Page numbers refer to the print edition.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
ABCFM. See American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM)
Act Respecting Passenger Ships and Vessels (Steerage Act), 101
Adams, John Quincy, 7
adoption, 57–60, 98, 145, 158–59
African Americans, 89, 153–56, 195n24. See also Hampton Institute; slaves and slavery
Alexander, James, 88, 108, 113, 135, 137, 189n96
Alexander, Mary Charlotte, 181n4
Alexander, Mary Jane, 113–14
Alexander, Samuel, 37, 57–58, 79, 114
Alexander, William Dewitt, 77, 84, 86, 112
ali‘i, 2, 13, 47, 79–81, 92, 95, 98, 143, 146
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM): as auxiliary to HEA, 35; Ceylon mission of, 9, 18–19, 21; and common-stock system, 18, 23, 27; and domestic economics in Hawai‘i, 17–22; educational values of, 70; and financial support of Hawaiian missions, 1, 18, 30, 33–35, 40, 106, 141–42; founding of, 12, 141; goals and mission of, 1–2, 18, 30–34, 39; and Great Māhele, 31–32, 38, 119; and Hawaiian Board of Education, 39; history of, 4–7; India mission of, 6, 43; and land ownership by missionaries, 31–32, 38, 119; and marriage requirement for missionaries, 188n75; Mary Lyon on, 109; and missionary children immigrants, 100–104; missionary children’s attitudes toward, 35–42; and Native Americans, 6–7, 9, 12–13, 156–57, 164, 165; rebellion against parenting rules of, 22–30; and return of missionaries to United States, 28, 30–32, 36; Rufus Anderson on, 137; Samuel Chapman Armstrong on, 153; and size of missionary families, 2, 21, 43; Syria mission of, 7; and U.S. Civil War, 34
American Guano Company, 58
American Socialist Party, 64
American Tract Society, 140–41
Anderson, Rufus: on ABCFM’s long-term goals, 30–34, 39; on ABCFM’s mission, 18; on ABCFM’s success in Hawai‘i, 137; on Albert Wilcox’s foot surgery, 24; on conflicts of interest, 28; on employment of missionary daughters, 38; on Hawaiian language study, 132; on missionaries’ parenting practices, 163; and missionary children’s education in United States, 100, 102, 108–9; on size of missionary families, 43
Andrews, Lorrin, 28
Andrews, Mary, 114
Andrews, Robert, 66, 88, 136, 165
Andrews, Sarah, 27–28
Anglicans, 83–85
Anglo-Hawaiians, 2, 56–57, 60, 179n57
annexation of Hawai‘i, 7–8, 14, 40–43, 58–59, 95, 115–16, 122–24, 131–32, 142, 146–49, 181n100, 189n70. See also Hawaiian monarchy, overthrow of
Armstrong, Ellen, 56
Armstrong, Jennie, 114
Armstrong, Samuel Chapman: on ABCFM, 153; adult life and legacy of, 88–89, 152–59, 162; on African Americans, 153–56, 195n24; on American culture, 112, 155; bicultural upbringing of, 152, 155, 162; citizenship of, 89, 114, 127, 155; and Hampton Institute, 9, 15, 89, 91, 153, 155–57; on hanai relationships, 145; on haole and anti-haole sentiments, 143; on Hawai‘i volcanoes, 55; judged as colonialist, 153; on Lot Kamehameha, 154; on manual labor education, 158; Mark Hopkins’s influence on, 108; Mohandas Gandhi on, 157; and U.S. Civil War, 89, 90, 114, 127, 154–55, 189n101; at Williams College, 107–8
Armstrong, William Neville, 38, 131, 135, 175n81
Averick, 22
Baldwin, Dwight, 20, 23, 37, 78
Baldwin, Henry, 37, 58, 123–24, 181n100
Bank of Hawai‘i, 58
Bayonet Constitution, 120
Bill of Rights of 1839 (Hawaiian), 119
Bingham, Elizabeth, 48, 137, 139
Bingham, Hiram, 5, 19, 26, 49, 137
Bingham, Hiram, Jr., 57, 85, 129, 139
Bingham, Sybil, 17–18
Binney, Horace, 126–27
Bishop, Elizabeth Edwards, 76, 123, 190n142
Bishop, Sereno, 28, 40, 47, 59, 82, 116, 123, 131–32, 170n24, 180n70, 184n75
Bond, Elias, 37
Boudinot, Elias, 6
Brewer, Holly, 100
Burgess, John, 121–22
Bushnell, Horace, 24
California gold rush, 8, 33, 56, 61, 103, 139, 163
Carnegie, Andrew, 156
Carter, George, 156
Castle, Mary, 135
Castle, William Richards, 38, 84, 184n75, 194n77
Catholics, 82–85
Chamberlain, Dexter, 135
Chamberlain, James, 36–38, 101, 104, 112, 114, 127, 135, 165
Chamberlain, Jeremiah “Evarts,” 98, 104, 105, 113–14
Chamberlain, Levi T., II, 36, 58
Chamberlain, Maria, 36, 111, 112
Chamberlain, Martha, 36, 102, 109–12, 111
Chamberlain, Warren, 37, 80, 98, 101–2, 183n52
Charles M. Cooke, Ltd., 58
Chiang Kai-shek, 196n42
Children’s Picture Book (American Tract Society), 141
China, 8–9, 63–64, 96, 100, 106, 137, 159–61, 166, 189n106, 196n42
Chinese immigrant laborers, 14, 118, 121, 156
Christian Nurture (Bushnell), 24
citizenship: John Gulick on, 64; of missionary children, 10, 15, 89, 94, 100–101, 114, 117–18, 126–28, 146, 153, 155, 186n19; of native Hawaiians, 107, 131; of Samuel Chapman Armstrong, 89, 114, 155; of Sanford Dole, 117–18
Civil War. See U.S. Civil War
Clark, Ann Eliza, 48, 76, 83, 110, 132, 146
Clark, Ephraim, 20
Cleveland, Grover, 122
Coan, Sarah, 129
Committee of Public Safety, 85
common-stock system, 18, 23, 27
Conde, Samuel, 114
The Conquest of Canaan (Dwight), 13
Cooke, Amos (father), 35, 37, 58, 79, 91
Cooke, Amos (son), 39
Cooke, Charles, 58
corporal punishment, 76
Cousins’ Society, 136–37
Critic, 72
Damon, Samuel Mills, 39–40, 85, 123
Darwin, Charles, 9, 52, 59–61, 63–64, 94
De La Cour, Emily, 63
deportment, 77, 88, 145, 164, 183n40
discourse of family, 12–14
disease, 8, 39, 56–57, 127, 176n92, 179n53
Dodge, Charlotte Peabody, 181n4
Dole, Charlotte Knapp, 117
Dole, Daniel, 26, 71, 74–76, 117
Dole, James, 170n25
Dole, Sanford Ballard, 41, 123; adoption of Elizabeth Puiki Napoleon by, 158–59; adult life of, 152–53, 158–59; appointment of, to Hawaiian Supreme Court, 39, 119; bicultural upbringing of, 152–53, 159, 162; citizenship of, 117–18; and cultural difference, 196n33; early life of, 117–23; on English-language instruction in Hawai‘i schools, 132; as first president of Hawaiian Republic, 44, 85; on Hawaiian labor situation, 118; and Hawaiian League, 184n75; and James Dole, 170n25; judged as colonialist, 153; on legislative authority, 120; Mark Hopkins’s influence on, 117; as member of Hawaiian legislature, 118; on missionary experience, 117–18; and overthrow of Hawaiian monarchy, 9, 15, 85, 119–23, 146–47; and parents’ relationship with monarchy, 175n81; poetry of, 134; on protecting missionary children’s familial legacy, 39; and religious and economic missionary ideals, 44; on value of missionary lands, 38; at Williams College, 110, 117–18
domestic economics, 3–4, 17–22
Dwight, Timothy, 12–13
Emancipation Proclamation, 154
Emerson, Nathaniel, 38, 114, 184n75
Emerson, Oliver, 37, 40, 42, 54, 112
eminent domain, 179n65
English-language instruction in Hawai‘i schools, 131–34
Evarts, Jeremiah, 21
Fass, Paula, 171n37
Fieldston, Sara, 171n37
filial obedience, 78
Forbes, Anderson, 39
Forbes, Joseph, 114
Forbes, Theodore, 114
Forbes, William, 114
Fornander, Abraham, 39
foster children (nā hānai), 57–60
French missionaries, 82–83
Gandhi, Mohandas, 157–58
gender roles, 51, 73–75, 182n21
genealogical chants, 11, 46, 83, 171n31
Gibson, Arrell Morgan, 140
Gibson, Walter Murray, 84
Gold, Harriet, 6
gold rush, 8, 33, 56, 61, 103, 139, 163
Graham, Gael, 160
grass houses, 77
Green, Jonathan, 154
Green, Mary, 114
Green, Porter, 114
Greven, Philip, 113–14
Gulick, Ann Eliza Clark. See Clark, Ann Eliza
Gulick, Emily De La Cour, 63
Gulick, John Thomas, 65; adoption of Chinese children by, 159; bicultural upbringing of, 152, 161–62; and California gold rush, 103; childhood and adult life of, 15, 51–52, 60–66, 103–4, 153, 159–62; and China, 9, 63–64; on citizenship, 64; and habitudinal evolution, 64; and Japan, 9, 61–64; judged as colonialist, 153; and land snails, 52, 61, 63–64; on language and culture of missionary children, 130; and manual labor at Punahou, 72; on missionary children’s rejection of parents’ faith, 140; and racism at Punahou, 79, 144; thwarted naturalist career of, 52, 60–61, 63, 66, 104, 134, 162
Gulick, Luther Halsey, 129, 136
Gulick, Peter, 52, 61, 104, 124, 160, 173n33
habitudinal evolution, 64
Haleakala Crater, 55
Haleakala Sugar Company, 58
Hamakua Ditch, 58
Hampton Institute, 91, 164; founding of, 9, 153, 155–56; and Mark Hopkins, 108; as model for minority and colonial education, 89, 153–57, 195n24; Mohandas Gandhi on, 157; and Samuel Chapman Armstrong, 9, 15, 89, 108, 153, 155–57
Hanapepe Falls, 53
Harris, Paul, 108
Hawaiian Board of Education, 39
Hawaiian Board of Health, 83
Hawaiian Chiefs’ Children’s School. See Royal School
Hawaiian constitution (1840), 25
Hawaiian creation story, 11, 46
Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA), 32–35, 39
Hawaiian Homestead Act, 118–19
Hawaiian language: and Hawaiians, 4, 18, 20, 79, 140, 143; importance of, to modern scholarship, 11, 170n30; and missionary children, 70, 103, 113, 128–34, 165
Hawaiian League, 10, 84, 120, 123, 184n75, 194n77
Hawaiian legislature, 39
Hawaiian marriage customs and sexual freedom, 46, 98
Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society (HMCS), 136–37, 147, 170n26
Hawaiian monarchy, overthrow of: and Henry Obookiah, 95; and Lili‘uokalani, 4, 10, 122; and missionary children, 2–4, 42–44, 58–60, 70, 92, 119–24, 149; and Punahou School, 70, 85; and Sanford Ballard Dole, 9, 15, 85, 119–22, 146–47. See also annexation of Hawai‘i
Hawaiian oath of allegiance, 127, 191n10
Hawaiian sovereignty, 23, 31, 42–44, 122
Hawaiian Supreme Court, 39
HEA. See Hawaiian Evangelical Association (HEA)
HMCS. See Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society (HMCS)
Hobbs, Jean, 38
Homestead Act (1862), 118
Ho‘ohōkūkalani, 46
Hopu, Thomas, 95–96
household economics, 3–4, 17–22
How to Be a Man (Newcomb), 114, 125, 191n3
How to Be a Woman (Newcomb), 125
Hunt, Michael, 171n35
Hunt, Nancy Rose, 165, 170n30, 197n165
Ii, John Papa, 11, 31, 144–45, 171n31
“immigrant foreign relations,” 116, 189n110
imperialism, 11–15, 171n35, 171nn37–38
infant mortality, 179n53
Japan, 7–9, 61–64, 106, 160–61, 166
Japanese immigrant laborers, 121, 143, 156
Judd, Albert, 39
Judd, Elizabeth, 28, 38, 48, 50–51, 56, 79–80, 103, 127, 145
Judd, Gerrit, 28, 31, 58, 112, 127–28, 145
Kaiulani, 119
Kalākaua, 4, 10, 39–40, 83–84, 119–20, 123, 129, 143
Kamakau, Samuel, 11, 31–32, 46, 144
kamali‘i mākua‘ole, 145
Kame‘eleihiwa, Lilikalā, 31, 33, 143
Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli), 4–5, 7, 25–26, 31, 56, 82–83, 119, 121, 126, 145
kānaka, 74, 107, 143–45, 182n20, 194n83
kanaka maoli, 143–44
Kapi‘olani, 54
kapu, 5, 46–47, 48, 54, 129–30
Kapur, Cari Costanzo, 143
Kashay, Jennifer Fish, 171n35
Kashti, Yitzak, 88
Kauikeaouli. See Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli)
Kealoha, 133
Kilauea Crater, 54–55
Kinau, 145
Kohala Sugar Plantation, 37
land ownership, 31–32, 38, 119
language of family, 12–14
L’Artemise, 82
leprosy, 179n53
LeVine, Robert A., 176n111
Lili‘uokalani, 87, 148; legislative actions of, 85; and mediums, 39–40, 176n99; overthrow of, 4, 10, 11, 58, 92, 120–24, 142–43, 147, 152
Lincoln, Abraham, 113, 124, 154
Lot Kamehameha, 39, 79–80, 119, 145, 154
lotteries, 84–85
Luau-Native Feast, 49
Lyman, Henry, 36, 50, 55, 76, 79, 113–14, 134, 175n81
Lyon, Mary, 109–10
Lyons, Albert, 42
Lyons, Curtis, 36
MacLennan, Carol, 66
Māhele. See Great Māhele
marriage customs, Hawaiian, 98
Marshall Islands, 142
Masaoki, Shimmi, 61
Mason, Sarah R., 161
Masters and Servants Act, 134
A Missionary Catechism (Yale College), 141
missionary children: adult lives and careers of, 151–67; as agents of imperialism, 12–14, 162–67, 171nn37–38; ambition of, 57, 179n62; American assimilation and acculturation of, 14, 93–124; as Anglo-Hawaiians, 2, 56–57, 60, 179n57; attachment of, to Hawaiian ‘āina, 9–12; attitudes of, toward ABCFM, 35–42; attitudes of, toward native Hawaiians, 143–44; bicultural identity of, 14, 91, 142–49, 152, 155, 159, 165–66; business endeavors of, 57–60; of China, 161; as chroniclers of change, 9–12; citizenship of, 10, 15, 89, 94, 100–101, 114, 117–18, 125–28, 146, 153, 155, 186n19; and cleanliness, 74; closeness among, 134–35, 154; coming of age of, 35–42; as commodities, 100–104; cruelty and bullying by, 54, 74–75; and decline of indigenous population, 184n60; and dichotomies of learning, 73–78; distrust of foreigners by, 83; education of, 19–30, 49–50, 93–124, 107, 131–34, 152, 187n49; employment of, as teachers, 38; and English-language instruction in Hawai‘i schools, 131–34; environmental and ecological explorations by, 50–56, 66–68, 177n4; and familial colonialism, 42–44; and filial obedience, 78, 137–42, 138; as goodwill ambassadors, 104–10; as Hawaiian government appointees, 38–39; and household economics, 3–4, 17–22; as kāma‘āina, 46–50; language and culture of, 70, 103, 113, 128–30, 165, 191n15; lessening of missionary influence on, 83–85; loneliness of, 46, 75–76; marriage of, to native Hawaiians, 80; moral education and economic independence of, 43, 115, 176n111; as nā hānai, 57–60; and overthrow of Hawaiian monarchy, 2–4, 42–44, 58–60, 70, 92, 115–16, 119–24, 149; overview of, 1–16, 3; parents’ expectations of, 151; and parents’ rebellion against ABCFM parenting rules, 22–30; peer bonding of, 74; political awakening of, 85–88; pride of, in parents’ missionary work, 36; rejection of parents’ faith by, 140, 193n64; and returning to Hawai‘i, 14–15, 38, 60–61, 94, 102, 104–6, 110–13, 115–18, 129, 135–37, 152, 159, 189n96; and reverence for Hawaiian monarchy, 79–80; segregation of, from native children, 47–48, 163; and size of missionary families, 2, 21, 43; as “third culture” children, 112, 188n80. See also names of specific missionary children
Moloka‘ī Ranch, 58
Mormons, 84–85
Morning Star ships, 142
Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, 10, 15, 92, 109–10
Muir, John, 54
Napoleon, Elizabeth Puiki, 152–53
Narrative of Five Youths from the Sandwich Islands (ABCFM), 141
Native Americans, 6–7, 9, 12–13, 156–57, 164, 165
Newcomb, Harvey, 115, 125–26, 165–66, 191n3
Ngo Dinh Diem, 160
oath of allegiance, Hawaiian, 127, 191n10
Obookiah, Henry, 11, 94–98, 97, 124, 141
Oregon, 107
Osorio, Jonathan, 38, 126, 143, 194n77
Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Company, 58
Parker, Henry, 128
Pele, 54
Planter’s Labor and Supply Company, 123
Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law (Burgess), 121–22
Pruyn, Robert, 62
puaa, 143
public education, 27
Punahou Gazette, 36, 54, 72–73, 75, 112
Punahou School, 69–92; and children of missionaries, 32; and cleanliness, 74; corporal punishment at, 76; cruelty and bullying at, 54, 75; deportment standards of, 77, 88, 183n40; dichotomies of learning at, 73–78; employment of native Hawaiians at, 80, 81; founding of, 26–27, 29, 49, 56, 69–71, 187n49; gender norms at, 51, 73–75; horseback riding at, 51, 73–74; John Thomas Gulick at, 60–61; loneliness at, 75–76; manual labor at, 71–73; and overthrow of Hawaiian monarchy, 70, 85; political awakening of students at, 85–88; racism at, 13, 70, 78–79, 144, 183n46; reputation of, 76–77, 107; role of, in creating white colonial agenda, 15, 69–92; student publications of, 9, 15, 36, 54, 72–73, 75, 80, 112, 183n40; students of, as Anglo-Hawaiians, 56–57; Sun Yat-Sen at, 161; teaching revolution at, 89–92; and temperance societies, 81–83
racism, 78–80
Reel, Estelle, 157
A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich Islands (Bingham), 137
revolution. See annexation of Hawai‘i; Hawaiian monarchy, overthrow of
Rice, Mary, 71
Rice, Mary Waterhouse, 130
Rice, William (father), 71
Rice, William (son), 130
Roman Catholics, 82–85
Rosenberg, Emily, 171n35
Rowell, W. E., 184n75
Royal School, 20, 26, 79–80, 91
Ruggles, Samuel, 114
sandalwood, 7–8, 25, 56, 96, 163
Scott, Anne, 110
Seward, William Henry, 7
sexual freedom, Hawaiian, 46–47
Silva, Noenoe K., 129, 143–44, 194n77
slaves and slavery, 9, 13, 34, 89, 112–15, 118–19, 124, 153–54, 165
Smith, William Owen, 68, 123, 139, 162, 193n60
Southard, Samuel, 7
sovereignty, Hawaiian, 23, 31, 42–44, 122
Stevens, Frances, 63
Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 152, 195n4
sugar industry, 37–38, 57–59, 59, 61, 66, 122–23, 147
Sun Fo, 161
Sun Yat-Sen, 160–61, 189n106, 196n42
surfing, 52
tapa, 47
taxes, 82
Taylor, Hudson, 160
temperance societies, 81–83
Thurston, Lorrin A., 119, 147, 184n75
Thurston, Lucy (daughter), 47, 50, 55, 83, 103, 107, 129, 141
Thurston, Lucy (mother), 19, 104
Tinker, Mary, 28
Tinker, Reuben, 28
Tract Primer (American Tract Society), 140–41
trade reciprocity, 57
Trask, Haunani-Kay, 10–11, 183n46
Treaty of Wanghia, 8
Triumph, 94–95
Tyrell, Ian, 171n35
Uniform Course of Study (Reel), 157
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898), 126
U.S. Civil War: and ABCFM, 34, 63; and annexation of Hawai‘i, 124; and Hawaiian economy, 37, 57, 83; and Jeremiah “Evarts” Chamberlain, 105; and missionary children, 15, 94, 113–15, 166; and Peter Gulick, 160; and Samuel Chapman Armstrong, 89, 90, 91, 153–54, 156, 189n101
Useem, John Hill, 188n80
Useem, Ruth Hill, 188n80
Washington, Booker T., 89, 157
Waterhouse, Mary, 130
Watkins, William H., 153
whaling industry, 7–8, 22, 25, 56, 82, 96–98
Whitehead, John, 147
Whitman, Marcus, 7
Whitman, Narcissa, 7
Whitney, Henry, 51, 98, 102, 115, 175n81
Whitney, Samuel (father), 98
Whitney, Samuel (son), 98
Wilcox, Abner, 24, 71, 103, 128, 175n75
Wilcox, Charles, 103
Wilcox, Edward, 37–38
Wilcox, George, 38, 47, 50, 55, 58, 81–82, 140, 182n25
Wilcox, Sam, 130
Williams College, 10, 15, 61, 88, 92, 107–10, 117–18, 135, 137, 153–56
Willis, Albert, 120–22
women’s education and political rights, 74–75, 109–10, 160, 182n20, 182n25. See also Mount Holyoke Female Seminary
Yokota, Kariann, 106
Zakaria, Fareed, 120