 124
CANONS OF COUNCILS, 72, 75, 89, 108, 112, 166, 183, 296, 508
See Councils
CANONS, communities of, as leading the Vita Apostolica, 88–90, Frankish canons, 277
CANTERBURY, 32, 183, 226, 230–2, school at, 303, early plan of church, 307
CAPITULA ANGILRAMNI, 537
CAPPI, 139
CAPUT-VADA, 83
CARINTHIA, 295, Carol., 335, Bavarian, 367–8, 371–2, under Carloman, 449, 457, Slavs in, 487, overrun by Magyars, 567
CARLOMAN, s. of Pepin, 253, receives part of Francia, 287, 290, 293, 302, 321–3, 326, 343–4, 366, 399, edict of 741, 508
CARLOMAN, s. of Louis the German, 397, 449, 452–3, 456–7, makes Bavaria a kingdom, 569
CARLOMAN, s. of Louis the Stammerer, 459–60, father of Arnulf, du. of Carinthia, 561
CAROLINGIANS, 134, 135, 291, 310–576, currency, 134–9, abbeys with depots, 313, ‘culture’, 394–6
See trade
CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE, verse in, 503, classical writers copied in, 529, acrostics in, 503, medicine in, 504, poetry in, 502–4, 517, the chant in, 517–19, 540–4, art and architecture in, 544–51, wall-painting in, 549, collection of MSS. in, 512, evolution of MS. hands in, 526–8, ivories in, 549, exercices à l’antique in, 531, forgery in, 529–39, the chant in, 540–4, Irish scholars in, 471, use of vernacular in, 513
CARPATHIANS, and Huns, 22, Slavs on, 482’3, 489, 491, Moravians on, 494, Magyars cross, 566
CARPENTRAS: See Councils
CARTHAGE, 75’84, 88, 109, 117, 172, Arabs conquer, 201, 211, glass industry, 125, Heraclius at, 218
CAR TOPH YLACIUM, Byzantine chancery, 103
CARTULARIUS, 418
CASSIODORUS, 33, 34, 37–40, 44–5, 48–51, 56, in, his diplomas, 37, History of the Goths, 22, 33–4, Variae, 34, 37, 48, De anima, 48, Institutiones, 50, 179, biblical text, 50, 304, translations, 51
CASTORIUS, notary, 182
CATALONIA, province, 354
CATO, Gallic priest, 243
CAUCASUS, 213
CEAWLIN OF WESSEX, 261
CELLARARIUM FI SCI, 139
CELTS, CELTIC, 113, 122, 188, 225, 231, early history, 464–8, annals, 264, art-forms, 24, learning, 225–6, 469–72, their Christianity, 468–9, crosses, 32, 217, ploughs, 142, place-names, 467, gods, 467
See Monasticism
CEMETERIES, Frankish, 53
CEORL, 142
CESENA TREASURE, 46
CHADOIND, referendary, 274
CHALCEDON: See Councils
CHALDEAN, astronomy, 207
CHALONS-SUR-SAONE, 276
CHANCEL, cancellae, 397
CHANCELLOR, cancellarius, 138, 299, 397–402, in countryside, 401
CHANCERY, 402
THE CHANT, pre-Carolingian, 540–4, Byzantine, 541–2, 543, Gregory I on, 541–2, script for, 543, used by Franks, 502, 543–4
CHARLEMAGNE, k. of the Franks, 173, first coronation, 253, 322, his family, 377, life, 317–19, 321–5, accession, 259, character, 324–5, peoples he ruled, 314–15, his conquests, 339–406, army, 339–43, 390, as a general, 342, as Pacifiais, 339, he fights Saxons, 351, 358–66, Bavarians, 365–70, Arabs, 374–6, Slavs, 362, invades Italy, 344–50, Chad’s, letters and the Codex Carolinas, 320–1, fostering of learning, 303, 317, 507–8, relations with scholars, Paul the Deacon, 247–9, Peter of Pisa, 324, Einhard, 317, Alcuin, 318–20, Theodulf, 335, his academia, 329, relations with Hadrian, 345–50, 537, his imperial coronation, 377–88, titles, 346, 374, 394, 401, fights Byzantines over title to empire, 347–8, 372–4, 387–8, 404, his administration, 327–30, 394–406, great council, 390–1, revenue, 311, 395–6, his divisio regnorutn, 392, will, 404, death, 406, 546
See Palace
CHARLES, s. of Charles the Great, 326, 337, 347, 386, as Charles’s heir, 392–3, 404
CHARLES II, emp., the Bald, 397, 435, 436–40, has lands of fisc, 442, share in partition of Verdun, 444, provides Hincmar to Reims, 445, his vassals, 446–7, struggle with northmen, 447, 453, action over Lorraine divorce, 449–52, defence against northmen, 453–4, crowned k. of Lorraine, 454, gets part of Lorraine, 454, coronation, 456, 534–5, relations with scholars, 472, his palace school, 506, 511, 516, 548, bishops protest at Epernay, 536
CHARLES THE FAT, emp., 319, 432, 457, fails against the Danes, 462, deposed, 560, relations with Italy, 463, 563, dies, 560
CHARLES MARTEL, 65, 220, 252, 258, 281–2, 536, and frontier defence, 285–7, 343, fights Saracens, 285–8, 296, Saxons, 356, notarial practice, 399
CHARLES, s. of Louis the Stammerer, 561
CHILDEBERT II, 101, 250, 264, invades Italy, 267, his share of Paris, 269
CHILIARCH, 79
CHILPERIC I, k. of Paris, 59, 99, 133, 266–9, his learning, 268
CHINESE, trade, 24, 124, 145, 187, 204, art-forms, 24, Mongol dynasty, 25, 169
CHINTILA, Visig. k., 104
CHLOTILDE, d. of Clovis, 98
CHORSO, du. of Toulouse, 353
CHRISM, 535
CHRODEGANG, bp. of Metz, 252, referendary, 399, rule of, 505
CHRODINGUS, 399
CHRONICA, 110
CIRTA, 76
CIVITAS, 164, Frankish, 62, 68, 132, 134, 224, 297, 310, Lomb., 250
CIVITA VECCHIA, 376
CLAIR-SUR-EPTE, 572
CLASSIS, port of Ravenna, 250
CLAUDIAN, 406
CLAUDIUS, emp., 5
CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, 467
CLEMENT OF ROME, 168, 171, 173, his relics, 497, his church, 549
CLERK, clericus, 89, derivation, 224, celibacy of, 427, clerical grades, 183, 330, learning of, in, 324, clerks take over Carol, writing office, 400
CLICHY, villa of, 273
CLONMACNOIS, 470
CLOVIS, Frankish k., rules Gaul, 32, 40–1, 56, 58–61, 68, 259, 377, his sons, 65, he accepts Christianity, 15, 59–60, his baptism, 534–5, marriage, 30, his code, 53, 63, conquests, 64, 97, coins, 132, influences elections, 242, uses civitates, 297
CLOVIS III, 278
COBLENZ, conference of, 450
CODE: See Justinian
CODEX ROSSANENSIS, 423
CODEX SINOPENSIS, 423
COLCHIS, 162
COLUMBANUS, among Lombs., 257, Jonas’ life of, 262, work among Franks, 70, 289, 469–70, among Lombs., 257, his writings and rule, 471
COMES MET ALLO RUM, 120
COMES SACRARUM LARGI-TIONUM, Ostrogothic, 38, Byzantine, 151
COMITATUS, 554
COMITIVA, 555
COMPURGATION, 68
CONRAD THE OLD, 569
CONRAD THE YOUNG, 570
CONSISTORY, Byzantine, 151
CONSTANTIA, 216
CONSTANTINE I, emp., 2, 6–8, 12–13, 29, 44, 59, 121, 139, 144–7, 149, 152, 154, 166, 169–70, 235, baptism of, 176, 292, 349, 378, 380, 412, 437
CONSTANTINE V, relations with Pepin, 293, supports iconoclasm, 408–12, his marriage, 493, fights Bulgare, 497–8
CONSTANTINE, pope, 343
CONSTANTINE-CYRIL, scholarship of, 420–1, 425, early life, 494, at Byzantine court with Photius, 493–6, sent to Khazars, 494, to Moravia, 453, 492, at Rastislav’s request for teachers, 495–7, examined and consecrated by Hadrian II, 497
CONSTANTINOPLE: See Byzantium
CONSTANTIUS III, 29
CONSTITUTIO ROMANA, 436
CONSUL, 4, 33, 35, 37, 61, lists of, 264–5, consular insignia, 60–1, almsgiving, 380, pro-consuls, 4
COPTS, 156
CORBIE, Annals of, 263, monastery, 328, 404, learning at, 506–7, 516, Caroline minuscule at, 528
CORDOBA, 99, 100, 107, 204, 205, 211, 294, 315, amirate of, 350, 353, 576, republic of, 574, schools of, 572, 575–6
CORNWALL, 58
CORONATION, Byzantine, 150, 216, with anointing, 253, by pat., 382, 385
CORRECTOR, 33
COTTON GENESIS, 423
COUNCIL, of nobles, 94, of Toledo, 102, 106, 108, Lomb., 254, Carol., 396–8
COUNT, comes, comitatenses, 9, Ostrog., 37–9, Visig., 96, Byzantine, 151, Lomb., 254, Frankish, 62–3, 68, 86, 139, 297, 299, Carol., 324–5, in Lombardy, 346–7, in Aquitaine, 352, in Saxony, 361, 365, in Bavaria, 366, of the palace, 62, 300, 328, 352, 361, 391, 397, comes stabuli, 62, 300, 397, Carol., functions of, 389–91, 403, 445, 553, chancellor, 401, Carol, count becomes hereditary, 558
COVADONGA, 576
CRACOW, 488
CRETE, 169, 219, 417–18, diocese of, 258, regained from Arabs, 429
CROATS, 371–2, 374, 417, 485–6, frontier province, 491, Slav script in, 492
CROSS, carried off from Jerusalem and restored, 216–18, 378, holy cross day, 217, veneration of, 225, Northumbrian crosses, 304–5
See Signum, Celts
CRYPT, 69
CTESIPHON: See Seleukia-Ctesiphon
CUBICULARIUS, 299
CUNIMUND, Gepid k., 249
CURIA, Carol., 327
CUROPALATE, 427
CURRENCY, 120–2, 140, Roman, 126, Merov., 129–37, Byzantine, 147–50
CURTE, 362
CUSTOMARY LAW, 358, 389, writing down of Thuringian, Frisian, Saxon, Bavarian, Frankish, 390, 433
CUTHBERT, ab. of Jarrow, 229
CUTHBERT OF MELROSE, 226
CYNIBURG, 305
CYRENAICA, 200
CYRIL: See Constantine
CYRILLIC SCRIPT, 492
CYPRUS, pat. of Alexandria, 199
DAGOBERT I, 65, 259, 273–6, 301, 303, 487, 532, Gesta Dagoberti regis, 533
DALMATIA, 120, 215, as Byzantine, 372–4, 388, Slavs in, 416, 486–8, 491–3, Slav script in, 492
DAMASCUS, city, 124, 155, 189, 190, 201, 205, 211, 216, caliph, 107, pilgrims in, 471
DANES, language, 19, 473, raids, 432, 474, 568, of English Danelaw, 64, 460, Norman Danelaw, 571, oppose Franks, 437, bases of, the Gironde, 447, island in Seine, 447, island in Loire, 447
DANIEL, bp. of Winchester, 228
DANUBE, frontier of empire, 5, 7, 17, 180, 214–15, Danubian provinces, 125, 162–3, Goths settle beside, 23, 27, trade route, 145, Franks pass, 339, Charl. rights Avars on, 370
DELPHIC CHAMBER, 84
DEMESNE, royal, 62, 132, 300–1, imperial, 120, rural, 117–18, 139–43, Byzantine, 149, Lomb., 254, Frankish, 297
DENMARK, runes in, 477
DESIDERIA, 326
DESIDERIUS, Lomb. k., 253–4, 293, 314, 323, 326, 344, 349, 367
DESIDERIUS OF VIENNE, 225
DETMOLD, 362
DIADEM, 150
DIALECTIC: See Logic
DIATESSARON, 513
DIDIER, bp., 278
DIGEST: See Justinian
DIOCESE, Roman administrative, 7, 75, 86, 151, episcopal, 68, 224
DI ON YS IO-HADRI AN A, brought to Carol, empire, 508, 528, use in, 537
DIONYSIUS THE AREOPAGITE, 230, his works, 515, reception in east, 516, and in west, 515–16
DIONYSIUS EXIGUUS, 52, 53, 111, 177, 179, his ‘year of grace’, 265, collection of canons, 509
DIVINE OFFICE, the seven hours, 52, 109, night, 58, structure, 330
DOGE, 373
DOKKUM, church of, 358
DONATION OF LOUIS THE PIUS, 434
DONATISTS, 88
DONATUS, 470
DONUS, pope, 219
DOORKEEPER, 183
DOURO, 95
DRACHMA, 121
DRACONTIUS, 85
DREAM OF THE ROOD, 305
DROGO, s. of Charles, 291, archbp. 404, exiled, 434, recalled, 435, 438, supports Lothar I, 442, 445, his sacramentary, 548, 550
DUCENARIUS, 120
DUKE: dux: duces of legions, 4, of Frankish armies, 62, Vandal, 79, Visig., 96, 106, Lomb., 180, 245, 248, 251, 253, Byzantine, 258, of Rome, 292, Frankish, 299, 327, 403, ‘duchy’, 100, 403, Carol., 445, 451
DUNGAL, Irish poet, 524
EADBURG, abbess, 228
EAGLES, as standards, 8
EANBALD, 331
EAPPA, 263
EBERHARD, ct. of Friuli, 443
EBRO, Basques spread towards, 95, Visigs. on, 120, Saracens on, 350, Charles marches to the, 351
ECDICIUS, 96
ETCHMIADZIAN GOSPELS, 423
ECONOMY: money, or food and service, or mixed, 117–43, natural, 122, 139, 181, money, 126, 136, 140, 394, mixed, 300, among Saxons, 364, Carol., 395, in Moorish Spain, 573–4
EDDIUS THE PRESBYTER, 228
EDESSA, trade with, 124, fortress, 161, church, 169, 190, 207, 238, schools of, closed, 207, in Persian wars, 214, 218
EDICTS, Charles the Great’s, 320, Frankish, 295, 299, du. of Bavaria’s, 366
EGGIHARD, seneschal, 352
EGICA, Visig. k., 106
EGYPT, Roman, 189, East Roman, 151, monasticism, 70–1, 183, taxes, 121, currency, 135, grain supply, 123, trade with, 126–7, 134–5, 155, 189, papyrus records, 122–3, 137, as Mono-physite, 163, conquered by Arabs, 187, 199, 217–19, 410, 575
EIGENKIRCHE, 385
EINHARD, life, 317–19, 337, 384, 386, 404, 406, 435, 512, writings, Vita Caroli Magna, 316–17, 327, 370, Translatio, 318, letters, 320
ELIPANDUS AND FELIX, 335
EMPIRE, Roman, senate of, 1, 4, 35, 42, Ostrog. senate, 36, 45, 70, Visig., 106, Frankish, 72, Vandal, 79, municipal senate (ordo), 11, 134, 238, 241, 243, 249, 299, republican officers as retained, 4, civil service, 5, 179, 240, 394, buildings, 13, towns, 10, 11, 122–6, merchants, 123, commerce, 11–13, 25, 121–2, trade-gilds, 13, currency, 12, 120–2, 131–2, food supply (curator annonae), 11, 121, army, 6, 8–10, 13, 23, 31, 122, 240, fleet, 96, revenue, 121–2, survival of population of, 313, relations with Islam, 185
EMPIRE, the West Roman, 93, 126, 238, fall of, 1, 154, the renovatio imperii, 386–7, 431, the emp. now isapostolic, 386, empire as indivisible, 393, as titular, 394, but recognized by Byzantium as eastern and western, 388, imperialist concept of under Carol-ingians, 436–8, 455, the Christian empire, 379–80, 382–8
EMPIRE, the Byzantine or East Roman, 77, 144–64, 185, 407–29, the emperor, 97, 146–8, 150–2, as basileus, 220, 231, 418, as Christian autocrat, 147, 150, 418, as isapostolic, 154–5, 169, 174, 176, 493, defines dogma, 154, relations with pat., 429, episcopal appointments, 57, Byzantine church, 147, 163, 169, imperial succession, 152, titles, 33, 37, 152, ceremonial robes, 110, 124–6, 138, 148, royal marriages, 28, court ceremonial, 300, coronation rite, 382–3
Byzantine army, 145, 149, 155, 411, civil service, 147, 388, 418, salaries, 148, administration, 62, 147, 151–2, revenue, 147, 155, gold currency, 135–7, coins, 131–7, 147, towns, 148, industries, 149–50, fleet, 217, sea trade, 75, 79, 83, 126–7, Byzantine influence on art and architecture, 32, 69, 93–4, 139, 247–8, 303–8, documents, 138, intellectual tolerance, 40, Byzantine wars with Vandals, 80–5, Visigoths, 99–104, 108, Persia, 158–64, 216–18, Arabs, 188, 199–261, 408, 417, Avars, 217, 486, Lombards, 247, 249, 250–2, Franks, 346–8, 373–4, 387–8, defends her frontiers, 407–11, 415–18, defends the Mediterranean from Arabs, 417, holds Bari, 564
ENCYCLOPEDISTS: See Cassio-dorus, Boethius, Martianus, Capella, Isidore: also Raban Maur and for others, 111, 223, 525
EOBAS, bp., 227
EPANAGOGÈ, 419
ÈPERNAY, 536
EPIPHANIUS, 515
EPPIN, pincerna, 337
ERCHANGER, ct., 569
ERFURT, see founded by Boniface, 288, 485
ERIC, du. of Friuli, 371
ERIGENA, John the Scot, 207, 472, 504, knowledge of Greek, 514, his De Predestinatione, 514, work on Dionysiac corpus, 515, his De Divisione Naturae, 515, commentary on Martianus Capella, 525–6
ERMINARIUS, 273
ERMINGARDE, wife of ct. Boso, 562
ERWIG, Visig. k., 106
ERZERUM, 157
EUDES: See Odo
EUGENIUS II, pope, 436
EUPHRATES, trade along, 124, 145, 155, 161–2, 169, 190, 198, 204
EUSEBIUS, bp. of Caesaria, 235, his history, 56, chronological tables, 110, 264–5, 378
EUSEBIUS, bp. of Nicomedia, 176
EUTHYMIUS, pat., 428
EUTROPIUS, 247
EUTYCHES, 156
EVAGRIUS, 163
EXARCH, of Africa, 151, 215–16, of Italy (Ravenna), 178, 180–2, 215, 250–3, 292, 345, 373, 411–12
FALCON, bp., 225
FAMILIA: See Bishop
FAROALD, Lomb. du., 248
FATIMA, 203
FECTIO, 313
FELIX OF BURGUNDY, 302
FERRIERES, abbey, 506
FEUDAL SOCIETY, 79, 286, 290, 552, tenure by service, 140, Byzantine, 149, 214, pre-Carol., 553, Carol., 402, 552–60
FIDELIS, 299–300, 554, oath of fidelity, 359–62, 389, 393, 433, 447, 457, coupled with inmixtio manuum, 557, general oath of fidelity, 558–9
FIDELIS, praetorian prefect, 45
FILID, 467
FINNIAN OF MOVILLE, 469
FIRST TONSURE, 224
FISC, Roman Treasury, 4, 62, 96, 104, 120, 123, Byzantine, 151, Merov., 132, Carol., 137, 396, Lomb., 249
FLAOCHAD, mayor, 276
FLAVIAN, pat. of Antioch, 157
FONTAINES, abbey, 469
FONTANELLE, 317
FONTENOY, battle, 442
FORGED DECRETALS: See Pseudo-Isidorian
FORMOSUS, bp., 498
FORMULAE: See Law
FRANKS, on borders of empire, 2, under Huns, 271, as horsemen, 24, in Franconia, 53, cross Rhine, 26, 31, 53, 56, Salian and Ripuarian Franks, 31, 53, 58, 67, 259, 266, 298, they rule Gaul, 41, 53–74, 66, 94, defeat Visigs., 97–9, defeat Arabs, 187, Merov. administration, 7, society, 64–5, 94, notaries, 295, writing office, 527, trade, 117, 310, mints, 65, 131, law, 53, 63, councils, 94, kingship, 296, Merov. bishop’s office, 57, 68, episcopal elections, 241, the regnum Ftancorum, 65, its division, 266, Merov. phantom kings, 280–2, art and architecture, 302–8
FREDUM, 299
FREISING, bp. of, 367
FRISIANS, FRISIA, 67, 227, 280, 313, conversion, 281, fight Charles Martel, 282, 285, missions in, 303, 396, rise against Charles, 363, held by him, 377, raided by northmen, 446, duchy of, 462, 475
FRIULI, FORUM JULII, 246, 249, 251, 333, Paulinus at, 334, Lomb. du. of, 346, duchy suppressed, 347, 359, Avars attack, 370, remains Frankish, 374, 388
FULDA, monastery, 227, 289, 485, in Saxon wars, 356–9, history written at, 264, extern school at, 505, learning at, 506, classical MSS. preserved at, 529
FULGENTIUS, African, 87
FULGENTIUS, bp. of Astigi, 109
GAINAS, 120
GALLUS, bp. of Tours, 56
GALLUS, ab., 469
GARIBALD, du. of Bavaria, 265
ST GATIEN, 61
GEATAS, 476
GEILO, constable, 361
GENEALOGIES, 264
GENZONI, 78
GEORGE, patrician, 375
GERARD OF CREMONA, 575
GERBERGA, 326
GERMANUS, pat., 411
GERMANUS, Byzantine general, 45
GERMANY, Germans, East Franks, Germanic tribes, 2–4, Tacitus on, 25, their languages, 19, agriculture, 19, 140–3, migrations, 21–2, 25, heroic poetry, 48, conversion, 183, 303
GERMER, ct., 381
GEROLD, ct., 319, 328, prefectus of the East Mark, 368, 370–1
GESITHS, 36
GETICAE: See Goths, Jordanes
GHASSANIDS, 190
GLAGOLITIC SCRIPT, 492
GLAGOLITISM, 497
GLEBE, 362
GLOSA ORDINARIA, 511
GODAS, 83
GODEFRID, Scandinavian k., 475
GODEFRID, du. of Alemans, 281
GODFREY, ct., 389
GOLD, coins, 120, 135–6, 139, 140, gold using, 135, by weight, 121, 136, ingots, 132, 136
GOURDON, 64
GOZELIN, ab., 462
GRADO, patriarchate, 249, 372, 374, 446, 488
See Aquileia
GRAFIO, graf, 62, 63, 297, as for count, 403, as for defensor ecclesiae, 508
GREECE, 169
GREEK, language, 19, 48, 113, 127, 159, 170, 172, 202, 331, 418, culture, 144–6, mirrors, 24, commerce, 30, conquests, 33, 45, fire, 408, learning, 111, 207–8, banking, 123, tradition, 154, 187, translation into, 176, Christianity, 188, language in Carol, renaissance, 504
See Alphabet
GREGORY I, pope, 177–83, 222, 225, 242, his correspondence, 181–2, 249, 256, 257, as apocry-sarins, 101, his election, 250, his Dialogues, 51, 53, 179, Moralia, 179, Regula Pastoralis, 179, and Visigs., 102–3, Lombs., 177–82, 216, feeds and defends Romans, 178, his concern for Dalmatia, 491, knowledge of Dionysius the Areopagite, 515, the chant under, 518
GREGORY, bp. of Langres, 56
GREGORY OF NYSSA, 515
GREGORY PALAMAS, 230
GREGORY OF TOURS, his life, 30, 56–9, 87, 102, 108, 112, 126–7, 266, 509, his writings, 261, Ecclesiastical History (Historia Francorum), 56–7, 261–2, 298–9, its continuation, 262, other works, 57, his chronology, 264, on Chilperic, 268–9, on the baptism of Clovis, 534
GRENOBLE, 69
GRIMOALD, du. of Benevento, 374
GROMATICUS, surveyor, 10
GUADALQUIVIR, 101
GUARRAZAR, 94
GUNDACHAR, marquis, 452
GUNDAHAR, 48
GUNDEMAR, Visig. k., 103
GUNDERIC, Vandal k., 76
GUNDOLAND, mayor, 272
GUNTHAMUND, Vandal k., 81
GUY II, du. of Spoleto, 463–4, claims Carol, empire, 561, allies with papacy, 564, crowned emp., 565, death, 565
HADITH, 195
HADRAMAUTIANS, 189
HADRIAN, emp. and frontiers, 5, tomb of, 47, Perpetual Edict of, 159
HADRIAN I, pope, 257–8, 318, 397, 450, 537, 542, his notarial practice, 348–9, 385, relations with Constantinople, 349, as administrator, 349–50, relations with Bavaria, 367, with Irene, 412
HADRIAN II, pope, 428, 455, consecration of Constantine-Cyril, 496–7
HADRIAN III, pope, 463
HADUMAR, ct., 375
HAFORSFJORD, 476
HAINULF, ct., 276
HALYS, 155
HANIF, 195
HARALD, Scandinavian k., 475
HARALD FA I RH AIR, k., 476
HARDRE, ct., conspiracy of, 559
HARZ MOUNTAINS, 356
HECTOR, patrician, 278
HEIRIC OF AUXERRE, 513
HELIAND, 513
HELMECHIS, 249
HERACLEONAS, 219
HERACLIUS, emp., 110, 149, 150–1, 198, 199, 230, 486, 491, opposes Visigs., 103, fights Persians, 214–18, relations with Lombs., 251, dynasty, 407
HERCHENRAD, bp., 391
HEREMOD, k., 475
HERIBANNUM, 341
HERISLIZ, 368
HERITAGE, Roman or Greco-Roman, 3, 4, 86, 109, 160, 187, chap. XIII, 469
HERMIT LIFE: See Monasticism
HERTFORD, synod of, 231
HESYCHASM, 230
HILDUIN, ab. and archchaplain, 400, 438, at Saint-Denis, 533
HIMERIUS, 418
HIMYARITE, 190
HINCMAR, archbp. of Reims, 396–402, 533, his De or dine palatii, 397–8, relations with Charles the Bald, 450–2, 454, 456, with Gottschalk, 516, his Vita Remigii, 531, 534–5, other writings, 533, materials of Vita Remigii, 534–5, quotes Forged Decretals, 538, crowns Charles the Bald, 534
HINDU KUSH, 124
HIPPODROME, 159
HIPPOLYTUS, pope, 166
HISPERICA FAMINA, 471
HISTORIA CAROLI, 524
HISTORIA TRIPARTITA, 51
HOMAGE, 556
HOMERIC LITERATURE, 425
HONOR, 558
HONORATUS, archbp. of Milan, 249
HORIC, s. of k. Godefrid, 475
HOUSE OF WISDOM, 208
HSIUNG NU, 25
HUCBALD OF SAINT-AMAND, 543
HUCBERT, du. of Bavaria, 285
HUGH CAPET, 571
HUNAUD, du. of Aquitaine, 286
HUNGARY, 34, 77, 125, 245, 372, 452, 482, Hungarians threaten Germany, 564, 566
HUNS, as steppe people, 19, 30, 56, 58, 407, 483, their empire, 22, 188, 484, their culture, 21–5, 336, art, 24, decline of, 34, in Balkans, 163, 215, Carol, period, 328, payments to, 120
See Nomads
IBAS, bp. of Edessa, 163
IBN-ISHAQ, 193
IBRAHIM BEN AG LAB, 375
ICONOCLASM, 146, 149, 251–2, papal struggle with, 258, 378, Irene and, 348, influence of Arabs on, 410, struggle over, 411–14, Edict of 730 on, 411, Irene and, 412–13, Leo V and, 413, return to orthodoxy, 414, 416, 420, effect on empire, 421, 493, refugees from, 549
IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH, 171
IGNATIUS, pat. of Constantinople, 426–8, created hierarchy for Bulgaria, 499
ILLUMINATION OF MSS., 234–6, among Northumbrians and Franks, 303–7, Celts, 467–9, 472, Byzantines, 419, 423–4, Carols., 546–8, Carol, schools of illumination, Celtic, 546, Palatine or Aix, 546, Ada group, 547, school of Tours, 547, of Reims, 547–8
ILLYRICUM (the Balkans), under Romans, 7, 35, Byzantines, 151, 169, 173, raided by Vandals, 77, Slavs, 407, 487, metals in, 120, dioceses removed from papal jurisdiction, 258, 411, 491, never restored, 496
IMPERIAL TITLE, Carol., 372, 382, 384, 394
See Empire
INCENSE, 138
INDA, abbey at, 432
INDIA, trade with, 119, 123–4, 145, Christian missions in, 155, 169, Arab relations with, 187–8, 190, 205, 208–9, Khazars, trade with, 489
INDUS, 198
INSTITUTES: See Justinian
IRAN, 198
IRELAND, monastic life in, 183, 225–6, Celtic society in, 466–9, Irish tradition under Carolin-gians, 511, 513
IRENE, emps., and Charl., 347, and synod of Nicaea, 348, and Franks, 372, 379–80, 387, and iconoclasm, 412–13, made emps., 413
IRISH: See Celtic
IRMENGARD, queen, 435
ISAPOSTOLIC: See Empire, Byzantine, and Empire, Roman, Western
ISIDORE OF MILETUS, 161
ISIDORE, of Seville, 86, 102–3, 108–12, 223, his De viris illustrious, 109–10, Etymologies, 110–12, 522, other works, 110, 207, 342, 378, on the chant, 542
ISIS, 164
ISLAM, 185–212, 407, origin of, 188–93, conquers Syria and Persia, 171, Egypt, 410, gains in Mediterranean, 417, intolerance, 207, treatment of conquered, 573, transmission of Greek, etc., learning, 207–10, 504, art of, 410, in Spain, 107, 353, as junction culture, 187, in Crimea, 493
See Arabs
ISO OF SAINT-GALL, and canonization, 510, and the early chant, 518
ISTRIA, 136, 487, under Lombards, Carols., 334, 345, Byzantines, 348, 372, Franks, 374, 444
ITALY, Roman, 7, 9, 10, 12, 27, 28, under Ostrogs., 33–53, 162, invaded by Franks, 67, relations with Vandals, 76, 79, under Lombs., 215, Byzantination of south, 417, Carol, kingdom of, 433, under Bernard, 434–5, in dispute between rival claimants in 888, 563, Guy of Spoleto crowned emp., 565
See Trade
ITHIER, chancellor, 402
IUGUR, 371
‛IYAD, 198
JABIRIBN-HAYYAN, 210
JACOB OF FLORENCE, 209
JACOBUS BARADAEUS, Jacobites, 218
JAMBRES, 424
JELLINGE STYLE, 480
JEREMIE, archbp., 402
JEWS, 42, 95, 103–5, 106–7, 126–7, 138, 155, 164, 216, 299, influence on Arabs, 192–7, under Carolingians, 313, in Crimea, 493–4, in Andalusia, 573
JIHAD, 200
JOHANNITIUS, Hunain bin Isha, 208
JOHN, pat. of Grado, 373
JOHN OF AMIDA, 164
JOHN OF DAMASCUS, 158
JOHN THE FASTER, 182
JOHN THE SCOT: See Erigena
JORDANES, 22, 27, 30, 34, 41, 108, History of the Goths, Getica, 33, 472
JOUARRE, 69
JUDEX, 298
JUDITH, queen, 392, married, 435, 438, seized by rebels, 438, restored, 438, sent off, 440
JULIAN THE APOSTATE, emp., 91
JULIUS NEPOS, 96
JUPITER AMMON, 164
JUSTINIAN I, emp., 149, 151, 157–64, 182, 213–16, the Responsa Prudentum, 158, his Code, 72, 159, 243, 315, Institutes, 63, Digest, 52, 63, 122, 159, 304, 554, Novels, 52, 63, 243, relations with Ostrogs., 41, 45, 47, 66–7, 160, 417, with Lombs., 180, Slavs, 486, Persians, 162–3, Vandals, 82–6, 160, Visigs., 94, 98–101, 105, 160, 162; Three Chapters, 163–4, learning under, 207, pagans, 164
See Santa Sophia
JUTLAND, Germanic tribes in, 25
KAHINA, 261
KALENDS, 113
KARLSBURG, 359
KHARIJITES, 294
KHAZARS, 485, attack Slavs, 489, on the Volga, 450, trade, 489, with Byzantium, 493, relics of St Clement with, 497
KIEV, trade with, 419, Slavs in, 483, 489, Varangians in, 490, 493
KINDA, 191
KORAN: See Qur’an
KREMSMÜNSTER, 366
KUNIGUND, wife of Arnulf of Bavaria, 569
KURA, 155
KUTRIGURI, 484
KUVRAT, 487
LAKMIDS, 190
LANDRI, bp., and Saint-Denis, 532
LANTFRID II, du. of Bavaria, 290
LATIFUNDIA, 86
LATIN, language, 19, 48, 61, 75, 85, 126–7, 170–1, 172, 185, 202, 468, at Constantinople, 146, 159, in Dalmatia, 492, tradition, 145–7, 155, 173, 175, 178, 187, cross, 46, 64, 70, Christianity, 188, liturgy, 493, 496
LATVIAN language, 483
LAW, Roman, 5, 36, 126, 222, under Franks, 68, Visigs., 104, written on parchment codices, 15, legal formulae, 37, 39, 63, 86, Carol., 399, about burial, 47, land, 62, usury, 131, study of: outside arts course, 87, under Byzantines, 147, 419–20, Justinian’s reforms, 158–60, 164, ius vetus and vus novum, 158–9, among Lombs., 255, 315, Franks, 296, 401
LAY PATRONAGE, 350
LAZICA, 213
LEANDER, bp. of Seville, 100–1, 103, 109, 179, 181, 542, his De Institutione Virginum, 109
LECAPENUS, 420
LE KEF, 80
LEO I, pope, 76, 91, 169, 172–3, his Tome, 156, 177, on elections, 240–1, on papal claims, 257
LEO III, pope, 318, 329, 350, trial of, 333, contends with Arabs, 375, crowns Charles, 377, 379, his appeal for help, 380–2, his trial, 382–3, relations with Charles, 385–7, 393, with Louis the Pious, 433
LEO VI, pope, 426
LEO THE PHILOSOPHER, 425
LEO OF THESSALONICA, 421
LEO, archbp. of Ravenna, 346
LEO, spathiarius, 387
LEONARDO FIBONNACCI OF PISA, 209
LEONTIUS, emp., 220
LEONTIUS OF BYZANTIUM, 158
LEOVA I, Visig. k., 99
LEOVA II, 103
LEPTIS MAGNA, 117
LETHINGS, 246
LEUDESIUS, mayor, 278
LEX BAIUWARIORUM, 368
See Franks
LEX SAXONUM, 363
LIBERAL ARTS, 33, 42, 43, 49, taught by Vandals, 86–8, by Ostrogs., 50, 179, 222, by Visigs., 111, by I,ombs., 251, 258, by Anglo-Saxons, 331, by Byzantines, 279, by Carolingians, 324, in Byzantine renaissance, 421, pictorial representations of, 524, the artes as sapientia, 524–5, separate arts, geometry, 502, arithmetic, 513, astronomy, 502, 575, grammar, 504, rhetoric, 504, 516, dialectic, 504, Raban Maur on, 511, 521, Erigena on, 514, Alcuin on, 520
LIBERIAN CATALOGUE, 175
LIBERIUS, senator, 45
LIBER PURPUREUS, 228
LIÈGE, tomb of St Lambert, 281
LIGUGÉ, 71
LIMES, LIMITANEI, boundary of Roman empire, 9, 17, 169, 246, Byzantine, 149, 154, Rhine-Danube frontier, 5, 6, 19, Pyrennees, 93
LIOBA OF WIMBORNE, 228
LISBON, 354
LITHUANIAN language, 483
LITTERA ANTIQUA, 528
LIUDOLF, ct., 448
LIUTPRAND, Lomb. k., 247, 248, 251, 253, 255, 257, helps C Martel v. Arabs, 287
LIUTWARD, arch-chancellor, 463
LOGIC, dialectic, 87
LOMBARDS, 214–15, 245–59, 485, fight Gepids, 163, invade Italy, 46, 51, their king, 245–6, their duchies, 247–8, 251, 564, monarchy restored, 249, their relations with papacy, 252, 292–4, with Gregory 1, 177–82, 245, with Franks, 278, Byzantines, 219, 247–52, 255–8, their conversion, 257–8, dress, 256, churches, 255–6, grave-finds, 255, art, 255–6, jewellery, 46, 254, attack by Pepin, 253, conquest by Charles, 254, 344–50, 377, general oath of fidelity required, 559, southern duchies accept Byzantine protection, 417
See Lethings
LOMBARDY, theme of, 417
LONGINUS, 154
LORSCH: See Annals
LOTHAIR, k. of West Franks, 572
LOTHAR I, Chlotacharis, s. of Clovis, 65, 67, 68, 72, 98, 127, 259, 265–6, 280
LOTHAR I, emp., 431, 434, 436, in Ordinatio, 434, in Italy, 435, crowned, 436, sent back to Italy, 437, rebels, 438–9, claims empire, 422, partition of empire, 443, protectorate of holy see, 445–6, dies, 448–9, supported by Raban Maur, 510
LOTHAR II, k. of Franks, 65, 66, 242, 268, 270–1, recognizes status of mayors, 272–4, his reform edict, 272, his capital, 280
LOTHAR III, k. of Franks, 277
LOTHAR II, k. of Lorraine, 448, his divorce, 449–52, death, 454, 464
LOTHARINGIA, Lorraine, at partition of Verdun, 444, 448, divided, 454, acknowledges Charles the Bald as emp., 457, elects Louis the Child emp. and k. of Lorraine, 563, disregards emp. Guy, merged in Germany, 565.
LOTHERE, bp., 302
LOUIS THE PIOUS, emp., life, 135, 319, 326, 336–7, 475, 537, made k. of Aquitaine, 352–4, treated as Charles’ heir, 374, 388, k. of Aquitaine, 392–4, his father’s sole heir, 394, 404, 406, rule of, 432–41, title of, 433, church reforms of, 431, 433, patron of Saint-Denis, 533, and scholars, 317, and Heliand, 513, and Amalaric, 514, Raban Maur, 522, marries Judith, 435, penance at Attigny, 435, endows Charles, 437, complaints of synods of 829, 437, rebellions against Louis, 438–41, he is imprisoned, 440, dies, 442, k. Harald baptized at his court, 475, Frankish missions to Danes, 476, Croats independent, 488
See Ordinatio of 817
LOUIS II, emp., 416–17, 445, in Italy, 446, crowned emp., 448, opposes Nicholas I, 451, defended by, 453, gets Bari, 455, dies, 456, his daughter, 457
LOUIS THE GERMAN, s. of Louis the Pious, k. of Bavaria, 434, 438–44, 448–9, defends eastern frontier, 448–53, meets Louis II at Tusey, 452, at war with Rastislav, 497–8
LOUIS II, k. of west Franks, s. of Charles the Bald, the Stammerer, 449, 459
LOUIS IV, d’Outremer, 572
LOUIS V, k. of west Franks, 572
LOUIS THE YOUNG, s. of Louis the German, 457, gets Lorraine, 460, 464
LOUIS THE CHILD, s. of Arnulf, emp., k. of Germany, 566, defends Germany from Magyars, 567, dies, 558
LOUIS, ab. of Saint-Denis, 400
LUCANIA, 33
LÜGENFELD, 439
LUPUS, du. of Gascony, 343
LUXEUIL, 278, foundation, 469, 507, classical learning at, 507, Irish script at, 528
LYAKHS, 488
LYONS, 131, C. Martel holds, 286–7, duchy of, 451, abbey, 506, Greek MSS. at, 513
MADAGASCAR, 188
MADELGALD, ct., 389
MADRASA, 205
MAELRUAINN, 470
MAGINARD, archbp., 389
MAGNUS, archbp., 389
MAGYARS, 25, 491, 552, live as raiders in Hungary, 566–8, raid Carinthia, Pannonia and all Germany, 567–8
MAIN, and early Franks, 26, 30, 55, 65, 67, and duchy of Franconia, 569
MAINZ, 30, 52, 227, retaken from Slavs, 275, archbishopric, 289, palace, 312, bridge at, 319
MAJLIS, 191
MAJORCA, 376
MAJORIAN, emp., 77
MALTA, Saracens take, 416
MANDATUM, 503
MANDRACCIUM, 84
MANOR, 556
MANSIONARIUS, 397
MARABOTIUS, 137
MARCOMANNI, 485
ST MARK: church at Aquileia and Venice, 333
MARINUS I, pope, 463
MARK OF FRIULI, 371
MARMOUTIER, 71
MARSEILLES, 93, 117, Merov., 126–7, 138, 262, 266, 267, retaken from Saracens, 287, Carol., 313, 419
See Councils
MARTIANUS CAPELLA, 86–7, De muptiis philologiae et Mercurii, 86–7, 524
ST MARTIN, 56, 60, 69–71, his capa, 71, 399, dedications, 47, 112, miracles of, 261, monastic life at Tours, 290, Alcuin at, 332, abbey of, 400, 402, lay abbot of, 571
MARTIN I, pope, 515
MARTIN OF BRAGA, 109, 112–14, his Formula Vitae Honestis, 112, De correctione Rusticorum, 113
MARTYROPOLIS, 215
MASLAMAH, 408
MAST-CHURCHES, 479
MATFRID, rebel count in Lorraine, 570
MATSUENTHA, 45
MAURICE II, doge, 373
MAURUS, Benedictine monk, 52
MAURUS, archbp. of Ravenna, 182
MAYOR OF THE PALACE, rise of, 259, 269, status recognized, 272, 300, mayoralty suppressed in Burgundy, 273, independent mayors after, 639, 275, especially in Austrasia, 276, 295, also in Neustria, 277, struggle between the palaces, 277–82, fall of Neustrian palace, 280, Carloman mayor of Neustria, Pepin III mayor of Austrasia, 288, mayor eclipses king, 301
MAZDAITES, 170
MEDITERRANEAN, 5, 28, 40, 92, 160, Arab held, 185, monasticism round, 70–2, under Vandal fleet, 75, trade, 117, 126–9, 134–46, 180, agriculture, 141–3, art-forms, 256
MEERSEN, partition of, 454
MEGINARIUS, 352
MEGINFRID, arcarius, 328
MEROVECH, s. of Chilperic, 267
MEROVECH, s. of Lothar II, 270
MEROVECH, s. of Thierry, 271
MEROVINGIAN: See Franks
MESEMBRIA, 413
MESSINA, STRAITS OF, 418
METHODIUS, br. of Cyril, 455–6, 463, 488, at Salonika, 493, in Moravia, 497–8, his pupils in Bohemia, 498–9
METROPOLITAN, office of, 165, supervises elections, 241–2, in England, 181, Lomb., 251–2
METZ, Franks attack, 53, 65, 66, in Austrasia, 267, 274, cathedral schools at, 507, synod of 862, 451
MICHAEL PSELLUS, 425
MIDRASH, 196
MILAN, under Romans, edict of, 164, 173, 238, under Ostrogs., 36, 40, 42, Gothic MSS. at, 507, under Lombs., 179–82, 249, 254
MINDEN, see founded, 364
MINEANS, 189
MINES, 120
MINTS, Roman, 120, in Gaul, 131–2, Lomb., 347, Frankish, 131–2, 313, 393
MISSI, 352, Carol., 389–91, 393, 395–6, 401, 430, 433, 453, to administer oath of fidelity, 559
MOIMIR, du. of Moravia, 448
MONASTICISM: Egyptian, 49, 70, 305, 468, 505, eremitical, 51, 71, Augustinian, 72, Ostrog., 33, 48–50, Frankish, 70–4, 307–8, Celtic, 70, 366, 469–72, Byzantine, 148, for women, 73–4, Frankish, 277, ‘false’ monasteries, 289, lay abbots, 437, Columban-Benedictine, 532
MONGOL TRIBES, 17, 19, 21, 245, 369, of China, 22, as kite-flyers, 25
MONKWEARMOUTH: See Jarrow
MONOPHYSITES, MONOPHYSITISM, 146, 155–6, 163, 171, 173, 177, 208, 218, influences Arabs, 190, in Egypt, 199
MONTE CASSINO: See Benedict of Nursia, and for Carol, period, 328, 527
MONTMARTRE, 273
MOORS: See Mauretania, and in Carol, period, 314
MORAVIA, missions to, 425, 455, 488, under Louis the German, 448, 452, Carloman, 456, raids Frankish frontier, 463, Byzantine influence in, 491–3, threatens Arnulf, 564, overrun by Magyars, 567
MOULD-BOARD, 143
MOUNT ATHOS, 230
MOUZON, 225
MOZARABS, 573
MUHAMMAD, 185–97, 218, his followers, 314
See Arabs, Islam
MULINHEIM, 318
MUMMOLUS, 267
MURBACH, 331
MUSLIMS, MUSSULMANS, 94, 106–7, 134, 138, 161, 171, 185, 188, 195–6, 201–18, 351, in Spain, 105, 314, fleet, 200, art, 205–6, attack Aquitaine, 282, 285–8, Italy, 457
See Arabs
MUTAWAKKIL, 494
MUTILATION, 145
NARBONNE, 28, 40, 66, 93, 98, 106, 126, 134, 286–7, regained from Saracens, 294, 353–5, Theodulf at, 335
NAT ALICIA, 263
NAVIS PRAETORIA, 83
NENNIUS, 264
NEOPLATONISM, 88, 164, 210, 230, in Byzantine renaissance, 421, 472, in Carol, renaissance, 515
NESTORIANS, 155–6, 163, 171, 177, influence Arabs, 190, 207, 208
NEUMS, 542
NEUSTRIA, 259, 261, 266, demesne at Vitry, 268, at Chelles, 268, under Lothar II, 270–1, his weakness, 273, Neustrian mayor, 273, 274, notarial practice, 399, Danes ravage, 454
NIBELUNGS, 30
NICAEA: See Councils
NICEPHORAS, logothete, 385–6, emp., 387–8, 413, attacks Bulgars, 498
NICEPHORUS PHOKAS, 417
NICETAS, 373
NICHOLAS I, pope, and Photius, 427, 497, and Boris, 498, and Theutberga, 450–3, 456, and Hincmar, 534
NICOMEDIA, 6
NIKA RIOTS, 82
NISH, 495
NITHARD, 329
NITRIAN CELLS, 70
NOMADS, as horsemen, 8, 21, 76, 483, 552, mounted archers, 81, language, 19, culture, 22, Arab nomads, 187, 189, 190–1, Cimmerian, 483, Iranian, 485
See Huns
NONIUS MARCELLUS, in, 470
NORBERT, mayor, 280
NORDGAU, Franks take from duchy of Bavaria, 288
NORTHMEN, 375–6, 406, 443–4, 552, raids in time of Lothar I, 446–7, 449, Charles the Bald, 452–4, Charles the Fat, 460–2, raid Aix-la-Chapelle, 564
NORTHUMBRIAN RENAISSANCE, 234–5, 289, 302–6, parallel in Dalmatia, 493
See Bede
NOTARIES, 3, 4, 15, 34–8, 61–3, 72, 86, 134–8, notariat, 39, 65, 296, schola of, at Rome, 343, 381, regionary, 178, used at elections, 183, chapters, 320, Lomb., 253–5, Frankish, 299, Carol., 402, notaries of officials, 298, 331, of palace court, 391, 396–402
NOTKER BALBULUS, 319, and the sequence, 517–18, his Liber Hymnorum, 518
NOVELS, 52
NUNNERY: See Monasticism
ODER, 274
ODO, ct. of Paris, 462, s. of Robert the Strong, 561, claims royal title, 463–4, elected k. of west Franks, 561, 571, his portable altar, 548
ODOVACAR, Scyrrian k., 1, 8, 27, 30–3, 35, 36, 43, 96, 172–3, 242
OFFICIA, 300
OHTHERE, k., 475
OISCINGAS, 48
OLD PRUSSIAN, 483
OLEG, s. of Rurik, 490
OMURTAG, Bulgarian khan, 498
OPPAS, bp., 107
OPSIKION THEME, 415
ORAL, literature and learning, Arabic, 187, 193, Anglo-Saxon, 261, Scandinavian, 313, procedure in court, 298, Celtic, 464, 467, 469, 470
ORDEAL, as judgment of God, 391
ORDINATIO OF 806, 392
ORDO: See Empire, Roman, Municipal senate
ORLEANS, under Franks, 58, 65, 127, as a capital, 300, 323, Carol., 389, Danes raid, 449, cathedral schools at, 507
ORLEANSVILLE, 80
ORNAMENTS, gold and silver, 119–21, 134, 139, 148, 256, melted down, 135–6
ORONTES, 143
OSEBERG, 480
OST MARK, 371
OSTROGOTHS, in south Russia and Crimea, 26, Balkans, 23, in Italy, 11, 32–53, 61, 66, their art, 46–8, buildings, 47–8, law, 63, reconquered by Byzantines, 162, relations with Lombs., 245, 247
See Arianism
ST OSWALD, 263
OSWY, k., 231
OTFRID, 513
OTHMAR OF SAINT-GALL, 510
OTRANTO, 126
OTTO THE GREAT, 571
OTTO, mayor, 276
OTTO, Liudolfing, gains Thuringia for Saxons, 569
OTTONIAN EMPIRE, 432
ST OUEN: See Dado
OVID, in Carol, renaissance, 502
OVIEDO, 576
PADERBORN, 351, 359, 360, 363, see founded, 364, Chad, at, 381
PAGANS, pagan rites, 91, 106, 112–14, 164, among Saxons, 362, 443, Avars, 370, in England, 183, in Carol, period, 507–8, pagan figures in art, 550
PALACE, PALATINI, 9, 311, Theo-doric’s, 33, 47, 256, Vandal, 84, Byzantine, 150–2, guard, 151, 162, Merov., 131, 269–71, Arabian, 198, 204–5, Lomb., 254, 256, recognition of the three Merov. palaces, 272, 395, as ruling, 301, Charl.’s, 317, 321, 322–3, 336–7, 364, 395, his notaries, 390, revenue controlled by palace, 395, palace described by Hincmar, 396–8, its six bureaux, 397, as ‘sacred’, 397, Louis the Pious’ palace chapel, 432, reform of, 433, palaces after Verdun, 445, palace and benefices, 556
PALAEOLOGI, 149
PALERMO, Saracen, 572
PALIMPSESTS, 507
PANNONIA, under Romans, 7, 34, 71, 112, 125, under Lombs., 245, under Carloman, 449, 457, Slavs in, 486, 488, overrun by Magyars, 567
PAPA, 257
PAPACY, apostolic see, 39, 168, 350, papal familia, 350, curia, 178–9, 222, scrinium, 229, 350, its dating, 258, papal vicar, 72, patrimony, 181, 345, 347, 380, 436, the Roman patriarchate, 169, 171, 183, 185, patriarch of west, 421, as controlled by Franks, 436, papal relations with Constantinople, 218, 220, Lombs., 249, 257, Boniface, 226, 289, Pepin, 291–4, Carol, protectorate of, 387–8, oath of loyalty to emp., 350, Nicholas I reasserts papal supremacy, 452, papal rights over metropolitan, 457
PAPER, first used, 208
PAPYRUS, 15, 34, 37, 61, 62, 103, 121–3, 126, 128, 167, 178, 303, cessation of supplies, 137–8, limited supply of, 313, gives way to vellum, 319, 378, 399, in Ireland, 468, 527, results in Carol, scripts, 526–8
PARIS, taken by Franks, 58, as capital, 65, 66, 69, 259, 265–6, city divided, 266, Neustrian capital, 266–8, 280, Carol, capital, 389, Carol, abbeys round, 506, city raided, 449, besieged by Danes, 462, defended by counts Robert and Odo, 561
PAROCHIA, bishop’s see, 68, rural parish, 89, 366, 369, 371
See Diocese
PARTITION OF VERDUN, 432
PASCHAL CYCLE, 174–5, 523, 19 and 84 years’ cycles, 175, 264, Dionysian cycle, 264, 521
PASCHASIUS RADBERT, 318, his Epitaph for Arsenius, 437, at Corbie, 507
PATER: See Abbot
PATRIARCHATES, 108, 156, nature of, 164–5, 169, 171, papal Primacy over, 292, Antioch regained by Byzantines, 429
PATRICIAN, holders of title, 1, 2, 34, 35, 42, office, Lomb., 250, Patrician of the Romans, 253, 292, 322, 344, 349, 383
PATRIMONY: See Papacy
PAUL THE DEACON, 247–9, 256, 320, 328, 332, his works, 247–8, 326
PAUL, prefect, 373
PAUL, primicery, 381
PAUL, Visig. du., 106
PAULICIANS, 416
PAULINUS OF AQUILEIA, 320, 331, 333–5, his synods, 334–5, hymns, 346, his missions to Slavs and Avars, 371
PAULUS OF AEG INA, 207
PAVIA, 43, 120, Lomb., 180, 246, 248, 252, 254–5, 293, 331, her church under Aquileia, 333, Lomb. capital, 344, 366
PELAGIUS I, pope, 163
PELAYO, 576
PELUSIUM, 199
PENDA, 305
PENTAPOLIS, the, 258
PEPIN III, the Short, 227, mayor, 260, 288–91, 303, 376, 537, and Stephen III, 252–3, 258, 322, 412, life of, 319, notarial practice, 394, reforms Frankish church, 296, 555, fights Saracens, 287, 294–5, Bavarians, 290, 366, sole ruler, 290, takes royal title, 291–3, 302, his army, 339, Italian wars, 293–4, relations with Byzantium, 293–4, with Mansur, 294, dies, 302
PEPIN, s. of Charles the Great, 326, 328, 332, 347, 368, 370, 373–6, k. of Italy, 387, 392–3, 404
PEPIN II, k. of Aquitaine, 442–3, recognized by Lothar I, 447, allies with Louis the German, 449–50
PEPPER, 138
PERSIA, PERSIAN, language, 19, early missions in, 108, 166, 169, 171, 238, schools, 164, church, 170–1, learning, 205, art-forms, 24, 236, 410, precious ornaments, 119, fire worship, 217, Nestorianism, 155, trade, 24, 124, 126, 145, 148, relations with Justinian, 82, 213, Byzantines, 158–64, 216–18, 230, 251, with Arabs, 187–92, 198, 200–5, 216–18
PERSIAN GULF, 198
PERUGIA, 250
ST PETER, church of, 168, 171–2, 349, 386, 446, mosaic of 380, 382
PETER, Ex-Consul, 45
PHANDELAS, 219
PHEIDIAS, 236
PHILIPPOPOLIS, 408
PHILOSOPHY, in Byzantine renaissance, 421
PHOENICIANS, 189
PHOENIX, 200
PHOTIUS, patriarch, 420, scholarship of, 421, 425–8, his Myriobiblion, 425, patron of Cyril and Methodius, 493, sends mission to Khazars, 493, to Rastislav, 496–7, welcomes Boris’s conversion, 498, Photian schism, 426–7, the monk Ratramnus on, 507
PILGRIMS, 134
PIRNIN, Celtic abbot, 506
PIUS II, pope, 175
PLACID, Benedictine monk, 52
PLACITUM, 391
PLATO, philosophy of, 230, in Byzantine renaissance, 421, in Carol, renaissance, 524, Dialogues, 164
PLINY THE YOUNGER, 142
PLISKA, 498
PLOTINUS, 230
PLOUGH, 140–3, 249, oxen, 364 See Aratrum, Carruca
POITIERS, 32, 60, 69, 97, Arabs reach, 286, country round, 306
POLA, 373
POLEMIUS, 113
POLYCARP, 168
POLYANIANS, 488
POLYCLEITUS, 236
POMPEIUS FESTUS, 111
POPULONIA, 373
PORPHYROGENITI, 419
PORTO, 101
PORTUGAL: See Asturias, Galicia
POSSESSOR, among Visigs., 96
PRAEDIA, 64
PRAEMONSTRATENSIANS, 90
PRAESES, 298
PRAETORIAN PREFECTURES, 6, 75, 93, 297, Oriens, 151, 161, Illyricum, 151, prefects of, 7, 33, 38, 44–5, 86, 125, 179, 242
PRESLAV, 498
PRIEST, grade of, 183
PRIMACY, of Peter’s see, 160–73, 182, 228, 292, Petrine sees, 257
PRISCILLIANISTS, 112
PRIVILEGE, 62
PRIWINA, 448
PROCHIRON, 419
PROCOPIUS, 78–80, 83, 84, 484, Book about the Wars, 82, 157, De aedificiis, 157, 160–1, Secret History, 157
PROCURATOR, 84
PRODULF, 273
ST PROKOP’S ABBEY, 499
PROSTRATION, 145
PROVOST, PRAEPOSITUS, 88
PRUDHOMMES, 298
PRÜM, abbey, 506
PSEUDO-ISIDORIAN DECRETALS, brought to Rome, 452, factors which produced them, 530–5, atelier which prepared them, 535, church reform frustrated, 536, Pseudo-Isidorian canons composed, 536, the possible authors, 538, place of collection, 538
PSEUDO-NONNUS, 424
PUNIC LANGUAGE, 88
PYRENEES, Visig., 30, 259, Basques on, 95, 103, 274, Arabs advance beyond, 286–8
RABAN MAUR, ab., supports Louis the Pious, 440, and Lothar I, 442, his De Institutione clericorum, 521, his De computo, 521, De universo, 521–3, his learning, 510–12, his pupils, 511–12, 516
RABULA GOSPELS, 423
RACHIMBERGII, 298
RADELCHIS, 446
RADO, notary, 402
RADULF, du., 276
RAGNACHAR, 58
RAGUSA: See Dubrovnik
RAMADAN, 197
RAOUL, du. of Burgundy, 572
RASTISLAV, du., 448, 455, 495, receives the Photian mission, 496
RAUCHING, 269
RAVENNA, city of, 2, 10, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35–9, 41, 42, 45–8, 72, 76, 161, 178–82, 234, under Lombs., 246, 251, 256, under Carols., 457
RECARED II, 104
RECESWINTH, Visig. k., 104–5, his Forum Judicum, 105, Novels, 105
RECONQUISTA, 576
RECULVER, 305
REEVE, 297
REGENSBURG, RATISBON, see founded, 289, on Bavarian frontier, 366, capital, 367, 370, 454
REGINO, ab. of Prüm, 560
REICHENAU, annals of, 263, learning at, 506, Irish tradition at, 503, 511
REIMS, 58, 65, 66, 266–9, 276, as a capital, 300, cathedral school at, 507, position under Hincmar, 534–5, opposition to du. Rollo, 572
REMIGIUS OF AUXERRE, 525
RHINE, as frontier, 5, 10, 17, 25, 26, 30, 125, crossed by invaders, 52–3, early Frankish lands, 65, 66, 70, 297, trade on, 140, missions beyond, 183
RHONE, river, 7, valley of, 27, 72, 125–7, knowledge of Greek in, 225, Visig. frontier, 96
RICHARIUS, Frankish missionary, 303
RICHER, bp. of Passau, 567
RICIMER, Visig. k., 104
RICULF, 367
RIDDA, 197
RIGA, Gulf of, 489
RIGOBERT, bp. of Reims, 287
RIGONTHA, 268
RINGERIKE STYLE, 481
RIPUARIAN: See Franks
ROBERT OF CHESTER, 209
ROHTAD, bp., 452
ROLLS, rotuli, 423
ROMANUS, exarch, 180
ROME, City of, 27, 36, 45, 47, 50, 52, 144, 169, 182, 346, port of, 38, seven deaconries of, 181, schools, 88, feeding of, 121, 181, early church in, 172, Lombs. attack, 246, 247, New Rome, 144–5, 169–70, 173, in Carol, empire, 393, 419, Saracens raid, 446 See Papacy, Schools
ROME, See of, 3, 42, 164, list of bishops of, 264, church of St Peter, 175, 293, 308, 346, 534, under Lombs., 250
See Papacy
ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS, last western emperor, 1, deposed, 29, 96
ROSAMUND, Lomb. queen, 249
ROSSANO CODEX, 237
ROTFELD, 439
ROUEN, taken by Franks, 58, Franks in, 70, in Neustria, 267, 270, sacked by northmen, 443
ROUMANIA, 170
RUA, 121
RUFINUS, 48
RULE, regula: See Augustine, Benedict
RUMANIA, runes in, 477
RUNIC: See Alphabet
RURIK, leader of the northmen, 446, 448, du. of Frisia, 454, leads the ‘Rhos’ to Novgorod, 489
RUS: territorium, 69
RUSSIA, Goths in south, 7, 40, trade with, 125, 136, 139, 145, 148, 419, Arabs trade with Khazars, 489, Swedes raid in north, 474, Rhos trade with Byzantium, 490, ornament in south Russia, 78, 94, language, 19, alphabet, 497, gold currency, 135, conversion, 188, 407
See Slavs
RUSTAM, 198
SABAEANS, 189
SACERDOS, 114
SA’D, 198
SAINTES, 295
SAINT-BAVON, 317
SAINT-BERTIN, abbey, 507
SAINT-DENIS, royal abbey, 223, 252, 275, 278, 292, 336, 346, history written at, 265, endowed by Balthilde, 277, life as canons at, 290, notarial practice at, 292, 400, forged papyri at, 531–2, Pepin educated at, 297, dies at, 302, fair at, 302, treasure at, 548, aula near, 312, anointing in, 322, Hincmar at, 397, Danes plunder, 454, supports Louis the Young, 459, the Areopagite known at, 515
SAINT-GALL, learning at, 506, 524, preservation of classical MSS. at, 529, the chant at, 517–19
SAINT-GERMAIN DES PRÉS, 273, demesnes of, 301, under Hilduin, 400, supports Louis the Young, 459, attacked by Danes, 462
SAINT-RIQUIER, and Balthilde, 277, plan of abbey, 307–8, 545, Angilbert at, 329, learning at, 506
SAINT-SERNIN, 69
SAINT-SERVAIS, 318
SAINT-VAAST, 506
SAINT-VINCENT, 278
SAINT-WANDRILLE, 506
SALIAN: See Franks
SALOMON, bp., 510
SALONA, 492
SALONIKA, 35, 148, 219, Arabs plunder, 417, trade at, 419, 493, schools at, 425, Slavs in, 486–7, Bulgars threaten, 498
SALZBURG, see founded, 281, 289, 335, 366, missions from, 490, jurisdiction of, 493
SAPIENTIA, among Franks, 303
SARBEL, 489
SARDICA, 408
SARDINIA, under Romans, 75, raided by Vandals, 37, 76, 81, 83, 85, held by Saracens, 374–6
SASSANIDS, 135, 152, 155, 160, 162, 170, 185, 190, 203, 204, 207, 217, 236, 256
SAVARY, bp. of Auxerre, 282
SAVOY, settled by Burgundians, 30
SAXONS, 67, 246, settlements in Francia, 265, 273, defend Germany from Slavs, 275, and Radbod, 281, fight Charles Martel, 285, fight Pepin, 288–90, 295, influence on Scandinavians, 315, Anglo-Saxon missions to, 303, 331, culture of, 358, society, 363–4, conquest of by Charl., 350–65, baptism of, 360–2, tithe levied from, 328, 362, Capitulatio of 792, 361, 365, Capitulate of 797, 365, deportations of Saxons, 365
SCANDINAVIANS, early tribes, 25, 67, 125, 472–81, grave goods, 46, culture, 315, early coins, 135, trade, 136, conversion, 188, raids, 432, 447
SCARA, 342
SCEATTAS, 133
SCHELDT, Franks round mouth, 31, 66, 297, land ravaged by Danes, 449
SCHISM BETWEEN ROME AND CONSTANTINOPLE, prepared, 411
SCHOLASTICUS: See Schools
SCHOOLS, scholae in empire, 10, 222–3, patriarchal, 156, 230, 411, at Nisibus, 48, 50, Rome, 51, 178; Alexandria, 51, Rhone valley, 66, Athens, 164, bishops’ schools, 223–5, 502, 505, monastic schools, Boniface’s, 288, Carol., 504–10, the scholasticus, 333, 504, domestic of the, 427, capit. of 789, 504, and councils ordering setting up of schools, 505
SCOPAS, 477
SCRAMASEAX, 342
SCRINIUM, under Theodoric, 38, 39, papal, 139, 229, 292, 345, Byzantine, 150, Frankish, 299, 399–402
See Notaries
SCRIPTURES: See Bible
SEBOKHT OF NISIBIS, 208
SEDULIUS, poet, 268
SELEUKIA-CTESIPHON, 108, 124, 155, 169–70, 190, Arab conquest of, 198, 204, 261, Byzantines conquer, 217
SELSEY, minster, 263
SENATE: See Empire, Roman
SENIORITY: election by, 243
SEPTIMANIA, 60, 93–4, 98, 99, 101, 104, 106, 294, Carol., 436, Danes ravage, 449, 456
SERGIUS I, pope, 139
SERGIUS OF CAESAREA, 218
SERVIUS, grammarian, 470
SEVERIANUS, 109
SHURA, 200
SICILY, 27, 33, 37, 45, 79, 99, 135, 137, 251, 258, papal patrimony in, 179, Arab held, 185, patrician and basileus of, 347, remains Byzantine, 374, theme of, 374, Arabs gain, 416–18, 432
SICONOLF, 445
SIDDHANTA, 209
SIDON, 117
SIGEBERT II, s. of Thierry, 271
SIGERIC, 29
SIGIBURG, 359
SIGULF, 512
ST SIMON STYLITES, 127
SIND, 188
SISEBERT, Visig. noble, 107
SISENAND, Visig. k., 104
SLAVE, servus, 62–3, 148, 363, 373, 375, in Spain, 574, Slav, 493
SLAVS, early tribes, 19, 482–92, invade Balkans, 214, 217, 219, 261, settle in east Germany and Bohemia, 274, in Bavaria, 366, under Avars, 369, 486, languages, 17, 483, missions to, by Franks, 295, 371, Byzantines, 407, border warfare with Carols., 453, 488, Slavs subject to ct. of Friuli, 488, taught by Frankish missionaries, 490, their liturgy, 385, 456, its use limited, 497, fight Franks, 437, Arnulf, 564, their culture, 484–5, Slavonic gospels, 497
SLOVAKS, 488
SMARAGDUS, exarch., 180
SMYRNA, 117
SOCOTRA, 123
SOCRATES THE HISTORIAN, 51
SOISSONS, 2, 31, 58, 59, 61, 65, 68, 96–7, 266, 267, 270, as a capital, 300, 322, Carol., 452
SOLIDUS AUREUS, 121, 131–3, 136, 148, diminished Frankish, 133, money of account, 135–7
SOLOMON III, bp. of Constance, 570
SOMME, 58
SOPHOCLES, 45
SOUSSE, 201
SOZOMEN, 51
SPAIN, ROMAN, 77, 120, VISIG., 28, 93–115, 134, 135, MUSLIM, 138, 185, 187, 201, 204, 205, relations with Carols., 315, 351–5, with conquered population, 573, with Christian states, 575–6, amirate, 574–6
SPATHA, 342
SPEYER, 30
STATUTA ECCLESIAE ANTIQUA, 72
STAURAKIOS, logothete, 412
STEPHEN III (II), pope, 252–3, 258, anointing of Pepin, 291–2, 318, 322–3, 343–4
STEPHEN IV, pope, 433
STEPHEN, br. of Leo VI, pat., 428
STEPHEN, ct., 389
STONEHENGE, 465
STRABO, 467
STRATHCLYDE, Romano-British, 2
STURM, 227, at Fritzlar, 228, at Fulda, 289, 318, 343, 358, 360
STYRIA, 295
SUABIA, overrun by Magyars, 567
SUB-DEACON, 183
SUEVI, SUEVES, evacuate Germany, 485, in Spain, 2, 29, 75, 95, 99–101, 109, in Africa, 79
SULPICIUS OF BOURGES, 225
SUNDAY, 114
SÜNTELGEBIRGE, 361
SVATOPLUK II, 567
SWEDEN, Germanic tribes in, 25, early history of, 472– 6, as Roslagen, 489
SYNOD, 108
SYRIA, SYRIANS, 58, 126, 138–9, 155, 161–2, 169, 191–3, 407, 419, as Nestorian, 163, rhythms, 145, refugees, 231, 256, 299, learning in, 207, sea trade, 75, 117, 124, 126, 134, 136, conquered by Arabs, 187–8, 198–202, 204–5, relations with Byzantines, 216– 18, influence on art, Lomb., 255, under Carols., 313
SYRIAC, 57, 88, 169, 207, 494, characters, 194, translations, 208, illumination, 423–4
SYRTES, 75
TAGUS, 95
TARAGONA, 93
TARGUM, 196
TASHKURGHAN, 124
TASSILO III, du. of Bavaria, 290, 295, 326, 366–8, becomes vassal of Pepin, 557
TAXATION, Roman, 5, 13, Visig., 96, Arab, 199, Byzantine, 147–8, 162, Lomb., 254, land tax, 140, Carol., 403
TEBESSA, 80
TEMPLARS, 90
TERRACINA, 51
TERTRY, battle, 280
TEXTILES, 125, 139, 148, 234, Byzantine, 305, 419, Frankish, 307
THEGAN, bp. of Trier, 318
THEGN, 299
THEODEMER, 35
THEODERIC, Ostrog. k., reaches Italy, 13, 15, his rule in Italy, 33–48, 59, 67, 154, 173–5, his alliances, 41, 81, 82, corridor with Spain, 66 72, 98, intervenes in elections, 242, palace in Modicia, 256
THEODERIC STRABO, 35
THEODORE OF CYR, 163
THEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA, 163
THEODORE OF TARSUS, archbp., 139, 230–2, 303–4, his Penitential, 537
THEODORE, nomenclator, 434
THEODORET, 51
THEODORUS, 199
THEODOSIUS II, emp., 422
THEODOTUS, primicery, 348
THEODULF, bp. of Orleans, 327, 335–6, as missus, 336, at court, 337, as poet, 504, 524, his palace, 550
THEOPHANES, historian, 387
THEOTOKOS, 156
THÉROUANNE, 52
THESSALONIKA: See Salonika
THESSALY, 35
THEUDEBALD, Austrasian k., 67
THEUDEGARIUS, 391
THEUDEGESIL, Visig. k., 98
THEUDERICK, 35
THEUTBALD, du. of Bavaria, 288
THIERRY I (THEODERIC, THEUDERIC), s. of Clovis, 65–6, 98, 131
THIONVILLE, 312, 322, 344, 362, 373, Act of, 386, 392–4, 404
THREE CHAPTERS, 163
THUNGINUS 297
THURINGIA, 41, 67, conquered by Franks, 265, duchy of, 276, Boniface in, 227
TIBER, 179
TIBERIUS III, emp., 220
TIGRIS, trade along, 124, 155, Christian missions on, 170, monks from, 164, Arab conquest, 204
TIPOSA, 80
TISZA, THEISS, 215, 485, Franks pass, 339, 371, Moravian river, 491
TOLEDAN TABLES, 575
TOMUS UNIONIS, 429
TONGRES, 313
TOULOUSE, 28, 30, 40, 60, 69, 72, Visig. capital, 96, Frankish town, 266, Saracens attack, 284, Carol., 323, March of, 353–4, under Pepin, 434
TOURS, 71, 95, 97, 211, claims of see over Brittany, 265, threatened by Arabs, 286, Alcuin at, 324, Bretons claim independence, 447, Danes attack, 462, schools of canons at, 505
See Gregory of
TRADE, in Roman empire, 119–26, eastern, 75–7, 123–5, 136–9, Vandal, 79, in glass ware, 83, in mines, 120, Visig., 95, Italian, 138, affected by Arab conquests, 117–39, Carol., 119, 139–40, 332, in Moorish Spain, 574–5
TRAJAN, emp., 190
TREBBIA, battle on, 564
TRENT, bp. of, 33
TREVISO, bp. of, 333
TRICAMERON, 85
TRICLINIUM, 47
TRIER, Roman, 25, 52, 72, 120, 122, 126, 131, 261, Frankish, 31
TRIVIUM, 511
TUITIO, 555
TULGA, Visig. k., 104
TURKESTAN, 199
TURKS, 25
TURMA, 342.
TUSCANY, duchy of, 347
TYPICON, 422
VALENCIA, 208
VALENTINIAN AND VALENS, emps., 7, 152, Valens killed, 7, 8, 23, 26
VALENTIUS, ab., 179
VALERIAN, emp., 26
VALERIUS, bp. of Hippo, 88
VANDALS, cross Rhine, 30, 52, 56, 484, Asdingian and Silingian, 75, 76, 78, fleet, 76–7, 82, 86, in Africa, 2, 27, 37, 75–92, sortes Vandalorum, 78, grave-finds, 77– 8, army, 79, succession among, 94, history of, 110
VASSUS, vassalage, 286–7, 299–300, 311, 366, 554–60, 572, oath of, 439, 442, vassi regales, 327, 337, 396, vassals under Louis the Pious, 433, as needed for military defence, 555, hereditary, 557
VENANTIUS, patrician, 49
VENETIA, VENICE, 134, 137, 258, 345, Charles fights for, 372–4, 388, yields, 388, 416, 419, Louis II allies with, 450
VERGIL, 45, 57, among Irish, 470, Welsh, 470, in Carol, renaissance, 336, 378, 502, 513, 529
VERGILIUS, bp., 366
VERNACULAR, scriptures or liturgy, 14, 170–1, 185, 491–9, life of Christ in, 504, 513
VICE-COMES, 403
VIENNA GENESIS, 423
VIENNA GOSPELS, 546
VIENNE, 241
VIKING, raids, 313, 429, 432, 476, 568, use of horses, 375, ships, 474, culture, 474–5
VILLA, Roman, 12, 124, 145, Frankish, 61, 64, 69, 131, 300, 311, Vandal, 86, Arab, 205, Frankish, De Villis, 390, 395–6, feudal vill, 556
VILLICUS, 298
VINCENT OF LÉRINS, 166
VISIGOTHS, oppose Attila, 10, in south Russia, 26, in Gaul and Spain, 28–30, 66, 92–114, 259, 366, defeated by Franks, 40, 59, relations with Dagobert, 274, kingdom of, 1–2, law, 63, 96–7, 105, writing down of, 390, art, 94, under Saracens in Spain, 573, 576
VISIO WETTINI, 511
VISTULA, Germanic tribes on the, 1
VITORIA, 101
VIZIER, 575
VIZIRATE, 205
VORTIGERNA, the, 32
VULCANALIA, 114
VULFAD, bp., 452
WALCHEREN, given to Harald, 443
WALES, Roman, 2
WALI, 575
WALLACHIA, 566
WALTARI, Lomb. k., 246
WANDALBERT, poet, 512
WANDO, ab., 287
WARSAW, 488
WASCONES, Gascons. See Basques
WATBERHT, ab., 229
WELF OF BAVARIA, 435
WENCESLAS, du. of Bohemia, 499
WENDS, under Samo, 274–5, early history, 482, fight Saxons, 568
WERGELD, Germanic, 37, Frankish, 53, 63, 64, 299, 554, Lomb., 254, 554
WIDMARUS, 399
WIGBERHT, 228
WIGHARD, archbp. elect., 231
WILL, 62
WILLEBAD, 276
WILLERICH, 364
WILLIAM, ct. of Toulouse, 353–4, Cycle of William of Orange, 354
WILLIBALD, 281
WILLBRORD, archbp., 330
WILZES, 365
WINIRAMUS, 399
WIRUNDUS, ab., 381
WISDOM, sapientia, 87
WITTERIC, Visig. k., 103
WOODEN BUILDINGS, among Franks, 306–7, Vikings, 478–81, wooden ships, 474, 478
WOYNIMIR, 371