Abhinavagupta 86, 87, 340n12, 347n22
absolute body of Kṛṣṇa: see vigraha of Kṛṣṇa
acintya-bhedābheda (inconceivable difference-in-nondifference) 15, 34, 35, 85, 107, 289–290, 293, 303, 305–306, 314
Acyuta 95, 127, 262, 288, 313; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n78
Adhokṣaja 175; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n78
Ādivarāha Purāṇa 237, 243, 245, 375n92, 381–382n206, 382n208, 382nn216–217
Advaita Vedānta 12, 13, 14–15, 29, 32, 33, 37, 40–46, 70, 74, 84, 85, 103–107, 142, 143, 304–306, 324n54, 324nn57–58, 332n30, 332n37, 332n43, 344n77, 357n227
Āgamas 40, 286, 287, 289, 327n81, 391n75; see also Pāñcarātra Saṃhitās; Tantras; specific texts
Agni 125, 162, 352n120, 363n17
Agrawala, V. S. 350n88
Ahlbäck, Tore 322n34
aiśvarya (divine majesty) 256; Dvārakā associated with 37, 48, 54, 251, 260, 297, 311; of Kṛṣṇa as Viṣṇu 70, 74, 75, 89, 279, 305, 307, 343n66; Kṛṣṇa’s divine forms characterized by 5, 37, 51, 54, 55, 61, 66, 68–69, 70, 72–73, 74, 75, 89, 251, 253, 260, 279, 297, 305, 307, 311, 343n66; līlā in Dvārakā characterized by 48, 54, 251; līlā in Mathurā characterized by 48, 54, 251; Mathurā associated with 37, 48, 54, 251, 253, 260, 297, 311; as one of six divine qualities of Kṛṣṇa 61; of Vāsudeva Kṛṣṇa 37, 51, 54, 72–73, 251, 260, 297, 311, 343n66; vilāsas characterized by 54, 55, 68–69, 297
Aitareya Brāhmaṇa 363n30, 364n39, 364n42
Ajāmila 173–174, 185–186, 365n59, 366n71
Ajita 207; as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
Akrūra-tīrtha 232, 264, 265, 267, 379n159
Alper, Harvey P. 362n1, 365n51
Alter, Joseph S. 324n47
Āḻvārs 23–24, 25–26, 81, 83–84, 109, 112, 327n81, 328n83, 332n35
Amarakośa 349n68
Ames, Roger T. 321n21, 323nn35–36, 324n49
ānanda (bliss) 15, 33, 36, 40, 47, 50, 54, 68, 82, 87, 89, 98, 99, 103, 176, 180, 181, 188, 197, 265, 301, 314
ancestors: see pitṛs
Anderson, Carol A. 323n41, 324n48
Aniruddha: as grandson of Kṛṣṇa 253; as one of ādi-catur-vyūhas 54, 74, 253, 260, 297; as one of catur-vyūhas/four vyūhas 46, 54, 56, 73–75, 225, 227, 253, 260, 283, 297, 307; as prābhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 54, 74, 297; as son of Pradyumna 54; as third puruṣa-avatāra, Kṣīrodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 53fig2, 56–57, 59–60, 74–75; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 54, 56, 74
Annakūṭa: see Govardhana Pūjā
apsarases (celestial dancing nymphs) 16, 310
Ariṣṭa (bull-demon) 209, 215, 231
Ariṣṭa-kuṇḍa 215
Āriṭagrāma or Ariṣṭagrāma 231
Armour, Ellen T. 323n41
Armstrong, David 321n23, 322n27
Asad, Talal 321n23
ascetic bodies xiii–xiv, xv, 16, 17fig1, 18–19, 20, 105, 391n7
ascetic traditions xiii–xiv, 9, 11–12, 13, 18–19, 65, 91, 165, 171; see also ascetic bodies; renunciants; renunciation; saṃnyāsins
āśramas (stages of life) 19, 184, 185, 242, 325n63, 368n121
Aṣṭakālīyalīlāsmaraṇamaṅgalastotra (Rūpa Gosvāmin) 320n15, 343n67
aṣṭāṅga-yoga (eight-limbed Yoga of Patañjali) 14, 89–90, 100, 105–106, 277, 279; see also Pātañjala Yoga
Aśvins 163
atharvans (incantations and imprecations) 110, 114, 115, 117, 128, 148, 159, 160–161; see also Atharva-Veda
Atharva-Veda 110, 115, 117–118, 121, 122, 145–146, 160–161, 168, 358n250; see also atharvans
Ātman (Self) 175; as antar-ātman/indwelling Self of embodied beings 75; as beyond embodiment 13, 18, 104; body of 18, 23; and Brahman 13, 15, 18, 23, 43, 104, 105, 165, 167, 305; as eternal 13, 15, 104; as formless 13, 18, 70; as nonchanging 18; and Om 364n47; as ultimate reality 13, 18, 165; as unbounded 18; as universal 15, 43, 105, 305; and Veda(s) 23, 113, 114, 128, 347n35, 350n85; see also Brahman
attendants of Kṛṣṇa: as embodiments of dāsya-rasa 90, 98, 285, 297, 301–302; and līlā/play 35, 88, 301–302; as nitya-siddhas/eternally perfect beings 35, 90, 98, 297, 301–302; as parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 35, 88, 90, 98, 285, 297, 301–302; as rāgātmikā bhaktas 98, 297, 301–302; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 35, 88, 98, 285, 297, 301–302
avatāras (divine descents) 23, 46, 73, 75, 287, 306, 325–326n72, 333n52; appear in diverse bodily forms 22; associated with different cycles of time 22; descend to material realm 22; as one of five modes of divine manifestation 73–74, 75, 307; term avatāra 22, 325–326n72; terms avataraṇa and avatāraṇa 22, 325–326n72; see also avatāras of Kṛṣṇa; avatārin; specific avatāras
avatāras (divine descents) of Kṛṣṇa 46–47, 66, 71, 72, 75, 154, 179, 211, 288, 306–307, 333n52, 392n10; ādi avatāra 57–58; as aṃśas/partial manifestations of vigraha/absolute body 47, 55, 63–64, 67, 68, 85, 297, 311; appear in diverse bodily forms 20, 46, 47–48, 60, 61, 67, 69, 75, 76, 177, 181, 297–298, 300, 307, 311; arcā-avatāras/image-avatāras 29, 55, 75–76, 78, 79, 96, 97, 195, 196, 233, 263, 300, 307, 326n75; associated with different cycles of time 20, 46, 49–50, 56, 60, 69, 71, 177, 299; āveśa-avatāras 53fig2, 67, 68, 70, 75, 335n83, 337n108, 337n122, 337–338n123; āveśa līlā-avatāras 53fig2, 61, 63–64, 67, 75, 337n108, 337n122; as countless 46–47, 49, 61, 68, 75; daśa-avatāras 60–61, 62, 64; definition 55–56; descend to material realm 20, 46, 49, 55–56, 60, 61, 71, 76, 109, 177, 181, 229, 263, 267, 299, 300, 391n1; dhāma-avatāra/place-avatāra 229, 263, 267, 300, 307, 391n1; dwell in transcendent abodes in Paravyoman 49, 56, 71, 76, 177, 245, 251, 269, 297, 300, 311; five classes of svāṃśa avatāras 50, 51, 53fig2, 55–56, 63–64, 67, 68–69, 71, 76, 85, 177, 181, 297, 299, 300, 311, 335n81, 335n83, 335n85, 337n121; fulfill specific cosmic functions 49, 55–56, 60, 61, 64, 69, 71, 75, 76, 177, 299, 300, 307; as full of sat-cit-ānanda 47, 67, 68, 85, 297, 311; grantha-avatāra/text-avatāra 29, 76, 77, 96, 109, 140, 153, 159, 263, 299, 307; guṇa-avatāras 50, 53fig2, 55, 56, 58–59, 60, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 177, 297, 298, 299, 306, 335n83, 335n85; līlā-avatāras 50, 53fig2, 55, 56, 58, 60–64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75, 177, 297, 299, 335n79, 335n83, 335n85, 336n99, 336nn105–106, 337nn107–108, 337n122; manvantara-avatāras 50, 53fig2, 55, 56, 58, 60, 64–65, 68, 69, 71, 75, 177, 297, 299, 335n83, 335n85, 336n106; mesocosmic avatāras 76, 263, 299–300, 307, 391n1; nāma-avatāras/name-avatāras 29, 76, 77, 96, 97, 160, 176, 177–178, 181–183, 186, 188, 189, 195, 196, 263, 299, 307; as nonmaterial 47, 67, 68, 297, 311; parāvastha līlā-avatāras 53fig2, 61–62, 63, 65, 75, 336n105; prābhava līlā-avatāras 53fig2, 61, 62, 63, 72, 75, 337n107; promote līlā of creation 56, 60, 299; puruṣa-avatāras 50, 53fig2, 55, 56–60, 68, 69–70, 71, 75, 177, 297, 298, 299, 306, 307, 335n83, 335nn85–86, 337–338n123; six classes of avatāras 68, 75, 76, 307, 335n83; twenty-two avatāras 46, 60, 330n5, 333n54; uphold līlā of dharma 56, 60, 299; vaibhava līlā-avatāras 53fig2, 61, 62–63, 65, 75, 336n106; yuga-avatāras 50, 53fig2, 55, 56, 58, 60, 65–67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 177, 189–190, 193–194, 195, 196, 197, 232, 233, 297, 299, 335n83, 335n85, 337n107, 337n117, 369n145; see also avatāras; avatārin; specific avatāras
avatārin (source of all avatāras): Kṛṣṇa as 20, 46–47, 51, 58, 62, 68, 75, 306–307, 330n5, 333–334n54; Viṣṇu as 51, 75, 306–307
Aztec traditions 323n35
Baader, Benjamin Maria 322–323n35, 323n41
Bahulāvana 214, 220, 230, 241–242, 249, 253
bāhya-yāga (worship involving external offerings) 274, 286, 287, 289
Balarāma 204, 206, 240, 242, 276; as Kṛṣṇa’s brother 51, 54, 63, 201, 203, 205, 253, 265; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63, 336n99; as one of ādi-catur-vyūhas, Saṃkarṣaṇa 54, 253; as vaibhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63; as vaibhava-prakāśa 51, 52fig2, 54
Ban-Yātrā: see Vana-Yātrā
Barlow, Tani E. 323n35, 323n37, 323nn40–41, 324n45
Barua, Ankur 324n44
Basham, A. L. 345n8
bathing places xvii, 199, 237, 265; bathing ghats 230; bathing tīrthas 213–214, 215, 241, 267, 375n84
Bell, Catherine 324n45
Bell, Rudolph M. 321n26, 322n35, 323n39
Bendelow, Gillian 321n23
Benthall, Jonathan 321n23
Bhadravana 214, 220, 231–232, 241–242, 249, 253
Bhagavad-Gītā 1–2, 20–21, 37, 81, 82–83, 133, 135, 327–328n81, 337n120, 339n4
Bhagavān: acintya-bhedābheda relationship with śaktis 34; and Brahman 15, 20, 32–33, 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45–46, 48, 62, 74, 88, 100, 114, 128, 130, 152, 171, 175–176, 179, 204, 210, 229, 251, 264, 265, 279, 298, 304–305, 310, 330n3; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 36–37, 38–39, 43, 90, 100, 128, 130, 151–152, 271, 273, 276, 279, 282, 305; as highest aspect of Kṛṣṇa 32–33, 36, 40, 43, 44, 277, 279, 304–305; jīvas as aṃśas/parts of 15, 33, 35, 44, 45, 85, 93, 94, 99, 106, 181, 301; jīvas/bhaktas in eternal relationship with 15, 20, 35, 45, 85, 101, 106–107, 272, 293, 303, 306, 314; Kṛṣṇa as pūrṇa Bhagavān 15, 33, 62, 90, 100, 107, 152, 251, 268, 269, 277, 279, 280, 305; Kṛṣṇa as supreme Bhagavān 15, 88, 128, 129, 130, 133, 150, 169, 171, 174, 179, 203, 207, 209, 229, 271, 273, 306, 310, 313, 314, 315; Kṛṣṇa as svayaṃ Bhagavān 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 44, 46–47, 48, 54, 60–61, 62, 68, 71, 74, 76, 90, 126, 151, 152, 175–176, 196, 245, 254, 276, 279, 296, 305, 330n5, 333–334n54; in Kṛṣṇaloka 34, 35, 48, 229, 251, 258, 298; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 245, 268, 269; and meditation 39, 90, 100, 128, 130, 151–152, 169, 172, 271, 272, 273, 277, 279, 280, 282, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293, 305; and Paramātman 20, 32–33, 40, 44, 45–46, 56, 90, 152, 279, 298, 304–305, 330n3; as personal Godhead 15, 20, 32, 40, 43, 44, 74, 107, 264, 265, 305, 310; as replete with infinite qualities 32, 43, 305; as śaktimat/possessor of innumerable śaktis 32, 33–34, 43, 47, 62, 72, 180; as saviśeṣa/differentiated 43; as supreme Godhead 20, 43, 44, 45, 71, 74, 85, 107, 114, 126, 128, 132, 143, 144, 171, 181, 203, 264, 265, 287; svarūpa/essential nature of 33, 34, 36, 152, 175–176, 180, 181, 186–187, 297, 301, 310, 354n179; and svarūpa-śakti 33, 34, 35, 85, 152, 181, 255–256, 297, 301; transcendent dhāmans/abodes of 33, 34, 174, 175, 209, 210, 229, 245, 252, 254, 262–263, 373n61; in transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 37, 68, 71, 88, 90, 106–107, 175–176, 180, 196, 229, 252, 256, 258, 262–263, 264, 265, 276, 280, 291, 293, 296, 305, 310, 314; as transcosmic 32, 40, 175–176, 181, 229; vigraha/absolute body of 15, 20, 32, 33, 34, 36–40, 43, 47, 55, 68, 71, 74, 76, 85, 90, 99, 100, 175–176, 252, 256, 267, 272, 276, 279, 282, 292, 293, 296, 298, 305, 310, 314, 315; and Vyāsa 36–37, 39, 128, 130, 147, 151–152, 271, 276, 282, 360n306
Bhagavānadāsa of Amber 375n93
Bhāgavata Māhātmya of Padma Purāṇa 109, 110, 113, 132–139, 344n1, 353n154, 353–354n167, 354n168, 354n174, 355n203, 355–356n206, 356n212
Bhāgavata Purāṇa 81–84, 112–132, 166–175, 201–210, 272–274; as apauruṣeya/uncreated 39, 149, 151, 152, 178; as authoritative means of valid knowledge 151; as consummate scripture of Vaiṣṇava or Kṛṣṇa bhakti xiii, 1, 25–26, 109, 328n87; as embodiment of Bhagavān 109, 110, 130, 132, 136, 139, 143, 149, 152; engaged through Bhāgavata-paṭhana/recitation 28, 96, 131, 136, 137–138, 140–141, 154, 234, 341n37, 357n222; engaged through Bhāgavata-śravaṇa/hearing 96, 131, 136, 137–138, 153, 154–155, 341n37; engaged through drinking and relishing its nectar 136–137, 156–157; engaged through saptāha-yajña/seven-day ritual recitation 134, 135–136, 137–138, 139; engaged through smaraṇa/contemplative recollection 157; as full of rasa/nectar 156–157; as grantha-avatāra/text-avatāra 29, 76, 77, 96, 109, 140, 153, 159, 263, 299, 307; as infallible 151; as Kārṣṇa-Veda 109, 112, 117, 127, 128, 130–132, 136, 271; liberating power of 138; as means of engaging world of Kṛṣṇa 96, 154–156; as mesocosmic form of Kṛṣṇa 29, 76–77, 79, 96–97, 109, 139, 140, 153, 157, 263, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307; methods of engaging 96–97, 153–156; as nitya/eternal 39, 178; as Purāṇa-Veda 109, 112, 127, 131; purifying power of 138; rāsa-pāñcādhyāyī 35, 209, 330n9, 339n8, 340–341n23, 373n58; as Śabdabrahman 130; and sādhana-bhakti 154; saptāha-yajña as consummate yajña of Kali Yuga 138; as sovereign of all pramāṇas 141, 149, 150–151; as sovereign of all śāstras 33, 39, 76, 110, 139, 141, 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 178–179, 330n4; transcendent authority of 109, 110, 126, 127, 132, 139–141, 149, 151, 152, 271, 328n87, 361n328; as transcendent knowledge 151; as transmundane 76–77, 96, 140, 153, 270, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 369n140, 391n2; and vaidhī-bhakti 95–96, 153, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2; and Vaikuṇṭha Perumāl temple 327–328n81; and Veda(s) 141, 143, 149, 178; vedacizing strategies of 120, 126–127; Vedic status of 126–127, 345n13; veneration of book as mūrti/ritual image 6, 77, 96–97, 131, 136, 137; and Vyāsa 36–37, 39, 63, 117, 120, 128, 130, 131–132, 135, 144–145, 151–152, 155, 157, 271, 331n24; yields supreme fruit of prema-rasa 134, 140, 153, 154
Bhāgavata Sandarbha or Ṣaṭ Sandarbha (Jīva Gosvāmin) 28, 141, 329n102
Bhagavat Sandarbha (Jīva Gosvāmin) 28, 31, 33, 37, 176, 178–179, 180, 181, 331–332n28, 339n141
bhakti: bhakti-mārga 29, 44, 85, 86, 305; bhakti-śāstra 26, 27, 29–30, 84, 295, 303, 304; bhakti-yoga 45, 63, 128, 151–152, 170, 171–172, 210, 271, 273, 277–278, 365n59; discourse of bhakti xiii–xiv, 20, 24, 26, 143, 170, 171–172, 274, 295, 304, 307; embodied aesthetics of bhakti 28, 29, 79, 81, 84–85, 93, 103, 295–296, 300, 303; nine forms of bhakti 170, 189, 272, 365n57, 369n141, 369n143; viraha or viraha-bhakti 83–84, 90, 109, 266; see also bhakti-rasa; preman or prema-rasa; sādhana-bhakti; specific bhakti traditions
bhakti-rasa 84–85, 86, 88–93, 102–103, 107, 154, 188, 197, 334n55, 338n136, 340n10, 340n12, 341n27, 344n73, 368n135, 379n160; see also dāsya-rasa; mādhurya-rasa; preman or prema-rasa; sakhya-rasa; śānta-rasa; vātsalya-rasa
Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu (Rūpa Gosvāmin) 27, 28, 84, 86, 88, 93, 95, 140, 153, 154–155, 156, 176, 180, 188–189, 235, 236–237, 239, 267–268, 277–278, 329n100, 330n11, 333n47, 333n53, 338n136, 339n140, 340n17, 340nn19–20, 340n23, 341n27, 341nn33–35, 341n39, 342n43, 342n45, 342n57, 343nn63–64, 343n66, 354–355n179, 356n219, 357n220, 360n309, 361n318, 361n328, 369n140, 371n171, 380n177, 387n314, 388n23, 391n2
Bhakti Sandarbha (Jīva Gosvāmin) 28, 84, 140, 153, 154, 156, 176, 188, 267, 268, 277–278, 280, 286, 288, 289, 331–332n28, 332–333n44, 333nn46–47, 341n37, 341n39, 342n57, 343n63, 354n179, 361n318, 361n328, 361n333, 361n335, 367n117, 369n141, 385n261, 386n288, 389n32, 391n75
Bhāmatī school of Advaita Vedānta 143, 357n227
Bhāṇḍīravana 214, 220, 231–232, 241–242, 249, 253
Bhardwaj, Surinder M. 326n73
Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar 324n53, 344n78
bhūta-śuddhi (purification of bodily elements) 274, 280, 286, 287, 289–291, 292–293, 390n58
Biale, David 323n38
Biardeau, Madeleine 362n1
Biernacki, Loriliai 323n41, 324n47
bīja-mantras (seed-syllables) 20, 258, 259
Bilvavana or Śrīvana 214, 220, 231–232, 241–242, 249, 253, 377n112, 385n263
Biswas, Ashutosh Sarma 351n118
Blacking, John 321n23
bodies: see ascetic bodies; bodies of jīvas/beings; body studies; body theories; cosmos bodies; devotional bodies; divine bodies; divine bodies or forms of Kṛṣṇa; human bodies; integral bodies; processual bodies; purity bodies; ritual bodies; social bodies; tantric bodies
bodies of jīvas/beings: and cosmos bodies 57, 68, 312; and divine bodies or forms of Kṛṣṇa 15, 20, 32, 56, 57, 59–60, 68, 70, 75, 107, 181, 299, 303–304, 306, 311, 312, 314; as innumerable 70, 299, 304, 310; as nonmaterial 15, 106–107, 305–306, 310, 311, 313–314; see also human bodies
body studies: of Asian traditions 323nn35–36, 323n41; of Aztec traditions 323n35; of Buddhist traditions 11; of Chinese traditions 323n35, 323n37; of Christian traditions 322nn34–35, 323n41; of Hindu traditions 11, 324n51; of Islamic traditions 323n35; of Japanese traditions 323n35; of Jewish traditions 322n35; of microhistorical societies 323n41; of South Asian traditions 11, 323n35, 324n49
body theories: alimentary body 9, 11, 321n26, 323n39; in anthropology xiii, 7, 8–9, 11, 321n23, 323n37; body politic 8–9, 11, 321n23, 323n37; in feminist and gender studies xiii, 7, 8, 9–10, 11, 101, 315, 316, 321n22, 322nn28–33, 323n41; gendered body 10, 11, 101–102, 315–316, 322nn28–33, 323n41; in history xiii, 7, 8–9, 11, 321n24; lived body 8, 11, 321n20; medical body 9, 11, 322n27, 323n40; mindful body 8, 11, 321nn21–22, 323n36; in philosophy xiii, 7, 8, 10, 11, 321nn20–22; in religion xv, 7, 8, 10–11, 309, 322n34, 322–323n35, 323nn36–41, 324nn44–46; sexual body 9, 11, 321n25, 323n38; social body 8–9, 11, 321n23, 323n37; in sociology xiii, 7, 8–9, 11, 321n23, 323n37; see also specific theorists
Bonazzoli, Giorgio 118, 349nn64–67, 349n70, 350n75, 350n88, 351n100
Bordo, Susan R. 322n31, 323n41
Bose, Nirmal Kumar 325n68
Botto, Oscar 345n8
Bourdieu, Pierre 9, 95, 308, 312–313, 321n23, 341n41, 370n157, 392n8
Boyarin, Daniel 322n35, 323n38, 323n41
Brahmā: and Bhāgavata Purāṇa 130, 152; as boar 347n33; body of 114, 116, 352n143; and Brahman 114, 207; as creator 37, 49, 50, 58–59, 69, 70, 113, 114–115, 116, 121, 122, 129, 143, 144, 145, 146, 152, 159–160, 167, 168–169, 178, 204, 253–254, 273, 282, 283, 298, 299, 347n33, 357n230; and cycles of time 50, 115–116; fashions bodies or forms of jīvas/beings 58–59, 70, 115, 144, 159–160, 169, 273, 299; fashions three worlds 58–59, 168; as first seer 116, 129, 167; as four-headed 59; and gāyatrī mantra 168; and gods 59, 115, 147, 159; as grandfather of the gods 59, 147; as guṇa-avatāra 53fig2, 58–59, 69, 70, 298, 299; as instrumental cause of pratisarga 50, 58–59, 70; and Itihāsas 122, 146; and kalpas 50, 58–59, 60, 116, 129, 130, 159, 169, 298, 330n7; and Kṛṣṇa 37–38, 69, 125, 128–129, 130, 152, 169, 204, 207, 242, 253–254, 282, 283–284, 330n15; and lotus 58–59, 70, 299; and Mathurā 253–254; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 212; as member of trimūrti 58, 125; mind-born sons of 64, 116, 133; mouths of 115, 116, 121, 122–123, 129, 145, 146, 147, 167, 168, 350n89; and Nārāyaṇa 347n33; and Om 167–168; and Prajāpati 118, 143, 144, 169, 178, 357n230; and Purāṇas 121, 122–123, 145, 146, 147, 350n89; and rajas 58, 59, 125; and ṛṣis/seers 115, 116, 129, 144, 159; as Śabdabrahman 114, 352n143; and Sanskrit varṇas 114, 168, 352n143; satya-loka as abode of 137, 253–254; and second puruṣa-avatāra, Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 58, 59, 70, 298, 299; and speech 115, 129, 143, 144, 159–160, 167–169, 273; and tapas or meditation 147, 167–168, 282, 283–284; and three vyāhṛtis 167–168; and Veda(s) 113, 114–115, 116, 118, 121, 122–123, 129, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 159–160, 167–169, 178, 273, 347n33, 350n89, 352n143; and Viṣṇu 114, 125; and Vraja or Vṛndāvana 204, 207, 242; see also Prajāpati
Brahma-hrada (pool of Brahman) 264, 265, 267
Brahma-kuṇḍa (Govardhana) 214, 231, 243, 375n92, 382n208, 382n216
Brahma-kuṇḍa (Vṛndāvana) 243, 247, 263, 382n208, 382n216
Brahman: and Ātman/Self 13, 15, 18, 23, 43, 104, 105, 165, 167, 305; as beyond embodiment 13, 18, 104; body of 18, 23; and Brahmā 114, 207; Brahma-hrada/pool of Brahman 264, 265, 267; Brahma-vidyā/knowledge of Brahman 40–41, 105, 142; consists of sat-cit-ānanda 15, 105; Devī as 113, 114, 125; as eternal 13, 104, 204, 347n35; as formless 15, 20, 32, 36, 37, 43, 74, 100, 105, 265, 274, 279, 305, 310; as ground of existence 20, 32; as imperishable 165, 169–170; as impersonal 15, 20, 22, 32, 43, 45, 62, 74, 100, 105, 265, 274, 279, 305, 310; and jñāna-mārga 41, 44, 305; joy/bliss of 43, 87, 144, 166, 204, 222; knowledge as nature of 113–114, 128, 165, 347n35; and Kṛṣṇa/Bhagavān 15, 20, 32–33, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45–46, 48, 49, 62, 70–71, 74, 88, 100, 113, 114, 125, 128, 130, 131, 152, 171, 175–176, 179, 204, 207, 210, 222, 224–225, 229, 251, 253, 264, 265–266, 279, 298, 304–305, 310, 330n3; Kṛṣṇaloka as beyond 35, 48, 49, 70–71, 229, 251, 298, 310; as limitless 105, 207; loka or realm of 49, 210, 264, 265–266, 283, 302; as lowest or partial aspect of Kṛṣṇa 32–33, 37, 40, 43, 44, 45–46, 62, 152, 279, 304–305; and meditation 100, 165, 166, 169–170, 264, 265, 267, 274, 279, 283, 302; Nārāyaṇa as 114; as nirguṇa/without attributes 15, 32, 43, 305; as nirviśeṣa/undifferentiated or distinctionless 15, 32, 43, 44, 49, 105, 251, 305; as nonactive 15, 43; as nonchanging 15, 18; as nonmaterial 283, 302; and Om 166, 167, 168, 169–170, 179, 274; and Paramātman 20, 32–33, 40, 43–44, 45–46, 152, 279, 298, 304–305, 330n3; Paravyoman as beyond 48, 49, 70–71, 283, 298, 302, 310; as radiant effulgence of vigraha/absolute body 20, 32, 43, 49, 279, 298, 305, 310; realization of identity/unity with 15, 18, 43, 45, 49, 62, 105, 166, 274, 305; as saguṇa/with attributes 15, 43; Śiva as 113, 114, 125, 347n35; as supreme Godhead 113, 125, 126; as totality 13, 14–15, 105, 130, 305; as transcendent 169–170, 207; transcendent Vraja/Goloka-Vṛndāvana as beyond 88, 175–176, 229, 265, 302, 315; two forms of 166; as ultimate reality 13, 18, 32, 43, 165, 305; as unbounded 15, 18; as unitary reality 43, 105; and Veda(s) 23, 113–114, 126, 128, 130, 131, 142, 143, 165, 169–170, 171, 347n35; Viṣṇu as 113, 114, 125, 171; as wholeness of existence 14–15; see also Ātman; Śabdabrahman
Brāhmaṇas xiii, 17, 18, 110–112, 127, 141, 144, 160–161, 163–165, 166, 167–168, 169, 362n4, 363n29, 364n37; see also specific Brāhmaṇas
Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa 119, 121, 122, 125, 148, 268, 348n53, 349n65
brahmanical canon 26, 109, 110–112, 113, 117, 118, 120, 127, 128, 132, 135, 136, 139, 145, 146, 149, 150, 152, 178, 199, 271, 286, 345n9; see also śāstras
brahmanical tradition xiii, 19, 21, 25, 26, 29, 83, 94–95, 109–110, 112, 119, 126, 171, 172, 173, 184–185, 187, 291, 325n63, 345–346n14, 346n17, 346–347n22, 351n97, 353n157, 368nn122–123, 368n131; see also brahmanical canon; brahmins
Brahma Purāṇa 119, 125, 147, 326n72, 349n65
Brahma Saṃhitā 50, 56, 212–213, 219, 229, 256–260, 281, 291–292, 296; see also Digdarśanīṭīkā on Brahma Saṃhitā
Brahma Sampradāya 26, 29, 191, 306
Brahma-Sūtras 42–43, 142, 143, 144, 149, 151, 152, 357n227, 358n247, 360n299
Brahmā-universes or Brahmā-eggs: and avatāras 49, 55, 71, 299; constitute material realm 49, 55, 71, 185, 222, 298, 310, 315; as cosmos bodies 57, 69–70, 298, 310; each contains fourteen worlds 49, 57, 70, 71, 195, 254, 298, 299, 310; and first puruṣa-avatāra, Kāraṇābdhiśāyin Viṣṇu 57, 69–70, 298; in form of cosmic eggs 49, 57, 58, 69, 298; as innumerable 47, 49, 57, 58, 69, 185, 195, 298, 310, 315; and second puruṣa-avatāra, Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 57, 58, 69–70, 298; and third puruṣa-avatāra, Kṣīrodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 57, 69–70, 298; see also cosmos bodies
Brahmavaivarta Purāṇa 119, 125
brahmins (priests) 4, 6, 25, 27, 28, 46, 60, 61, 64, 69, 74, 101, 116, 117, 121, 123, 124, 127, 131, 146, 148, 163, 169, 172, 173, 184, 190, 211, 230, 234, 235, 316, 325n63, 346n14, 351n97, 368n121
Braj: see Vraja or Vṛndāvana
Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 145, 146–147
Bṛhadbhāgavatāmṛta (Sanātana Gosvāmin) 27
Bṛhadbhānu: as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
Bṛhadbrahma Saṃhitā 217–219, 226–228, 229, 257, 377n107, 378n140
Bṛhadgautamīya Tantra 224, 237, 246, 248–249, 262
Bṛhadvāmana Purāṇa 261–262, 386n289
Bṛhadvana: see Mahāvana or Bṛhadvana
Bṛhannāradīya Purāṇa 370n156
Broo, Mans 329nn95–97, 357n228, 366n77, 390n60, 390–391n74
Brooks, Charles R. 354n170
Brown, C. Mackenzie 124, 137, 351nn99–102, 355n196
Brown, Peter 321n25, 322n35, 323n38
Bryant, Edwin F. 327n81, 328n82, 344n78
Brzezinski, Jan 328n91, 329n98, 329n102, 380n172
Buddha: as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 60–61, 64, 336n99; as one of daśa-avatāras 53fig2, 60–61
Buddhist traditions 11, 374n78
Buitenen, J. A. B. van 126, 351nn118–119
Burton, John W. 321n23
Busse, Kendall 324n44
Butler, Judith 10, 322n30, 322n33, 323n41, 343n72
Bynum, Caroline Walker 321n26, 322n32, 322nn34–35, 323n39, 323n41
Cabezón, José Ignacio 323n38, 323n41, 324n43, 324n48
Caitanya: golden complexion of 66, 73, 190, 197, 233, 337n117; and Govardhana śilās/stones 4, 231, 248, 379n157; as Kṛṣṇa and Rādhā together in a single body 73, 190, 193–194, 197, 338n130; līlā of 140, 193, 356n217; and Mount Govardhana 3, 231, 248, 320n8, 379n158; nāma-saṃkīrtana performance at Jagannātha temple 192–196, 370nn165–166; pilgrimage to South India 191, 257; pilgrimage to Vraja 230–233; and sāttvika-bhāvas 197; and social body of bhakta-saṅgha 184–185, 190, 192–196; and Vana-Yātrā 230; as yuga-avatāra of Kali Yuga 66–67, 73, 189–190, 193–194, 195, 196, 197, 232, 233
Caitanya Bhāgavata (Vṛndāvana Dāsa) 140, 356n214, 356n217, 356n219
Caitanya Caritāmṛta (Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja) 26, 28, 31, 40, 41, 42, 46, 48, 50, 66, 84, 140, 153, 176, 179, 185, 189, 193, 195, 230, 232, 233, 235, 248, 256, 257, 318, 328n89, 329n93, 329n103, 330n3, 332n32, 332n37, 332n43, 333n47, 333nn52–53, 334n56, 334n58, 334n68, 334–335n70, 335n79, 335n83, 335nn85–86, 337n120, 337–338n123, 338n129, 341n39, 342nn44–45, 343n63, 356n217, 356n219, 357n222, 359n268, 360n299, 366n78, 368n120, 368n127, 369n140, 369n145, 369n147, 370n153, 370n156, 370n162, 370nn165–166, 379n151, 379n157, 380n170
cakras (energy centers) 13, 19, 55, 220, 253, 287
Camporesi, Piero 322n35
cardinal directions 54–55, 71, 193, 194, 219, 220–221, 225–226, 240–241, 258, 260
Carman, John B. 338n132, 338n134
Carney, Gerald T. 379n154
Case, Margaret H. 320nn13–14, 320n17, 379n167, 380n169
castes 19, 94–95, 173, 185, 190, 311–312, 346–347n22; see also outcastes; varṇas
Catuḥsana or four Kumāras 133–134, 135–136, 139; as āveśa-avatāra 53fig2, 67; as āveśa līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 64, 67; invested with jñāna-śakti 67; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 64, 67, 336n99
Chāndogya Upaniṣad 146, 166, 351n116
Chapple, Christopher 344n78
Chilcott, Travis 332n37, 360n299
Chinese traditions 323n35, 323n37
Christian traditions 112, 322nn34–35, 323n41
Cixous, Hélène 10, 308, 322n29
Clément, Catherine 322n29
Coburn, Thomas B. 124, 148, 345n10, 349n64, 350n88, 351n98, 359n263
Cooey, Paula M. 323n41
Coomaraswamy, A. 364n44
Corcoran, Maura 200, 201, 319n3, 339n141, 371n2, 371n5, 371n7
cosmography: in Bṛhadbrahma Saṃhitā 218, 226–228; cosmographic maṇḍala 217, 218, 219, 224–228, 272, 275, 276, 282–283, 302, 388n16; in Gauḍīya texts 48–49, 70–71, 229, 245, 250, 253, 256–260, 282–283, 296–298, 302, 309–311, 314–315, 379n151, 385n273; in Padma Purāṇa 48, 217, 218, 219, 224–228, 272, 275, 276, 282–283; in Vṛndāvana Māhātmya of Padma Purāṇa 217, 218, 219, 224–228, 272, 275, 276; see also Brahmā-universes or Brahmā-eggs; fourteen worlds; lotus-maṇḍala; three worlds
cosmos bodies: and ascetic bodies 18; and bodies of jīvas/beings 57, 68, 312; and devotional bodies 20; and divine bodies 15–16, 17–18, 19–20, 32, 57, 58, 68, 69–70, 298–299, 303–304, 312, 325n61; and human bodies 15–16, 17, 18, 19–20, 312, 325n61; as innumerable 20, 32, 57, 69, 70, 298, 304, 310; as integral bodies 15–16, 17–20, 325n61; and purity bodies 19; and ritual bodies 17–18, 325n61; and social bodies 15–16, 17, 18, 325n61; and tantric bodies 19–20; as universes or Brahmā-universes 16, 17–18, 20, 32, 57, 69–70, 298, 310; see also Brahmā-universes or Brahmā-eggs
Coward, Harold G. 365n51
cowherds: see gopas
cowmaidens: see gopīs; Rādhā
cows: as companions of Kṛṣṇa in Vraja or Vṛndāvana 1, 202, 288–289; and cowherd encampment 201, 202, 206; as cows of Vraja 1, 3, 202, 204, 208, 216; and gopas/cowherds 202, 204, 225, 227, 255, 275; grazing in vana/forest 201, 202, 206, 261; hoofprint of 43; Kṛṣṇa as keeper of cows 4, 5, 50, 203, 204, 205, 216, 255, 258, 260, 282; and līlā/play 1, 214, 216, 242; loka of 260, 261; and meditation 275, 284, 288–289, 390n70; milked by gopīs 209; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 223, 246, 255, 258, 260, 261, 262, 284, 288–289; wish-fulfilling 258, 260, 261, 284
Csikszentmihalyi, Mark 323n35
Csordas, Thomas J. 321n20, 321n23, 323n40
Culianu, Ioan P. 321nn25–26, 322n34
Cutler, Norman 324n44, 324n47, 325n70
Dallery, Arleen B. 322n30
Dāmodara 269; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n77, 390n64
Dandekar, R. N. 345n8
darśana (seeing; auspicious sight) 5, 7, 96, 97, 136, 137, 182, 192, 196, 213, 214, 215, 231, 243, 264, 266, 269, 301, 370n162, 381n206
Darśanas 12, 136, 344–345n7; see also philosophical schools; specific schools
Dasa, Satyanarayana 329n102
Dasgupta, Shashi Bhusan 365n51
dāsya-rasa (devotional mode of service) 89, 90, 98, 100, 195, 259, 279, 285, 297, 301–302, 304, 315–316
Dattātreya: as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63, 336n99; as prābhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63
De, Sushil Kumar 34, 328n91, 329n96, 330nn5–6, 333n52, 340n10, 380n171, 380nn174–175, 390n65, 390–391n74
deities: see gods
Delmonico, Neal 328nn91–92, 329n100, 340n10, 340n12, 366n77
demons 2, 16, 60, 61–62, 63, 72, 187, 205, 208–209, 214, 310; see also specific demons
Devakī: Kṛṣṇa as son of 1, 37, 38, 51, 201, 207, 251, 255, 351n116
devas: see gods
devatās: see gods
Devī (the Goddess): as Brahman 113, 114, 125; and Kṛṣṇa 125; as object of bhakti/devotion 20, 113; as supreme Godhead 113, 125; and Veda(s) 126; and Viṣṇu 125; see also specific goddesses
devotional bodies: and cosmos bodies 20; and divine bodies xiii, xv, 7, 20, 23–24, 28, 29, 30, 79, 97–98, 267, 272, 281, 289, 292, 293, 295–296, 300, 301, 303, 309, 313, 314; and mesocosmic forms of Kṛṣṇa 29, 79, 97, 153, 300, 301; and rāgānugā-bhakti 85, 94, 97–98, 106, 188, 267, 272, 280–281, 285, 301, 313; and sādhaka-rūpa 85, 94, 95, 106, 188, 300–301, 312–313; and sādhana-bhakti 20, 29, 85, 94, 95, 106, 188, 267, 280, 289, 300–301, 303, 307–308, 311, 312, 313, 368n138; siddha-rūpa as perfected devotional body 20, 29, 85, 94, 97–98, 106, 188, 267, 272, 280–281, 285, 293, 301, 303, 313, 314; and social bodies 191–196, 312–313; and vaidhī-bhakti 85, 94, 95, 106, 188, 300–301, 312–313; see also bodies of jīvas/beings; human bodies; sādhaka-rūpa; siddha-rūpa
dhāmans (abodes) of Kṛṣṇa 334n56, 385n257; as beyond material realm of prakṛti 7, 132, 209–210; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 210, 213, 271; Kṛṣṇa’s sva-dhāman/own abode 77, 131, 136, 152–153, 156; manifest on more than one plane simultaneously 266; and meditation 210, 213, 271, 302; ontology of 48, 230, 236, 244, 250, 251; terms for 209, 373n59; transcendent dhāman/abode of Kṛṣṇa 7, 33, 77, 131, 132, 152–153, 154, 174, 201, 209–210, 213, 245, 271, 339n141, 373n59, 386n288; see also Dvārakā; Kṛṣṇaloka; Mathurā; Mathurā-maṇḍala; Paravyoman; Vaikuṇṭha; Vraja or Vṛndāvana
Dhanvantari: as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63, 336n99; as prābhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63
dharma (cosmic ordering principle; system of ritual and social duties) xiii–xiv, 1, 19, 42, 44, 56, 60–61, 63, 64–66, 69, 77, 116, 129, 131, 136, 138, 141, 143, 153, 156, 170–172, 173, 181, 184–185, 187, 189–190, 239, 268, 299, 325n63, 345–346n14, 365n59, 368nn122–123, 368n131, 369n145; see also varṇāśrama-dharma
Dharma-Śāstras xiii–xiv, 19, 94–95, 111–112, 113, 171, 172, 173, 184–185, 286, 325n63, 346n14, 351n97
Dharmasetu: as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
Dharma-Sūtras 346n14
Dhvanyāloka (Ānandavardhana) 86, 87
Dhvanyāloka-Locana (Abhinavagupta) 86
dhyāna (meditation) 14, 39, 65, 69, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 106, 138, 165, 169, 170, 171, 188–189, 221, 228, 245, 267, 271, 272, 274–275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283, 285, 288, 291–292, 302, 331n22, 343n66, 360n309, 361n318, 390n70; see also meditation
Digdarśanīṭīkā on Brahma Saṃhitā (Jīva Gosvāmin) 219, 257–260, 264–266, 281
Dikshitar, V. R. Ramchandra 350n88
Dimock, Edward C., Jr. 319n2, 329n93, 329n103, 333n52, 356n214, 356n217, 368n127, 370n156, 379n153, 379n158, 386n275
Dissanayake, Wimal 321n21, 321n23, 323nn35–36, 324n49
Dīvālī or Dīpāvali (festival of lights) 4, 244
divine bodies 11, 324n44; and ascetic bodies 18; and bhakti traditions 20, 22–25, 295, 325n70; body of Ātman 18, 23; body of Brahmā 114, 116, 352n143; body of Brahman 18, 23; body of Nārāyaṇa 292–293, 347n33; body of Prajāpati 18, 23, 326n74; body of Puruṣa 17–18; body of Śiva 19, 114; body of Viṣṇu 73–74, 113, 307, 338n132, 347n33; and cosmos bodies 15–16, 17–18, 19–20, 325n61; and devotional bodies 20, 23–24, 295; and human bodies 15–16, 17–18, 19–20, 23, 24, 292–293, 295, 325n61; as integral bodies 15–16, 17–20, 325n61; and mūrtis/images 23, 24, 295, 326nn74–75; and nāmans/divine names 23, 24, 295; as particularized forms 22, 295; and purity bodies 19; and ritual bodies 17–18, 325n61; and sacred texts 23, 24, 295; and social bodies 15–16, 17–18, 19, 325n61; and tantric bodies 19–20, 286–287; and time 22, 23, 295; and tīrthas/sacred places 22–23, 24, 295; and Vedic traditions 17–18, 22–23, 325n71, 326n74; see also divine bodies or forms of Kṛṣṇa; Gauḍīya tradition: discourse of divine embodiment
divine bodies or forms of Kṛṣṇa: as ananta-rūpa/limitless or innumerable 20, 31, 32, 40, 45, 46, 47, 49, 68, 70, 71, 76, 177, 296, 298, 299, 303–304, 310–311; as blue-black 36, 38, 47–48, 51, 61, 65, 66, 69, 92, 276, 284, 297–298, 310–311; and bodies of jīvas/beings 15, 20, 32, 56, 57, 59–60, 68, 70, 75, 107, 181, 299, 303–304, 306, 311, 312, 314; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 36–39, 43, 89–90, 92–93, 97, 100, 128, 130, 151–152, 155, 213, 217, 250–251, 253, 254–255, 264, 265, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273–276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 302, 305, 331n22, 331n25; characterized by aiśvarya/divine majesty 5, 37, 51, 54, 55, 61, 66, 68–69, 70, 72–73, 74, 75, 89, 251, 253, 260, 279, 297, 305, 307, 311, 343n66; characterized by mādhurya/sweetness 5, 36, 37, 47, 50, 54, 61, 92, 139, 251, 256, 260, 280, 297, 310–311; consist of sat-cit-ānanda 36, 38, 39, 40, 47, 50, 54, 67, 68, 77, 85, 97, 99, 139, 181, 257, 258, 276, 281, 296–297, 301, 310, 311, 314, 330n10, 331n17; and cosmos bodies 20, 32, 57, 58, 68, 69–70, 298–299, 303–304, 312; and devotional bodies xiii, xv, 7, 20, 28, 29, 30, 79, 97–98, 267, 272, 281, 289, 292, 293, 295–296, 300, 301, 303, 309, 313, 314; distinguished by age 47–48, 60, 310–311; distinguished by bodily shapes 47–48, 51, 54, 55, 60, 65, 68–69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 177, 296, 297–298, 300, 310–311; distinguished by color 47–48, 51, 54, 60, 65–66, 69, 71, 72, 190, 297–298, 310–311; distinguished by emblems 48, 54, 55, 60, 65–66, 68–69, 71, 296, 297; distinguished by gender 72–73, 99, 314, 315, 392n10; distinguished by number of arms 37, 48, 54, 60, 68; distinguished by number of heads 48; as eka-rūpa/one and singular 40, 46, 50, 51, 68, 71, 72, 177, 181, 252, 296–297, 299, 303, 310–311, 314; encompass various planes of existence 20, 29, 31, 40, 46, 47, 68, 76, 177, 296, 299, 303–304, 306; engaged through kīrtana/singing 96, 154–155, 156, 360n309, 361n318; engaged through śravaṇa/hearing 96, 154–155, 174, 360n309, 361n318; as four-armed 1, 37–38, 48, 49, 51, 54, 55, 59, 62, 65, 68, 70, 72–73, 74, 75, 89, 240, 273, 279, 288, 297, 299, 305, 307, 311, 334–335n70, 343n66, 373n61; gopa/cowherd form 1, 3, 4, 36–40, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 61, 68, 72, 73, 74, 78, 88, 90, 92, 100, 139, 177, 203, 207, 208, 216, 222, 224–225, 251, 256, 258, 260, 262, 263, 264, 275–276, 279, 280–281, 282, 283–284, 288, 296, 297, 302, 305, 307, 310–311, 390n70; hierarchical taxonomy of 32, 37, 46, 47–48, 50–51, 52–53fig2, 54–67, 68–69, 70, 72, 74–75, 85, 296–298, 304, 306–307, 310–311, 390n64, 392n10; and human bodies 15, 28, 29, 35, 78–79, 85, 103, 107, 181, 292, 295–296, 300, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315; on macroscosmic plane 20, 29, 31, 32, 46, 47, 56, 69–70, 76, 177, 296, 298, 299, 303–304, 306; and meditation 39, 89–90, 96, 97, 99–100, 128, 130, 151–152, 213, 217, 224–225, 227, 270, 271, 272, 273–276, 277, 278–281, 282, 283–284, 288, 302, 305, 331n22, 360n309, 361n318, 390n70; on microcosmic plane 20, 29, 31, 32, 46, 47, 56, 70, 76, 177, 296, 299, 303–304, 306; as multifarious 32, 46, 70, 296, 304, 310–311, 313; as narākāra/in shape of human being 37–39, 62, 265, 266, 310, 314, 330n15, 331n17; as nonmaterial 15, 20, 36, 38, 39, 43, 47, 67, 68, 72, 74, 107, 181, 209, 282, 296–297, 303, 306, 309, 310, 311, 314, 331n17; not visible to material eye 377n123; as polychromatic 47–48, 65–66, 69, 71, 72, 297–298, 310–311; as polymorphous 47–48, 60, 68–69, 71, 72, 76, 177, 297–298, 300, 310–311; and social bodies 28, 30, 303–304; and space 48–49, 54–55, 70–71, 219, 225–226, 240–241, 296–299; terms for 46, 47; as thousand-armed 37, 48, 311; and time 20, 46, 49–50, 54–55, 56, 60, 69, 70–71, 177, 288, 299, 335n77, 335n79, 390n64; on transcosmic plane 29, 31, 32, 46, 47, 76, 175–176, 177, 181, 254, 296, 299, 303–304, 306, 310; as two-armed 4, 36–39, 47, 48, 49, 50, 61, 68, 73, 74, 90, 92, 100, 256, 279, 284, 288, 296, 297, 305, 307, 311, 314, 334–335n70; as viśva-rūpa/all-encompassing 37, 311; see also avatāras of Kṛṣṇa; mesocosmic forms of Kṛṣṇa; prakāśas of Kṛṣṇa; svayaṃ-rūpa or svarūpa of Kṛṣṇa; vigraha of Kṛṣṇa; vilāsas of Kṛṣṇa; vyūhas of Kṛṣṇa;
specific divine manifestations
divine majesty: see aiśvarya
Douglas, Mary 9, 321n23, 321n26
D’Sa, Francis X. 357n226
Duden, Barbara 321n24
Dvādaśāditya-tīrtha 214, 221, 232, 234, 243
Dvaita Vedānta 142
Dvāpara Yuga 1, 35, 37, 38, 50, 65, 66, 73, 78, 88, 116, 117, 118, 122, 123, 129, 130, 147, 152, 171, 190, 199, 209, 211, 222, 229, 244, 246, 250, 253, 254, 262, 263, 267, 269
Dvārakā: and ādi catur-vyūhas or prābhava-vilāsas 48–49, 54, 71, 177, 225, 260, 297, 302, 311; associated with aiśvarya/divine majesty 37, 48, 54, 251, 260, 297, 311; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 253, 254–255; city of 34, 201, 216, 229, 251, 252, 255; consists of sat-cit-ānanda 252; descent of 254–255; as dhāman/realm of Kṛṣṇaloka 34, 48, 71, 229, 251, 254–255, 256, 258, 260, 297, 311; as domain of aprakaṭa/unmanifest līlā 48–49, 54, 229, 250, 251, 252–253, 254–255; as domain of earthly/manifest līlā 49, 201, 229, 250, 251, 252–253, 254–255; as earthly abode of Kṛṣṇa 209, 229, 250, 252–253, 255; engaged through pilgrimage 252–253, 268; engaged through residing in 268; as eternal 49, 252–253; as extension of vigraha/absolute body 252, 254; as geographic place 229, 250, 254, 255; as immanent counterpart of transcendent dhāman/domain 229, 250, 251–252, 254–255; as infinite 49; as luminous 253, 254–255; as manifestation of Kṛṣṇa’s svarūpa/essential form 253; manifests in more than one place simultaneously 252; and material space-time continuum 49, 229, 250, 255; and meditation 302; as nonmaterial 252, 302; as nonphenomenal and transmundane 252, 255; and parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 250, 251, 254; as pilgrimage place 252–253; as prakāśa-viśeṣa/special manifestation of transcendent dhāman/domain 251–252, 254–255; as site of Vāsudeva Kṛṣṇa’s kingdom 1, 201, 255; as transcendent dhāman/abode of Kṛṣṇa 34, 48–49, 229, 250, 251, 252–253, 254–255, 258, 260, 297; as transcendent domain 34, 48, 49, 177, 229, 250, 251–253, 254–255; as unmanifest 254; and Vāsudeva Kṛṣṇa 1, 37, 54, 73, 201, 225, 251, 255, 260, 297, 311
Eck, Diana L. 326n73
Edelmann, Jonathan B. 366n75
eighteen-syllable mantra 258–259, 281–282, 288, 302, 389n39
Eilberg-Schwartz, Howard 322nn34–35, 323n38, 323n41, 324n44
elders of Vraja: cowherd elders 202, 206; as embodiments of vātsalya-rasa 90, 98, 285, 297, 301–302; and līlā/play 301–302; as nitya-siddhas/eternally perfect beings 90, 98, 297, 301–302; as parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 90, 98, 285, 297, 301–302; as rāgātmikā bhaktas 98, 297, 301–302; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 98, 285, 297, 301–302
Elias, Norbert 321n26
Elkman, Stuart Mark 332n31, 357n223, 358n255, 359n268
Entwistle, A. W. 201, 203, 211, 217–218, 237, 257, 319n3, 320nn7–9, 320n11, 339n141, 371n2, 371nn6–7, 372n17, 374nn69–72, 374n80, 374n82, 375n83, 375nn86–87, 375n93, 376n98, 376nn104–105, 377nn108–109, 379n154, 379n168, 380nn170–173, 380nn175–176, 380nn179–181, 384n242
epics: see Itihāsas
essential form of Kṛṣṇa: see svayaṃ-rūpa or svarūpa of Kṛṣṇa
essential nature: see svarūpa of jīvas or bhaktas; svarūpa of Kṛṣṇa
eternal associates: see parikaras or pārṣadas
Falk, Maryla 364n44
Falk, Pasi 321n23
Faure, Bernard 323n35, 323n38, 323n41
Featherstone, Mike 321n23
Filliozat, Jean 345n8
Findly, Ellison Banks 362n4
Fitzgerald, James L. 345n13
Flood, Gavin 324n47, 389n57, 390n58
flute: as emblem of Kṛṣṇa 2, 36, 38, 39, 47, 50, 74, 93, 139, 256, 276, 288, 297; and mūrtis/images of Kṛṣṇa 4, 235; role in līlā 2, 203, 204, 209; role in mānasa-pūjā/mental worship 292
Fort, Andrew O. 344n77
Foucault, Michel 9, 308, 321n23, 321n25, 322n27
fourteen worlds 192, 196, 245, 383n232; bhūr-loka/earth in middle 49, 310, 334n62; contained in each Brahmā-universe/cosmos body 49, 57, 70, 71, 195, 254, 298, 299, 310; lotus of 58, 59, 70, 71, 298, 299; and second puruṣa-avatāra, Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 58, 298, 299; seven lower worlds 49, 245, 310, 334n62; six higher worlds 49, 310, 334n62; and third puruṣa-avatāra, Kṣīrodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 57, 59–60, 70, 298
Frank, Arthur W. 321n23, 321n25, 322n27
Freund, Peter E. S. 321n23
Gail, Adalbert 328n87
Gallagher, Catherine 321n24, 322n32
Gallop, Jane 322n30
gandharvas (celestial musicians) 16, 253, 310
Gaṅgā River 127, 135–136, 174, 284, 354n168, 356n216, 356n219
Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu: as aṃśa of an aṃśa 58, 70, 298, 306; as antar-yāmin/indwelling Self of Brahmā-universes/cosmos bodies 57, 58, 70, 298; initiates pratisarga/secondary creation 58, 70, 298, 299; as manifestation of Pradyumna 56–57, 58; as second puruṣa-avatāra 53fig2, 57, 58, 59, 69–70, 298, 299, 306, 337n123; as source of guṇa-avatāras 58, 59, 70, 298, 299, 306; as thousand-headed puruṣa 58, 70
Garuḍa Purāṇa 119, 125, 149–151, 359n268, 360n299, 360n305
Gatens, Moira 322n30
Gauḍīya tradition 31–79, 139–157, 175–197, 228–270, 277–293; and Advaita Vedānta 15, 29, 32, 33, 37, 40–46, 70, 74, 84, 85, 103–107, 143, 304–306, 324n58, 332n37, 332n43; bhakti-śāstra 26, 27, 29–30, 84, 295, 303, 304; and Brahma Sampradāya 29, 191, 306; and Brahma-Sūtras 42–43, 143, 144, 149, 151, 152, 358n247, 360n299; cosmography 48–49, 70–71, 229, 245, 250, 253, 256–260, 282–283, 296–298, 302, 309–311, 314–315, 379n151, 385n273; discourse of divine embodiment 28, 29, 31–32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 45–46, 47, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 78–79, 84, 85, 103, 177, 181, 295–296, 299, 300, 303–304; discourse of embodiment xiii, 15, 20, 26, 28, 29, 30, 78–79, 104, 109, 160, 175, 183, 200, 229, 248, 263, 272, 293, 295, 304, 306, 308, 309, 315, 316, 324n58, 338n139, 339nn140–141; discourse of human embodiment 28, 29, 35, 78–79, 84, 85, 94, 99, 102, 103, 181, 295–296, 300, 304, 311–312, 313–314, 316; Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Vedānta 31, 40, 42, 306; hermeneutics of embodiment 76, 77, 299, 300; and Madhva 29, 42, 143, 144, 191, 306; and Pāñcarātra traditions 29, 46, 54, 73–74, 224, 285–289, 292–293, 306–308, 326n75, 390n60; and Pātañjala Yoga 15, 29, 32, 37, 40, 43–46, 70, 84, 85, 89–90, 103–107, 277–278, 304–306, 324n58; principle or theology of superordination 31–32, 37, 44, 45–46, 84, 89, 100, 107, 277, 304, 306, 337; and Pūrva-Mīmāṃsā 40, 141–143, 145, 146–147, 159, 178; and Puṣṭi Mārga 2, 29, 132, 199, 201, 211, 306, 320n11, 371n6; and Rāma bhakti traditions 29, 182, 191, 306; and Rāmānuja 29, 42, 74, 75, 143, 144, 191, 306; and Śaṃkara 40–43, 143, 144, 146–147, 152, 332n30, 332n37, 332n40; and Sāṃkhya 15, 40, 43, 44; and Śrīvaiṣṇava Sampradāya 27, 29, 73–76, 79, 191, 217–218, 234, 306, 307, 326n75; and tantric traditions 29, 277–278, 280, 285–286, 289, 292–293, 304, 307–308, 390n60; and Vallabha 2, 29, 199, 306; and Vedānta 31, 42, 141, 143, 145, 152; see also Caitanya; Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin; Jīva Gosvāmin; Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja; Raghunātha Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin; Raghunāthadāsa Gosvāmin; Rūpa Gosvāmin; Sanātana Gosvāmin
Gautamīya Tantra 237, 246, 288, 390n70
gāyatrī mantra 149, 151, 168, 359n289
Germano, David 324n48
Gerow, Edwin 340n10