Herndon’s Informants (Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis, eds.) includes several different secondhand reports of the fatal encounter along Long Run. Colin G. Calloway, The Shawnees and the War for America, provides a short, authoritative introduction to that tribe’s history and relationship to American settlers. Lowell H. Harrison and James C. Klotter, A New History of Kentucky, also provided important context.
“the legend more strongly than all others”: AL to Jesse Lincoln, April 1, 1854, CW 2:217.
“Owing to my father being left”: AL to Solomon Lincoln, March 6, 1848, CW 1:456.
“By the early death of his father”: AL, Autobiography Written for John L. Scripps, ca. June 1860, CW 4:61.
“He regrets his want of education”: Ibid., 4:62.
“a success which gave me more pleasure”: AL to Jesse W. Fell, December 20, 1859, CW 3:512.
“It is quite certain”: AL, Speech in the United States House of Representatives, July 27, 1848, CW 1:510.
“restless, unquiet disposition”: Pond, Dakota Life, 9.
“always seemed to say by their manner”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 24.
“blackened his face”: Gordon, The Feast of the Virgins, 342.
“Taoyateduta is a coward!”: Ibid., 343.
“The whites must be pretty hard up”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 26.
“sprang from his tepee”: Gordon, The Feast of the Virgins, 343.
“Ta-o-ya-te-du-ta is not a coward”: Ibid., 343–44.
“Soon the cry was ‘Kill the whites’ ”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 36.
Henry David Thoreau’s 1861 trip up the Minnesota River is discussed in detail in Robert L. Straker, “Thoreau’s Journey to Minnesota,” in the New England Quarterly, and in Corinne Hosfield Smith, “What a Difference a Year Can Make,” in Minnesota’s Heritage.
“Taking a final look”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 252.
“As I landed from the steamboat”: Ibid., 242.
“A more beautiful sight”: Ibid.
“the buffalo were said to be feeding”: Thoreau, Writings, 11:390.
“were quite dissatisfied”: Ibid.
“a curse to this country”: Ross, Recollections, 139.
“Not a day passed”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 255.
“they often said he saved”: Ibid., 256.
“driving down the hill”: Ibid., 248.
“rapped violently”: Ibid.
“We have waited a long time”: Folwell, A History of Minnesota, 2:232.
“made great sport of me” and following: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 252–55.
“Now I will kill the dog”: Heard, History of the Sioux War, 62.
“I kept up with him” and following: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 256–61.
“I had never seen the Indians so restless”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 106.
“sad at heart”: Ibid.
“We have in the party”: HBW journal, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 3.
“the defective teaching of Rome”: Ibid.
“they stooped to the ground”: Ibid.
“much disturbed”: Ibid.
“the outlet for not only all northwestern”: St. Paul Press, August 20, 1862.
“Everyone thought it was madness”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 18.
“So often the shadows were shifted”: Ibid., 21.
“like a clap of thunder”: HBW to unknown, July 21, 1859, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 40.
“Society has not crystallized”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 203.
“one-roomed log huts”: Ibid., 91.
“Many of the frontier settlers”: Ibid.
“From my childhood”: Ibid., 29–30.
“My habits of life are active”: HBW to Rev. Bishop Whitehouse, Feb. 7, 1857, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 40.
“gentle hand on my head”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 2.
“Nothing lingers longer in memory”: Ibid., 149.
“planted a mission”: Ibid., 61.
“ ‘enthusiastic tenderfoot’ ”: Ibid., 142.
“Good men”: Ibid., 32.
AWFUL SACRILEGE: Ibid., 160.
“wandering Indians”: Ibid., 33.
“perhaps”: Ibid., 86.
“illicit intercourse between the sexes”: Pond, Dakota Life, 122.
“White man go to war”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 65–66.
“Our Indian affairs were then at their worst”: Ibid., 30.
“I know that it is a long way”: Ibid., 61.
“American pagans whose degradation”: HBW to James Buchanan, April 9, 1860, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 2.
“The sad condition of the Indians”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 510.
“I have the honor to acknowledge”: AL to HBW, March 27, 1862, CW 5:173.
“At once … sent a boy ringing a bell”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 122.
“filled with refugees”: Ibid.
Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father, and Paul VanDevelder, Savages & Scoundrels, together provide an excellent, readable overview of relations between the United States and Indian tribes during the country’s first century.
“Well, boys, I am down to the raisins”: Ward, Abraham Lincoln, 165.
“The Sioux Indians on our western border”: Alexander Ramsey to Edwin M. Stanton, August 21, 1862, OR 1:13, 590.
“A most frightful insurrection”: J. H. Baker to C. P. Walcott, August 21, 1862, OR 1:13, 590–91.
“to have a sweat of five or six days”: Dahlgren, Memoir, 379.
“[A] great proportion of those who triumphed”: New York Tribune, August 19, 1862.
“We ask you to consider”: Ibid.
“the proper status of the negro in our civilization”: Alexander H. Stephens, “Cornerstone Address, March 21, 1861,” 45.
“the proper treatment of the original occupants”: Ulysses S. Grant, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, July 1, 1868–October 31, 1869, 142.
“The utmost good faith” : Ordinance of 1787, 1 Stat. 50.
“to lay out the parts of the district”: Ibid.
“what I have recommended to you”: Washington, Writings, 958.
“domestic dependent nations”: John Marshall, opinion in Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia.
“have neither the intelligence”: Message from the President of the United States, House Executive Documents, 23rd Congress, 1st Session, No. 1.
“truth at once in its neglected simplicity”: New York Daily News, December 27, 1845.
“walking the floor”: White, “Captivity Among the Sioux,” 404.
“was determined to take back”: Tarble, “The Story of My Capture,” 33.
“in substance … his young men”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 131.
“We have begun, and must do”: Taliaferro, “Auto-Biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro,” 247.
“Soldiers and young men”: Heard, History of the Sioux War, 144.
“Hereafter … make war”: Ibid.
“all night with their blankets”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 154.
“The young men were all anxious to go”: Ibid.
“We paid no attention to the chiefs”: Ibid.
“We will fix you, you devils!”: Ibid., 138.
“might take a day or two”: Ibid., 131.
“The object of the German Land Company for every German laborer”: Berghold, The Indians’ Revenge, 9.
“The natural beauty of the place”: Ibid., 20.
“They learned that the Indians”: Ibid., 27.
“What strange feelings overcame us”: Ibid., 30.
“Their advance upon the sloping prairie”: Charles E. Flandrau, MICW 2:204.
“The fighting from both sides”: Ibid.
“week of tepee life”: White, “Captivity Among the Sioux,” 405.
“laid down”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 271.
“My father could not have done differently”: Ibid.
“I dared not contradict it”: Ibid.
Anton Treuer, The Assassination of Hole in the Day and Ojibwe in Minnesota (with David Treuer), helped me to portray the Ojibwe world and the council between William P. Dole and Hole in the Day. Harlan Hoyt Horner, Lincoln and Greeley, is the definitive study of the relationship between the president and the nation’s most influential newspaper editor.
“occasionally found it convenient”: Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary, 151.
“sour and crusty”: Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln, xix.
“scrupulous, polite, calm, obliging”: Ibid., xviii.
“a fair French and German scholar”: Ibid.
“show where Minnesota is”: Neill, History of Minnesota, 5.
“Grand scenery, leaping waters”: Ibid., 27.
“Like all ignorant and barbarous people”: Ibid., 54.
“entertained no sentimental illusions”: Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary, 155.
“If in the wild woods”: John Hay to JN, August 11, 1862, At Lincoln’s Side, 24.
“seemed to him ‘primitive’ ”: Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary, 152.
“[t]he whole border at once took alarm”: JN, Lincoln’s Secretary Goes West, 32.
“at break-neck speed”: Ibid., 33.
“The Indian war is still progressing”: Alexander Ramsey and William P. Dole to Edwin M. Stanton, August 25, 1862, OR 1:13, 596.
“With the concurrence of Commissioner Dole”: Alexander Ramsey to AL, August 26, 1862, OR 1:13, 597.
“We are in the midst of a most terrible”: Morton Wilkinson, William P. Dole, and JN to AL, OR 1:13, 599.
“The Indian war grows more extensive”: JN to Edwin M. Stanton, OR 1:13, 599–600.
“Yours received”: AL to Alexander Ramsey, August 27, 1862, OR 1:13, 599.
“If there be in [Greeley’s ‘Prayer’] any statements” and following: New York Tribune, August 25, 1862.
“expelled most of those Indians” and following: Ibid.
“Indians, from Minnesota to Pike’s Peak”: James Craig to Edwin M. Stanton, August 23, 1862, OR 1:13, 592.
“satisfied rebel agents have been at work”: James Craig to Halleck, August 25, 10, OR 1:13, 596.
“that some vicious influence is at work”: James Craig to James G. Blunt, August 28, 1862, OR 1:13, 608.
“The hostilities are so extensive”: Caleb B. Smith to HWH, Aug. 28, 1862, NARA RG 48, Letters Sent, Interior Department, Roll 4, M606.
“national war”: Alexander Ramsey to AL, September 6, 1862, ALPLC online.
“editors in the vicinity”: Scientific American, September 6, 1862, 147.
“confusion of Babel”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 277.
“I wish it was within my power”: Ibid., 276.
“He was stripped of his clothing”: Ibid., 278.
“These houses are large and strong”: Renville, “A Sioux Narrative of the Outbreak in 1862,” 599.
“she took a wrong course with the Indians”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 283.
“If that is so”: Ibid.
“take up arms against them”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 170.
“I want to speak now to you”: Ibid., 196.
“should not be released”: Renville, “A Sioux Narrative of the Outbreak in 1862,” 602.
“the leader of those who made war”: Ibid., 603.
“Over the earth I come”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 197.
“If Little Crow has any proposition”: Heard, History of the Sioux War, 147.
“We made a treaty with the government”: Ibid.
“I want to know from you”: Ibid., 156–57.
“I wish no more war”: Sharon, Viola, 322.
“I tell you we must fight”: Heard, History of the Sioux War, 158–59.
“You have murdered many of our people”: HHS to LC, September 8, 1862, MHS Manuscript Collections, Sibley Papers.
“I have not come into this upper country”: HHS to unnamed, September 13, 1862, OR 1:13, 632.
“the muss with Hole-in-the-Day”: Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary, 153.
“kill all the whites”: JN, Lincoln’s Secretary Goes West, 68.
“Where is your scalp?”: John Hay to JN, Aug. 27, 1862, At Lincoln’s Side, 25.
“They came on in irregular, straggling groups”: JN, Lincoln’s Secretary Goes West, 35.
“blown to hell”: Treuer, The Assassination of Hole in the Day, 137.
“gave them a short nice speech”: Ibid., 138.
“a deadly and desperate melee”: JN, Lincoln’s Secretary Goes West, 40.
“merely an hour’s preliminary”: Ibid., 40–41.
“My scalp is yet safe”: JN to John Hay, September 12, 1862, With Lincoln, 88.
“felt almost ready to hang himself”: Bates, note to Meditation on the Divine Will, September 2, 1862, CW 5:404.
“Let us understand each other”: JP, July 14, 1862, OR 1:12, 473–74.
“The Indian hostilities that have recently broken forth”: Edwin M. Stanton to JP, September 6, 1862, OR 1:13, 617.
Ernest Furgurson, Freedom Rising, is an engaging and detailed portrait of Washington, D.C., during the Civil War. Ronald C. White, Jr., Mr. Lincoln’s Greatest Speech, provides essential background for the “Meditation on the Divine Will” and Lincoln’s visit with the delegation of “Chicago Christians.”
“An order from General R.E. Lee”: McClellan to Halleck, September 13, 1862, OR 19:2, 281–82.
“destroy the rebel army, if possible”: AL to McClellan, September 16, 1862, CW 5:426.
“a long series of years”: John Ross to AL, September 16, 1862, ALPLC online.
“great mass of the Cherokee People”: Ibid.
“What good would a proclamation”: AL, “Reply to a Memorial Presented by Chicago Christians of All Denominations,” CW 5:420.
“I hope it will not be irreverent”: Ibid.
“God cannot be for”: AL, “Meditation on the Divine Will,” CW 5:404.
“Every kind of labour is performed”: HBW, Southern Diary, 14.
“the efforts of abolitionists at the North”: Ibid., 31.
“When will the cupidity and cruelty”: Ibid., 21.
“wonder of wonders”: Ibid., 167–68.
“tall, thoughtful-faced”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 34.
“Mr. Whipple of New York”: Ibid.
“From the beginning of the Civil War”: Ibid., 102.
“intimately from boyhood”: Ibid., 100.
“the instrument of no political faction”: HWH to HBW, November 29, 1861, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 2.
“little more … than a first-rate clerk”: Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House, 183.
“going on a tour of pleasure”: HBW to William T. Dana, February 23, 1861, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 39.
“a strong conservative element”: HBW to John Whipple, March 4, 1861, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 39.
“the splendid carpet is in threads”: HBW, Southern Diary, 166.
“a public shame”: Ibid., 167.
“seemed to diminish in size”: Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary, 88.
“a great Christian nation”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 511.
“an account of the outbreak”: Ibid., 136.
“He was deeply moved”: Ibid.
“Bishop … a man thought that monkeys”: Ibid.
“Give Bishop Whipple any information”: Ibid., 137.
“waiting for heavy fog to rise”: AL to Andrew G. Curtin, September 16, 1862, CW 5:427.
Four books in particular helped me to understand and portray Antietam, both the battle and its aftermath: James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom; Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red; Kathleen A. Ernst, Too Afraid to Cry; and Ezra A. Carman, The Maryland Campaign of September 1862 (Joseph Pierro, ed.). James A. Wright, No More Gallant a Deed (Steven Keillor, ed.), and Richard Moe, The Last Full Measure, together provide a detailed look inside the First Minnesota Regiment.
“some military officer of high rank”: Edwin M. Stanton to JP, September 6, 1862, OR 1:13, 617.
“The examination of a portion of this Territory”: JP, “The Report of an Exploration of the Territory of Minnesota,” in Senate Executive Documents, 31st Congress, 1st Session, Doc. 42.
“I can only attribute to ignorance”: Ibid.
“as yet entirely ignorant”: Ibid.
“From all indications and information”: JP to HWH, September 16, 1862, OR 1:13, 642.
“have also begun to rob and murder”: Ibid.
“Time is everything here”: Ibid.
“Our victory was complete”: George B. McClellan to HWH, September 19, 1862, ALPLC online.
“Houses (some of them)”: Wright, No More Gallant a Deed, 203.
“It beggars description”: HBW to E. G. Gear, November 5, 1862, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 40.
“The slain of higher condition”: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Atlantic Monthly, December 1862, 743–44.
“There was a hushed stillness”: HBW to E. G. Gear, November 5, 1862, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 40.
“one of the most solemn services”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 96.
“expression of loving confidence”: Ibid.
“When it was found that Lee”: Carman, Maryland Campaign, 369.
“pierced by the balls of half a score of battle fields”: HBW, Sermon, 1863, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Sermons and Addresses, P823, Box 3.
“I could not help but thank them”: Ibid.
“Will you do me the favor”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 97.
“The pestilence is the work of innumerable particles”: Brake, Man in the Middle, 48.
“wicked neglect and robbery”: Ibid., 50.
“fostered a system”: Ibid.
“inequity and fraud of an Indian system”: Ibid.
“able to ask an engineer”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 19.
“You do not know”: Ibid., 97.
“If it were not for wearying you”: Ibid., 98–99.
“the great act of the age”: Hannibal Hamlin to AL, September 25, 1862, ALPLC online.
“howling wilderness”: Monjeau-Marz, The Dakota Indian Internment, 20.
“the Indians made much sport”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 291.
“I tried to urge Chaska not to go”: Ibid., 292.
“as sweet as the chimes”: McClure, “The Story of Nancy McClure,” 454.
“When you bring up the prisoners”: HHS to unnamed, September 23, 1862, OR 1:13, 664.
“I have not come to make war”: HHS to Ma-za-ka-tame, Toopee, and Wa-ke-nan-nan-te, September 24, 1862, OR 1:13, 667.
“advise your bands not to mix”: HHS to Ta-Tanka-Nazin, September 24, 1862, OR 1:13, 667.
“bearing wounded”: McClure, “The Story of Nancy McClure,” 454.
“Any one that has heard one squaw”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 292.
“Seven hundred picked warriors”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 223.
“I told them it was very foolish”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 293.
“You are going back”: Ibid.
“cried over James and begged me”: Ibid., 293–94.
“Yes, cousin, we are most safe now”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 253.
“Little Crow called all his warriors together”: Ibid., 223.
“simply laughed at Little Crow’s bombastic talk”: Ibid.
“like a man”: HHS to Little Crow, September 8, 1862, MHS Manuscript Collections, Sibley Papers.
“Sibley would like to put the rope around my neck”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 253.
“He said he felt as if they would kill”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 295.
“If I am killed”: Ibid.
21 “every man and woman in the camp”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 224.
“I felt feelings of anger”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 297.
“The Indians became much alarmed”: Ibid.
“good woman … talk good to your white people”: Ibid., 298.
“repeatedly told us”: Morton Enterprise, January 29, 1909.
“assurance that they would not have dared”: HHS to JP, September 27, 1862, MICW 2:255.
“After I was introduced to Sibley”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 298.
“I was a vast deal more comfortable”: Ibid., 299.
“News of the great event of the war”: St. Paul Daily Press, September 26, 1862.
“the Sioux Indians of Minnesota”: Executive Documents of the State of Minnesota for the Year 1862, 12.
Carol Chomsky, “The United States–Dakota War Trials,” in the Stanford Law Review, is the longest and most rigorous published analysis to date of the formation of the military commission and the subsequent trials. Walt Bachman’s manuscript-in-progress, a biography of Joseph Godfrey, overturns much of the conventional understanding regarding the pace and legal procedures of the trials, as well as the role of John Pope, and has served as an important source here. David Glazier, “Kangaroo Court or Competent Tribunal? Judging the 21st Century Military Commission,” in the Virginia Law Review, includes a well-documented look at the earliest uses of military commissions in American wars.
“long conversation with one of the officers”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 300.
“thought it very strange”: Ibid., 301.
“pale and frightened”: Ibid.
“the white men were not doing as they promised”: Ibid.
“No … I am not a coward”: Ibid.
“seven of the black devils”: Ibid.
“had become so infatuated”: HHS to Sarah Sibley, September 27, 1862, Sibley Papers, MHS Manuscript Collections, P6202, Box 1.
“threatens that if her Indian”: HHS to Sarah Sibley, September 28, 1862, Sibley Papers, MHS Manuscript Collections, P6202, Box 1.
“If found guilty”: HHS to JP, September 28, 1862, OR 1:13, 686–87.
“a stretch of my authority”: HHS to Charles E. Flandrau, September 28, 1862, OR 1:13, 687–88.
“try summarily the mulatto”: Heard, History of the Sioux War, 251.
“that the innocent”: Riggs, Mary and I, 207.
“In this that the said” and following: We-chank-wash-to-don-pee trial, MHS Manuscript Collections, P1423.
“The horrible massacres of women and children”: JP to HHS, September 28, 1862, OR 1:13, 685–86.
“Colonel Henry H. Sibley is made a brigadier-general”: HWH to JP, September 29, 1862, OR 1:13, 688.
“There is my father!”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 307–8.
“You have already made much trouble”: Anderson, Little Crow, 168.
“incarnate demon”: Diedrich, Little Crow and the Dakota War, 237.
Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham, and Ernest A. McKay, The Civil War and New York City, paint a vivid picture of Civil War–era New York.
“most unhappy contest”: New York Times, October 2, 1862.
“subdued by pride”: Ibid.
“meeting of the colored people of Brooklyn”: New York Times, October 3, 1862.
“prevailing sentiment was against”: Ibid.
“the Secretary called for delegates”: Ibid.
“petitioning the Almighty”: New York Times, October 4, 1862.
“the South has ignored the Prayer-Book”: Ibid.
“irritating action”: New York Times, October 5, 1862.
“his entire theme”: New York Times, October 6, 1862.
“First, the American Indian”: Ibid.
“the actual starving to death”: Ibid.
“a valuable, eloquent and powerful discourse”: Ibid.
“If our Government should send”: New York Times, October 2, 1862.
“Are the Indians of the West part and parcel”: Ibid.
“in advance two of their principal men”: HHS to unnamed, October 3, 1862, OR 1:13, 709.
“The greater part of the men”: HHS to JP, October 5, 1862, OR 1:13, 711–12.
“I have given them no assurances”: Ibid.
“all the men necessary”: JP to HHS, September 17, 1862, OR 1:13, 648–49.
“destroying crops and everything else”: Ibid.
“embarrass the command”: HHS to JP, September 19, 1862, OR 1:13, 650–51.
“I would not have been displeased”: Ibid., OR 1:13, 651–52.
“I have received no dispatches”: NARA RG 393, Part 1, Dept. of NW, Headquarters, Entry 3436.
“I think still that the Indians”: Ibid.
“disarm, and send down to Fort Snelling”: Ibid.
“The whole of the Indians”: JP to HHS, October 10, 1862, Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, Manuscript Collections, MHS, M166.
“I would tell the men to step inside”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 226.
“the poor women’s wailings”: HHS to Sarah Sibley, October 17, 1862, Sibley Papers, MHS Manuscript Collections, P6202, Box 1.
“the orders were very strict”: Connolly, A Thrilling Narrative, 144.
“At a given signal”: Minneapolis Tribune, July 15, 1923.
Trails of Tears (Mary H. Bakeman and Antona M. Richardson, eds.) is a welcome collection of studies that shed new light on the experiences of the condemned men and the Dakota families on their enforced eastward journeys from Camp Release.
“I am sure you know that what I undertake”: JP to Edwin P. Stanton, September 22, 1862, OR 1:13, 658.
“make some order defining the extent”: Edwin P. Stanton to HWH, September 23, 1862, OR 1:13, 658–59.
“You do not seem to be aware”: JP to HWH, September 23, 1862, OR 1:13, 663–64.
“yet to be found and dealt with”: HHS to JP, October 17, 1862, OR 1:13, 744–46.
“You have no idea of the wide”: JP to HWH, September 23, 1862, OR 1:13, 663–64.
“The Sioux war may be considered at an end”: JP to HWH, October 9, 1862, OR 1:13, 722.
“The Sioux war is at an end”: JP to HWH, October 10, 1862, OR 1:13, 724.
“no fear of the results”: JP to HWH, October 14, 1862, OR 1:13, 737.
“There is strong testimony”: JP to HWH, October 13, 1862, OR 1:13, 733.
“any sentence of death”: Barnes Federal Code, 449.
“the judgment of every court-martial”: Ibid., 558.
“I was disgusted with the tone and opinions”: Welles, Diary, 171.
“to say that he desires you to employ”: Edwin P. Stanton to JP, October 14, 1862, OR 1:13, 737.
“the President directs that no executions”: JP to HHS, NARA RG 94, Adj. Gen., M619, Roll 483.
“To hate rebellion, so uncaused”: New York Times, October 18, 1862.
“knocked down”: St. Cloud Democrat, October 23, 1862.
“fired in the battles”: Heard, History of the Sioux War, 269.
“I am for shooting down”: Osman, “Sibley’s Army in November 1862,” 22.
“400 have been tried in less time”: Monjeau-Marz, The Dakota Indian Internment, 28–29.
“I find the greatest difficulty”: HHS to Sarah Sibley, October 22, 1862, Sibley Papers, MHS Manuscript Collections, P6202, Box 1.
“I would risk my life”: St. Paul Press, November 8, 1862.
“When this outrage broke out”: St. Paul Pioneer, November 7, 1862.
“As I am told you intend”: Charles Roos to HHS, Sibley Papers, MHS Manuscript Collections, P6202, Box 3.
“all conceivable weapons”: Minneapolis Tribune, August 5, 1923.
“the first I knew”: Amos Watson, undated, Dakota Conflict Collection, MHS Manuscript Collections, M582, reel 3.
“the presence of the women and children”: HHS to JP, November 11, 1862, Ramsey Papers, MHS Manuscript Collections, Box 3.
“utmost endeavor to prevent the attack”: Frederick Brandt to HHS, Ramsey Papers, MHS Manuscript Collections, Box 3.
“Your dispatch giving the names”: AL to JP, November 10, 1862, CW 5:493.
“anxious to not act with so much clemency”: AL to Senate, December 11, 1862, CW 5:551.
“I hope the execution of every Sioux Indian”: Alexander Ramsey to AL, November 10, 1862, OR 1:13, 787.
“We found the streets crowded”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 227.
“quietly laid away”: Ibid.
“There was something about it so weird”: Thomas Rice Stewart, Memoirs, 1905, 1929, MHS Manuscript Collections, P1519.
“a paper latch-key”: Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary, 88.
“The Indian tribes upon our frontiers”: AL, Annual Message to Congress, CW 5:518.
“In the month of August last”: Ibid., 525.
“In giving freedom to the slave”: Ibid., 537.
“The causes of the Indian hostilities”: Message from the President of the United States, House Executive Documents, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, No. 1.
“the efforts of secession agents”: Ibid.
“It is … almost invariably true”: Ibid.
“Three hundred Indians have been sentenced to death”: AL to Holt, December 1, 1862, CW 5:537–38.
“I do not understand the precise form”: Joseph Holt to AL, December 1, 1862, ALPLC online.
“I desire to represent to you”: JP to AL, November 11, 1862, OR 1:13, 788.
“I will do the best I can”: Ibid.
“In the name of a thousand murdered victims”: Stillwater Messenger, November 12, 1862.
“bustling little woman”: Minnesota History, 22:2, 176.
“The Indian and the Slaveholder”: Hoffert, Jane Grey Swisshelm, 154.
“who attempts to screen these monsters”: St. Cloud Democrat, October 2, 1862.
“a Sioux has just as much right to life”: St. Cloud Democrat, October 16, 1862.
“It rests upon the people”: St. Cloud Democrat, November 13, 1862.
“We leave them really without any government”: HBW to Alexander Ramsey, November 8, 1862, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 40.
“We cannot hang men by hundreds”: HBW to Henry Rice, November 12, 1862, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 40.
“When I know that they opened the throbbing womb”: Henry Rice to HBW, November 19, 1862, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 3.
“Who is guilty of the causes”: Faribault Central Republican, December 3, 1862.
“a sacred trust”: Ibid.
“While we execute justice”: Ibid.
“With all my heart I thank you”: HBW to AL, December 4, 1862, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 40.
“This Indian system is a sink of inequity”: HBW to HWH, December 4, 1862, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 40.
“an extensive secret organization”: Stephen Miller to HHS, November 16, 1862, NARA RG 393, Letters Received, Part 3, Entry 346.
“a matter of deep regret” and “was very busy exciting the citizens”: Ibid.
“a firm and almost universal determination”: Stephen Miller to HHS, November 22, 1862, NARA RG 393, Letters Received, Part 3, Entry 346.
“Who comes there?”: St. Peter Herald, April 13, 1906.
“Much as I should deplore”: HHS to Alexander Ramsey, December 6, 1862, NARA, RG 393, Letters and Telegrams Sent, Part 3, Entry 343.
“Death, indeed, is the least atonement”: St. Paul Press and St. Paul Pioneer, December 7, 1862.
“cavalry battalion in front”: St. Paul Union, December 10, 1862.
“if he resists unless forbidden”: Stephen Miller to Rollin Olin, December 6, 1862, NARA RG 393, Unentered Letter, Part 1, Entry 3449.
“best citizens of this town”: Stephen Miller to Rollin Olin, December 5, NARA RG 393, Letters Received, Part 3, Entry 346.
“Hemp on the throat of them”: Mankato Record, December 13, 1862.
“The Members of Congress from Minnesota”: Welles, Diary, December 4, 1862.
“Resolved, That the President be requested” and following: Congressional Globe, December 5, 1862, 13.
“Ordered that of the Indians and Half-breeds”: AL to HHS, December 6, 1862, MHS Manuscript Collections, Neill and Family Papers, Reserve 92, Box 1.
“If there is a worse place than hell”: Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:446.
“What has God put me in this place for?” Ibid.
“awful arithmetic”: Stoddard, Inside the White House, 101.
“No man on Earth”: Rice, Reminiscences, 450.
“If a man had more than one life”: Lamon, Recollections, 87.
“serve well for future occasions”: St. Paul Press, December 28, 1862.
“had the President been less squeamish”: Ibid.
“in a place where it would be of service”: Mankato Independent, January 2, 1863.
“the slash of a sword”: Ibid.
“the sale, tender, gift or use”: Mankato Record, December 26, 1862.
“Tell these thirty-nine condemned men” : St. Paul Press, December 28, 1862.
“very coolly”: Ibid.
“privileged to designate” and following: Mankato Record, December 26, 1862.
“The doomed men wished it to be known”: St. Paul Press, December 28, 1862.
“All at once”: Ibid.
“Chains and cords”: Ibid.
“crowding and jostling each other”: Ibid.
“convicted of shooting”: Mankato Record, December 26, 1862.
“felt it was all right with him”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 308.
“go East, try to counteract” : Swisshelm, Half a Century, 233–34.
“Eastern people … endorsed the massacre”: Ibid.
“I could not afford”: Alexander Ramsey, Diary, November 23, 1864, MHS Manuscript Collections, Ramsey Papers, Roll 39.
“everything went off quietly”: HHS to AL, December 27, 1862, ALPLC online.
“our Indian matters look well”: Morton S. Wilkinson to Alexander Ramsey, December 26, 1862, MHS Manuscript Collections, Ramsey Papers, Roll 13.
“I was perfectly charmed”: Clapesattle, The Doctors Mayo, 38.
“sure that all who were executed”: John F. Meagher to MHS, December 26, 1887, MHS Manuscript Collections, M582, Reel 1.
Corinne L. Monjeau-Marz, The Dakota Indian Internment at Fort Snelling, 1862–1864, collects a range of essential source material related to the camp at Fort Snelling.
“a beautiful sheet of water”: Chaffin, Pathfinder, 72.
“now on the Missouri River”: James S. Williams, W. A. Burleigh, and W. Jayne to AL, December 24, 1862, OR 1:22, 867.
“with streets, alleys, and public square”: Bishop, Dakota War Whoop, 243.
“a low flat place”: Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
“We had no land, no homes”: Anderson and Woolworth, eds., Through Dakota Eyes, 234.
“Papooses are running about”: Cooke, A Badger Boy, 24.
“lifting up the little doors and looking in”: Monjeau-Marz, The Dakota Indian Internment, 43.
“Nearly all of them were alike”: Cooke, A Badger Boy, 25.
“They would like to have some place”: John P. Williamson to Thomas S. Williamson, November 17, 1862, in Monjeau-Marz, The Dakota Indian Internment, 38.
“an Indian squaw”: St. Paul Pioneer, November 19, 1862.
“The truth of the matter”: St. Paul Union, November 22, 1862.
“Since the Dakota camp has been placed”: St. Paul Press, December 11, 1862.
“the crying hardly ever stops”: Stephen R. Riggs to Selah B. Treat, 1863, in Monjeau-Marz, The Dakota Indian Internment, 60.
“The ever-present query was”: John P. Williamson, quoted in Riggs, Mary and I, 217.
“were subdued, and felt very sore”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 133.
“some white roughs from St. Paul”: Ibid.
“Those who live much with the Indians”: Ibid.
“sure that our friendship”: HBW to HHS, March 7, 1863, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 40.
“There were no such flags”: HHS to HBW, March 11, 1863, MHS Manuscript Collections, Whipple Papers, Box 3.
“Then came along Mr. Gleason and Mrs. Wakefield”: Mankato Record, December 26, 1862.
“I understand that Chaska’s mother”: SW to Stephen R. Riggs, March 22, 1863, in Derounian-Stodola, “Many Persons Say I Am a ‘Mono Maniac,’ ” 18.
“I would be pleased to learn”: Ibid.
“I will introduce myself” and following: SW to AL, March 23, 1863, ALPLC online.
“The two races cannot live together”: Daily Morning Chronicle, January 2, 1863.
“the information in his possession”: Congressional Globe, December 5, 1862, 13.
“radical moving cause” and “That there was any direct interference”: Thomas Galbraith in House Executive Documents, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, no. 68, 29.
“tampering with the Indians”: Thomas Galbraith in House Executive Documents, 38th Congress, 1st Session, no. 58, 8.
“As to the real cause” and “unscrupulous and designing persons”: John P. Usher in House Executive Documents, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, no. 68, 2.
“the most ample arrangements”: Ibid.
“general and cordial co-operation with him”: Ibid.
“From all the inquiry and examination”: Ibid.
“I cannot but regret”: Ibid.
“the hard and cruel lines” and following: Daily Morning Chronicle, March 28, 1863.
“a black coat with velvet collar”: St. Paul Press, June 23, 1863.
“heavy price on his head … thin and cadaverous”: St. Paul Pioneer, June 1863.
“the folds of the red flag”: Hargrave, Red River, 291.
“After we have fought for you”: Meyer, History of the Santee Sioux, 30.
“endeavor to bring their grievances”: Alexander Grant Dallas to HHS, June 3, 1863, Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior, 456.
“look for him”: St. Paul Press, June 25, 1862.
“I have determined if I can procure”: SW to Stephen R. Riggs, April 9, 1863, in Derounian-Stodola, “Many Persons Say I Am a ‘Mono Maniac,’ ” 19–20.
“I could willingly devote”: Ibid.
“Did Jesus Christ come into this world” and following: SW to Stephen R. Riggs, April 25, 1863, in Derounian-Stodola, “Many Persons Say I Am a ‘Mono Maniac,’ ” 20–22.
“As the boat moved off”: Davenport Democrat, April 27, 1863.
“This assurance calmed them somewhat”: Ibid.
“prayer and singing”: Bishop, Dakota War Whoop, 276.
“The Northerner brought up a cargo”: St. Paul Pioneer, May 6, 1863.
“Indians were crowded like slaves”: Meyer, History of the Santee Sioux, 146.
“It has good soil”: Clark W. Thompson to William P. Dole, June 1, 1863, Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Interior, 424–25.
“it is a horrible region”: Heard, History of the Sioux War, 295.
“success and glory are in the advance”: JP, July 14, 1862, OR 1:12, 473–74.
“I am the son of Little Crow”: St. Paul Pioneer, August 13, 1863.
“participating in the murders and massacres committed”: Wowinape trial transcript, MHS Manuscript Collections, P1423.
“subject … to the revision of the President”: Ibid.
“a precisely similar condition”: HHS to Holt, December 7, 1863, Sioux War Trials, MHS Manuscript Collections, P1423.
“the perfect massacre”: Carley, The Dakota War, 91.
“The Indians here have no fight”: Utley, The Lance and the Shield, 59.
Kathryn Zabelle Derounian-Stodola, The War in Words, provides unique and invaluable context for and analysis of a wide range of captivity narratives.
“Ladies and gentlemen” and following: Bell, “The Sioux War Panorama.”
“hearts appalled by the gleam”: Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary Goes West, 45.
“The massacre was merely an expression and demonstration”: Tarble, “The Story of My Capture,” 12.
“a liberal discount”: Namias, White Captives, 238.
“I wish to say a few words in preface”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 241.
“painted and decorated and dressed in full Indian costume”: Schwandt, “The Story of Mary Schwandt,” 473.
“A few days since”: SW, Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees, in Derounian-Stodola, ed., Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives, 313.
“blood poisoning”: St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 29, 1899.
“gets the cuff from both sides”: Hutton, Phil Sheridan and His Army, 195.
“one of the severest personal conflicts”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 145.
“What does Bishop Whipple want?”: Ibid., 144.
“I came here as an honest man”: Ibid.
“simply as a Christian”: Ibid., 235.
“No words can describe”: Ibid., 238–39.
“his singular uprightness of character”: Ibid., 310.
“Nations, like individuals”: Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, v.
“I wore it until it was as you see”: John F. Meagher to MHS, December 26, 1887, MHS Manuscript Collections, M582, Reel 1.
Kerry A. Trask, Black Hawk, devotes several chapters to the Black Hawk War and includes memorable descriptions of the Battle of Bad Axe and the pursuit of fleeing Sac and Fox by a detachment of young Dakota warriors.
“I was out of work”: Herndon and Weik, Herndon’s Lincoln, 73.
“It was a horrid sight”: John A. Wakefield, History of the Black Hawk War, 133.
“there came a few Indians”: Wilson and Davis, eds., Herndon’s Informants, 220.
“young Mord Lincoln swore”: Ibid., 96.
“a nation which sowed robbery”: HBW, Lights and Shadows, 105.