Index

(Note:Page references in italics denote illustration)

Abbott, Tony,295, 312, 314, 315, 317
Abbott government,314, 316–317
Aboriginal cricket team,111
Aboriginal Development Commission,274, 277
Aboriginal flag,275
Aboriginal history,5
Aboriginal land rights,244, 274, 276
Aboriginal lands, map,14
Aboriginal massacres,62, 64, 67
Aboriginal people
apology to,5–6, 307
arrival on continent,9–10, 11
Commonwealth power to legislate for,241
cultural genocide,150
cultural renaissance,275–276
destitution,70–71
disenfranchisement,153
dispossession,4, 5, 13, 20–21, 69
Dreamtime/Dreaming,10–11, 14–15, 17
early European impressions and depictions of,12, 29, 42
environmental management,13
exclusion from new nation,148–149
fire-stick farming,13, 16
government intervention in Northern Territory communities,6
hunter-gathering society,11–16
incorporation into colonial economy in northern Australia,108–109
land ownership,35
language groups,15
native title,277–278, 288
as objects of history,5
and pastoral industry,108–109, 231–232
population,149, 275
protests,18, 191, 241
relationship to land,10–11
self-determination,241, 276
socio-economic disadvantage,6, 276
Stolen Generations,5, 149–150, 193, 233, 288–289, 307
technology,13, 26
as wards of the state,149
see also Indigenous policy; names of Aboriginal peoples
Aboriginal reconciliation,5, 277
Aboriginal resistance,41–42, 58, 62–64, 108
Aboriginal–settler relations,33–34, 35–36, 42–44, 52–53, 58, 62–64, 67, 108
Aboriginal Tent Embassy,241
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission,277
Aborigines Progressive Association,191
Accord,252, 253, 257, 281
Adelaide,113, 114
Advertiser (newspaper),123
Age (newspaper),123
agriculture,12, 15, 22, 35, 41, 50, 52, 101, 102, 108, 111, 268, 312
air travel,176–177
All for Australia League,185
Anniversary Day,54, 76, 124
Antarctic exploration,28, 151
anti-communism,215, 216
Anti-Socialist Party,153
anti-transportation movement,74
Anzac Cove,163, 165
Anzac Day,164–165, 172, 179
Anzac legend,163–165, 298
ANZUS treaty,216, 269, 296
appeasement,189, 190, 194
Arabanoo (Eora man),33, 35
Arbitration Court,155, 181, 182, 209, 227, 241, 244
arbitration system,155, 180
Armistice Day,170
Arrernte people,10
Arthur, George,65, 66, 68, 72, 79
arts, as civilising devices,85–86
Asia, engagement with,24, 279, 292–293, 294
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group,279–280
Asian economic crisis,293
Asian immigration,146, 154, 172, 272–273, 293
Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN),267, 280, 294
Astley, William,74
asylum-seekers,294, 295–297, 310, 313, 316–317
atomic weapons testing,215
Attlee, Clement,210
‘Australasia’ [poem] (Wentworth),86
Australia
major cities, towns and rivers,xii
naming of,54
regional map,23
Australia Day (formerly Anniversary Day),18, 54, 241, 317
‘Australia Unlimited’,175
Australian Broadcasting Commission,190, 196, 223
Australian Conservation Foundation,274
Australian Council for the Arts,240
Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU),252, 304–305, 307
Australian Federal Police,169, 304
Australian Film Development Corporation,240
Australian history
antiquity of,4–5
blurring of origins,3
see also colonial history
Australian Imperial Force (AIF),162, 193
Australian Labor Party (ALP),193, 290
and Communist Party,178
conscription issue,172, 202
economic policy,182
electoral success,131, 181, 196, 255, 300
foreign policy,190, 215
formation,131
full employment commitment,208–209
and social movements,272
split over Communist Party,220–221
support for Protectionists,153, 154
Australian National University,206, 228
Australian Natives Association,143, 148
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (Anzac),162–165
Australian (newspaper),240
Australian (newspaper) (original),54, 76
Australian Rules football,111, 223
Australian Security and Intelligence Organisation (ASIO),215, 220, 222
‘Australian Settlement’,156, 159
Australian Shearers Union,126, 129
Australian War Memorial,164, 172, 199, 232
Australian Way of Life,207, 230–231, 233, 238
Australian Wheat Board scandal,305
Australian Worker (union newspaper),129
baby-boomers,227, 239
Bali bombing,297
Banks, Joseph,26, 28, 31, 35, 41
Barak, William (Wurundjeri man),110–111
Barton, Edmund,140, 141
Barwick, Garfield,246
Bass, George,47
Batjala people,72
Batman, John,69, 70, 80, 110
‘Battle for Australia’,196
Battle of Pinjarra,63
Baynton, Barbara,134
Bean, Charles,164
Beattie, Peter,299
Beazley, Kim,290
Bellamy, Edward,136
Bennelong (Eora man),33, 35
Bentham, Jeremy,44, 57
Bigge, J. T.,54–57, 72, 75, 81, 83
Bigge Reports,57–58, 72, 109–110
bilateralism,293
birthrate,139
Bjelke-Petersen, Joh,245, 255, 263, 277, 314
Black War,62–64
Blainey, Geoffrey,63, 272–273, 288
Bligh, William,38, 48–49
Boake, Barcroft,105
Bolshevik Revolution,169, 177
Bolte, Henry,212, 213, 245, 299
Bonaparte, Napoleon,37
Bond, Alan,263, 264–266, 265
Bonwick, James,12
Book Censorship Abolition League,190
border control,296–297
Botany Bay,17–18, 29, 30, 31, 49, 70, 74, 213
Bourke, Richard,69–70, 80
Boyd, Robin,238, 239
Bradman, Donald,188, 303
Bretton Woods,208
Brisbane,61, 73, 86, 113, 114, 125, 224, 264
Britain
colonisation of North America,34
Dominions,142, 143–144, 146, 171, 179
economic and financial links with Australia,60–61, 103, 174, 179–180
laissez faire policy,56–57
maintenance of Empire,143–144
Pacific expeditions,25–27
settler colonies,20–21, 142
sovereignty over Australia,29, 34–35
wars with France,19, 37–38, 49, 54
British Commonwealth,179, 214, 218
British expeditionary forces, Australian contingents,144
British justice, depicted on message board,65–67
British settlement
and Aboriginal people,4, 5, 13
consolidation under Macquarie,49–51
debates over,18, 21–30
exclusives vs emancipists,46, 58
First Fleet,1, 17–18, 31–32
invasion and expropriation,3, 20–21
land grants,40
and origins of Australia,1–4
reasons for,20, 30–31
self-sufficiency and standard of living,44
at Sydney Cove,1, 18, 32–34
see also Aboriginal–settler relations
Bruce, Stanley,173, 174, 181
Bruce–Page government,174
Bryce, Quentin,312
budget surpluses,286
Builders’ Labourers Federation,92, 273
Bulletin (magazine),127, 134–136, 138, 145, 148, 153
Bungaree (Kuring-gai man),53
Burke, Brian,263
Burke, Robert O’Hara,60, 104
Bush, George W.,297
bush legend,133–136
bushrangers,39, 59, 102
Call to Australia,223, 224
Calwell, Arthur,206–207, 230, 242
Canberra,151, 172, 185, 212, 213, 231
car industry,206, 317
car ownership,176, 225–226
Carboni, Raffaelo,92
Carr, Bob,299
Castle Hill rebellion,47, 52
Catholic Church/Catholics,51, 84, 117, 119, 120, 121, 172, 220, 303
Catholic Social Studies Movement,220
censorship,168, 190, 203, 213
Centennial Exhibition, Victoria,124
Chamberlain, Azaria,105
Chartism,78, 96
Chi, Jimmy,275
Chifley, Ben,204, 205–206, 209, 210, 219, 220
Chifley government,206–210
‘children overboard’ affair,296, 297, 298
Chinese immigrants,106, 145
Chisholm, Caroline,83–84
Christianity,2, 51–52, 84, 85, 141, 148, 225
Church Act 1836 (NSW),84
Church of England/Anglicans,51, 84, 119
Church Missionary Society,52
Churchill, Winston,194, 195, 196, 214
cities,xii, 113–116, 175–176, 180, 319
citizenship,151–153, 178, 207, 303, 322
civic freedom,87
civil society,118
Clark, Manning,243
Clarke, Marcus,74, 115
class solidarity,229
class warfare,126, 128
class-based politics,131–132
climate,7, 16, 20, 33, 46, 61, 81, 106, 233
climate change policy,i, 306, 309, 310, 312, 313
Clinton, Bill,279
coat of arms,96, 150
Cold War,205, 213–223, 230, 237, 266–267, 269
Collins, David,38
Colombo Plan,218
colonial conferences,142
colonial governments,39, 98, 99, 128
colonial history,2–3
colonial nationalism,3
Colonial Office,70, 76, 95, 96, 142, 145, 146, 171
colonial parliaments,95–96, 99, 100, 109, 140, 141
colonial patronage and jobbery,97
colonial politics,99
Commonwealth of Australia, proclamation,141, 150
Commonwealth Bank,182, 211, 260
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO),175
communism,177, 213, 214, 215, 216, 220, 221, 222, 223
communism, fear of,178, 214, 221–223
Communist International,177
Communist Party of Australia,92, 177, 178, 183, 184, 196, 210, 219, 220, 222
community life,321
Conder, Charles,136
Congress of Aborigines, Parramatta,52
Congress for Cultural Freedom,223
conscription,167–169, 170, 172, 178, 202, 219, 236, 243
Constitution,141–142, 149, 235, 292
Constitutional Convention,291
constitutional crises,96, 247, 249
constitutional independence,196
consumption,90, 176, 177, 180, 201, 205, 229, 290, 321
Contemporary Art Society,190
convict stain,74
convict transportation
abandonment,78–80
anti-transportation movement,74
to Australia,30, 31, 37, 78–80
and Napoleonic Wars,37, 49, 50, 61
to North American colonies,30, 31
perceived deficiencies of system,39
resumption in Western Australia,107–108
convicts
assignment system,53, 72
characterisations of,44–45
emancipation,46, 72, 86, 131
escapees,47
ethnic diversity,74
exclusion from jury service,76
legal rights,45
numbers,72
origins of,45
secondary transportation,73–74
supervision and punishment following Bigge reports,57–58, 72–74
ticket-of-leave,46
treatment in foundation years of colony,45–47
uprisings,47, 52
women,75
Cook, James,1, 27–30, 31, 34–35, 38, 43, 62
Cook, Joseph,161
Coombs, H. C. (‘Nugget’),205, 211, 240
Coranderrk,109, 110–111
Costello, Peter,286, 303, 307
Council for Aboriginal Affairs,240
Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation,277
Council of Australian Governments,300
Council for Civil Liberties,190
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (later CSIRO),175
Country Party,13, 173, 174, 175, 188, 235, 245, 249, 255see also National Party
Court, Charles,245, 277, 299
creation stories,9–10
cricket,111, 123, 150, 188, 225, 233, 264, 303
Crocodile Dundee,135
Cronulla riots,301
Cullinlaringo massacre,108, 111
cultural institutions,122
Curr, Edward,109
currency lads and lasses,76
Curtin, John,196, 197, 198, 202, 203, 205
Darcy, Les,188
Darling Downs Pastoralists Association,125
Darling, Ralph,75–76
Davis, Jack,275
Dawkins, John,261–262
Day of Protest and Mourning,18, 191
de Quiros, Pedro,22
Deakin, Alfred,126, 128, 132, 140, 141, 145, 146, 151, 153, 155, 159
Deane, William,292
decolonisation,214
defence and security
alliance with United States,216, 218–219, 246, 269, 294
border control,296–297
compulsory military training,145
expanded security powers,304–305
external threats,143
links with Britain,215, 216
links with United States,145, 196–197, 215
and middle power diplomacy,268–269
reliance on Britain,143–144, 154, 160, 179, 194, 195
Western alliance,205, 213, 214, 269
democracy,95, 96, 100, 115, 118, 123, 134, 178, 203, 216, 233, 237, 242
democracy, development of,96
Democratic Labor Party (DLP),221
Deniehy, Daniel,95–96
Dennis, C. J.,166
Depression,7, 172, 173, 181–188, 184, 190, 202, 205, 209, 211
deregulation,253–255, 256–258, 262, 266, 270, 294, 304, 316
Dharug people,117
Dharuk people,41
Dickens, Charles,117
diggers,90, 92, 163, 164, 175
dingoes,13, 15
Discovery (British ship),25
domestic violence,137, 138
Doyle, Arthur Conan,117
Dreamtime/Dreaming,10–11, 14–15, 17
drought,7, 61, 133, 135, 153, 157, 164, 252, 306
Dulungbra people,72
Dunlop, Edward ‘Weary’,200–201
Dunstan, Don,242
Durack family,105
Dutch expeditions,21, 22, 38, 144
Dyson, Will,166
Earle, Augustus,26, 53
East Timor,267, 293, 313
economic growth,157, 224, 238
economic growth, 1850–1880,111–112
economic rationalism,251, 305
economy
depression in 1890s,132–133, 138, 153, 157, 180
and Depression,181–183, 186
deregulation,253, 256–258, 262, 266
in early years of colony,40
global financial crisis,308
and gold rushes,90–91
and Great War,167
growth from mid-1990s,283–284
long boom during 1950s and 60s,211–212
new economic order,251
recession of 1990–91,257, 281, 283
and Second World War,201
wool exports,60–61
education,120–122, 158, 190, 191, 202, 206, 209, 213, 228, 244, 261–262, 284, 302–303, 307, 308–312, 320, 321
efficiency,157–159
egalitarianism,134, 136, 201, 322
eight-hour day,118
El Niño cycle,7
El Niño Oscillation Index,7
Elizabeth II, Queen,217, 217, 232
Elkin, A. P.,192–193
Empire Day,151, 157
Endeavour (British ship),1, 25, 28
Enlightenment,2, 29
environment, and hunter-gatherer society,16
environmental movement,273–274, 306
Eora people,15, 33, 41
equal rights, agitation for,77
ethnic diversity,230–231
ethnic identities, of colonists,87
Eureka rebellion,92–93
European imperialism,18–20, 21–30
evangelical Christianity,2, 119, 120, 148
Evans, Gareth,268
Evatt, H. V.,199–200, 210, 215, 219, 220–221, 268
exclusives vs emancipists,46, 50, 53, 58, 76
exploration, and explorers,1, 28, 29, 31, 58–60, 80, 104, 105, 136, 151
exports,60–61, 90, 103, 154, 157, 167, 174, 180, 181, 211, 238, 251, 252, 268, 283, 286, 295
‘fair go’,118
Fairfax, John,123, 311–312
family farms,59, 101, 107, 175
family life,83–84, 100, 118–119, 225, 227, 228, 260, 280–281, 319–321
The Fatal Shore (Hughes),45, 74
fauna,2, 7, 103, 150
Federal Conventions,140, 141, 142–143, 291
Federal Council,140
Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines,232
federal government, powers,98, 140, 168, 181, 185, 186, 306
federal–state relations,259, 300
Federation,140–143, 145, 146, 150
Fellowship of Australian writers,190
female suffrage,137, 153
Ferguson, Lady Munro,166
Field, Barron,2
financial deregulation,253, 256–257, 270, 294, 316
fire, Aboriginal use of,9, 13, 16
First Fleet,1, 17–18, 31–32, 38, 42, 45, 124
First World War,60, 160–161, 162, 163–164, 165–166, 167–169, 170, 170–171, 172, 173, 203, 205, 298
Fisher, Andrew,161, 167
flats,239
Flinders, Matthew,38, 54
Flinders Island,68
flora,xi, 2, 7–8, 25, 103, 150
Flying Doctor Service,177
foreign investment,115, 154, 211, 212–213, 252
foreign policy,189, 190, 199, 215–219, 237, 243, 267, 268, 293, 302
‘forgotten people’,210, 280
Forrest, Alexander,104
Forrest, Andrew,312, 316
France,19, 21, 25–27, 37–38, 49, 54, 143, 161, 165, 193, 194, 200
Franklin dam,273, 274
Franklin, Miles,135
Fraser, Eliza,72
Fraser, Malcolm,247, 249, 249–250, 251, 267, 270, 272, 274, 277
Fraser government,251–252, 267
free trade,57, 143, 171, 268
Free Trade Party,153, 154
French Academy,25
full employment,202, 208–209, 211, 238, 261, 262
Furphy, Joseph,135
Gallipoli campaign,163–166, 195, 298
Garnaut, Ross,310
General Motors Corporation,206, 226, 317
Le Géographe (French ship),25
geology,6–7
George, Henry,136
George V, King,169
Gillard government,313–314
Gillard, Julia,305, 308, 309, 312–314, 316
Gilmore (née Cameron), Mary,129, 137, 195
Ginibi, Ruby Langford,275
Gipps, George,89, 90
global financial crisis,308
global warming,284, 293, 306
globalisation,258, 266
Glover, John,79, 79
gold discoveries and rushes,3, 22, 25, 89–92, 93–94, 98, 100, 103, 104, 106, 111, 112, 113, 132, 145, 163
Goldstein, Vida,137
Gondwana,6
Goods and Services tax,295
Gorton, John,235, 240
governor-general, role,171, 246, 247, 291, 292, 312
governors, as heads of state,40, 48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 70, 75, 79, 95, 96, 186
Great Warsee First World War
Greens,310, 313
Greenway, Francis,50
Greer, Germaine,239
Griffin, Walter Burley,151
Griffith, Samuel,127, 128–129
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift),25
Gurindji people,231–232, 241
Gwiyagal people,42, 43
Haneef, Mohamed,304, 305
Hanson, Pauline,289–290, 292, 305
Hargraves, Edward,89
Harpur, Charles,120
Harris, Rolf,240
Harvester judgement,155
Hawke, Bob,250, 265, 270, 272, 277, 285
Hawke government,252–254, 258, 261–262, 263, 268, 269, 272
Hawkesbury River settement,41, 44, 47
Heidelberg school,135, 148
Hewson, John,270, 271, 272, 280
Hicks, David,304
Higgins, Henry Bournes,155, 156
higher education,121, 122, 137, 190, 206, 228, 261–262
Higinbotham, George,96, 120
Hinkler, Bert,176, 177
history
and attitude towards time,15
uses of,2, 5, 15, 58–59, 204, 275, 288, 303
see also Australian history; colonial history
Hobart,38, 39, 50, 113, 114
Holt, Harold,219, 235, 236, 239, 240
home ownership,225
homosexuality,42, 228, 239
Howard government,5, 285–288, 292–293, 294–298, 302–304, 306–307
Howard, John,299
and Anzac legend,298
on Asian immigration,273, 289
and Indigenous policy,5, 288–289
Liberal Party leadership,270–271, 273, 280–282, 283
loss of seat,307
monarchism,291–292
neoliberalism,283–284
and Pauline Hanson,289, 290
as prime minister,284–285, 290–291, 301–302, 307
social conservatism,284, 305
support for war on terror,296, 298
and talkback radio,300
and US alliance,294, 298
use of political ‘dog whistle’,299
Howe, Michael,39
Hughes, Billy,167–168, 169, 170, 171–172, 173, 181, 188–189, 196, 200, 202
Hughes, Robert,45, 74, 239
human occupation of continent,1
human rights,267, 279, 294
Hume, Fergus,115
Humphries, Barry,238–239, 240
Hunter, John,38, 44, 48, 51, 55
immigration,98, 111, 133, 145, 146, 147, 154, 171, 172, 178, 182, 187, 189, 190, 206, 235, 272, 283, 296, 301, 304
in 1890s,133
Asian immigration,146, 154, 172, 272–273, 293
and assimilation,230–231
assisted migration schemes,77, 154, 174
Chinese immigrants,106, 145
classification of races and nationalities,178
post-war programme,206–208
Scottish immigrants,115
Immigration Restriction Act,146, 147
Imperial conferences,142, 174, 179
Indigenous peoplesee Aboriginal people
Indigenous policy
assimilation,192, 193, 207, 231–233, 243
Closing the Gap,309, 316
cultural genocide,150
under Howard Coalition government,5, 306–307
intervention in Northern Territory,6, 306–307, 309, 310
protection policy,67–70, 109, 149–150, 191
reforms under Whitlam government,244
removal of children from parents,5, 149–150, 193, 233, 288–289
self-determination,241, 275, 276
self-management,276
Indonesia,214, 267–268, 269, 279, 293–294, 297, 317
industrial development,212–213, 245, 268
industrial disputes
in 1890s,125–132
in 1920s,177, 181
in 1940s,209–210
industrial relations reform,255, 286, 287, 294, 303–304
Industrial Workers of the World,168
inequality,29, 65, 100, 108, 257, 262, 321, 322
inflation,209, 211, 237, 246, 251–252, 256, 271, 283
influenza,178
inland frontier of settlement,105
International Exhibition, Montreal 1967,239
International Monetary Fund (IMF),208, 293
invasion
by British,1–4, 5, 13, 15, 18, 20–21, 41, 42, 70, 108
fear of,151, 154, 160, 196, 272
Japanese threat,24, 144–145, 151, 154, 196–197
Investigator (British ship),25, 54
Iraq, invasion of,298, 302, 305
Ireland, David,213
isolationism,179, 190
James, Clive,239
Janszoon, Willem,22
Japan,106, 147, 171, 172, 179, 190, 246, 268
in First World War,162
as potential invader,24, 143, 144–145
in Second World War,194–195, 196–199, 199, 200
as trading partner,189, 211, 216, 238, 267, 287, 294
Johnson, Amy,177
Johnson, Lyndon,219, 235, 236
Jones, Alan,300–301, 313
Jones, Barry,258
jury service,76
Kable, Henry and Susannah,45
Kamilaroi people,64
Keating, Paul,5, 253, 254, 256, 257, 270, 271, 271–272, 273, 278–280, 281, 291, 292, 307, 310
Kelly gang,102
Kelly, Ned,102
Kennedy, Edmund,104
Kennedy, Tom,92
Kennett, Jeffrey,299
Kerr, John,246, 247
Keynesianism,208, 246, 254
King, Philip Gidley,38, 46, 51
Kingsford Smith, Charles,177
Kirribilli,285
Kisch, Egon,190
Kokoda Track,197–199, 199
Korean War,211, 216, 237
Kulin people,69
Kuring-gai people,53
Kwiambal people,64
Kyoto Protocol,293, 306, 307
Labor Electoral League (NSW),131
Labor Partysee Australian Labor Party
labour market,154, 156, 177, 202, 208, 283
labour market deregulation,255, 270, 286, 304
labour movement,92, 129, 131, 136, 137, 138, 142, 154, 167, 172, 177, 181, 206, 207, 214, 220, 221, 269, 272
Lalor, Peter,92
land
Aboriginal peoples’ relationship to,10–11
non-indigenous Australians’ attachment to,3–4, 136
land boom,132
Land Convention (Victoria),100
land grants, to early colonists,40, 57, 72, 77
land reform, campaign to unlock lands,99–101
land rights,244, 245
land rush, in mid-nineteenth century,70
land sales,77–78
Lane, William,129, 131, 145, 159
Lang, Jack,183, 184–185, 186, 270
Lang, John Dunmore,85
larrikins,102, 138, 166, 235, 250
Latham, Mark,301–302
Launceston, settlement,38, 39, 50, 87
Laurasia,6
Lawson, Henry,94, 101, 128–129, 130, 132, 134, 135
Lawson, Louisa,129, 136
League of Nations,171, 178, 189
legislative council (New South Wales),75, 76, 94
Leichhardt, Ludwig,104
leisure and recreation,14, 157, 176, 204, 225, 229, 264, 321
Lévi-Strauss, Claude,12
liberal internationalism,171, 200, 214
Liberal National Party (Queensland),249, 314
Liberal Party,154, 210, 245–247, 249, 255, 256, 273, 280, 283, 289, 290, 295
Light Horse Brigade,163
living standards,44, 81, 156, 174, 180, 183, 188, 206, 208, 224, 227, 254, 261, 266, 268, 269, 283, 293, 318, 319
local government,99, 244, 259
Logan, Patrick,73
London Missionary Society,51
Lord, Simeon,50
Lyons, Joseph,182, 188
Lyons government,189, 190
Mabo, Eddie,277
Mabo judgement,35, 277–278
MacArthur, Douglas,197
Macarthur, Elizabeth,40
Macarthur, John,40, 48–49, 58, 76, 95, 96, 124
McAuley, James,223
McCubbin, Fred,134
Macintyre, John,33, 41
MacKillop, Mary,121–122
McMahon, William,235, 240, 241
Macquarie Harbour penal settlement,73, 74
Macquarie, Lachlan,49–51, 52–53, 54, 56, 75, 76
Mahathir, Mohamad,280, 294
mail,116, 116–117
Malayan Emergency,216
Mannix, Daniel,169
Manpower Directorate,201
manufacturing,61, 90, 115, 142, 148, 153, 154, 155, 174, 176, 178, 186, 189, 201, 206, 212, 213, 245, 251, 257, 258, 287, 312
Marika, Wandjuk,10
Marine Officers Association,126
Maritime Strike,126–127, 127, 131, 132
Maritime Union of Australia (MUA),287, 287
marriage,15, 44, 51, 87, 95, 129, 133, 137, 138, 149, 155, 227, 281
Marsden, Samuel,44, 51, 52
‘Marvellous Melbourne’,114, 115, 122
masculine nationalism,134–137, 151, 153
mateship,83, 94, 230, 233, 279, 292
media ownership,263–264
megafauna,13
Melbourne,70, 80, 113, 114, 115, 151, 175, 184, 227, 233, 264, 320
Melbourne international exhibition (1880–81),122
Melbourne Trades Hall Council,126
Menzies, Robert,217
as Anglophile,216–218
anti-communist stance,216, 219, 221–223
on Germany,189
as Liberal prime minister,210–211, 212, 216–218, 219, 221–223, 224, 234–235
in Lyons government,188, 189–190
retirement,234–235
in Second World War,195, 197
as UAP prime minister,168, 189–190, 193–194, 199
Menzies government (Coalition),210–211, 212, 213, 229
Menzies government (UAP),196
middle power diplomacy,268–269
minerals and energy,252, 317
mining booms,238, 252, 283, 317
mining industry,277, 311–312
mining tax,311–312, 316
ministerial responsibility,285
missionaries,22, 51–52
Mitchell, Thomas,59–60, 70, 80, 99, 116–117
morals,44, 51, 85, 86, 92, 128, 168, 223, 228
moral panics,228
moral reform movement,168
Moran, Patrick (Cardinal),141
Moreton Bay penal settlement,73, 82
Morgan, Sally,275
Mount Rennie rape case,138
Movement Against War and Fascism,190
multiculturalism,243–244, 272, 273, 284, 289, 301
Mundine, Warren,316
Murdoch, Keith,164
Murdoch, Rupert,164, 240, 263, 306
Murdoch press,306, 310
mutual obligation principle,286
Myall Creek massacre,64–65, 69, 87, 138
Myer, Sidney,176, 177
Namatjira, Albert,232
Napoleonic Wars,20, 37, 49, 60, 61, 160–162
nation-building by Commonwealth,154–159, 160
national anthem,196
national capital,5, 98, 99, 99, 151, 212
national character,14, 35, 45, 85, 88, 122, 135, 136, 164, 180, 212, 292
National Economic Summit,252, 255, 281
National Farmers Federation,254, 287, 288
national flag,150, 226, 234, 275, 301, 302
National Front,92
national identity,143, 284, 302
National Party,245, 255, 285, 288, 305
national symbols,150, 152, 255, 275, 284
Nationalist Party,172, 173, 178, 185
nationhood,93, 140, 160, 243
Native Institution,52
native plants and animalssee fauna; flora
native title,5, 14, 277–278, 288
Native Title Tribunal,278
Le Naturaliste (French ship),25
Neilson, John Shaw,134
neoliberalism,251, 255–256, 257, 283–284, 290, 308
‘Never Never’,105
Neville, A. O.,193
New Guard,186
New Guinea,15, 106, 151, 162, 171, 192, 198, 199, 267
New Holland,2, 22, 29, 54
New Protection,155, 159, 178
New Right,254–255, 257, 270, 271, 280
New South Wales, naming of,1, 2
New South Wales Corps,39, 40, 47, 48–49, 49
Newcastle penal settlement,38, 46, 73, 87
newspapers,123, 230, 263
Nglulungbara people,72
Nixon, Richard,237
Nolan, Sidney,72, 240
Norfolk Island,30, 32, 38, 44
Norfolk Island penal settlement,73–74
Northern Territory,98, 151, 232, 274, 309, 310
Nunn, James,64
Nyungar people,63
Oceania,24
oil crisis,246
old-age pension,156, 213
Olympic Games,227, 233, 267
One Nation Party,289–290
One Women, One Recruit League,167
Orient,24, 145
Orientalism,24, 144
outback,60, 105, 121, 134, 135, 292
Overland Telegraph line,104, 105
Pacific Island labour trade,107, 146–147, 148
Pacific Rim,24, 106
Pacific Solution,296, 307
Packer, Kerry,263, 264
Page, Earle,173
Palm Island,232
Palmer, Clive,314–316
Palmer, Thomas,55
Palmer United Party,314
Pangea,6
Papua,151
Papua New Guinea,4, 197, 198, 215, 243, 293, 296, 317
Paris peace conference,171–172, 173, 178
Parkes, Henry,97, 124, 126, 140, 141
Parliament House,100, 217, 241, 253, 259, 314
parliamentssee colonial parliaments
Parramatta settlement,32, 40–41, 47, 52, 75
pastoral expansion,41, 50, 53, 58, 60–62, 63, 67, 69–70, 77–78, 108, 154
pastoral industry,108–109, 111, 231–232
Paterson, A.B.,134
pearling industry,106, 147
Pearson, Charles,145–146
Pearson, Noel,309, 310, 312, 316
Peel, Robert,81
Peel, Thomas,81
Pemulwuy (Eora man),41
penal settlements,38, 73–74
Perkins, Charlie,276
Perth,81, 113, 114
Petrov inquiry,221
Petrova, Evdokia,222, 222
Phar Lap,188
Philip, Prince,317
Phillip, Arthur,1, 17, 18, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 39, 42, 44, 51
place-names,86–87
Playford, Tom,212, 213, 245
political scandals,50, 74, 163, 246, 263
politics
anti-communist crusades,178
anti-socialist crusade,211
class-based,131–132
crisis of cynicism,97, 269, 300
of new Commonwealth,140, 146, 153
patronage and jobbery in colonial era,97
public disregard for,143, 317–318
in rejection of,184–186
popular radicalism, racist strain,106
population,12, 13, 22, 50, 154, 174, 230, 301
in 1950s and 60s,224
by 2015,318–319
and Depression,187
and gold rushes,90
Indigenous people,149, 275, 319
non-Indigenous,44, 50, 82, 111
in tropics,147
Port Arthur penal settlement,73, 74, 284
Port Jackson,17, 32, 34
Port Macquarie penal settlement,73, 87
Port Phillip Bay,38, 58, 87, 91, 213
Port Phillip District,69, 80, 90
Portuguese expeditions,21, 22
Possession Island,29, 35
post-war reconstruction,202–203, 205, 206–210
poverty,78, 133, 136, 153, 244, 260, 261, 286, 293
Price, John,73–74
prisoners of war,200–201
privatisation,260, 303
progressivism,158, 302
Protectionist Party,153, 154
Protestant ascendency,172–173
public expenditure cuts,174, 245, 261, 285, 308
public sector,40, 212, 252, 258, 260, 261, 270, 302, 316
public sector reform,258, 285
pyrohistory,8
Qantas,276
Quadrant (magazine),223
Queensland,82, 95, 98, 107, 149, 263, 290, 319
annexation of New Guinea,106
Queensland Shearers Union,125, 126
rabbits,103, 133
race riots, against Chinese,106, 129, 272
racial purity,147, 151, 178
racism,143, 145–146, 272, 289
rainfall,7, 11, 16, 103, 105, 157
Rasp, Charles,93
rats of Tobruk,195
Reagan, Ronald,267, 269, 283
recession,252, 257, 271, 281, 283, 286, 290, 308
Reconciliation Council,5, 277
recreationsee leisure and recreation; sport
Red Cross,166
Redfern, William,50, 56
refugees,190, 207, 272, 294, 309
religious freedom,84, 119
religious participation,84, 119–120, 225see also Christianity; names of religions
religious sectrianism,172
Remembrance Day,170, 240
representative government,95, 184
republic, referendum on,291–292, 300
Republican (magazine),129
republicanism,134, 136, 142, 235, 279, 291, 292, 312
residence patterns,117
Returned Soldiers and Sailors Imperial League of Australia (later RSL),177
Reynolds, Henry,63
Richardson, Graham,274
right-wing secret armies,178, 185–186
Rinehart, Gina,312, 315, 321
Riratjungi people,9
rivers, map of major rivers,xii
Roberts, Tom,134, 135
Robinson, George,68, 69
Robinson, Michael,50, 76
the Rocks,83, 87
Royal Australian Navy,143, 144, 154, 162, 194
Royal Society (Britain),25, 28, 109
royal tours,217
Rudd government,308, 310, 312
Rudd, Kevin,5–6, 305, 307–308, 309, 312, 313, 314, 315
Rudd, Steele,134
Rum Rebellion,48, 48–49
rural decline,237–238
rural development,174–175
Ryan, Thomas,131
Saddam Hussein,298, 305
Sahul,4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 15, 22
Said, Edward,24
Santamaria, B. A.,220, 223
Sawyer, Mary,75
Scott, Rose,137
Scottish emigrants,90, 115, 119
Scullin government,183, 185
Scullin, James,182
sealing,39, 55
Second Australian Imperial Force,193
Second Fleet,32
Second World War,193–203, 214, 232, 293
secret ballot,97
sectarianism,172
securitysee defence and security
Selection Acts,101
self-government, for colonies,94–96, 99, 109, 214
separatist New State movements,185
settlementsee British settlement
settler colonies,20–21, 55, 142
Seven Years War,19
sexes, battle of,137–139, 177
sexual relations, in early years of colony,42–44
shearers,63, 103, 113, 125–126, 135
Shute, Neville,200
Singapore, fall of,194, 195, 196, 200
Sinn Fein movement,169
smallpox,20, 33, 55
Smith, Sydney,44
Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme,209, 212, 259
social conservatism,213, 271, 284, 305
social democracy,242See also democracy
social insurance scheme,156, 158, 189–190
social laboratory,156
social reforms, and progressivism,158
social welfare,156, 158, 182, 187, 188, 209, 213, 214, 227, 244, 255, 261, 262, 280, 284, 285, 286, 294, 301, 303, 306, 310, 313, 318
Solander, Daniel,28, 29
soldier settlement schemes,175, 206
South Australia,70, 82, 95, 186, 200
South Pacific Forum,293
South-East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO),216
Spanish expeditions to Pacific,22, 25, 51
speech patterns,117
Spence, Catherine,90
Spence, William Guthrie,93, 94, 129–131
sport,115, 118, 123, 150, 152, 188, 201, 223, 233, 264
sporting champions,188
squatters,77, 78, 100, 101
stagflation,246
state rivalries,212–213
states and territories, boundaries,99
Statute of Westminster,196
Stewart, Paddy Japaljarri,10–11
Sting Ray’s Harbour,29
Stirling, James,80
Stolen Generations,5, 193, 275, 288–289, 307
Stuart, John,104
suburban life,183, 224–227, 230, 238–239, 280
Suez Crisis,216–217
sugar industry,107, 146
Suharto,267, 293
Sukarno, Achmad,267
Sunda,6, 8, 9, 11
surf lifesaving clubs,233, 234
Sutherland, Joan,240
swagmen,130, 133, 134
Swan River Colony, establishment,80–81
Swift, Jonathon,25
Sydney,39, 48, 49, 80, 83, 113, 114, 124, 175, 186, 191, 192, 224, 264, 285, 301, 306
Sydney Chamber of Commerce,126
Sydney Cove,1, 18, 32–34, 44
Sydney Harbour,1, 39, 53, 136, 196
Sydney Harbour Bridge,135, 180, 186
Sydney Morning Herald (newspaper),123
Sydney Opera House,243
Sykes, Bobbi,241
Syme, David,123
talk-back radio,300–301
tall poppies,266
Tampa affair,295–297
tariffs,154–155, 157, 180, 182, 186, 206, 245, 251, 254, 255, 270
Tasman, Abel,22, 25
Tasmania,4, 80, 273, 274, 284see also Van Diemen’s Land
tax reform,290, 294, 295, 311
technological innovation,13, 157
teenagers,228–229, 229
television,227, 243, 263, 304, 321
tennis,225, 233
Terra Australis Incognita,24
terra nullius,4, 5, 34, 278
Thatcher, Margaret,257, 267, 283
Third Fleet,32
towns,80, 82, 90, 112, 170, 237, 319
trade,39, 174, 189, 268
trade liberalisation,208, 293
trade union movement,126
trade unions178, 220, 229, 250, 252, 281, 304, 322
Howard government attack on,286
membership,131, 286
radicalisation,187
Tree of Knowledge,131
Trollope, Anthony,119
tropical Australia,11, 105–106, 107, 108, 114, 147–148
Truganini (‘last Tasmanian’),109–110
Turnbull, Malcolm,312
Ulm, Charles,177
Uluru (Ayers Rock),105
Unemployed Workers Movement,183–184, 185
unemployment,177, 182, 183, 202, 212, 246, 251, 252, 257
United Australia Party (UAP),183, 185, 186, 188, 193
United Nations,200, 214, 215, 294, 296, 298, 305
United Nations Human Development and Gender Development indices,322
United Nations peacekeeping forces,293
United States,21, 90, 142, 171, 178, 196, 202, 216, 218, 219, 237, 246, 266–267
Great White Fleet,145
United States servicemen,201–202
Universal Service League,167
universities,121, 190, 192, 206, 228, 261–262
urbanisation,175–176, 319
Utilitarianism,57, 80, 81, 86, 121
Van Diemen’s Land (later Tasmania)25, 50, 72
Black Line,63
convict population,79
end of transportation,80
‘kangaroo economy’,38
occupation,38–39
removal of Aborigines to Flinders Island,68
Tasman’s views on,25
venereal disease,43, 168
Vern, Frederick,92
Victorian Board of Protection,109
Vietnam War,218–219, 235–237, 243, 266, 267, 272
voluntarism,118, 233
voluntary associations,83, 118, 139
voting rights,95, 97, 131, 137, 141, 142, 153, 185
wage determination,208, 255
wage regulation,180
wages, basic wage,155, 156, 187
Wajuk people,15
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon,81–82
Wall Street Crash (1929),180, 181
‘Waltzing Matilda’ (Paterson),1, 134
War of American Independence,19
War Precautions Act 1914,168
war on terror,295, 296, 297–298
Watson, Don,279
Wattle Day League,151
Wedge, John,59
Wentworth, William Charles,76, 86, 95, 124
West, John,123
West/East distinction,24
Western Australia,149, 185, 277, 311
separatist movement,185
Westminster system of responsible government,95
whaling,30, 39, 59
White Australia policy,146–147, 153, 154, 159, 218, 231, 235, 289, 293
White, Patrick,240
Whitlam, Gough,242–243, 244, 245, 247, 272, 274, 310
Whitlam government,242–244, 245, 246, 248, 266, 267
Wik decision,288
Wills, Thomas,111
Wills, William,104
Wilson, Woodrow,171
Windschuttle, Keith,239
Woi-worung people,110
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union,136, 139
women
affirmative action,244
and battle of sexes,137–139
convicts,75
equal pay,188, 232, 241, 244
and marriage,138
maternalist conception of citizenship,139, 151–153
suburban housewives,187, 226–227, 281
treatment of Aboriginal women,42, 43, 52, 64, 153, 187
voting rights,95, 131, 137, 141, 142, 153, 185
war effort in Great war,166–167
workforce participation,226
women’s movement,136–139, 142, 244
women’s rights,139, 187–188
wool production,60–61, 103
Worker (newspaper),148
workforce participation,226, 260, 321
Workplace Relations Act 1996,286
workplace restructuring,258–259, 260
Writers League,190
Yemmerrawannie,33
yeoman ideal,100, 101, 175
Yolngu people,241
Yothu Yindi,275