Muller-Ortega, Paul E. 347n22
Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 365n50
mūrtis or arcās (ritual images): as arcā-avatāras/image-avatāras 74, 75–76, 79, 307, 326n75, 338n135; as image-incarnations 23, 24, 326n75; see also mūrtis or arcās of Kṛṣṇa
mūrtis or arcās (ritual images) of Kṛṣṇa: as arcā-avatāras/image-avatāras 29, 55, 75–76, 78, 79, 96, 97, 195, 196, 233, 263, 300, 307, 326n75; circumambulation of 5, 97, 213, 241; engaged through darśana/seeing 96, 97; engaged through mūrti-sevā 5, 96, 97, 320n14, 339n143, 342n55; engaged through pūjā 97; engaged through sparśana/touching 96, 97; Govardhana śilās/stones as aniconic mūrtis 4, 248; as image-incarnations 131; as mesocosmic forms of Kṛṣṇa 76–77, 78–79, 96, 97, 109, 263, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307; svayam-prakaṭa mūrtis 4–5, 27, 233, 234; as transmundane 76–77, 96, 270, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 369n140, 391n2; and vaidhī-bhakti 95–96, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2; see also mūrtis or arcās; mūrtis of specific divine manifestations
Murty, K. Satchidananda 357n227
Naddaff, Ramona 321n24, 324n44
nāgas (semidivine serpents) 16, 253, 310
Nagatomo, Shigenori 323nn35–36
nāma-kīrtana or nāma-saṃkīrtana (singing of divine names) 6, 24, 66, 95, 97, 156, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174–175, 176, 177, 185, 188–197, 300, 339n140, 341–342n41, 344n74, 365n59, 369n145, 369n147, 370n156, 370nn165–166
nāmans (names): divine names as sonic forms of deity 23, 24, 295; inherent connection between name and form in Vedic words 141–142, 160, 165, 178; names, forms, and functions of all beings derive from Vedic words 115, 159–160; Vedic names contain subtle essence and structure of forms 159–160, 178; see also nāmans of Kṛṣṇa
nāmans (names) of Kṛṣṇa: bestow supreme fruit of prema-rasa 186–188; engaged through inscribing letters of divine name on body 97, 189; engaged through mantra meditation 97, 170, 189; engaged through nāma-kīrtana or nāma-saṃkīrtana/singing 6, 24, 66, 95, 97, 156, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174–175, 176, 177, 185, 188–197, 300, 339n140, 341–342n41, 344n74, 365n59, 369n145, 369n147, 370n156, 370nn165–166; engaged through nāma-smaraṇa/contemplative recollection 97, 170, 189; engaged through nāma-śravaṇa/hearing 97, 155, 170, 176, 188–189; as full of rasa/nectar 180, 183, 186, 196; as full of sat-cit-ānanda 77, 179–181, 186, 196; invested with Kṛṣṇa’s śakti 176, 177, 178–179, 180, 183; Kṛṣṇa-nāman 178, 179–180, 182, 183, 186, 191, 196, 366n85; Kṛṣṇa-nāman as essence of all mantras and all names 178, 179–180; Kṛṣṇa-nāman as essence of Vedas 178, 179; Kṛṣṇa-nāman as most perfect and complete of divine names 179; liberating power of 171–174, 183–184; as means of fashioning devotional bodies 188, 195–197; as means of fashioning distinctive social body 184–185, 188, 190, 191–196; as mesocosmic forms of Kṛṣṇa 29, 76–78, 79, 96, 97, 109, 160, 176, 177, 183, 263, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307; methods of engaging 97, 188–189; as nāma-avatāras/name-avatāras 29, 76, 77, 96, 97, 160, 176, 177–178, 181–183, 186, 188, 189, 195, 196, 263, 299, 307; nāma-saṃkīrtana as dharma of Kali Yuga 170–171, 189–191; nāma-saṃkīrtana as integral to Bhāgavata dharma 170, 171–172; nāma-saṃkīrtana as preeminent practice of bhakti-yoga 170, 171–172, 365n59; as nondifferent from svarūpa/essential nature of Kṛṣṇa 76, 77, 96, 160, 175–176, 177, 180–181, 183; as nondifferent from vigraha/absolute body 76, 77, 96, 160, 175–176, 177, 180–181; as nonmaterial 181; ontology of 177–180; purifying power of 171–174, 183–184; and sādhana-bhakti 176, 188, 189, 196; and sāttvika-bhāvas 188, 197; as transmundane 76–77, 96, 270, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 369n140, 391n2; and vaidhī-bhakti 95–96, 189, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2; yajña of nāma-saṃkīrtana 187, 190; see also nāmans
names: see nāmans; nāmans of Kṛṣṇa
Nanda: as embodiment of vātsalya-rasa 90, 98, 285, 297, 301–302; festival of 195; as foster parent of Kṛṣṇa 2, 35, 88, 90, 201, 206, 231, 255; as headman of Vraja 201, 202, 204; house of 269; Kṛṣṇa in care of 1, 90, 201, 205, 255; Kṛṣṇa as son of 47, 179, 232–233, 249, 280, 285; and līlā/play 35, 88, 206, 301–302; as lord of Vraja 47, 202, 233, 280, 285; Nanda’s Vraja or cowherd encampment 201–202, 205, 206, 371n8; as nitya-siddha/eternally perfect being 35, 90, 98, 297, 301–302; as parikara/pārṣada/eternal associate 35, 88, 90, 98, 258, 285, 297, 301–302; as rāgātmikā bhakta 98, 297, 301–302; and transcendent loka/abode of Kṛṣṇa 264, 353n163; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 35, 88, 98, 258, 285, 297, 301–302
Nara and Nārāyaṇa 71; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63, 336n99; as vaibhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63
Nārada 63, 128, 130, 132–135, 139, 206, 223, 246, 273; as āveśa-avatāra 53fig2, 67; as āveśa līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 64, 67; invested with bhakti-śakti 67; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 64, 67, 336n99
Nārada Purāṇa 119, 122, 125, 148, 210, 374n69
Nārāyaṇa: abode of 218, 226, 227–228, 379n148; and avatāras 287; as boar Varāha 347n33; body of 292–293, 347n33; and Brahmā 347n33; as Brahman 114; and divinized tantric body 286–287, 292–293; as first puruṣa-avatāra, Kāraṇābdhiśāyin Viṣṇu 57, 298; as four-armed form 37, 49, 54; images of 390n65; and Kṛṣṇa 49, 54, 71, 73, 114, 175, 218, 226, 227–228, 287, 298; and Lakṣmī 390n65; name of 173, 174–175, 185–186; as object of tantric ritual worship 286–287, 292–293; as presiding deity of Paravyoman 49, 54, 71; śaktis of 287; seven-syllable mantra of 287; as supreme Godhead 46, 73, 227, 286; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 73, 335n77, 390n64; and Veda(s) 114, 347n33; as Viṣṇu 37, 46, 57, 73, 114, 173, 186, 218, 226, 227, 228, 286–287, 298, 347n33; as Viṣṇu-Nārāyaṇa 114, 347n33; and Vyāsa 42; and vyūhas 46, 54, 227, 228, 287; see also Viṣṇu
Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa 3, 228, 230, 235–236, 249–250, 267, 380n173, 384n249
Narayanan, Vasudha 323n41, 324n47, 325n67, 338n132, 338nn134–135, 346n18, 346n21
Narottama Dāsa 102
Nāth, Niradprasād 376n104
Nātha, Rādhāgovinda 257, 329n103, 379n158
Nāṭya-Śāstra (Bharata) 86–87, 91, 340n11, 341n34, 371n171
Nelson, Lance E. 344n77
Nicholson, Linda 322n28
Nimbārka or Sanakādi Sampradāya 26, 371n3
nitya-siddhas: see parikaras or pārṣadas
Novetzke, Christian Lee 24, 295, 325n67, 327n79
Nṛsiṃha: as avatāra 287, 288; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 60, 61–62, 335n79, 336n99; as one of daśa-avatāras 60, 61; as parāvastha līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 61–62; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335nn78–79
Nṛsiṃha Purāṇa 186
nyāsa (ritual placement of mantras) 274, 280, 286–288, 289, 291, 292–293, 390n58
Ohnuma, Reiko 324n48
Olivelle, Patrick 324n47
Om 161, 165–166, 167–168, 169–170, 179, 273, 274, 364nn42–43, 364n47, 365n50
O’Neill, John 321n20, 321n23, 322n27
Ong, Walter J. 342n47
Otto, Rudolf 339n5
outcastes 171, 173, 184–185, 190, 365n63, 366n69, 367n117
Packert, Cynthia 320nn12–14, 339n143, 342n55, 379n167, 380n169
Padmanābha: as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n77, 390n64
Padmapāda 357n227
Padma Purāṇa 39, 48, 109, 110, 113, 119, 121, 122, 125, 132–139, 148, 180, 182, 183–184, 193, 200, 210, 212–213, 216–228, 229, 237, 239, 246, 248–249, 252, 262, 268, 271, 272, 274–277, 282–283, 319n3, 331n25, 334n56, 344n1, 353–354n167, 354n168, 354n174, 355n203, 355–356n206, 356n212, 370n161, 376n98, 376n101, 376n104, 377n115, 377n123, 378n133, 378nn140–141, 378n143, 379n145, 379n148, 379n150, 380n179; see also Bhāgavata Māhātmya of Padma Purāṇa; Vṛndāvana Māhātmya of Padma Purāṇa
Padyāvalī (Rūpa Gosvāmin) 328n89, 366n78
Pāñcarātra Saṃhitās 217–218, 274, 286; see also Āgamas; Tantras; specific texts
Pāñcarātra traditions xiii–xiv, 29, 46, 54, 73–74, 166–167, 169, 217–218, 224, 228, 273, 274, 285–289, 292–293, 306–308, 326n75, 327–328n81, 333n51, 338n132, 388n6, 388n13, 390n60
Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa (Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa) 363n30, 363–364n36
Paramātman: and adherents of śānta-rasa 89–90, 279, 305; as antar-yāmin/indwelling Self of cosmos bodies/macrocosmos 20, 32, 56, 69–70, 298, 299; as antar-yāmin/indwelling Self of jīva bodies/microcosmos 20, 32, 56, 70, 279, 299; and Bhagavān 20, 32–33, 40, 44, 45–46, 56, 90, 152, 279, 298, 304–305, 330n3; and Brahman 20, 32–33, 40, 43–44, 45–46, 152, 279, 298, 304–305, 330n3; as intermediary or partial aspect of Kṛṣṇa 32–33, 40, 44, 45–46, 56, 90, 152, 279, 304–305; and jīva-śakti 33, 299; and māyā-śakti 33, 298, 299; and meditation 89–90, 279, 305; as saviśeṣa/differentiated 43–44, 205; as source and ground of puruṣa-avatāras 56, 69–70, 298, 299; and Viṣṇu 56, 69–70, 89, 279, 298, 299, 305; and yoga-mārga 44, 89, 305; see also Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu; Kāraṇābdhiśāyin Viṣṇu; Kṣīrodakaśāyin Viṣṇu
Paramātma Sandarbha (Jīva Gosvāmin) 28, 31, 33, 331–332n28, 332n43
Paraśurāma: as āveśa-avatāra 53fig2, 67; as āveśa līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 64, 67; invested with vīrya-śakti 67; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 60, 64, 67, 336n99; as one of daśa-avatāras 60, 64
Paravyoman 334n56; as abode of eternal gods 283; abodes of avatāras in 49, 56, 71, 177, 245, 251, 269, 297, 311; abodes of vaibhava-vilāsas in 49, 54–55, 56, 71, 73, 74, 78, 177, 297, 311; as beyond Brahman 48, 49, 70–71, 283, 298, 302, 310; as beyond material realm of prakṛti 48, 49, 57, 70–71, 298, 302, 310; as beyond material space-time continuum 48, 55, 70–71, 296, 310; as eternal 48, 310; and Kṛṣṇaloka 48, 49, 54, 70–71, 74, 251, 256, 296, 297, 298, 310, 311; Mathurā-maṇḍala as greater than 269; Nārāyaṇa as presiding deity of 49, 54, 71; as nonmaterial 48, 283, 302, 310; as petals of lotus-maṇḍala 49, 70–71, 256, 296, 297, 298, 310, 311; and svarūpa-śakti 48, 310; as transcendent domain 48, 49, 54, 55, 70–71, 74, 78, 177, 245, 251, 269, 296, 298, 310; as Vaikuṇṭha 245, 269; Vaikuṇṭhas of 49, 71, 73, 251, 256, 297; see also Vaikuṇṭha
Pargiter, F. E. 350n88
parikaras or pārṣadas (eternal associates of Kṛṣṇa): attendants of Kṛṣṇa as 35, 88, 90, 98, 285, 297, 301–302; beyond illusory power of māyā-śakti 143–144; companions of Kṛṣṇa in Vraja or Vṛndāvana as 35, 88, 90, 99, 266; descent of 35, 254; and Dvārakā 250, 251, 254; elders of Vraja as 90, 98, 285, 297, 301–302; emulation of or identification with 98, 278, 285, 290–291, 293, 301–302; eternally connected with Kṛṣṇa 246; gopas/cowherds as 35, 88, 90, 98, 246, 251, 255, 264, 266, 280, 285, 288–289, 297, 301–302; gopīs/cowmaidens as 35, 88, 90, 98, 246, 251, 280, 285, 288–289, 290–291, 297, 301–302; and līlā/play 35, 88, 92, 93, 99, 155, 246, 250, 251, 255, 264, 266, 280, 281, 285, 292, 301–302, 385n257; mahiṣīs/queens as 251; manifest on more than one plane simultaneously 266; and Mathurā 250, 251, 254, 255; and meditation 99–100, 278–279, 280–281, 285, 288–289, 290–291, 292, 293, 302–303; Nanda as 35, 88, 90, 98, 258, 285, 297, 301–302; never subjected to bondage 92, 304, 314; as nitya-siddhas/eternally perfect beings 35, 90, 92, 93, 98, 290–291, 297, 301–302, 304, 310, 314; as paradigmatic embodiments of rasas 90, 98, 285, 290–291, 297, 301–302; possess nonmaterial bodies composed of pure luminous being 290, 297, 310, 314; as rāgātmikā bhaktas 98, 297, 301–302, 304; as residents of Vraja 98, 266, 278, 290–291, 304; and smaraṇa or līlā-smaraṇa/remembering or contemplative recollection 98, 99–100, 278–279, 280, 302–303; and svarūpa-śakti 33, 34, 35, 88, 297; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 35, 88, 92, 93, 98, 99, 246, 250, 251, 254, 255, 258, 264, 266, 278, 280, 281, 285, 288–289, 290–291, 292, 293, 297, 301–302, 304, 314; Yādavas as 251, 255; Yaśodā as 35, 88, 90, 98, 258, 285, 297, 301–302
pārṣadas: see parikaras or pārṣadas
Pārvatī 216
Pātañjala Yoga 13, 14, 15, 29, 32, 37, 40, 43–46, 70, 84, 85, 89–90, 103–107, 111, 277–278, 304–306, 324n56, 324n58, 344n78, 344–345n7; see also aṣṭāṅga-yoga
Patton, Laurie L. 345n11
Patwardhan, M. V. 340n10
Pechilis, Karen 322n34, 324n49
Peirce, Charles Sanders 77, 300, 338n137, 391n3
philosophical schools 11–13, 30, 32, 36, 40, 45–46, 84, 103, 111, 142, 159, 296, 303, 304, 306, 344–345n7, 345n11; see also Darśanas; specific schools
pilgrimage: see tīrtha-yātrā
pitṛs (ancestors) 16, 125, 164, 310
Polhemus, Ted 321n23
Pollock, Sheldon 324n42, 345n8, 345n14, 346n15
Potter, Karl H. 324n54, 344n77
Powers, John 323n41
Pradyumna: as one of ādi-catur-vyūhas 54, 74, 253, 260, 297; as one of catur-vyūhas/four vyūhas 46, 54, 56, 73–75, 225, 227, 253, 260, 283, 297, 307; as prābhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 54, 74, 297; as second puruṣa-avatāra, Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 53fig2, 56–57, 58, 74–75; as son of Kṛṣṇa 54, 253; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 54, 56, 74
Prahlāda 82–83, 120, 339n5, 350n78
Prajāpati: body of 18, 23, 326n74; and Brahmā 118, 143, 144, 169, 178, 357n230; brings forth all beings 18, 144, 164, 178; brings forth three worlds 164; as creator 18, 23, 143, 144, 163–165, 178, 326n74, 357n230, 363n30; and gods 164; and Om 165, 364n43; and priestly functions 163–164, 363n30; as primordial ṛṣi/seer 163; as Puruṣa 18, 163; and speech 143, 163–165; structures an ordered cosmos 18, 163, 164; as supreme god 163; and three vyāhṛtis 164–165; and Veda(s) 23, 118, 143, 144, 163–165, 178; and yajamāna/sacrificial patron 18; and yajña/sacrifice 18, 163–164, 326n74; see also Brahmā
Prakāśānanda Sarasvatī 42
prakāśas (divine manifestations) of Kṛṣṇa 46, 50, 51, 52fig2, 66, 71, 72, 334n68, 334–335n70, 392n10; definition 51; as nondifferent from Kṛṣṇa’s svayaṃ-rūpa/essential form 51, 68; prābhava-prakāśas 51, 52fig2; two classes of prakāśas 51, 76; vaibhava-prakāśas 51, 52fig2, 54, 72–73, 334–335n70
prakāśas (divine manifestations) of Rādhā: mahiṣīs/queens as vaibhava-prakāśas 72–73
prakṛti (primordial matter) 12, 13, 14, 32, 33, 35, 39, 43, 47, 48, 49, 56, 57, 58, 70–71, 85, 88, 94, 99, 105, 106, 125, 132, 152, 160, 167, 175, 177, 181, 182, 209, 210, 216, 220, 222, 225, 227, 244, 245, 251, 252, 258, 259, 261, 264, 265, 270, 283, 290, 298, 299, 301, 302, 305, 309–310, 315, 353n163, 378n140; see also guṇas; tattvas
Prasad, Sheo Shanker 350n79, 351n118
Praśna Upaniṣad 365n50
Pratāparudra 192–193, 195, 196
pratisarga (secondary creation) 50, 56, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70, 71, 75, 116, 119, 298, 299, 336n87
preman or prema-rasa (pure transcendent enjoyment of supreme love) 20, 35–36, 41, 45, 72, 73, 86, 88–89, 90, 91–92, 93, 95, 101, 103, 107, 133, 134, 140, 153, 154, 177, 183, 186–188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 221–222, 226, 230, 231, 232, 233, 239, 241, 244, 248, 251, 258, 259, 268, 285, 289–290, 297, 300, 303, 306, 333n47, 339n5, 342n57
Prentiss, Karen Pechilis 24, 323n41, 324nn46–47, 325n67, 326n78
Price, Janet 322n28
Prīti Sandarbha (Jīva Gosvāmin) 28, 84, 331–332n28, 333n47, 340nn19–20, 340n23, 341n27, 342n57, 343n62
processual bodies 16–20, 17fig1, 312, 325nn60–61, 391n7; see also ascetic bodies; devotional bodies; purity bodies; ritual bodies; tantric bodies
Pṛśnigarbha: as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63, 336n99; as vaibhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63
Pṛthivī 211, 212, 215–216, 240, 247
Pṛthu: as āveśa-avatāra 53fig2, 67; as āveśa līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 64, 67; invested with pālana-śakti 67; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 64, 67, 336n99
pūjā (ritual offerings) 4, 21, 24, 66, 97, 137, 213, 248, 289, 295
Purāṇas: as apauruṣeya/uncreated 145, 178; and Being 145, 146–147; as best source of valid knowledge in Kali Yuga 145; and Bhāgavata Purāṇa 127, 141, 149, 150, 178; and Brahmā 122, 146; cross-sectarian Purāṇas 114, 125; emphasis on both śabda/sound and artha/meaning 123–124; as extended Vedic canon 110, 144–146, 178, 224; as fifth Veda 111–112, 120–121, 122–123, 145–146, 358n248; and Itihāsas 111–112, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 145–147, 178, 358nn247–248; and Kṛṣṇa/Bhagavān 132, 151; Mahāpurāṇas 63, 119, 135–136, 155, 349n69; as nitya/eternal 145, 178; as nondifferent from Vedas 145, 178; nonsectarian Purāṇas 114, 125; primordial Purāṇa 121–122, 145, 146–149; Purāṇa Saṃhitā 121–123, 148–149; as Purāṇa-Veda 109, 112, 121, 123, 125; Purāṇic canon 118–120; recitation of 123–124, 131; Śaiva Purāṇas 114, 125; Śākta Purāṇas 125; as smṛti texts 111, 120, 127, 145, 178; as socially inclusive scriptures 123–124, 131; and śruti 111, 120, 145, 178; transcendent authority of 224; Upapurāṇas 119; Vaiṣṇava Purāṇas 114, 125, 386n289; vedacizing strategies of 111, 113, 118, 120; Vedic status of 112–113, 117, 118, 121, 124, 141, 143, 145–146, 148–149, 178, 345n13, 358n247; and Vyāsa 63, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 128, 144–145, 146–149, 271, 360n306; written transmission of 124; see also specific Purāṇas
Purī 27, 28, 55, 78, 192, 195, 196, 232, 234, 268, 370n165
purity bodies xiii–xiv, xv, 16, 17fig1, 19, 20, 391n7
puruṣa(s): as beyond embodiment 13, 104; body of 17–18; as cosmic Man 17–18; and eighteen-syllable mantra 259; as eternal 13, 14, 104; as formless 32, 37, 70, 89, 305; as four-armed 59; Kṛṣṇa as ādi-puruṣa 258, 260; Kṛṣṇa as Mahāpuruṣa 69; Kṛṣṇa as primordial Puruṣa 128, 151–152, 203; Kṛṣṇa and puruṣa(s) 32, 37, 44, 259, 305; Kṛṣṇa as supreme Puruṣa 44, 45, 154, 172, 305; as luminous 14, 106, 305; and meditation 14, 59, 89, 128, 151–152; as nonchanging 14, 32, 43, 106, 305; plurality of 14, 32, 44, 305; Prajāpati as Puruṣa 18, 163; and prakṛti 13, 14, 43, 106, 258, 259, 305; as pure consciousness 13, 14, 106, 305; realization of in kaivalya 14, 43, 106, 305; as Self 13, 14, 43, 59, 70, 89, 104, 106, 305; as thousand-headed 58, 70; as ultimate reality 13; and yajña/sacrifice 17–18, 163; see also avatāras of Kṛṣṇa: puruṣa-avatāras
puruṣārthas (four ends of human life) 187, 239, 268, 368n131, 381n187, 387n306
Puruṣa-Sūkta (Ṛg-Veda 10.90) 16, 17–18, 19, 163, 164
Puruṣottama: embodied in mūrti/image of Jagannātha 55; as supreme Puruṣa 44, 305; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 55, 335n78
Pūrva-Mīmāṃsā 40, 111, 121, 141–143, 145, 146–147, 159, 160, 178, 344–345n7, 345n14, 357n226
Puṣṭi Mārga 2, 4, 26, 29, 132, 199, 201, 211, 306, 320n11, 371n6
Pūtanā (infant-slaying demoness) 205, 206, 221
Rādhā 338n129; as anonymous gopī 35; as cowmaiden lover of Kṛṣṇa 4, 5, 73; descent of 35, 73; enthroned with Kṛṣṇa in pericarp of lotus-maṇḍala 193, 225, 227; as eternal consort of Kṛṣṇa 6–7, 35, 72, 96–97, 225; as favorite/most beloved gopī 4, 243–244, 280; as female counterpart of Kṛṣṇa 72–73, 392n10; gopī body of as paradigmatic female body 72; gopīs as emanations or partial manifestations of 35, 72, 73, 90, 225; gopīs as kāya-vyūhas of 73; gopīs as sakhīs/companions of 193; and Haribhaktivilāsa 288, 390n65; as highest in hierarchy of bhaktas 340n23; as Kṛṣṇa’s beloved 231, 234, 244, 260; lakṣmīs as vaibhava-vilāsas of 73; and līlā/play 5, 6–7, 35, 72, 73, 90, 96–97, 231, 234, 256, 280, 376n104; love-play with Kṛṣṇa 5, 73, 231, 244, 280, 376n104; as mahā-śakti of Kṛṣṇa 72–73; mahiṣīs/queens as vaibhava-prakāśas of 72–73; and meditation 225, 227, 275, 280; as mūla-prakṛti 225; as object of Kṛṣṇa’s self-referral dalliance 72, 180; as perfect embodiment of mādhurya-rasa 90; and preman 72, 73, 90; as pūrṇa śakti of the śaktimat 72, 180; as quintessential expression of bliss of hlādinī-śakti 35, 72, 73, 90, 256, 392n10; and Rādhā-kuṇḍa 215, 231, 234, 243–244; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 5, 35, 73, 90, 256, 260, 280; and yoga-pīṭha 4, 193, 225, 233
Rādhādāmodara: and Jīva Gosvāmin 235; mūrti/image of 235; and Rūpa Gosvāmin 235; temple of 235; and Vṛndāvana 235
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli 345n8
Rādhā-kuṇḍa 27–28, 215, 231, 234, 235, 241, 243–244
Rādhāramaṇa: and Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin 4–5, 27, 234, 320n13; mūrti/image of 4–6, 27, 234, 320nn13–14, 339n143; temple of 5–6, 320n14, 320n17, 339n143, 380n169; temple worship of 5–6, 320n14, 339n143; and Vṛndāvana 4–6, 27, 234, 339n143
Rādhāvallabha Sampradāya 371n3
Radich, Michael 308–309, 324n48, 391nn5–6
rāgānugā-bhakti: characterized by passionate rāga/love 85, 98, 100, 279; and devotional body 85, 94, 97–98, 106, 188, 267, 272, 280–281, 285, 301, 313; and external bodily practices 85, 98–99, 188, 267; and highest form of samādhi 100, 279–280; and meditation 85, 94, 98–99, 100, 106, 188, 193, 267, 270, 271–272, 277, 278–280, 285, 301, 302–303, 313; and parikaras/eternal associates or rāgātmikā bhaktas 98, 99–100, 278, 279, 280, 285, 290–291, 301–302, 304; and rasas 98, 100, 259, 279; and sādhaka-rūpa 98–99, 188, 267, 278, 302, 313; and sādhana-bhakti 85, 94, 106, 188, 267, 270, 271–272, 277, 300–301, 304, 313, 341n39, 368n138; and siddha-rūpa 85, 94, 97–99, 100–101, 106, 188, 267, 272, 277, 278, 285, 301, 302, 313; and smaraṇa or līlā-smaraṇa/contemplative recollection 94, 98, 99–100, 278–280, 285; and transcendent Vraja/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 98, 256, 267, 270, 271–272, 277, 278, 279, 280
rāgātmikā bhaktas: see parikaras or pārṣadas
Raghunātha Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin 26, 28, 140, 234, 235, 357n222, 380n171
Raghunāthadāsa Gosvāmin 26, 27–28, 234, 235, 248, 329n97, 366n77
rajas (activity) 58, 59, 125, 168, 265
Rāma 374n80; as avatāra 74; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 60, 61–62, 336n99; name of 182, 186, 187, 368n127; as one of daśa-avatāras 60, 61; as parāvastha līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 61–62
Rāma bhakti traditions 29, 182, 191, 306
Rāmānuja 26, 29, 42, 74, 75, 81, 82–83, 142, 143, 144, 191, 306, 338n132, 354n168
Ramanujan, A. K. 21–22, 325n67, 325n69, 346–347n22
Rāmcaritmānas (Tulsīdās) 112, 346n19
rāsa-līlā (circle dance) 7, 35, 51, 194, 205, 208, 209, 227, 232, 241, 256, 262, 280, 339n8, 340–341n23, 370n165, 373n58
rasa theory of Indian aesthetics 86–88
Rāvaṇa (demon-king) 60, 61–62, 374n80
Ray, Amarnath 328n82
ṛcs (verses) 110, 113, 114, 115, 117, 128, 148, 159, 160–162, 163, 347n27, 358n250, 363n36; see also Ṛg-Veda
Renou, Louis 345n8, 345n11, 351n118
renunciants 41, 63, 69, 105, 184, 189, 325n63, 368n122; see also renunciation; saṃnyāsins
renunciation 44, 132–133, 134, 344n77, 355n179; see also renunciants; saṃnyāsins
Ṛg-Veda 16, 17–18, 110, 114, 115, 117–118, 121, 122, 144, 145–146, 160–163, 164–165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 357n227, 358n250, 359n289, 362nn7–9, 362n11, 363n16, 363n20, 363n26; see also Puruṣa-Sūkta; ṛcs
ritual bodies xiii–xiv, xv, 11, 16, 17fig1, 17–18, 20, 324n45, 325n61, 391n7
Rocher, Ludo 327n81, 328n82, 328n88, 349nn63–64, 350n88, 351n118, 353n167, 358n250, 374n71, 376n98, 386n289
Rosch, Eleanor 321n22
Rousselle, Aline 321n25, 323n38
Ṛṣabha: as avatāra 154; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63, 336n99; as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65; as prābhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63
ṛṣis (seers) 37, 39, 63, 64, 69, 110–112, 113, 115–116, 117, 118, 119, 128–130, 131–132, 135, 139, 144, 151, 155, 157, 159, 161, 162–163, 167, 169, 206, 212, 223, 228, 246, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 282, 283, 297–298, 311, 362n8, 362n11
Rukmiṇī: images of 390n65; and līlā/play 254; as śakti of Kṛṣṇa 253; as wife or mahiṣī/queen of Kṛṣṇa 54, 253, 254
Rūpa Gosvāmin 4, 26–28, 31, 34, 36, 37, 40, 46, 48, 50–68, 69, 72, 76–77, 84, 85, 86, 87–88, 90–93, 94, 95–96, 98, 99, 100, 101–102, 104, 140, 141, 153, 154–155, 156, 176–178, 179–180, 182, 183–184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 211, 212–213, 214, 217, 224, 228, 229–230, 233, 234–235, 236–249, 250–251, 256, 262, 263, 267–268, 269–270, 277, 278, 295, 300, 320n12, 320n15, 328n89, 328n91, 329n92, 329n100, 330n5, 330nn11–12, 331n25, 333n47, 333n52, 333n54, 334n65, 334n68, 334–335n70, 335n81, 335n85, 336n99, 336nn105–106, 337nn107–108, 337n122, 338n123, 338n136, 340n10, 340n12, 340n17, 340nn19–20, 340–341n23, 341n27, 341nn33–35, 342n43, 342n45, 342n57, 343nn63–64, 343nn66–67, 354–355n179, 356n219, 357n220, 360n309, 361n318, 361n328, 366nn77–78, 368n135, 369n140, 371n171, 374n77, 375n86, 375n90, 375n92, 380nn175–176, 380nn179–180, 381n193, 381–382n206, 382n208, 382nn216–217, 385n265, 385nn270–271, 386n289, 387n303, 387n314, 391n2; see also specific works
Ruth, David N. 323n37
Śabdabrahman: Bhāgavata Purāṇa as 130; Brahmā as 114, 352n143; and Kṛṣṇa 114, 347n30; Om as 166; as one of two forms of Brahman 166; and Śiva 114; Veda as 113, 114, 347n30; and Viṣṇu 113; see also Brahman
sacrifice: see yajña
sādhaka-rūpa (practitioner’s body): as biological body 94, 95, 188, 312; as body of bondage 85, 95, 99, 106, 188, 300–301, 312, 315; ceases at time of death 107, 313, 314–315; delimited by markers of ascribed identity 95, 311–312; and external bodily practices 85, 94, 95, 98–99, 101–102, 106, 107, 188, 267, 280–281, 300–301, 302, 313; as karmically constructed or bound 94, 95, 188, 300–301, 312, 315; as material 85, 94, 95, 99, 101, 102–103, 104, 106, 107, 188, 267, 280–281, 300–301, 303, 311–312, 313, 314–315, 316; as psychophysical complex 85, 95, 99, 106, 188, 280–281, 301, 312, 313; and rāgānugā-bhakti 98–99, 188, 267, 278, 302, 313; reconstituted as body of devotion 85, 94, 95, 106, 188, 300–301, 312–313; reconstituted as “devotionally informed body” 95, 300–301, 312–313; and sādhana-bhakti 85, 94, 95, 102, 106, 188, 267, 300–301, 312, 313; as sexually marked 94, 95, 101–102, 311–312, 315, 316; term 98, 101, 104, 278, 312; thrills with physical signs of enraptured devotion 102–103, 107, 303; as transformed material body 102–103, 107, 267, 280–281, 303, 312–313; and vaidhī-bhakti 85, 94, 95, 106, 188, 300–301, 312–313
sādhana-bhakti (system of devotional practices): and Bhāgavata Purāṇa 154; and bhakti-rasa 91; and bhakti-śāstra 26, 27, 29–30, 303; and contending bodily identities 102, 316; and devotional body 20, 29, 85, 94, 95, 106, 188, 267, 280, 289, 300–301, 303, 307–308, 311, 312, 313, 368n138; and discourse of embodiment 26, 28, 29–30, 94, 292, 300, 303, 311, 313; and guru 343n63; and meditation 29, 270, 271–272, 277, 280, 304, 320n15, 342n54; and nāmans/divine names 176, 188, 189, 196; path of 28, 85, 91, 92, 94, 95, 106, 188, 271–272, 304, 305, 311, 343n63; and rāgānugā-bhakti 85, 94, 106, 188, 267, 270, 271–272, 277, 300–301, 304, 313, 341n39, 368n138; regimen of 20, 26, 28, 29, 91, 93, 155, 267, 270, 271–272, 277, 311, 312, 320n15; and ritual worship 286, 289–290, 292, 307–308; and sādhaka-rūpa 85, 94, 95, 102, 106, 188, 267, 300–301, 312, 313; and siddha-rūpa 20, 29, 85, 94, 106, 188, 267, 277, 300–301, 304, 313; as system of embodied practices 85, 91, 95; and tantric sādhana 280, 286, 289, 292–293, 304, 307–308; term 20; and transcendent Vraja/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 267, 270, 271–272, 277, 286; two forms of 85, 94, 106, 188, 300–301, 341n39, 368n138; and vaidhī-bhakti 85, 94, 95, 106, 188, 300–301, 312, 341n39, 368n138; see also rāgānugā-bhakti; vaidhī-bhakti
Ṣaḍviṃśa Brāhmaṇa 364n39
Sāhitya-Darpaṇa (Viśvanātha Kavirāja) 86
Śaiva bhakti traditions 29, 46, 306; see also specific traditions
sakhya-rasa (devotional mode of friendship) 89, 90, 98, 100, 194, 259, 279, 285, 297, 301–302, 304, 315–316
Śākta traditions 29
śaktis (energies) of Kṛṣṇa 47, 66; acintya-bhedābheda relationship with Bhagavān 34; acintya śakti/inconceivable power of transmundane mesocosmic forms 76–77, 96, 140, 270, 300; and āveśa-avatāras 67, 68, 70; and āveśa līlā-avatāras 64; bhakti-śakti 67; bhūdhāraṇa-śakti 337–338n123; cit-śakti 290; divine bodies ranked according to degree of śakti 68; eight gopīs as eight śaktis 378n140; fifty-one śaktis 288, 291, 390n65; gopīs as śaktis 72, 378n140; hlādinī-śakti 33, 34, 35, 72, 73, 88, 90, 256, 266, 392n10; as innumerable 32, 33, 43, 62; jīva-śakti 33, 35, 67, 85, 181, 299; jñāna-śakti 67; Kṛṣṇa as śaktimat 33–34, 43, 72, 180; Lakṣmī as śakti 288; lakṣmīs as śaktis 72; līlā-śakti 266; mahiṣīs as śaktis 72; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 239, 240; māyā-śakti 33, 35, 47, 48, 49, 57, 67, 71, 85, 94, 99, 106, 143–144, 181, 254, 298, 299, 301, 304, 309, 314, 315; and nāmans/divine names 176, 177, 178–179, 180, 183; pālana-śakti 67; and parāvastha līlā-avatāras 62; and prābhava līlā-avatāras 62, 63; Rādhā as mahā-śakti 72–73; Rādhā as pūrṇa śakti of the śaktimat 72, 180; Rukmiṇī as śakti 253; sages’ divine vision invested with śakti 38–39; saṃdhinī-śakti 33; saṃvit-śakti 33; self-manifesting śakti 36–37; and svāṃśa avatāras 55, 68; svarūpa-śakti 33, 34, 35, 48, 67, 72, 85, 88, 99, 152, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 255–256, 261, 265, 297, 301, 310; svasevana-śakti 337n123; three principal types of śakti 33–35; and vaibhava līlā-avatāras 62, 63; and vilāsas 54, 55, 68; vīrya-śakti 67
Salomon, Richard 350n80
samādhi (enstatic experience of absorption in the Self) 14, 39, 89–90, 100, 106, 128, 138, 151–152, 157, 210, 264, 265, 267, 270, 271, 273, 274, 279, 280, 282, 284, 292, 302, 305
sāmans (chants) 110, 113, 114, 115, 117, 128, 148, 159, 160–161, 163, 164, 347n27, 358n250, 363n36; see also Sāma-Veda
Sāma-Veda 110, 114, 115, 117–118, 121, 122, 143–144, 145–146, 149, 150, 160–161, 164–165, 168; see also sāmans
Śaṃkara 14–15, 40–43, 105, 142, 143, 144, 146–147, 152, 160, 332n30, 332n37, 332n40, 344n77, 357n227
Saṃkarṣaṇa: as first puruṣa-avatāra, Kāraṇābdhiśāyin Viṣṇu 53fig2, 56–58, 74–75, 335n85; as Kṛṣṇa’s brother, Balarāma 54, 253; as one of ādi-catur-vyūhas 54, 74, 253, 260, 297; as one of catur-vyūhas/four vyūhas 46, 54, 56, 73–75, 225, 227, 253, 260, 283, 297, 307; as prābhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 54, 74, 297; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 54, 56, 74
Sāṃkhya 12, 13, 14, 15, 40, 43, 44, 63, 324n53
saṃnyāsins (renunciants) 41–42, 105, 325n63, 332n37, 332n43, 368n122; see also renunciants; renunciation
saṃsāra (cycle of birth and death) 13, 15, 33, 92, 104, 105, 106, 131, 138, 170, 173, 177, 183, 184, 186, 187, 212, 238, 240, 312, 315, 368n131
saṃskāras (residual karmic impressions) 14, 94, 95, 105, 154, 183, 184, 312
Sanātana Gosvāmin 26–27, 28, 140–141, 233, 234–235, 248, 329n92, 329n96, 366n77, 390–391n74
śānta-rasa (tranquil rasa; meditative form of bhakti) 86, 89–91, 100, 277, 279, 304, 305, 343n66
sarga (primary creation) 50, 56, 57, 60, 69, 70, 71, 75, 116, 119, 298, 299, 336n87
Sārvabhauma: as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
Sarva-Saṃvādinī (Jīva Gosvāmin) 141, 142–143, 145, 337n117, 357n230, 358n247, 366n85
śāstras (scriptures) 26–27, 29, 33, 36, 39, 40, 44, 63, 72, 76, 77, 96, 109–110, 111, 112, 118, 121–122, 128, 132, 134, 135–136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144–145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152–153, 154, 155, 156, 178–179, 180, 187, 219, 230, 252, 257, 270, 283, 299, 330nn4–5, 356n219; see also Āraṇyakas; Brāhmaṇas; brahmanical canon; Dharma-Śāstras; Itihāsas; Purāṇas; smṛti; śruti; Upaniṣads; Veda(s); Vedic Saṃhitās
Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa 358n250, 363n33, 364n39
sat-cit-ānanda (being, consciousness, and bliss) 36, 38, 39–40, 47, 50, 67, 68, 77, 97, 105, 180, 181, 186–187, 196, 252, 257, 258, 261, 265, 276, 281, 297, 301, 310, 311, 314, 330n10, 331n17; see also ānanda
sattva (purity) 58, 59, 125, 168, 265
sāttvika-bhāvas (involuntary bodily manifestations of emotional states) 87, 88, 91, 93, 103, 188, 197, 232, 303, 341n27, 341n34, 344nn73–74, 368n135, 371n171, 379n160
Sātvata Tantra 56
Satya or Kṛta Yuga 50, 61, 65, 66, 116, 171, 190
Satyasena: as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
Sawai, Yoshitsugu 344n77
Sax, William S. 319n2
Sāyaṇa 357n227
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy 321nn22–23, 322n27
Schipper, Kristofer 323n35
Schrag, Calvin O. 321n20
Schweig, Graham M. 328n87, 330n9, 339n8, 340–341n23, 373n58
Scott, Sue 321n23
Śeṣa or Ananta: as āveśa-avatāra 337–338n123; invested with bhūdhāraṇa-śakti 337–338n123; invested with svasevana-śakti 337–338n123; and second puruṣa-avatāra, Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 58, 337–338n123; and third puruṣa-avatāra, Kṣīrodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 337–338n123
Shaner, David Edward 323n35
Sharma, Krishna 325n67, 354n168, 354n171
Sheridan, Daniel P. 41, 332n30
Shildrick, Margrit 322n28
Shilling, Chris 321n23
Shuttleworth, Sally 322n32
siddha-deha: see siddha-rūpa
siddha-rūpa (perfected body) 343n62; as aṃśa of effulgence of Kṛṣṇa 99, 285, 293, 314; consists of ānanda/bliss 15, 85, 97–98, 99, 106, 188, 301, 303, 314; consists of cit/consciousness and ānanda/bliss 97–98, 99, 301, 314; as eternal 15, 20, 85, 94, 97–98, 99, 101, 106–107, 188, 285, 301, 303, 305–306, 313, 314–315; as eternally gendered 99, 101–102, 314, 315–316; as gopī 100, 101–102, 316; and guru 99, 100; and līlā-smaraṇa/contemplative recollection 94, 98, 99, 100–101, 285; and meditation 29, 85, 94, 98–99, 100–101, 102, 106, 188, 267, 272, 277, 278, 280–281, 285, 301, 302–303, 313; as meditative body 98, 99, 100–101, 102, 278, 285, 302–303; as nonmaterial 15, 20, 29, 85, 94, 97–98, 99, 101, 104, 106–107, 188, 267, 272, 280–281, 285, 290, 293, 301, 303, 305–306, 313, 314–315, 316; as particular or unique 15, 99, 100, 104, 106–107, 301, 305–306, 313, 314; as perfected devotional body 20, 29, 85, 94, 97–98, 106, 188, 267, 272, 280–281, 285, 293, 301, 303, 313, 314; and rāgānugā-bhakti 85, 94, 97–99, 100–101, 106, 188, 267, 272, 277, 278, 285, 301, 302, 313; and sādhana-bhakti 20, 29, 85, 94, 106, 188, 267, 277, 300–301, 304, 313; term 98, 104, 278; two aspects of 285; and vigraha/absolute body 29, 97–98, 99, 267, 272, 280–281, 293, 314, 315
siddhis (psychophysical powers) 14, 105
Simpson, J. H. 323n37
Śiva 127, 192, 203; body of 19, 114; as Brahman 113, 114, 125, 347n35; as destroyer 58–59, 69, 298; and divinized tantric body 19; as five-headed 59; as guṇa-avatāra 53fig2, 58–59, 69, 298, 306; Kailāsa as abode of 137; and Kṛṣṇa 69, 125, 242, 306; as member of trimūrti 58, 125; as object of bhakti/devotion 20, 21, 113; as Paramaśiva 19; and Pārvatī 216; and Śabdabrahman 114; and Sanskrit varṇas 114; and second puruṣa-avatāra, Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 58, 59, 298, 306; as supreme Godhead 113, 125; and tamas 58, 59, 125; as ultimate reality 19, 125; and Veda(s) 114, 126, 347n35; and Viṣṇu 125; and Vraja or Vṛndāvana 242
Śiva Purāṇa 114, 119, 121, 122, 125, 148
Skanda Purāṇa 119, 121, 122, 125, 145, 146, 147, 151, 210, 237, 240, 244, 350n85, 350n89, 374n69
smaraṇa (remembering; contemplative recollection) 62, 96, 97, 99–101, 157, 170, 171, 176, 188, 189, 267, 269, 271, 272, 277, 278–280, 285, 302, 303, 313, 343n66, 361–362n335, 365n57, 388n23; see also līlā-smaraṇa
Smith, Brian K. 319n1, 346n17, 363n29, 364n37
Smith, Frederick M. 126, 324n47, 328n87, 349n63, 351n117, 352n120
Smith, H. Daniel 377nn107–108, 389n57
smṛti (“that which was remembered”; designation for certain authoritative brahmanical texts) 23, 40, 109, 110–112, 113, 117, 118, 120, 124, 127, 128, 132, 135, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 152, 160, 178, 271, 277, 278, 286, 343n64, 345nn8–9, 345–346n14