social bodies 8, 9, 11, 15–19, 28, 30, 184–185, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 303, 325n61
Sommer, Benjamin D. 322n35, 324n44
space: and divine bodies or forms of Kṛṣṇa 48–49, 54–55, 70–71, 219, 225–226, 240–241, 296–299; element of space 49, 161–162, 286; maṇḍalization of space 212–213, 219–220, 240–241, 296, 374n78; material space-time continuum 48, 49, 55, 70–71, 200, 229, 250, 255, 296, 310, 315; mythic space 200, 201, 210, 216, 228; religiocultural spaces xv, 319n3, 371n2; sacred space xiii, xiv, xv, 21–23, 96, 199, 250, 298, 374n78; symbolic space 200; transcendent space 48, 78, 199, 200, 216, 228–229, 238, 244–245, 246, 250, 296, 319n3; transmundane space 213, 240–241; and vaibhava-vilāsas 54–55, 71; and vyūhas 54–55, 225; see also cardinal directions
sparśana (touching) 96, 97, 196, 238–239, 269, 301
śravaṇa (hearing) 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 131, 136, 137–138, 153, 154–156, 157, 170, 171, 173, 176, 188, 195, 269, 272, 300, 301, 341n37, 353n57, 360n309, 361n318, 361n328, 365n57
Śrīdhara: as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n77, 390n64
Śrīdhara Svāmin 41–42, 168, 332n30, 332n39
Śrī Nāthajī: mūrti/image of 4, 320n11
Śrīvaiṣṇava Sampradāya xvi, 26, 27, 29, 73–76, 79, 81, 191, 216, 217–218, 234, 306, 307, 326n75, 333n51, 338n132, 338n135, 376n98
Śrīvana: see Bilvavana or Śrīvana
Śṛṅgāra-Prakāśa (Bhoja) 87
śruti (“that which was heard”; designation for Vedas) 39, 109, 110–112, 113, 117, 118, 120, 121, 124, 125, 127–128, 130, 131, 132, 135, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145–146, 149, 150–152, 153, 162, 169, 178, 179, 204, 253, 271, 283, 286, 345nn8–10, 345–346n14; see also Veda(s)
St. Ville, Susan M. 323n41
Stewart, Tony K. 329n103, 333n52, 338n130, 356n217, 370n156
Stock, Brian 344n5
Strathern, Andrew J. 321nn22–23
Strong, John S. 324n48
Subbu Reddiar, N. 346n18
subtle physiology 13, 19, 287, 290; see also cakras; kuṇḍalinī; nāḍīs
śuddha-sattva (pure luminous being) 88, 89, 222, 261, 263, 290, 297, 314
Sudhāmā: as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
śūdras (servants) 123, 131, 138, 150, 184, 185, 325n63, 351n97, 353n157, 368n121
Suleiman, Susan Rubin 322n32
Sullivan, Bruce M. 345n13
Sullivan, Lawrence E. 322n34
svarūpa (essential nature) of jīvas or bhaktas 15, 89, 93, 98, 99, 104, 106, 107, 181, 259, 278, 285, 290, 301–303, 305–306, 313, 314, 315; see also jīvas
svarūpa (essential nature) of Kṛṣṇa 301, 354n179; consists of sat-cit-ānanda 36, 77, 180, 181, 186–187, 310; and Kṛṣṇa-rati/love 88; as male 392n10; and nāmans/divine names 76, 77, 96, 160, 175–176, 177, 180–181, 183; and svarūpa-śakti 33, 34, 152, 181, 183, 297; and svayaṃ-rūpa/essential form of Kṛṣṇa 36, 310, 314; and vigraha/absolute body 36, 76, 77, 96, 160, 175–176, 177, 180–181, 310, 314; see also śaktis of Kṛṣṇa: svarūpa-śakti
svayaṃ-rūpa or svarūpa (essential form) of Kṛṣṇa 62, 330nn11–12, 334n65, 385n271; and aveśa-rūpa 50, 63; as beautiful 36, 38, 47, 92, 93, 100, 310; blue-black color of 36, 38, 47, 51, 61, 69, 92, 297, 310–311; body marks of 36, 38, 47, 92, 93, 311; and Brahmā 37–38; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 36–39, 90, 279, 331n22, 331n25; characterized by mādhurya/sweetness 36, 37, 47, 50, 92, 139, 251, 256, 297, 310–311; consists of sat-cit-ānanda 38, 39, 40, 47, 50, 54, 139; in earthly Vraja 49, 73, 78; as essential form of vigraha/absolute body 36–40, 46, 47, 50, 51, 68, 71, 74, 90, 93, 100, 139, 177, 256, 279, 297, 307, 310–311, 314, 330n14, 385n272; as eternal 36, 38, 39; flute as emblem of 36, 38, 39, 47, 50, 74, 93, 139, 297; garments of 36, 38, 47, 93, 297; as gopa/cowherd form 36–40, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 61, 68, 72, 73, 74, 78, 90, 92, 100, 139, 177, 216, 225, 251, 256, 279, 297, 307, 310–311; and līlā-avatāras 62, 63; lotus-like eyes of 36, 39, 47, 92, 297, 311; as male 72, 314, 392n10; and meditation 39, 90, 100, 279, 331n22; as most full, complete, and perfect form 37, 39, 48, 50, 310–311; as narākāra/in shape of human being 37–39, 310, 330n15, 331n17; as nonmaterial 36, 38, 39, 47; as one 51, 68, 72; ornaments of 36, 38, 39, 47, 93; as paradigmatic divine body 47, 68–69, 72, 311; and prakāśas 50–51, 68; and puruṣa-avatāras 59; as supreme in hierarchy of divine bodies 37–38, 310–311; and svāṃśa avatāras 68–69; and svarūpa/essential nature of Kṛṣṇa 36, 310, 314; and tadekātma-rūpa 50, 51, 63; in transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 36, 37, 39, 48, 50, 71, 177, 225, 251, 256, 297, 310–311; as two-armed form 36–39, 47, 49, 50, 61, 68, 73, 74, 90, 92, 100, 256, 279, 297, 307, 311; as unmanifest 36; and vilāsas 54, 55, 68; and Vyāsa 36–37, 39, 331n25; as youthful 36, 37–38, 40, 47, 68, 92, 256, 310–311; see also vigraha of Kṛṣṇa
Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad 20–21, 365n50
sweetness: see mādhurya
Śyāma-kuṇḍa 234
Synnott, Anthony 321n23
Szubka, Tadeusz 321n21
Tagare, Ganesh Vasudeo 328n82, 328n88
Taittirīya Saṃhitā (Black Yajur-Veda) 362n4, 363n17; see also Yajur-Veda
Taittirīya Upaniṣad 12
Tālavana 214, 220, 230, 241–242, 249, 253
tamas (inertia) 58, 59, 125, 168, 264, 265
Tamil Śaiva bhakti traditions 23–24
Tamil Vaiṣṇava bhakti traditions 23–24, 332n35; see also Āḻvārs
Tantras 136; see also Āgamas; Pāñcarātra Saṃhitās; specific texts
tantric bodies xiii–xiv, xv, 16, 17fig1, 19–20, 280, 286–287, 289, 292–293, 307–308, 391n7
tantric traditions xiii–xiv, 11–12, 13, 19–20, 29, 112, 159, 166–167, 272–273, 274, 277–278, 280, 285–286, 289, 292–293, 304, 307–308, 346n17, 347n22, 374n78, 390n60; see also Kashmir Śaiva traditions; Pāñcarātra traditions; tantric bodies
tapas (meditation; austerities) 44, 63, 138, 147, 161, 165, 171, 172, 203, 215, 245, 271, 333n45, 362n8;
see also meditation
tattvas (evolutes of prakṛti) 12, 57, 298
Tattva Sandarbha (Jīva Gosvāmin) 28, 140, 141, 142–143, 144, 145, 149, 150, 153–154, 178, 330n4, 331–332n28, 332n39, 332n43, 337n117, 357n223, 358nn247–248, 358n250, 358n252, 359n268, 360n299, 360nn305–306, 360n311, 361n328
Teṉkalai school of Śrīvaiṣṇavas 217–218
Thangaraj, M. Thomas 346n20
Thompson, Evan 321n22
three worlds 60, 62–63, 64, 164, 168, 212, 220, 221, 239, 245, 268, 269
Timalsina, Sthaneswar 344n77
time: and avatāras 20, 22, 46, 49–50, 56, 60, 69, 71, 177, 299; and Brahmā 50, 115–116; cycles of 46, 49–50, 115–116, 330n7, 348n48, 348n53; and divine bodies or forms of Kṛṣṇa 20, 46, 49–50, 54–55, 56, 60, 69, 70–71, 177, 288, 299, 335n77, 335n79, 390n64; material space-time continuum 48, 49, 55, 70–71, 200, 229, 250, 255, 296, 310, 315; and vaibhava-vilāsas 54–55, 71, 288, 335n77, 335n79, 390n64; see also kalpa; mahā-yuga; manvantara; pratisarga; sarga; yuga
tīrthas (sacred sites) 2, 22–23, 26–27, 97, 135–136, 138, 199, 211, 212, 213–214, 215–216, 219, 221, 228, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236–237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243–244, 246, 265, 267, 268–269, 326n73, 375n84; see also specific pilgrimage networks and sites
tīrtha-yātrā (pilgrimage) xiv, xvi, 1, 23, 24, 96, 97, 215, 267, 269, 295, 319n1, 326n73, 353n166, 374n68; see also Dvārakā; Govardhana, Mount; Mathurā; Mathurā-maṇḍala; Vraja or Vṛndāvana; specific pilgrimage networks and sites
Toomey, Paul M. 320n9
Trailokyasammohana Tantra 287
Trainor, Kevin 324n48
Tretā Yuga 50, 65, 66, 116, 171, 190
Trivikrama: as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n77, 390n64
Tulsīdās 112
Turner, Bryan S. 321n23, 321n26, 322n27
twelve forests: and body of Kṛṣṇa 236, 249, 267; lists of 202, 214, 220, 241–242, 253, 377n112, 385n263; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 201, 214, 215, 219–220, 241–242, 250; as pilgrimage network within Mathurā-maṇḍala 214, 215, 220, 241–242, 250; and Vana-Yātrā 2, 199, 236; and Vraja or Vṛndāvana 2, 78, 199, 201–202, 214, 216, 217, 220, 221, 230, 231, 236, 242, 248, 249, 250, 253, 267, 371n6, 375n87, 377n115, 385n263; see also specific forests
Ujjvalanīlamaṇi (Rūpa Gosvāmin) 27, 28, 84, 86, 88, 340n19, 340n23
Umā 288
Upadeśāmṛta (Rūpa Gosvāmin) 241, 244
Upaniṣads xiii, 12, 13, 18–19, 22, 25, 39, 42, 75, 110–112, 121, 125, 126, 127, 128, 133, 135, 136, 142, 146, 157, 160–161, 165–166, 167–168, 169–170, 171, 274, 283, 345n9, 360n299, 364n45; see also specific Upaniṣads
Upendra: as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n78
Urban, Hugh B. 323n38
Utpaladeva 389n57
vaidhī-bhakti: and Bhāgavata Purāṇa 95–96, 153, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2; and devotional body 85, 94, 95, 106, 188, 300–301, 312–313; and external bodily practices 85, 94, 95, 106, 188, 300–301, 313; five most important practices of 95–96, 153, 189, 267–268, 300, 338n136, 357n220, 387n314, 391n2; and guru 343n63; and meditation 278; and mesocosmic forms of Kṛṣṇa 95–97, 300, 301; and mūrtis/images 95–96, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2; and nāmans/divine names 95–96, 189, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2; and sādhaka-rūpa 85, 94, 95, 106, 188, 300–301, 312–313; and sādhana-bhakti 85, 94, 95, 106, 188, 300–301, 312, 341n39, 368n138; sixty-four practices of 95, 189, 268, 278, 300, 342n43, 343nn63–64; and Vraja or Vṛndāvana 95–96, 267–268, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2
Vaidya, C. V. 328n82
Vaikuṇṭha (abode of Kṛṣṇa or Viṣṇu): as abode of Viṣṇu or Nārāyaṇa 137, 227; attainment of residence in 356n212; Govindadeva temple as Vaikuṇṭha of Kṛṣṇa on earth 242; as infinite 47; Kṛṣṇaloka as Mahāvaikuṇṭha 251, 258; Lord of Vaikuṇṭha 173, 209; Mathurā or Mathurā-maṇḍala as greater than 241, 269; Mathurā-maṇḍala as beyond 245; as Paravyoman 245, 269; as transcendent dhāman/abode of Kṛṣṇa 175, 209, 373n61; as transcendent domain 245, 269; see also Paravyoman
Vaikuṇṭha (divine manifestation of Kṛṣṇa) 95, 313; as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
Vaiṣṇava literature 26, 200, 235, 257, 386n289; see also Purāṇas: Vaiṣṇava Purāṇas; specific texts
Vaiṣṇava traditions xiii, xvii, 1, 2, 25, 26, 29, 34, 37, 46, 51, 54, 73, 75, 81, 85, 127, 132–133, 135–136, 137, 139, 169, 175, 182, 189, 191, 194, 199, 221–222, 239, 306–307, 319n12, 354n168, 356n219, 371nn3–4; see also Vaiṣṇava literature; specific Sampradāyas and traditions
vaiśyas (merchants, agriculturalists, and artisans) 123, 184, 325n63, 351n97, 368n121
Vallabha 2, 26, 29, 199, 306, 354n168, 371n6
Vallabha Sampradāya: see Puṣṭi Mārga
Valpey, Kenneth R. 320nn13–14, 328n87, 329n96, 339n143, 342n55, 380n169
Vāmana 71; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 335n79, 336n99, 336n106; as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65, 336n106; as one of daśa-avatāras 60, 61, 62; as vaibhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62, 63, 65; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n77, 335n79, 390n64
Vāmana Purāṇa 119, 125, 349n65, 386n289
Vana-Yātrā: and Caitanya 230; as encompassing pilgrimage circuit of Vraja 2–3, 199, 235; and Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa 3, 230, 235–236; parikrama path 2–3; three pilgrimage circuits within 3, 199; and twelve forests 2, 199, 236
Varāha 215–216; as avatāra 211, 287, 288; as boar form of Kṛṣṇa 114; as boar form of Viṣṇu-Nārāyaṇa 347n33; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 60, 61, 62, 63, 336n99; and Mathurā 374n80; mūrti/image of 212, 213, 240–241, 374n80; as one of daśa-avatāras 60, 61, 62; as vaibhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62, 63; and Veda(s) 114, 347n33
Varāha Purāṇa 119, 125, 200, 210–216, 219, 220, 221, 230, 236, 237–238, 240, 241–242, 243, 247–248, 252, 263, 319n3, 374n71, 374n80, 375n84, 375n86, 375n90, 375n93, 380n180, 381–382n206, 382n208, 382nn216–217, 385n265; see also Mathurā Māhātmya of Varāha Purāṇa
Vārāṇasī xvi, 28, 42, 127, 140–141, 234, 332n37, 332n43
Varela, Francisco J. 321n22
varṇas (social classes) 16, 18, 19, 25, 94–95, 123, 131, 151, 184–185, 190, 311–312, 325n63, 351n97, 353n157, 368n121; see also brahmins; castes; kṣatriyas; outcastes; śūdras; vaiśyas
varṇāśrama-dharma (duties of the four social classes and four stages of life) 19, 29, 95, 171, 172, 173, 184–185, 325n63, 341n40, 351n97; see also varṇas; āśramas
Varuṇa 214
Vasudeva 205; carries Kṛṣṇa across Yamunā River 1, 201; Kṛṣṇa as son of 1, 37, 38, 51, 201, 251, 255
Vāsudeva 114, 154; and Bhagavad-Gītā 1–2; and Dvārakā 1, 37, 54, 73, 201, 225, 251, 255, 260, 297, 311; as form of Kṛṣṇa in aiśvarya mode 37, 51, 54, 72–73, 251, 260, 297, 311, 343n66; as four-armed form 1, 37–38, 51, 54, 72–73, 89, 273, 311, 343n66; and Mathurā 1, 37, 54, 201, 225, 251, 253, 255, 260, 297, 311; as one of ādi-catur-vyūhas 54, 74, 253, 260, 297; as one of catur-vyūhas/four vyūhas 46, 54, 73–74, 225, 227, 253, 260, 283, 297, 307; as prābhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 54, 74, 297; as son of Vasudeva and Devakī 1, 37, 38, 51, 201, 251, 255; twelve-syllable mantra of 273–274; as vaibhava-prakāśa 51, 72–73; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 54, 74; as Yādava prince 1, 37, 51, 89, 201, 251, 255
vātsalya-rasa (devotional mode of parental love) 89, 90, 98, 100, 259, 279, 285, 297, 301–302, 304, 315–316
Vaudeville, Charlotte 83–84, 320n9, 339n7, 371n4
Vāyu Purāṇa 121, 122, 148, 244
Veda(s): as anādi/without beginning 141, 143, 144; as anitya/noneternal 344–345n7; as apauruṣeya/uncreated 42–43, 111, 141–144, 145, 151, 159, 178, 344–345n7; and Ātman 23, 113, 114, 128, 347n35, 350n85; and bhakti traditions 112, 346n17, 346–347n22; and Brahmā 113, 114–115, 116, 118, 121, 122–123, 129, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 159–160, 167–169, 178, 273, 347n33, 350n89, 352n143; and Brahman 23, 113–114, 126, 128, 130, 131, 142, 143, 165, 169–170, 171, 347n35; brahmins as living embodiments of Veda 346n14; cognition of 110–112, 115–116, 144; cosmogonic role of 111, 115, 129, 142, 143, 144, 159–160, 163–165, 167–169, 178, 273, 345n12; and cycles of creation 110–111, 142, 143, 144, 145, 159, 160, 178; definition and use of terms 110–112, 117, 160–161, 345–346n14, 362n4; and Devī 126; and dharma 141, 345–346n14; division of one Veda into four Saṃhitās 63, 116–118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 128, 129, 130, 144–145, 148, 360n306; Dravidian Veda or Tamil Veda 112; emphasis on śabda/sound over artha/meaning 124; as eternal plan of creation 111, 115, 142, 144, 159–160, 178; exclusively oral transmission of 124; extension of domain of 110, 111–112, 144–146, 178, 224, 345–346n14; fifth Veda 111–112, 120–121, 122–123, 145–146, 345n13, 358n248; as full of rasa/nectar 165, 364n41; and functions of priests 122, 148, 163, 167; and gods 115, 126, 130, 151, 159, 161–163, 164, 171; Hindi Veda 112; as infallible 141, 142, 143; as infinite 111; inherent connection between śabda/word and artha/meaning in Vedic words 141–142, 143, 160, 178; and Itihāsas 111–112, 121, 122, 123, 145–146, 178, 358nn247–248; Kārṣṇa-Veda 109, 112, 117, 127, 128, 130–132, 136, 271; and Kṛṣṇa/Bhagavān 114, 126–127, 128–131, 143, 144, 171, 210, 347n30; legitimating authority of 110, 111–112, 113, 345n9, 346n17; lost Veda 111–112, 345–346n14; and Mahābhārata 146, 345n13; and Manu-Smṛti 111–112; as nitya/eternal 42–43, 111, 115, 122, 129, 141–144, 145, 159, 160, 178, 344–345n7; and Om 165, 167–168, 364n43; as pauruṣeya/created 344–345n7; and philosophical schools 111, 141–143, 160, 178, 344–345n7, 345n11; and Prajāpati 23, 118, 143, 144, 163–165, 178; as pramāṇa/authoritative means of valid knowledge 141–143, 178; primordial Veda 116–117, 122, 144–145, 146, 148, 149; Purāṇa-Veda 109, 112, 121, 123, 125, 127, 131; restricted to male members of three higher varṇas/social classes 123, 131, 185, 190; and ṛṣis/seers 110–112, 115–116, 144; as Śabdabrahman 113, 114, 347n30; and Śiva 114, 126, 347n35; and smṛti 110–112, 345–346n14; and speech of creator Prajāpati or Brahmā 115, 129, 143, 144, 159–160, 163–165, 167–169, 273; as śruti 110–112, 345–346n14; and tantric traditions 112, 346n17, 347n22; threefold Veda 65–66, 114, 128, 161, 164–165, 347n27, 364n41; and three vyāhṛtis 164–165, 167–168; and three worlds 164; transcendent authority of 110, 111, 112–113, 118, 126, 141–143, 178, 271, 345n11, 346n17; as transcendent knowledge 110, 111; transmission of 113, 117–118, 122, 123, 124, 128–130, 144, 348n56; and Varāha 114, 347n33; vedacizing strategies of assimilation 111–112, 113, 118, 120, 126–127, 345n13, 345–346n14, 346nn15–16, 346n19; Vedic language as natural language 159–160, 178; Vedic paradigm 23, 111–112, 122, 123, 124, 131, 146, 271; and Viṣṇu or Viṣṇu-Nārāyaṇa 113, 114, 126, 171, 347n27, 347n33; and Vyāsa 63, 113, 116–118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 128, 129, 130, 135, 144–145, 147, 148–149, 345n13, 348n53, 348n56, 360n306; women and śūdras excluded from access to 123, 131, 138, 150, 185, 190, 353n157; and yajña/sacrifice xiii, 17–18, 110, 148, 163–164; see also atharvans; Atharva-Veda; ṛcs; Ṛg-Veda; sāmans; Sāma-Veda; śruti; Vedic mantras; Vedic Saṃhitās; Yajur-Veda; yajuses
Vedānta 25, 31, 42, 111, 141, 142, 143, 145, 152, 344–345n7, 354n168
Vedic mantras 23, 63, 110–112, 113, 114–116, 117, 118, 122, 123, 126–127, 128–130, 131–132, 133, 135, 148, 151, 159–169, 171, 173, 179, 185, 225, 271, 273, 347n33, 352n143, 353n157, 362n5, 362n8; see also atharvans; ṛcs; sāmans; Veda(s); Vedic Saṃhitās; yajuses
Vedic Saṃhitās xiii, 17, 18, 110–111, 112, 113, 117–118, 119, 122, 123–124, 126–127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 144–145, 148, 150, 160–161, 357n227, 360n306, 362n4; see also Atharva-Veda; Ṛg-Veda; Sāma-Veda; Taittirīya Saṃhitā; Veda(s); Vedic mantras; Yajur-Veda
Vernant, Jean-Pierre 324n44
Vibhu: as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
vigraha (absolute body) of Kṛṣṇa: as absolute body of Bhagavān 15, 20, 32, 33, 34, 36–40, 43, 47, 55, 68, 71, 74, 76, 85, 90, 99, 100, 175–176, 252, 256, 267, 272, 276, 279, 282, 292, 293, 296, 298, 305, 310, 314, 315; assumes manifold bodily forms 46, 47, 68, 71, 76, 181, 296–297, 299, 303–304, 310–311; and Brahmā 37–38, 282; Brahman as radiant effulgence of 20, 32, 43, 49, 279, 298, 305, 310; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 36–37, 38–39, 43, 90, 100, 272, 275–276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 302; consists of sat-cit-ānanda 36, 38, 39, 40, 47, 50, 67, 68, 77, 85, 97, 99, 139, 181, 257, 258, 276, 281, 296–297, 301, 310, 311, 314, 330n10, 331n17; and devotional bodies 29, 97–98, 267, 272, 281, 292, 293, 301, 309, 314; as eternal 36, 38, 39, 276, 296, 310, 314, 331n17; as free from boundaries of time 255; as gopa/cowherd form 36–40, 47, 50, 51, 68, 74, 90, 100, 139, 177, 256, 258, 260, 262, 263, 276, 279, 280, 282, 296, 297, 302, 307, 310–311; as imperishable 38, 252, 267; as male 314, 315; manifests in more than one place simultaneously 51, 252, 266; manifests on earth in Dvāpara Yuga 37, 38, 254, 262, 263, 267; and meditation 39, 90, 100, 272, 275–276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 302; and nāmans/divine names 76, 77, 96, 160, 175–176, 177, 180–181; as nonchanging 68; as nonmaterial 15, 20, 36, 38, 39, 43, 47, 68, 74, 181, 282, 296–297, 309, 310, 311, 314, 331n17; as one and singular 40, 46, 50, 51, 68, 71, 177, 181, 252, 296–297, 299, 303, 310–311, 314; as paradigmatic divine body 47, 296, 309, 311, 314; and prakāśas 51, 68, 71; as self-luminous or effulgent 36, 43, 71, 100, 258, 279, 282, 292, 293, 296–297, 302, 305, 310; and siddha-rūpa 29, 97–98, 99, 267, 272, 280–281, 293, 314, 315; svāṃśa avatāras as aṃśas/partial manifestations of 47, 55, 63–64, 67, 68, 85, 297, 311; and svarūpa/essential nature of Kṛṣṇa 36, 76, 77, 96, 160, 175–176, 177, 180–181, 310, 314; svayaṃ-rūpa or svarūpa as essential form of 36–40, 46, 47, 50, 51, 68, 71, 74, 90, 93, 100, 139, 177, 256, 279, 297, 307, 310–311, 314, 330n14, 385n272; and tadekātma-rūpa 51; three transcendent dhāmans as extensions of 252, 254; in transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 36, 37, 39, 50, 68, 71, 78, 175–176, 177, 249, 256, 260, 272, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 293, 296, 302, 310, 314; transcendent Vraja/Goloka-Vṛndāvana as extension of 200, 229, 249, 252, 254, 261, 279; as unmanifest 36; vilāsas as aṃśas/partial manifestations of 54, 68, 297, 311; and Vyāsa 36–37, 39, 276, 282; see also svayaṃ-rūpa or svarūpa of Kṛṣṇa
vilāsas (divine manifestations) of Kṛṣṇa 46, 51, 52fig2, 54–55, 72, 179, 307, 392n10; as aṃśas/partial manifestations of vigraha/absolute body 54, 68, 297, 311; appear in distinctive bodily shapes 54, 55, 68, 297; and catur-vyūhas 48–49, 54, 56, 71, 74, 297, 335n79; definition 54; dwell in transcendent abodes 49, 54, 55, 71, 74, 78, 177, 297, 311; embodied as mūrtis/images 55, 78; as forms of Kṛṣṇa in aiśvarya mode 54, 55, 68–69, 297; as four-armed 55, 68, 297; as full of sat-cit-ānanda 54, 68, 297, 311; as guardians of space and time 54–55, 71; as nonmaterial 68, 297, 311; prābhava-vilāsas 48–49, 52fig2, 54, 71, 74, 177, 297, 311; two classes of vilāsas 54, 76; vaibhava-vilāsa mūrtis presiding over months 52fig2, 54–55, 71, 288, 335n77, 335n79, 390n64; vaibhava-vilāsa vilāsa-mūrtis presiding over cardinal directions 52fig2, 54–55, 335nn78–79; vaibhava-vilāsas 49, 52fig2, 54–55, 56, 71, 73, 74, 78, 177, 288, 297, 311, 335nn77–79, 390n64; see also specific vilāsas
vilāsas (divine manifestations) of Rādhā: lakṣmīs as vaibhava-vilāsas 73
Vīraśaiva tradition 346–347n22
Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta 142
Viṣṇu: abode of 73, 137, 226, 373n61; and adherents of śānta-rasa 89, 279, 305, 343n66; as antar-yāmin/indwelling Self in heart 59, 70, 73–74, 75, 279, 288, 299, 305, 307, 338n132; as Ātman 113; as avatārin 51, 75, 306–307; and avatāras or vibhavas 51, 73–74, 75, 287, 306–307, 326n72, 338n132; as boar Varāha 347n33; body of 73–74, 113, 307, 338n132, 347n27, 347n33; and Brahmā 114, 125; as Brahman 113, 114, 125, 171; and Devī 125; and divinized tantric body 286–287; divya-maṅgala vigraha of 73–76, 307, 333n51; emblems of 55, 59, 70, 74, 75, 288, 307; as first puruṣa-avatāra, Kāraṇābdhiśāyin Viṣṇu 53fig2, 57–58, 69–70, 298, 299, 335n85; five modes of manifestation of 73–76, 307, 326n75, 333n51, 338n132; as form of Kṛṣṇa in aiśvarya mode 70, 74, 75, 89, 279, 305, 307, 343n66; as four-armed form 37, 59, 70, 74, 75, 89, 240, 279, 288, 299, 305, 307, 343n66, 373n61; four Viṣṇus 225–226, 228; and gods 125; as guṇa-avatāra 53fig2, 58–59, 298; and Kṛṣṇa 37, 51, 54, 57–58, 59, 69–70, 73, 74–76, 89, 114, 125, 171, 218, 225, 226, 228, 240, 242, 245, 279, 287, 288, 298, 299, 305, 306–307, 326n72, 343n66, 373n61; and lakṣmīs 73; Mahāviṣṇu as ādi avatāra 57–58; as maintainer 58–59, 60, 298; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 219–220, 245; and meditation 83, 89, 171, 190, 279, 288, 305; as member of trimūrti 58, 125; messengers of 173, 186, 365n59; mūrtis/images of as arcā-avatāras 73–74, 75–76, 307, 326n75; name of 172; as Nārāyaṇa 37, 46, 57, 73, 114, 173, 186, 218, 226, 227, 228, 286–287, 298, 347n33; and nine forms of bhakti 365n57; as object of bhakti/devotion 20, 21, 83, 113, 365n57; as object of tantric ritual worship 286–287; and Paramātman 56, 69–70, 89, 279, 298, 299, 305; para-rūpa/transcendent body of 73–74, 307, 338n132; and puruṣa-avatāras 56–60, 69–70, 75, 298, 299, 306, 307, 335n85, 337–338n123; and Śabdabrahman 113; and sattva 58, 59, 125; as second puruṣa-avatāra, Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 53fig2, 57, 58, 59, 69–70, 298, 299, 306, 337n123; and Śiva 125; as supreme Godhead 46, 73, 113, 125, 286; as third puruṣa-avatāra, Kṣīrodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 53fig2, 57, 58, 59–60, 69–70, 298, 299, 337–338n123; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 55, 73, 335n77, 390n64; as Vāsudeva 37, 89, 343n66; and Veda(s) 113, 114, 126, 171, 347n27, 347n33; as Viṣṇu-Nārāyaṇa 114, 347n33; and Vraja or Vṛndāvana 242; and Vyāsa 117, 122; and vyūhas 46, 54, 56, 73–74, 287, 306–307, 333n51, 338n132; see also Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu; Kāraṇābdhiśāyin Viṣṇu; Kṣīrodakaśāyin Viṣṇu; Nārāyaṇa
Viṣṇu Purāṇa 61, 81, 82–83, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 148, 199, 201, 319n1, 326n72, 333n52, 339n5, 347n27, 348n56, 350nn75–76, 350n78
Viṣṇu Purī 41
Viṣṇurahasya 391n75
Viśrānti: and Mathurā 213–214, 241; mūrti/image of 212, 213–214, 240–241
Viśrānti-tīrtha 212, 213–214, 230, 240, 241, 375n84
Viṣvaksena: as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
Viśvanātha Cakravartin 101, 102, 341n23, 343n71
Viśvanātha Kavirāja 86
Viṭṭhalanātha 371n6
Vivaraṇa school of Advaita Vedānta 357n227
Vraja or Vṛndāvana 374n69; associated with mādhurya/sweetness 5, 37, 48, 50, 54, 251, 256, 260, 280, 297, 310–311, 385n270; bestows fruits of the four puruṣārthas 268; bestows supreme fruit of bhakti or prema-rasa 268; as beyond Brahman 88, 175–176, 229, 265, 302, 315; as beyond material realm of prakṛti 39, 88, 175–176, 216, 222, 264, 292, 302, 311, 319n3; Bhagavān in 37, 68, 71, 88, 90, 106–107, 175–176, 180, 196, 229, 252, 256, 258, 262–263, 264, 265, 280, 291, 293, 296, 305, 310, 314; as bimodal domain 200, 228–229, 246, 250, 319n3; bodily engagement with 3, 97, 230–231, 232, 269; as body of Kṛṣṇa 3, 78, 200, 221, 222–224, 229, 230, 236, 246, 248–250, 261, 262, 263, 267, 320n5; and Brahmā 204, 207, 242; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 39, 92, 97, 217, 224, 228, 243, 245–248, 253, 254–255, 261, 262–263, 264, 265–267, 270, 272, 274–276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 283, 292, 305, 331n22; cannot be perceived by material senses 223–224, 246, 261, 262, 270; circumambulation of 2–3, 97, 199, 230, 233, 267, 269; consists of sat-cit-ānanda 252, 261, 265; consists of tejas/blazing splendor 223, 246, 261, 262; as cosmographic maṇḍala 217, 218, 219, 224–228, 272, 275, 276, 388n16; descent of 254–255, 262, 263–264; as dhāma-avatāra/place-avatāra 229, 263, 267, 300, 307, 391n1; as dhāman/abode of Kṛṣṇa 1, 2, 5, 6, 34, 48–49, 54, 76, 78, 133, 134, 139, 175–176, 199, 201, 203, 207, 209, 210, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223–224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 245–246, 248, 250–251, 252–253, 254–255, 256, 257–258, 260, 262, 264–266, 267, 269, 274–276, 278, 280, 288–289, 291–292, 297, 302, 310, 311, 314, 354n174, 376n101; as dhāman/realm of Kṛṣṇaloka 34, 48, 54, 71, 229, 251, 254–255, 256, 258, 260, 296, 297, 310; as domain of aprakaṭa/unmanifest līlā 5–6, 35–36, 48–49, 50, 54, 78, 88, 90, 92–93, 98, 99, 100, 106–107, 216, 229, 246, 250, 251, 252–253, 254–255, 256, 262, 264, 266, 272, 275, 277, 279, 280, 281, 283–284, 285, 292, 301, 302, 303; as domain of earthly/manifest līlā xiv, 1, 2, 3, 7, 34–35, 36, 49, 73, 78, 88, 132, 199, 200, 201, 202–209, 216, 229, 246, 250–251, 252, 254, 255, 256, 262, 264, 266, 267, 269, 372n29, 372n32; dust of 2–3, 97, 204, 222, 269; as earthly Vraja or Vṛndāvana xiv, 1, 2, 5, 7, 26, 34–35, 36, 49, 78, 88, 96, 102, 199, 200, 203, 209, 210, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223–224, 226, 229, 242, 245–246, 249, 250–251, 252, 255, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 276, 278, 292, 300; efficacious in arousing Kṛṣṇa-rati/love 269–270; engaged through darśana/seeing 96, 97, 269; engaged through kīrtana/singing 269; engaged through pilgrimage xvii, 2–7, 96, 97, 199, 213–215, 230–233, 236, 249–250, 267, 268–269, 270, 320n8, 379n154, 384n242; engaged through residing in 95, 97, 98, 250, 267–268, 269, 278, 300, 369n140; engaged through sevā/service 268, 269; engaged through sparśana/touching 3, 96, 97, 222, 268, 269; engaged through śravaṇa/hearing 269; as eternal 49, 222, 226, 245, 247, 252–253, 261, 262–263, 265, 276; as eternal abode of realized jīvas 35–36, 106–107, 227, 275, 285, 301, 303, 311, 314–315; as extension of vigraha/absolute body 200, 229, 249, 252, 254, 261, 279; filled with bliss of rasa and preman 222, 226, 258, 259, 282; forest of Vṛndāvana 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 214, 220, 223–224, 226, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248–249, 253, 261, 262, 263, 270, 275, 276, 371n6, 377n115; as form of Bhagavān 229, 249, 261; free from suffering, old age, and death 222, 226; fruits of engaging 268–270; as geographic maṇḍala 217, 219–221, 224, 276; as geographic place or region 2, 29, 76, 78, 96, 199, 200, 216, 219, 222, 224, 228–229, 246, 249, 250, 254, 255, 263–264, 267, 270, 300, 319n3, 391n1; and Gokula 34, 193, 201, 202, 204, 216, 217, 220, 229, 237, 250, 251, 257, 258, 260, 268, 371n6, 371n8; and Gopāla Kṛṣṇa 1, 2, 36, 37, 39, 48, 73, 78, 88, 90, 177, 179, 201, 202, 205, 206, 251, 255, 256, 260, 270, 276, 283, 288, 297, 386n289; groves of 2, 3, 73, 206, 208, 209, 214, 221, 235, 242, 250, 255, 261, 263, 267, 269–270; as hidden or recondite 221, 222, 223–224, 226, 244; Hindi designation “Braj” xiv, 2, 199, 319n3, 339n141, 371n2; iconoclastic attacks on temples of 5, 233–234; as immanent counterpart of transcendent dhāman/domain 5, 6, 49, 76, 78, 96, 219, 229, 245–246, 249, 250–252, 254–255, 261–262, 264, 266, 267; as imperishable 222, 226, 261; imprinted with Kṛṣṇa’s footprints 2, 78, 204, 207, 235, 252–253, 255, 263, 267, 269; as infinite 49; Kṛṣṇa’s bodily presence or traces in 2, 3, 4, 7, 203–204, 205, 207–208, 222, 229, 249–250; land of Vraja 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 97, 202, 203–204, 205, 207, 209, 229, 230, 233; liberating power of 222, 268; as literary construction 199, 200, 201, 210, 319n3, 339n141, 371n2; as lotus-maṇḍala or lotus 193–194, 217, 218, 219, 220–221, 224–228, 231, 256–260, 272, 275, 279, 281, 282, 288–289, 291, 296–297, 302, 314, 388n16; as luminous or resplendent 223, 246, 247, 253, 254–255, 261, 262, 263, 283, 302; as manifestation of Kṛṣṇa’s svarūpa/essential form 229, 249, 253; manifests in more than one place simultaneously 252, 266; and material space-time continuum 49, 200, 229, 250, 255, 296; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 95, 201, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219–220, 230, 236, 237, 240, 241, 242–243, 250, 268–269, 300, 369n140, 387n303; and meditation 39, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 210, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 224, 227, 228, 245–246, 264, 265, 267, 268, 270, 272, 274–276, 277, 278, 279–280, 281, 282, 283–284, 285–286, 288–289, 290–292, 293, 302, 303, 305, 331n22, 376n101, 391n75; as meditation maṇḍala 200, 216, 217, 228, 275; as mesocosmic form of Kṛṣṇa 29, 76–77, 78–79, 96, 97, 109, 248, 263, 267, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307, 391n1; methods of engaging 96, 97, 98, 266–270; as mythic space 200, 201, 210, 216, 228; as nonchanging 222, 261; as nonmaterial 252, 261, 302; as nonphenomenal 246, 252, 255, 262; not visible to material eye 223–224, 246, 262, 270; ontology of 224, 229, 249, 380n176; and parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 35, 88, 90, 92, 93, 98, 99, 246, 250, 251, 254, 255, 258, 264, 266, 278, 280, 281, 285, 288–289, 290–291, 292, 293, 297, 301–302, 304, 314; as pastoral paradise 218, 221, 261; as pastoral playground of Kṛṣṇa 202–209, 242; as pastoral region 1, 201, 202, 206, 207, 216, 217, 220, 221, 229, 237, 250, 268, 371n6; as pericarp of lotus-maṇḍala 220–221, 223; as pilgrimage place xiv, xvii, 2–7, 26–28, 78, 199–200, 201, 210–216, 228, 229–233, 234, 235–244, 246–247, 249–250, 252–253, 267, 268–269, 319n3, 339n141, 371n2, 374n71; as portal to transcendent dhāman/domain 255, 263–266; as prakāśa-viśeṣa/special manifestation of transcendent dhāman/domain 251–252, 254–255, 262; reclamation and restoration of 2, 26–28, 199–200, 228, 229, 230, 233–236, 237, 319n3, 328n90, 371nn3–4; as region in North India xiv, 1, 2, 34–35, 36, 49, 73, 78, 88, 132, 134, 199, 200, 216, 219, 229, 254, 319n3; residents of 2, 3–4, 5, 6, 98, 100, 101–102, 132–133, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 216, 221–222, 223, 231, 246, 249–250, 262, 266, 269, 276, 278, 285, 290–291, 304, 372n12, 384n242; resplendent with nonmaterial forms made of pure luminous being 261, 263; and ritual worship 286, 288–289, 290–292, 293; sacred geography of 4, 78, 96, 97, 217, 230, 248, 249, 267; sacred space of 96, 199, 242, 250; sacred terrain or landscape of xiv, 2, 3, 97, 203–204, 207, 231, 250, 268, 269; and sādhana-bhakti 267, 270, 271–272, 277, 286; and Śiva 242; and smaraṇa or līlā-smaraṇa/remembering or contemplative recollection 98, 99, 100, 269, 278, 302; special qualities of 203, 207, 221–222; as supreme dhāman/abode of Kṛṣṇa 220, 224, 226, 230, 256, 260, 280; svayaṃ-rūpa/essential form of Kṛṣṇa in 36, 37, 39, 48, 49, 50, 71, 73, 78, 177, 225, 251, 256, 297, 310–311; terms for 34, 134, 193, 201–202, 203, 207, 212, 216, 217, 220, 229, 237, 250, 251, 258, 268, 371n6, 371n8, 387n303; as transcendent prototype of earthly Vraja or Vṛndāvana 34, 261–262, 264; transcendent qualities or features of 223, 224, 229–230, 243, 246–248; as transcendent space 78, 199, 200, 216, 228–229, 246, 296, 319n3; as transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 5, 6, 34, 35–36, 37, 38, 39, 48–49, 50, 54, 68, 71, 73, 76, 78, 88, 90, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 106–107, 133, 134, 139, 175–176, 177, 180, 181, 196, 200, 216, 217, 218, 219, 222, 223–224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 245–247, 249, 250, 251, 252–253, 254–255, 256–267, 268, 270, 272, 274–276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283–284, 285–286, 288, 290–292, 293, 296–297, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 310, 311, 314, 315, 331n22, 354n174; as transmundane 76–77, 96, 223, 247, 252, 262–263, 270, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 369n140, 391n2; and twelve forests 2, 78, 199, 201–202, 214, 216, 217, 220, 221, 230, 231, 236, 242, 248, 249, 250, 253, 267, 371n6, 375n87, 377n115, 385n263; as unmanifest 78, 92, 254, 262, 263–264, 282; and vaidhī-bhakti 95–96, 267–268, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2; vigraha/absolute body in 36, 37, 39, 50, 68, 71, 78, 175–176, 177, 249, 256, 260, 272, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 293, 296, 302, 310, 314; and Viṣṇu 242; Vraja as cowherd encampment 201–202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 371n8; Vraja-maṇḍala xiv, xv, xvii, 2, 199, 201, 230, 233, 236, 249, 319n3, 371n2; and Vyāsa 39, 270, 275–277; wonders of 205, 206, 243, 247–248, 263, 276; yoga-pīṭha of 4, 193–194, 217, 218, 224, 225, 226, 233, 256, 260, 279, 282, 288, 289, 296, 302, 370n162, 376n101; see also Mathurā-maṇḍala; Vṛndāvana, pilgrimage network of; specific pilgrimage networks and sites
Vraja-dhāman: see Vraja or Vṛndāvana
Vrindaban: see Vraja or Vṛndāvana; Vṛndāvana, pilgrimage network of
Vṛndāvana: see Vraja or Vṛndāvana; Vṛndāvana, pilgrimage network of
Vṛndāvana, pilgrimage network of: circumambulation of 3, 199; parikrama path 3, 6, 199; as pilgrimage circuit within Vana-Yātrā 3, 199; as pilgrimage network within Mathurā-maṇḍala 213, 214, 215, 241, 242–243, 246–247, 250; see also Vraja or Vṛndāvana
Vṛndāvana Māhātmya of Padma Purāṇa 193, 200, 210, 212–213, 216–228, 229, 246, 248–249, 262, 271, 272, 274–277, 319n3, 331n25, 370n161, 376n98, 376n101, 376n104, 377n115, 377n123, 378n133, 378nn140–141, 378n143, 379n145, 379n148, 379n150
vyāhṛtis (primordial utterances) 164–165, 166, 167–168, 364n39, 364n42
Vyāsa: and Bhagavad-Gītā 135; and Bhāgavata Purāṇa 36–37, 39, 63, 117, 120, 128, 128, 130, 131–132, 135, 144–145, 151–152, 155, 157, 271, 331n24; and Brahma-Sūtras 42, 152; cognitions of 36–37, 39, 117, 128, 130, 131–132, 144–145, 151–152, 157, 270, 271, 275–277, 282, 331nn24–25; and Dvāpara Yuga 117, 122, 123, 129, 130, 147, 152; endowed with faculty of divine sight 117, 271; and Itihāsas 123, 147; knows past, present, and future 117; Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa 117, 120, 123, 128, 130, 271; and Kṛṣṇa/Bhagavān 36–37, 39, 117, 128–129, 130, 131–132, 147, 151–152, 155, 157, 270, 271, 275–277, 282, 331n25, 360n306; and līlā/play of Kṛṣṇa 128, 130, 152, 155, 157, 271, 276; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63, 336n99; and Mahābhārata 63, 117, 119, 128, 135, 146–147, 345n13, 353n157; and meditation 39, 128, 130, 151–152, 157, 270, 271, 275–277; and Nārāyaṇa 42; as paradigmatic ṛṣi/seer or sage 157, 271, 275–276; as prābhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63; and Purāṇas 63, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 128, 144–145, 146–149, 271, 360n306; as ṛṣi of ṛṣis 39, 275, 282; as ṛṣi/seer 36–37, 39, 63, 117, 119, 129, 130, 131–132, 144–145, 151, 155, 157, 270, 271, 275–277, 282; as sage 113, 119, 121, 130, 157, 271, 345n13; and svayaṃ-rūpa/essential form of Kṛṣṇa 36–37, 39, 331n25; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 39, 270, 275–277; and Veda(s) 63, 113, 116–118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 128, 129, 130, 135, 144–145, 147, 148–149, 345n13, 348n53, 348n56, 360n306; as Veda-Vyāsa/divider of the Veda 63, 113, 116–118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 128, 129, 130, 144–145, 147, 148, 348n53, 348n56, 360n306; and vigraha/absolute body of Kṛṣṇa 36–37, 39, 276, 282; and Viṣṇu 117, 122
vyūhas (divine emanations) of Kṛṣṇa 54, 74–75, 253, 254, 260, 282, 283, 288, 302, 306–307; ādi catur-vyūhas and prābhava-vilāsas 48–49, 54, 71, 74, 297; catur-vyūhas and puruṣa-avatāras 56, 74–75; catur-vyūhas and vaibhava-vilāsas 54, 56, 74, 335n79; as guardians of space and time 54–55, 225; see also Aniruddha; Pradyumna; Saṃkarṣaṇa; Vāsudeva; vyūhas of Viṣṇu or Nārāyaṇa
vyūhas (divine emanations) of Rādhā: gopīs as kāya-vyūhas 73
vyūhas (divine emanations) of Viṣṇu or Nārāyaṇa 54, 228, 333n51, 338n132; four vyūhas 46, 73–74, 227, 228, 287, 306–307, 327n81; see also Aniruddha; Pradyumna; Saṃkarṣaṇa; Vāsudeva; vyūhas of Kṛṣṇa
Waghorne, Joanne Punzo 324n44, 324n47, 325n70
Wallace, Vesna A. 324n48
Warner, Richard 321n21
Wayman, Alex 365n51
Wheelock, Wade T. 362n4
Whicher, Ian 344n78
White, David Gordon 323n38
Williams, Simon J. 321n23
Wolfson, Elliot R. 322n35, 323n38, 323n41, 324n44
women: excluded from reciting or hearing Vedas and sponsoring yajñas/sacrifices 123, 131, 138, 150, 185, 190, 353n157; female body in feminist and gender studies 9–10, 11, 101, 315, 316, 321n22, 322nn28–33, 323n41; gopīs as women of Vraja 202, 205, 206, 372n15; included in intended audience of Mahābhārata 150, 353n157; included in intended audience of Purāṇas 123–124, 131; participate in nāma-kīrtana or nāma-saṃkīrtana 185, 190; participate in recitation of Bhāgavata Purāṇa 131, 138; role in varṇāśrama-dharma 184–185, 351n97; women of the cities 202, 372n15; see also gopīs; mahiṣīs
Wujastyk, Dominik 323n40, 324n49
Wulf, Christoph 322n34, 324n49
Wyke, Maria 323n41
Yādavas: and līlā/play 251, 255; as parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 251, 255; Vāsudeva Kṛṣṇa as prince of 1, 37, 51, 89, 201, 251, 255
Yajña: as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63, 65, 336n99, 336n106; as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65, 336n106; as vaibhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63, 65
yajña (sacrifice) xiii–xiv, 17–18, 21–22, 23, 62, 65–66, 110, 117, 134, 135, 136, 137–138, 139, 148, 163, 164, 165, 169, 171, 185, 189, 190, 215–216, 356n206, 363n26, 363n29, 369n149
Yajur-Veda 110, 114, 115, 117–118, 121, 122, 145–146, 148, 149, 160–161, 164–165, 168, 362n4; see also Taittirīya Saṃhitā; yajuses
yajuses (sacrificial formulae) 110, 113, 114, 115, 117, 128, 148, 159, 160–161, 163, 347n27, 358n250; see also Yajur-Veda
yakṣas (chthonic spirits) 16, 310
yamalārjuna (pair of arjuna trees) 206, 215, 221, 232, 242
Yamalārjuna-tīrtha 215, 221, 232, 242
Yamunā River 1, 2–3, 132, 194, 199, 201, 206, 208, 212, 213–214, 215, 221, 223, 224, 230, 231–232, 234, 241, 242, 245, 246, 247, 249, 261, 262, 263, 265, 270, 275, 276, 283–284
yantra (geometric diagram) 19–20, 200, 257–259, 280–281, 282, 289
Yaśodā: binds Kṛṣṇa to mortar 206, 215; as embodiment of vātsalya-rasa 90, 98, 285, 297, 301–302; as foster parent of Kṛṣṇa 2, 5, 35, 88, 90, 206, 231, 255; Kṛṣṇa in care of 1, 90, 201, 205, 255; Kṛṣṇa as son of 179; and līlā/play 35, 88, 205–206, 301–302; as mistress of Vraja 202; as nitya-siddha/eternally perfect being 35, 90, 98, 297, 301–302; as parikara/pārṣada/eternal associate 35, 88, 90, 98, 258, 285, 297, 301–302; as rāgātmikā bhakta 98, 297, 301–302; sees universe in Kṛṣṇa’s mouth 206; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 35, 88, 98, 258, 285, 297, 301–302
Yavanas (foreigners) 28, 183, 185–186, 190, 329n104
yoga, discourse of 304
yoga-mārga (path of yoga) 29, 44, 84, 89, 191, 277, 305, 332–333n44; see also Pātañjala Yoga
yoga-pīṭha: definition 370n160, 376n101; of Vraja or Vṛndāvana 4, 193–194, 217, 218, 224, 225, 226, 233, 256, 260, 279, 282, 288, 289, 296, 302, 370n162, 376n101
Yoga-Sūtras (Patañjali) 14, 344n78
Yogeśvara: as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
Young, Serinity 323n41
yuga (age) 50, 56, 60, 65, 66, 69, 71, 116, 117, 118, 144, 223, 246, 262, 299, 330n7; see also Dvāpara Yuga; Kali Yuga; Satya or Kṛta Yuga; Tretā Yuga
Zakarin, Laura 321n22
Zaner, Richard M. 321n20
Zannad Bouchrara, Traki 323n35