A
AAGBI (Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland), 168
Abbreviated Mental Test Score, 250
ABC Don’t Ever Forget Glucose mnemonic, 451, 525
ABC & P’s, acute angle-closure glaucoma, 503
ABCD plus, plastic surgery, 742
ABCDE
haematology, 390
malignant melanoma, 736
melanoma, 224
trauma care, 256
abciximab, 189
abdomen
acute, 674
distension, 910
FAST (focused assessment sonography in trauma), 260
gastrointestinal examination, 913
gynaecology examination, 933
masses, 910
obstetrics examination, 930
patient sitting forward examination, 903
surface anatomy, 914
ultrasound, 813
wall see abdominal wall
X-rays see abdominal X-rays
abdominal aortic aneurysms, 766, 767, 770, 771, 773
abdominal thrusts, choking infants, 282
abdominal X-rays, 162–164, 812
BACK the FOCK UP mnemonic, 162
bowel gas patterns, 162, 163, 164
organs, 164
review areas, 164
abdominojugular test, jugular venous pressure, 901–902
abdominoperineal resection (APR), 670
abducens (VI) nerve examination, 919
abduction, 45
hand examination, 944
shoulder examination, 949
abnormal hard swelling, elbow examination, 947
ABO blood group system, 387
ABPI see ankle–brachial pressure index (ABPI)
abscesses, 214
absconding, risk of, 586
absolute stability, fractures, 753, 754
abstinence, alcohol-related liver disease, 323
abstracts, research papers, 96–97, 1039
academic clinical fellowships (ACFs), 1026
academic clinical lectureship, 1062
Academic Foundation Programme (AFP), 1058, 1062
academic career pathways, 1062
academic clinical lectureship, 1062
senior lectureship/consultant, 1062
specialist training, 1062
training fellowship, 1062
academic projects, 1020
acamprosate, 323
accommodation reflux, optic nerve examination, 918–919
ACD see anaemia of chronic disease (ACD)
heart failure treatment, 185, 191
ACE-R (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III), 581
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, dementia management, 450
achalasia, 782
aciclovir, 458
acidosis see metabolic acidosis
ACJ (acromioclavicular joint), 951
arthritis, 949
acknowledgements, research papers, 1041
ACL (anterior cruciate ligament), 957
acne vulgaris, 220
acquired bleeding disorders, 382
acquired haemolytic anaemia, 386
acquired thrombotic disorders, 380
ACR (albumin:creatinine ratio), 424
actinic (solar) keratoses, 215
activated charcoal, 272
active conditions, chronic conditions vs., 881–882
active learning, clinical medicine, 123
active movements, 942
elbow examination, 948
shoulder examination, 949
activities of daily living, geriatric assessment in OSCE, 250–251
acute abdomen, 674
acute adrenal insufficiency, 300
acute alcoholic hepatitis, 324
acute angle-closure glaucoma, 503
acute calculous cholecystitis, 790–791
acute coronary syndrome, 178, 188–190
acute eye disease, 501
acute fluid collections, acute pancreatitis, 794
acute hepatitis, 851
acute limb ischaemia, 766, 770
acute limp, paediatrics, 531
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), 374
acute meningococcaemia, 226, 226, 227
acute mesenteric ischaemia, 674–675
acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), 373
acute respiratory system, 806
acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever), 404–405
acute severe asthma, 203
acute tonsillitis, 686, 690, 691
acute transfusion reactions, 388–389
acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 328–329
acute uric acid nephropathy (tumour lysis syndrome), 429
acyanotic lesions, community paediatrics, 540
adaptive immune system, 48, 49
additional degrees, 1060
adduction, 45
hand examination, 944
adenocarcinoma
oesophageal cancer, 783
pancreatic tumours, 327
adjuvant therapy
breast cancer, 627
paediatric oncology, 726
adnexae, gynaecology examination, 934–935
ADPKD (autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease), 415, 435
adrenal artery, 773
adrenal gland, 65
adrenal gland disorders, 286, 296–297 see also adrenal insufficiency
adrenal insufficiency, 296, 300
adrenal medulla, endocrinology, 65
adrenaline, 201
anaphylaxis treatment, 269
cardiac arrest in adults, 266
cardiac arrest in children, 266–267
lidocaine and, 173
Adson’ manoeuvre, 953
Advanced Trauma Life Support®, chest trauma, 640–641
aesthetic plastic surgery, 746
afferent arteriole, 68
aflibercept, 514
age of onset, stridor, 281–282
ageing, 233
AIDS, 360–363 see also HIV infection
airways
adjuncts in critical care, 206
anaesthesia, 167
anaphylaxis, 269
chest X-ray interpretations, 156
critical care management, 204–207
general anaesthesia, 173
maintenance with cervical spine protection, 256–257
AKI (acute kidney injury), 414, 420–421
akinetic-rigid syndrome, neurology examination, 460
albendazole, 404
albumin, 324
liver function tests, 850
alcohol use
chronic liver disease, 912
ear, nose and throat history station, 695
extracurricular activities, 1014
overuse screening mnemonic, 893
psychiatric assessment, 585
related liver disease, 323–324
units of, 328
alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), 559–560
aldosterone antagonists, heart failure treatment, 185
aldrenonate, 615
alemtuzumab, 511
ALF (Access to Learning Fund), 14
alfentanil, 201
alkaline aminotransferase (ALT), 850
allergies/allergic reactions, 396
clinics, 397
exams, 397
latex allergy, 828
paediatric clinics, 533
procedures, 397
transfusion medicine, 389
alloimmune haemolytic anaemia, 386
ALP (alkaline phosphatase), 324, 325, 850
alpha agonists, acute angle-closure glaucoma, 503
alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency, 324
alpha-adrenergic antagonists, benign prostatic hyperplasia, 799
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), 493, 801
Alport’s syndrome, 435
Altemeier’s approach, rectal prolapse surgery, 661
alteplase (tissue plasminogen activator), 455
alternative subjects, incalcated degree, 90
Alzheimer’s disease, 448, 449, 581
Ambu® bag (bag valve mask), 206, 258
AMD (age-related macular degeneration), 500–502, 513–514
aminophylline, 593
amisulpiride, 587
amitriptyline, 443
amniotic fluid embolus, 475–476
amoebiasis, 404
ampicillin, 690
Amsler’s charts, wet age-related macular degeneration, 514
Amyand inguinal hernia, 682
amyloidosis, 324
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 446
ANA (antinuclear antibody), 424
aplastic anaemia, 384
autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, 386
chronic disease see anaemia of chronic disease (ACD)
haemolytic see haemolytic anaemia
iron deficiency anaemia, 383
laboratory results, 393
renal anaemia, 426
renal failure, 435
sideroblastic anaemia, 845
anaemia of chronic disease (ACD), 383, 845
anaesthesia, 166
airway assessment, 167
anaesthetic history, 167
clinics, 167
critical incidents, 176
day routine, 166
dosages, 173
drug history, 167
epidural anaesthesia, 174, 175
examination, 167
fasting, 168
gases, 166
general anaesthetic, 166, 173, 451
general terms, 166
history, 167
history taking, 167
induction and monitoring, 172
intravenous anaesthesia, 166
labour anaesthesia, 166
local see local anaesthesia
Mallampati score, 168
non-pharmacological, 175
psychological aspects, 175
regional anaesthesia, 166, 173
scoring systems, 168
sedation see sedation
anaesthetic equipment, 170–172
anaesthetic machine, 170
monitoring, 170
oxygen, 170
anal fistulae, 659–660, 662, 663
analgesia
colonoscopy, 330
palliative medicine, 550
pancreatitis, 326
patient-controlled analgesia, 166
WHO ladder, 550
analytical epidemiology, 56, 56
anaphylaxis, 226
anaesthesia, 176
cardiac arrest in children, 266–267
emergency medicine, 267
treatment, 271
anaplastic astrocytomas, 704–705
anastomotic leak (AL), 671
anastrozole, 628
anatomical pathology, 102
anatomy, 44
atlas, 44
cardiovascular system, 58
endocrine system, 64
gastrointestinal system, 62
genitourinary system, 67
musculoskeletal system, 69
oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic, 716
resources, 44
respiratory system, 60
top tips, 44
ANCA, renal failure, 424
Ancylostoma duodenale infection, 404
angina pectoralis see stable angina pectoralis
angina, unstable angina, 188, 189–190
angiography, 179, 637, 766, 769, 774
computed tomography, 735, 769, 770, 815
angio-oedema, 226
angioplasty, 766
angle of His, 784
animal research, 104
anion gap, blood gases, 853–854
ankle examination see foot and ankle examination
ankle fracture, 762
ankle reflexes, 923
ankle–brachial pressure index (ABPI), 215, 777, 837, 837
ankylosing spondylitis, 613
annual appraisals of training (ARCPs), 1016
annulus fibrosis, 174
ANOVA, 108
antenatal care, 462
antenatal diagnosis, breech birth, 477
antepartum haemorrhage, 473
antereflux surgery, 785
anteriolateral thigh flap (ALT), 325, 745
anterior apprehension test, 951
anterior cerebral arteries, axial MRI, 440
anterior chamber, eye, 500
foot and ankle examination, 960
knee examination, 957
anterior impingement tests, hip examination, 955
anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, 509, 511
anterior (pectoral) lymph nodes, 631
anterior resection, colorectal surgery, 669
anterior triangle, neck anatomy, 697
anterior uveitis (iritis), 504–505
anterior vaginal wall repair, 480
antiandrogen drugs, 220
antiarrhythmic drugs, 58
antibiotics
acne vulgaris, 220
breast abscess, 629
early-goal-directed therapy, 276
endogenous endophthalmitis, 505–506
septic shock, 277
topical antibiotics, 220
traveller’s diarrhoea, 405
anticholinergic drugs, 593
anticipate the worst, emergency medicine, 254–255
pulmonary embolism, 603
renal replacement therapy, 211
reversal of, 380
stroke management, 455
therapeutic anticoagulation, 370
antidepressant drugs, 587, 575
antidiarrhoeal drugs, 312
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 295 see also SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)
antiemetic drugs, 62, 443, 551
antiepileptic drugs, 63
anti-GM1 antibodies, Guillain–Barré syndrome, 457
antihistamines, 551
antimicrobial drugs, 52, 60, 62 see also antibiotics
antimotile drugs, 62
antimuscarinic drugs, 60, 247, 248
anti-Parkinsonian drugs, 63
antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 616
antiplatelet drugs, 58, 379–380, 455
antipsychotic drugs, 551, 574, 587
antiresorptive therapies, 615
antiretroviral therapy, 351, 362
antispasmodic drugs, 312
anti-tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) drugs, 612–613, 613
anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF), intravitreal injections, 502
anus, 805
aorta
coarctation of the, 540
cross-clamping physiology, 771
gastrointestinal examination, 911
aortic arch, 773
aortic hiatus, 773
aortic regurgitation (AR), 198, 904
aortic sclerosis, 182
aortic valve replacement, 197, 642
aorto-enteric fistula, 771
aphthous ulceration, 716
aplastic anaemia, 384
Apley’s mantra, 941
apparent life-threatening event (ALTE), 543
apparent measurements, hip examination, 955
appearance, mental state examination, 585
appendicitis, 664–665, 675–676, 727
appendicular artery, 664
apprehension sign, 948
apprehension test, 951
approved mental health practitioners (AMHPs), 569
apraclonidine, 503
aptitude tests, entry requirements, 26
APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time), 377–378, 846
AR see aortic regurgitation (AR)
arachnoid, 174
ARCP (Annual Review of Competence Progression), 882–883, 1016
ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), 210–211
area of interest, electives, 1050
aripriprazole, 587
arm see upper limbs
aromatase inhibitors, 628
ARR (absolute risk reduction), 108–109
artemisinin combination therapy (ACT), 403
arterial blood gases (ABG), 597, 833
normal values, 833
pulmonary embolism, 602
arterial bypass, 772
arterial disease classifications, 768
arterial ulcers, 768
arteries, breast anatomy, 624
arteriovenous malformations, neurosurgery, 704
arthritis
ACJ arthritis, 949
immobility, 245
monoarthritis, 610
oligoarthritis, 610
osteoarthritis, 245, 750–751, 949
polyarthritis, 610
psoriatic arthritis, 613
reactive arthritis, 613
rheumatoid arthritis, 245, 612–613, 620, 750–751
septic arthritis, 532
arthrodesis, 942
arthroplasty, 758
arthroscopy, 758
AS (aortic stenosis), 178, 181–182, 904
ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiologists) score, 169
aSAH (aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage), 709–710
ascending cholitis, 791
ascending colostomy, 682
ascites, 322
ASD see atrial septal defect (ASD)
asepsis, 823
asepsis and aseptic non-touch technique (ANTT), 823
aseptic meningitis, HSV infection complications, 364
ASME (Association for the Study of Medical Education), 92–93
aspirin
antiplatelet therapy, 379
headaches, 443
ischaemic stroke management, 454–455
risks in elderly, 246
stroke management, 456
unstable angina treatment, 189
assessment
clinical medicine, 115
general practice, 339
incalcated degree choice, 89
AST (aspartate transaminase), 324, 325, 850
acute exacerbations of, 591, 598, 600, 601
acute severe, 203
astrocytoma–glioblastoma, 704–705
atalagic gait, 943
ataxic gait, 943
atenolol, 189
ATLS® algorithms, 707, 719, 761
ATN (acute tubular necrosis), 415
ATOM FC mnemonic, 257, 258, 640–641
atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone®), 403
atracurium, 201
atrial fibrillation (AF), 178, 182
ECG, 187
management, 183
rate control vs. rhythm control, 182
refractory atrial fibrillation, 183
atrial septal defect (ASD), 541, 541, 582
atrophic senile vaginitis, 238
AUDIT-C questionnaire, 332
auditory hallucinations, 573–574
auditory learning, 27
auscultation
abdomen, 913
obstetrics examination, 932
paediatric congenital heart disease, 537–538
paediatric examination, 962–963
paediatric respiratory examination, 962
respiratory examination, 907–908
stethoscope, 9
autism, 966
autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 534
autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, 386
autoimmune hepatitis, 324
autoimmune screen, renal failure, 419
autosomal dominant genetic disorders, 343
autosomal recessive disorders, 344–345
Avastin®, 514
awards, clinical examination, 880
axial magnetic resonance imaging, 440
axial pattern flaps, 745
axillary breast surgery, 630, 631
axillary tail of Spence, 632
azathioprine, 311
azithromycin
Chlamydia trachomatis infection, 355
gonorrhoea, 355
non-gonococcal urethritis, 356
traveller’s diarrhoea, 405
B
baby checks, neonates, 526
back blows, choking infants, 282
BACK the FOCK UP mnemonic, 162
back up/copies, coursework, 35
bacteraemia, 205
bacterial infections
enteric bacterial infections, 411
meningitis, 457
transfusion medicine, 389
vaginosis, 354
bag valve mask (Ambu® bag), 206, 258
BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage), 562
Ballottement test, 956
bariatric upper gastrointestinal surgery, 787, 788
barium/Gastrografin® swallow/meal/enema, 308–309, 817
Barrett’s oesophagus, 314, 783
barrier contraceptives, 361
Barthel Index, 245
Bartholin’s abscess, incision & drainage, 479
base hospital selection, career decisions, 998
basic science skills, 104–105, 106
BCC (basal cell carcinoma), 217, 222, 223, 736
BCG (bacillus Calmette–Guérin) vaccination, 7, 1054
Beauchamp and Childress’ principles of biomedical ethics, 77
Beck’s triad, depression, 575, 576
beclomethasone, 593
bed space
cardiovascular examination, 902
clinical examination, 898
clinical medicine teaching, 126
gastrointestinal examination, 912
respiratory examination, 907–908
Beighton’s score, 951
Bell’s palsy, 687
Bell’s phenomenon, 687
belly press test, 950
Bence Jones protein, renal failure, 424
benign breast disease, 628–629
benign thoracic disease, 637
benzathine, 358
benzodiazepines, 243–244, 247, 272–273, 551–552
benzoyl peroxide, 220
bereavement care, 554
Berger’s test, 777
BERTIE, 286
beta blockers, 58
acute angle-closure glaucoma, 503
acute heart failure treatment, 191
headaches, 443
heart failure treatment, 185
hemorrhagic shock, 260
risks in elderly, 246
beta-2-agonists, 60
bevacizumab, 514
bicarbonate (HCO3-), 266–267, 424, 853–854
bicep reflexes, 923
biceps femoris muscle, 69
biceps tendon pathology, 951
bifid P wave, ECG, 858
bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL), 606
bilateral visual loss, 510–511
bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP), 597
bilevel ventillation, 209
biliary colic, 790
bilious vomiting, 730
Biochemical Society (BiochemSoc), 94, 1043
bioinformatics, 105
BioMedical Admissions Test (BMAT), 26
biomedical ethics, preclinical question examples, 77
biopsy, breast surgery, 626
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), 94
BiPAP®, non-invasive ventillation, 210
bipolar affective disorder, 574–575
birth see childbirth; vaginal delivery
bladder see urinary bladder
blast cells, 845
Blatchford scores, 328
blepharitis, 507
blindness see visual loss
blood
acute calculous cholecystitis, 791
emergency investigations, 262
haematology MDT, 377
urine dipsticks, 840
venous thromboembolic disease, 378 see also red blood cells (RBCs); white blood cells
blood films, 370, 371–372, 845
malaria diagnosis, 401
peripheral blood films, 371–372
arterial see arterial blood gases (ABG)
blood glucose, 847
ABO system, 387
antibodies, 387
antigens, 387
compatibility testing, 387
blood pressure measurement, 9, 426, 824–825 see also hypertension
blood tests, 831
early-goal-directed therapy, 276
falls clinics examination, 236
ovarian cancer, 467
strokes & TIAs, 454
blood transfusions, 385
blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 849
blood-bourne viruses, genitourinary medicine history station, 366
blot haemorrhages, background diabetic retinopathy, 515
blue blowers, 593
BMAT (BioMedical Admissions Test), 26
BMI (body mass index), 314, 315
BNP see B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
bone cement, 760
bone marrow aspirates/trephines, 370
bones, 69
abdominal X-rays, 164
anatomy, 44
healing, 753
pain in immobility, 245
scans, 818
booking visit, 463
Borrelia burgdorferi infection, 410
BOSS VAN mnemonic, 248
Boutonnières deformity, 946
bowel wall, 62
bowels
gas patterns on abdominal X-rays, 162, 163, 164
gastrointestinal examination, 911
habit change, 679
obstruction, 553
bowstring test, 953
BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia), 799
BPPV (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo), 236
brachial pulse, 776–777, 902–903
brachioradialis muscle, 69
Bradford Hill criteria, 57
Bradford sling, 739
bradyarrythmias, 193
bradycardia, 260
bradykinesia, Parkinsonism, 926
BRAF gene, 561
brain
axial MRI, 440
haemorrhage, 708
traumatic injury, 702, 707, 709
tumours, 702, 704–705 see also central nervous system (CNS)
Brainscape, 38
brainstem lesions, neurological examination, 928
breaking bad news, 348, 556, 876–877
breast(s)
abscesses, 629
augmentation, 746
boundary, 624
cancer see breast cancer
cysts, 628
lumps, 624
pain, 629
quadrants of, 633
regional anatomy, 624
ultrasound, 813
adjuvant therapy, 627
grading, 627
hormonal treatment, 628
national cancer screening, 492–493
sentinel lymph node biopsy, 494
staging, 627
treatment, 627
breast line, 914
breast surgery, 624
anatomy, 631
axillary surgery, 630
benign breast disease, 628–629
biopsy, 626
cases to see, 624
clinical presentation, 625–626
examination, 625
exams, 632
follow-up, 628
genetics, 626
imaging, 626
phacophysiology, 626
procedures to see, 624
reconstruction, 631
things to do, 624
triple assessment, 625
breastfeeding, 525
breathing
anaphylaxis, 269
bronchial breath sounds, 905
chest X-ray interpretations, 156
critical care, 205
paediatric difficulties, 527–528
shortness of breath, 194
vesicular breath sounds, 905 see also ventillation
breech birth, 477
Breslow tumour thickness, melanoma, 224
brevity, case presentations, 868
brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE), 543
Bristol Tool Chart, 315
British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons, 746
British Association of Dermatologists, 92–93
British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons (BAPRAS), 92–93
British Hypertensive Society, 181
British Medical Association (BMA)
funding source, 15
British National Formulary (BNF), 39, 981–982
British National Formulary for Children (BNFC), 39
British Orthopaedic Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons, 740
British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC), 94
British Thoracic Society, 203, 527–528
bronchial artery, 773
bronchial breath sounds, 905
bronchitis, 593
bronchodilator drugs, 60
Brugada syndrome, 194
Bryant’s triangle, hip examination, 955
BSAC (British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy), 94
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), 186, 190–191
buccal aspects, intra-oral examination, 724
Budd–Chiari syndrome, 324
budesonide, 311
bulbar urethra, 829
bulbourethral gland, 805
bulge test, knee examination, 956
bulging forehead, 530
bulimia nervosa, 583
bulk-forming laxatives, 316, 552
bumps see lumps/bumps
bunions (hallux vulgaris), 750–751
burns centre, 741
burr hole drainage, 711
Buscopan®, bowel obstruction, 553
C
C3, renal failure, 424
C4, renal failure, 424
CA15-3, 493
CA19-9, 493
CA125, 493
caecal volvulus, 678
CAGE mnemonic, 893
calcaneus, 69
calcium
abnormalities management, 302
bone profile, 852
cardiac arrest in adults, 266
cardiac arrest in children, 266–267
high levels see hypercalcaemia
renal failure, 424
calcium channel blockers, 58
calcium chloride, 417
Calcium, Renal impairment, Anaemia, Bone disease (CRAB), 375
calculous cholecystitis, 790–791
Calgary–Cambridge model, 337, 338
Calot’s triangle, 792, 792, 793
Camper’s layer, 664
campus universities, 24
Campylobacter infections, 315, 405, 613
cancer(s)
adenocarcinoma see adenocarcinoma
anaplastic astrocytomas, 704–705
anorectal investigations, 657
astrocytoma–glioblastoma, 704–705
bowel cancer, 486, 492–493, 496
bowel obstruction, 553
breast see breast cancer
cervical cancer see cervical cancer
colorectal cancer see colorectal cancer
endometrial cancer, 466
gastric cancer see stomach cancer
gastrointestinal tract cancer, 498
germ cell cancer, 467
head and neck cancer see head and neck cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma, 323
lung cancer see lung cancer
myeloproliferative neoplasms, 375–376
national cancer screening, 492–493
oesophageal cancer see oesophageal cancer
oral cancer, 721
pancreatic cancer, 792
pathology, 47
prostate cancer see prostate gland cancer
renal cancer, 497
respiratory system, 590
skin cancer see skin cancer
staging see staging
stomach cancer see stomach cancer
urogenital cancer, 497 see also leukaemias; lymphomas; oncology
Cancer Research UK, 1030
cannula insertion, 135
capitellar joint line, elbow examination, 947
capsule endoscopy, 309
carbon dioxide retention flap, 907–908
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 503
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 493
carcinoma in situ, 562
causes, 264
chest compression in children, 263, 264
compression-only CPR (adults), 263, 264
reversible causes, 267
types, 263
cardiac cycle, 59
cardiac failure see heart failure
cases to see, 178
genetic disorders, 343
recent studies, 180
things to do, 179 see also heart
cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), 642
cardiorespiratory symptoms, 150–151, 533, 892
cardiothoracic surgery, 636–638
clinic, 639
intensive care, 638
investigations, 637
operations to see, 638
procedures, 637
recent research trials, 645
cardiotocography (CTG), 473
cardiovascular disease prevention, 426, 769
cardiovascular examination, 196, 900–904
accentuating manoeuvres, 900–901
bed space, 902
cardiac sounds, 901
fluid assessment, 902
heart sounds, 900
jugular venous pressure, 901–902
murmurs, 900
patient sitting forward, 903
pattern of findings, 904
patterns of findings, 904
report your findings, 903
cardiovascular pharmacology, 52, 246
cardiovascular system (CVS)
causes of falls, 237
elderly care, 233
falls clinics examination, 236
preclinical medicine, 58
care of the elderly (COTE), 151–152
articles, 1007
base hospital selection, 998
books, 1007
clinical research, 1032
elective, 998
intercalated degree, 999
prizes, 999
project options, 999
research placement, 999
student selection components, 998
career development
academic foundation programme, 1062
clinical research, 1025–1026, 1031
electives, 1050
general practice, 339
special study modules, 1046
career taster weeks, 1063–1065
opportunities abroad, 1065
carers, 554
C-arm, 757
carotid artery stenosis, 769
carotid endarterectomy, 772
carotid incision, 683
carpal tunnel syndrome, 750–751
cascade testing, genetics, 345
case presentations, 868
case-based discussions (CBDs), 870
CAST trial, 455
phacoemulsification surgery see phacoemulsification cataract surgery
catatonia, 578
catheters/catheterization, 135, 432
CATT studies, wet age-related macular degeneration, 514
cauda equina, 174
cauda equina syndrome (CES), 703, 710
caudate nucleus head, axial MRI, 440
cautionary tales, 863
cavernomas, neurosurgery, 704
cavities, chest X-rays, 158
CD (Crohn’s disease), 309, 310–311, 312, 915
CD8 T cells, 49
cecostomy, stoma placement, 682
ceftriaxone, 355
cell culture, 104
cell senescence, 233
cellular injury and death, pathology, 47
central axillary lymph nodes, 631
central cortex, lobes of, 63
central nervous system (CNS)
causes of falls, 237
drug risks in elderly, 247
elderly care, 233
haematology MDT, 377
infections, 457–458 see also brain; spinal cord
central retinal artery occlusion, 507–508
central retinal vein occlusion, 508–509
central venous catheters, 207–208
cephalosporins, 457
c-erbB2 receptor status, breast cancer, 627
cerebellar signs, neurological examination, 927
cerebral aneurysms, 704
cerebral palsy, paediatric exams, 544–545
cerebral salt wasting, 296
cerebropontine angle tumours, 687
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 153, 755–756
aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, 709–710
brain, 440
colorectal cancer, 649
diagnostic cytology, 562
flow disorders, 705
hernias, 653
Hodgkin lymphoma, 374
indications for, 261
ischaemic colitis, 674
neurology, 460
orbital floor fractures, 719, 720
ovarian cancer, 467
strokes & TIAs, 454
thorax, 637
thunderclap headache, 453
cerebrovascular disease, bilateral visual loss, 510
cervical cancer, 467–468, 559–562
cervical disc disease, 706
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 560
cervical laminectomy, 706, 712
cervical mediastinoscopy, 644
cervical myelopathy, 953
cervicogenic headaches, 444
cancer see cervical cancer
CFTR gene, 594
CGA (comprehensive geriatric assessment), 246–249, 246–248
CHA2DS2-VASc risk factors, 183
challenge testing, 397
Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (1994), 617
Charcot’s triad, 791
CHD (congenital heart disease), 535–538, 544–545
chemical pathology, 558
chemotherapy, 487, 488, 490, 627
chest
cardiothoracic surgery history, 639
compression, 263, 264, 813, 907–908
drains (thoracostomy tubes), 592, 596, 640–641
ECG leads, 855
gastrointestinal examination, 913
life-threatening chest injuries, 258
thrusts in choking infants, 282
acute exacerbations of asthma, 600
bronchiectasis, 595
pulmonary embolism, 602
unstable angina, 189
chevron incision, 683
Chicago classification, achalasia, 782
Chikungunya virus infection, 405
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), 582
Child–Pugh scoring system, cirrhosis, 321
children
blood pressure measurement, 825
protection, 530
Chlamydia trachomatis infection, 355, 613
chlordiazepoxide, 323
chlorpromazine, 587
choking, paediatric emergency medicine, 281, 282
cholangiocarcinoma, 792
laparoscopic see laparoscopic cholecystectomy
choledocholithiasis (CBD stones), 791
cholera, 834
cholesteatoma, 687
cholitis, 791
chorea, 460
chorionic villus sampling, 347, 465
choroid plexus, 440
chromic haemolysis, 845
chromosomes
deletions, 343
chronic alcoholism, 275
chronic bronchitis, 593
chronic conditions, active conditions vs., 881–882
chronic eye disease, 501
chronic heart failure, 185
chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, 447
chronic kidney disease (CKD), 414, 425–427
chronic liver disease, 544–545, 911–912
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), 374
chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), 375
chronic venous disease, 776
Chvostek’s test, hypocalcaemia, 303
ciclosporin, 435
ciliary body, 500
anaphylaxis, 269
chest X-ray interpretations, 156, 157
critical care, 205
flaps, 745
circumcision, 803
circumduction, 45
CJD (Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease), 409, 448
CK (creatine kinase), 236, 424, 429, 831
CKD see chronic kidney disease (CKD)
clamshell incision, 683
Clarke’s test, knee examination, 957–958
classifications, anatomy, 44
clavicle, 69
clear cell ovarian cancer, 467
cleft lip and palate, plastic surgery, 734, 737–738
clerking, critical care, 204, 205
clindamycin, 354
clinic(s)
anaesthesia, 167
cardiothoracic surgery, 639
ear, nose and throat surgery, 687–689
genitourinary medicine, 353–363
infectious diseases, 400
oral and maxillofacial surgery, 716–717
respiratory medicine, 590, 593–597
revision strategies, 882
trauma & orthopaedic surgery, 750–756
audit cycle, 1021
contribution showcase, 1023
data analyses, 1022
data collection, 1022
implement change, 1022
incalcated degree, 86
involvement, 1022
project choice, 1020
quality improvement projects, 1023
re-audit, 1023
research vs., 1023
clinical chemistry, 847
clinical examination, 72, 896–899
awards and scholarships, 880
bad marks, 879
breaking bad news, 876
cardiovascular examination see cardiovascular examination
consent gaining, 876
curriculum vitae, 880
disabilities/extenuating circumstances, 879–880
end-of-the-bed observations, 898–899
examinations, 876
explaining a procedure, 876
formative vs. summative exams, 879
haematology exams, 392
history taking, 875
importance of, 896
intercalated degrees, 880
job applications & interviews, 880
marking, 878
merits and distinctions, 880
obstetrics see obstetrics & gynaecology examination
ophthalmology see ophthalmology examination
practical procedures, 876
psychiatry exams, 584
respiratory examination see respiratory examination
textbooks, 885
working of and structure, 72 see also objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs)
clinical fellowships (CFs), 1027
Clinical Frailty Scale, 234
clinical group presentations, 985
clinical iatrogenesis, 54
clinical learning, 36
clinical lectureships, 1027
clinical medicine, 126
electives, 1049
handover, 131
incalcated degree, 86
informal tutorials of, 128
introductions, 129
jobs, 130
motivation, 116
necessity of seeing patients, 146–152
on-call team shadowing, 129
outpatient clinics see outpatient clinics
patient presentation, 129
professionality, 130
reading, 130
responsibilities, 116–117, 118–120
share, 131
skills learnt, 114
teaching war rounds, 128
theatre see theatre
tips for survival, 123
value of being present, 115–116
ward rounds see ward rounds
clinical pathology, 102, 558–562
clinical research, 91–93, 1024–1027
audits, 1025
clinical audits vs., 1023
communication skills, 1034
definition, 1024
evidence-based medicine, 1024
findings communication, 96
foundation programmes, 1026
generic skills, 1034
getting the most from, 95
location, 1036
medical schools, 1026
mentors, 1037
methodologies, 1036
opportunities, 1036
project choice, 91
publications, 1037
report structure, 1039
research types, 91
self-belief, 1037
service evaluation, 1025
specialist trainings, 1026–1027
supervisor, 92
supervisors, 1037
technology, 1037
writing up, 1038–1041 see also research
clinical teacher development, 870
clinicopathological correlation (CPC), 563
clitoris, 805
clock-drawing test, 581
clonus, 953
clopidogrel, 189, 380, 454–455
closed fractures, hands, 739
closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF), 757
Clostridium difficile infection, 315, 320
Clostridium tetani infection, 409
clothes, starting study, 8
clotting screen (CT), 831
clotting studies see coagulation cascade
clozapine, 587
cluster, 56
cluster headaches, 444
CMV (cytomegalovirus) infection, 388
coagulation cascade, 377–378, 846
coarctation of the aorta, 540
Cockcroft–Gault equation, 849
coeliac disease (CD), 313, 652
coeliac trunk, 773
cognition assessment, 250, 585, 926
colchicine, 614
colectomy, 670
Coleman blood tests, 960
colonogram, 309
colonoscopy, 330, 331, 496, 654
cancer pathway, 649
imaging, 649
locations of, 650
management, 649
predisposing factors, 498
presentation, 649
red flag symptoms, 497
suspected cancer pathway, 651
colorectal surgery, 648
anterior resection, 669
cases to see, 648
common operations, 664
elective case, 648
investigations, 648
postoperative pyrexia, 673
procedures, 648
rectus sheath, 663
things to do, 648
trauma/emergency cases, 648
vascular supply, 664
colour testing, visual acuity, 939
combined hormonal contraceptives, 361
comedo, 216
common hepatic artery, 773
common iliac artery, 773
communicating hydrocephalus, 705
communication skills
breast surgery exams, 632
clinical examinations, 888, 892, 897–898
clinical research, 1034
genetics, 348
genitourinary medicine, 367
non-verbal see non-verbal communication skills
paediatric counselling station, 545–546
paediatric exams, 544
palliative medicine, 556
project choice, 1020
community paediatrics, 523, 534–542
autism spectrum disorder, 534
congenital heart disease, 535–538
congenital heart lesions, 539–542
developmental delay, 534
Down’s syndrome, 534
heart murmurs, 538
red book, 534
vaccination schedule, 535 see also paediatrics
community psychiatric nurses (CPNs), 569
community-acquired pneumonia, 598
compensated cirrhosis, 321–322
complement, 49
complete miscarriage, 464
complete molar pregnancies, 465
complex surgical patients, 204
compound (open) fractures, 761–762
compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 263, 264
computed tomography (CT), 654, 814–815
angiography, 735, 769, 770, 815
confidence interval (CI), 107
Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths (CEPOD), 780
confidentiality, 861, 862, 348, 353
confirmed case, 56
confusion, 242–244, 447–448 see also delirium; dementia
congenital abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), 425
congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 729
congenital heart lesions, 539–542
conjunctivitis, 506
connecting tubule, 68
Conn’s disease, 304
consanguinity, 345
consent, 861
gaining in clinical examination, 876
genetics exams, 348
consolidations, chest X-rays, 158
constipation, 232, 315–317, 533, 552
constitutional (general) symptoms, 150–151
constructive feedback, 21
contiguity, flaps, 745
examination, 238
incontinence predisposition, 237–238
investigations, 239
management, 239
normal changes, 237–238 see also urinary incontinence
continuity of care, 1003
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 191, 209, 597
contours, flaps, 745
contraceptives, 361, 350, 359–360
contrast agents, intravenous contrast agents, 153
contrast studies, fluoroscopy, 816, 817
contribution showcase, clinical audits, 1023
conus medullaris, 174
coordination, peripheral nerve examination, 924
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), 590, 593, 594
abdominal X-rays, 162
acute exacerbations of, 591, 598–601
Cope’s (obturator) sign, appendicitis, 676
core needle biopsy, 624
cornea, 500
coronal plane, 45
coronary angiography, 179, 637
coronary artery bypass surgery, 642
coronary syndrome, acute, 178, 188–190
coroners, 565
corpus cavernosum, 829
corpus spongiosum, 829
correlation, 107
Corrigan’s sign, 198
cortical collecting duct, 68
Corticosteroid Therapy of Septic Shock (CORTICUS study), 300
corticosteroids, 60
costal cartridges, rectus sheath, 664
coughs, 529
counter-current multiplier, genitourinary system, 67
coursework, 35
content, 25
length, 25
preclinical exam resources, 80
revision strategies, 887
situational judgement test, 1060–1061
CPAP see continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), 263, 264
crack, 216
cramming, preclinical exams preparation, 84
cranial nerve examination, 918–921
extra-oral examination, 723–724
facial nerve, 919
glossopharyngeal, vagus (X), hypoglossal (XII), 921
oculomotor, trochlear (IV), abducens (VI), 919
olfactory nerve, 918
paediatric examination, 963–965
spinal accessory, 921
trigeminal nerve, 919
vestibulocochlear nerve, 920
cranial pathologies, 704
cranial procedures, neurosurgery, 703
cranial ultrasound, neonates, 526
craniocaudal (CC) view, 626
craniosynostosis, plastic surgery, 738
Crank test, 951
creatinine (Cr), 324, 424, 849
cremaster, 669
cremation forms, 249
Creon®, 326
crepitations, 905
critical care, 200
cases to see, 200
investigations to see, 200, 204–211
procedures to see, 200, 204–211
critical limb ischaemia, 769
cross-matching, blood groups, 388
cross-sectional techniques, X-rays, 153
CRP (C-reactive protein), 236, 831, 847
crushing injuries, 278
cryoprecipitate, transfusion medicine, 388
cryptococcosis, HIV infection, 365
crystals, urine microscopy, 841
CS (Caesarean section), 463, 481, 482
C-spine injury, 718
CTPA (computed tomography pulmonary angiogram), 592, 602
cubital fossa, preclinical question examples, 78
cultural iatrogenesis, 54
curette and cautery (C&C), 229
curriculum knowledge, revision strategies, 881
curriculum vitae, clinical examination, 880
Cushing response, 709
Cushing’s syndrome, 294, 296, 304
Cushing’s triad, 709
customized growth chart, obstetrics & gynaecology, 463
CV (curriculum vitae), 1046
cyclizine, 551
cystic fibrosis, 544–545, 590, 594
cystogram, 818
cystoscopy, 803
cystourethrocoele, incontinence, 472
cysts, 216
cytogenic analysis, blood cells, 373
cytology, diagnostic, 562
cytopathology, 558
cytotoxic pharmacology, 52
D
DAFNE, 286
Daily Rounds - for Doctors, 38
damage control surgery (DTS), 763
DANISH mnemonic, 927
data
analyses, 1022
collection, 1022
distribution, 107
interpretation, 1034
presentation, 104
data sets, 107
day units, haematology, 371
DDAVP, diabetes insipidus, 295
De Musset’s sign, 198
death
certification, 249
cremation forms, 249
referrals, 565
verification of, 249
debridement and reconstructive plastic surgery, 742–743
decision-making, 862
Declaration of Helsinki, 1035
decompensated cirrhosis, compensated vs., 321–322
decompensated liver disease, 915
decubitus ulcers, plastic surgery, 737
deep, 46
deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) flap, 721
deep dermal thickness burns, 740–741
deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP), 631, 735
deep partial thickness burns, 740–741
DEFG (don’t ever forget glucose), 261, 853–854
defibrillation, 265
definitive airway, indications, 258
degenerative spinal disease, 703, 705
dehydration, palliative medicine, 552
delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 791
delayed union, fracture healing complications, 755
DELERIUM mnemonic, 242
deliberate self-harm, 577
delirium, 447
common causes, 242
dementia vs., 243
urinary incontinence, 238 see also dementia
Delorme’s procedure, 661
delusional perceptions, Schneider’s first rank symptoms, 573–574
delusions, psychosis, 572
assessment, 239
delirium vs., 243
diagnosis, 239
fronto-temporal dementia, 448, 449, 581
management, 240
mixed dementia, 448
types of, 448
vascular dementia, 448, 449, 581 see also delirium
dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 448, 449–450, 581
demographic transition, 54
dendritic cell, 49
Dengue shock syndrome, 405
Denovilliers’ fascia, 829
dental trauma, 720
dentate process, 500
departmental directory, supervisor choice, 92
depression, 45, 251–252, 553–554, 575
Deprivation of Liberty Safeguarding (DoLS) order, 244
dermatitis, 225 see also eczema
autoimmune disorders, 225
cases to see, 214
descriptors, 216
genetic disorders, 343
image banks, 214
lesions, 214
previous practise, 215
procedures to see, 215
skin cancers, 217
dermatomes, 920
dermatomyositis, 617
descending colostomy, 682
descriptive epidemiology, 57
desk preparation, exam techniques, 974
DESMOND, 286
development red flags, paediatric examination, 965
developmental delay, 534, 965–966, 967
dextrose, cardiac arrest in children, 266–267
DHx see drug history (DHx)
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), 289, 516
diabetes insipidus, 295, 296, 304
diabetes mellitus, 286, 287–288, 304
blood glucose measurements, 847
diabetic maculopathy, 515, 516
diabetic retinopathy, 515, 516
diagnosis, 287
examination, 305
paediatric clinics, 533
type 2, 287
diabetic ketoacidosis, 299
diabetic maculopathy, 515, 516
diabetic retinopathy, 501, 514, 515
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5), 568
diagnostic cytology, 562
diagnostic hysteroscopy, 480
diagnostic laparoscopy, 479
dial test, knee examination, 957–958
dialysis access, 414, 417, 432–433
diamorphine, 189
diarrhoea, 275, 314, 490, 528–529, 552
diastolic murmurs, 900
diazepam, 451
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), 382
dichorionic twin pregnancy, 464
diet
burnout avoidance, 19
diabetes mellitus management, 288
irritable bowel disease, 312
digital photographs, ophthalmology, 517
digital subtraction aneurysms, 704
dignity, 862
dilators, 58
diloxanide furoate, 404
DIPJs (distal interphalangeal joints), 619–620
diplopia, 940
dipyridamole, 455
direct hernias, 653
direct inguinal hernias, 684
direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS), 870
disability
critical care, 205
emergency medicine, 267
FAST (focused assessment sonography in trauma), 261
discectomies, 706
discharge, cognition assessment in elderly, 242
discovery, clinical research, 1031
Discretionary Funds (Scotland), 14
discussion, research papers, 1040
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), 445, 612–613, 613
dislocations, 753
disorganized thinking, confusion assessment method, 242
dissections, 33
disseminated gonococcal disease, 364
definition, 991
independent learning, 992
proposal writing, 993
references, 994
supervisor, 993
topic choice, 991
dissociation curve, oxyhaemoglobin, 61
distal convoluted tubule, 68
distal pancreatectomy, 795
distal radius (wrists) fracture, 763
distance acuity testing, 937, 938
distinctions, clinical examination, 880
disulfiram, 323
diuretics, 58, 67, 185, 238, 246, 415–416
dobutamine, 201
Doctors Academy, 887
documentation, 5
domperidone, 443
don’t ever forget glucose see DEFG (don’t ever forget glucose)
dopexamine, 201
dorsal aspect, hand examination, 944
dorsal plane, 45
dorzolamide, 503
Down’s syndrome, 347, 465, 483–484, 534
DRE (digital rectal examination), 656–657
dress code, placements, 37
drinking societies, extracurricular activities, 1015
driving offences, extracurricular activities, 1015
drop sign, 950
drug history (DHx)
anaesthesia, 167
clinical examinations, 891
ear, nose and throat exams, 695
mnemonic, 893
neurosurgery exams, 713
obstetrics & gynaecology exams, 484
ophthalmology examination, 936
psychiatric assessment, 584
rheumatology exams, 618
vascular surgery exams, 775
DRUGS mnemonic, 893
dry age-related macular degeneration, 514
dry eye, 507
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), 755–756
dual inguinal hernias, 682
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 345–346
duct ectasia, 628
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 626
ductus deferens, 805
due date calculation, 463
Duke’s classification, colorectal cancer staging, 649–650
Dunphy’s sign, appendicitis, 676
duodenojejunal flexure (DJF), 730
duodenum, endocrinology, 65
duplex ultrasound scanning, 766, 769
Dupuytren’s contracture, 321–322
dura, 174
duties, ward rounds, 132
DVLA (Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency), 451
DVT (deep vein thrombosis), 378–379, 478
dynamic endocrine tests, 286
dyslipidaemia, 298
dysmorphic features, paediatric examination, 963–965
dysphagia, 313
dystonia, 460
E
ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery, 686
cases to see, 686
investigations, 689
paediatric examination, 962
procedures to see, 686
early revision, exam techniques, 973
early starts, preclinical exam preparation, 76, 83
early total care (ETC), 763
early-goal-directed therapy (EGDT), 276
earn their trust, paediatric surgery, 726
eating disorders, 583
EBV (Epstein–Barr virus) infection, 406–407
echocardiography, 178
cardiomyopathies, 186
infective endocarditis, 192
transoesophageal echocardiography, 178
transthoracic echocardiography, 178, 637
echolalia, 578
echopraxia, 578
economic considerations, 5, 11–12 see also funding sources
ECT see electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
ectopic pregnancies, 473
eczema, 218, 219, 226–228, 230
ED (emergency department), 124, 812
education, project choice, 1020
educational performance measure (EPM), 1059–1060
Edwards syndrome, 347
EEG (electroencephalography), 240–241, 439–440
effusions
knee examination, 956
respiratory examination, 906
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, 636–637
Eisenmenger’s syndrome, 540, 541–542
instability, 948
look, 947
movement, 948
ossification centres, 532
provocation tests, 948
appendicitis, 676
clinics, 235–241 see also continence clinics; falls clinics; memory clinics
common syndromes (six ’I’s), 232
comprehensive geriatric assessment, 246–249, 246–248
discharge planning, 242
drug history taking, 246
falls, 242
frailty, 234
functional status assessment, 242
hazardous drugs, 247
immobility, 245
MDT, 232
physiology of ageing, 233
prescribing tips, 247
psychiatry, 581
rehabilitation, 245
ward rounds, 246
younger patients vs., 232
E-learning resources, 124
elective career decisions, 998
elective case, colorectal surgery, 648
clinical placement, 1049
information sources, 1048, 1056
prizes, 1042
research project, 1049
electrocardiogram (ECG), 855
basic rhythms, 187
complex, 179
exercise ECG testing, 187
lead placement, 856
pulmonary embolism, 602
unstable angina, 189
wards on, 135
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 578
electron cytometry, 564
electrophysiology, cardiovascular system, 58
elevation, 45
elimination enhancement, substance misuse management, 272
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), 105
ellaOne® (ulipristol), 359–360
embolectomy, 773
emergence from general anaesthesia, 173
emergency contraceptives, 359–360
emergency history taking, 152
emergency (hot) laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 791
emergency medicine (EM), 254–255
airway maintenance with cervical spine protection, 256–257
anaphylaxis, 267
breathing and ventillation, 257, 258
cardiac arrest, 263–265 see also cardiac arrest
cardiothoracic surgery, 640–641
DEFG (don’t ever forget glucose), 261
defibrillation, 265
disability, 267
ear, nose and throat surgery, 690–691
environment control, 262
FAST (focused assessment sonography in trauma), 260
genitourinary medicine, 364–365
haematology, 390
infectious diseases, 400
normal paediatric observations, 270
obstetrics & gynaecology, 473–478
oncology, 490
oral and maxillofacial surgery, 718–720
paediatric resuscitation, 267
paediatrics, 281–284, 522, 527–532
primary survey, 256
respiratory medicine, 591, 598–607
secondary survey, 262
trauma imaging, 262
trauma & orthopaedic surgery, 761–763
unconscious patients, 265
upper gastrointestinal surgery, 780
urology, 806
vascular surgery, 770
wound care see wound care
emotional abuse, paediatrics, 530
emotionally unstable borderline personality disorder, 577
empathy, breaking bad news, 876–877
employment, funding sources, 14
EMQs (extended matching questions), 73, 586–587, 971, 978
encapsulation, poster presentations, 98
encephalitis, HSV infection complications, 364
encephalopathy, liver see hepatic encephalopathy
end colostomy, 670
end matter, clinical examinations, 888
end of life care, 246
cremation forms, 249
death certification, 249
death, verification of, 249
treatment withholding, 248 see also palliative medicine
endemic, 56
endocarditis, 51
infective see infective endocarditis
endocervical swabs, gonorrhoea, 355
endocrinology, 286
cases to see, 286
clinical examinations, 892
diseases in, 304
elderly care, 233
examination, 305
procedures to see, 286
things to do, 286
thyroid disorders see thyroid disorders
end-of-the-bed observations, 898–899
endogenous endophthalmitis, 505
endometrial cancer, 466
endophthalmos, 719
endoscopic examinations, proctology, 657
endoscopy, 309
acute upper GI bleeding, 329
capsule endoscopy, 309
gastroenterology, 330
hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, 789
upper gastrointestinal surgery, 780, 781
endotracheal tube, critical care, 206
endovascular clot retrieval, 455
end-stage liver disease, 851
engagement, obstetrics examination, 931
engagement tools, paediatric exams, 544
ENT see ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery
Entamoeba infection, 405
entecavir, 317
enteric bacterial infections, 411
enteropathic spondyloarthropathy, 613
entertainment, economic considerations, 12
Entonox®, colonoscopy, 330
entry requirements, medical school choice, 25–26
eosinophilia, 393
epicondylitis, lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow), 948
EPICure studies, 525
epidemics, 56
epidemiology
descriptive, 57
studies, 1029
teaching module, 30
epididymis, 805
epidural anaesthesia, 174, 175
epidural space, 174
epigastric hernias, 652
epigastric incision, 683
epigastric pain, 675
epigastrium, 914
episiotomy, 482
epithelial cells, urine microscopy, 841
epithelial ovarian cancer, 467
ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography), 330, 333, 781, 792
erythema, 214
erythrodermic psoriasis, 219
Escherichia coli infection, 315, 405
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), 831, 847
essay questions, 980
evidence, 990
preclinical exams, 74
preclinical medicine, 43
restrictions, 990
written exams, 971
Essential Anatomy app, 80
essential statistics, 104, 107–110
clinical research, 1034
data distribution, 107
data set descriptions, 107
hypothesis description, 107
software, 109
statistical significance, 108
tests of statistical significance, 108
essential thrombocytosis (ET), 376
estimated date of delivery (EDD), 463
estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), 849
ethics, 860
clinical research, 1032, 1034, 1035
consensus statement, 861
preclinical question examples, 77
etiquette, theatre in, 143
Euratesim®, malaria treatment, 403
European Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status Scale, 491
European Dexamethasone Study, 457
EUS (endoscopic ultrasound), 781
evacuation of retained products of conception (ERPC/ERPOC/EVAC), 464, 479
evaluation, diabetes mellitus management, 288
EVAR (endovascular aneurysm repair), 770, 771–772
eversion, 45
evidence-based medicine, 1024
examination
anaesthesia, 167
cardiothoracic surgery exams, 646
case presentations, 868
clinical examination, 876
clinical medicine, 123
colorectal surgery exams, 684
dermatology, 230
ear, nose and throat exams, 696
endocrinology, 305
falls clinics, 236
genitourinary medicine, 351–352, 367–368
neurology, 460
neurosurgery exams, 714
oncology exams, 497
oral and maxillofacial surgery exams, 723
paediatric exams, 545
respiratory medicine exams, 608
tropical diseases, 411
vascular surgery exams, 775–776
examination videos, 885
exams/exam techniques, 973–975
afterwards, 975
alarm clocks, 974
bathroom habits, 974
breast surgery, 632
cardiothoracic surgery, 645–646
clinical medicine, 115
desk preparation, 974
ear, nose and throat surgery, 695–699
early revision, 973
equipment, 974
essay questions, 980
during exam, 975
exam length, 973
exam type, 973
extended matching questions, 978
genetics, 348
genitourinary medicine, 366–368
length, 973
multiple choice questions see multiple choice questions (MCQ)
obstetrics & gynaecology, 483–484
oral and maxillofacial surgery, 723–724
outfit, 974
palliative medicine, 556
pathology, 565
practise, 973
preclinical see preclinical exams
prescribing skills assessment, 981–982
prizes for performance, 1042
short answer questions, 979
timings, 974
trauma & orthopaedic surgery, 764
urology, 807
excess secretions, palliative medicine, 552
excessive diuresis, 238
exclusion criteria, early-goal-directed therapy, 276
excoriation, 214
exercise, burnout avoidance, 19
exercise ECG testing, 187
exercise stress tests, 179
exome testing, 347
expedition medicine, 1049
experimental workshops, 33
expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP), 210, 597
explanations
breast surgery exams, 632
genetics exams, 348
expressivity, autosomal dominant disorders, 344
extension, 45
hand examination, 944
knee examination, 957
extensor digitorum longus muscle, 69
external beam radiotherapy, 487
external fixation, trauma surgery, 758
external iliac artery, 773
external oblique muscle, 69, 664, 669
external opportunities, incalcated degree, 90
external spermatic fascia, 669
external university, incalcated degree, 90
external urethral meatus, 829
external urethral sphincter, 829
external ventricular drain insertion, 703
extra study, incalcated degree, 87–88
extracurricular activities, 1012–1015
extradural haematoma, 708
extragenital examinations, genitourinary medicine, 368
extra-oral examination, oral and maxillofacial surgery exams, 723–724
extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 405–406
extrasphincteric anal fistulae, 662
eye
anatomy, 500
cardiovascular examination, 902
extra-oral examination, 723–724
gastrointestinal examination, 913 see also ophthalmology
eye disease, 501
Eylea®, wet age-related macular degeneration, 514
F
face
fractures, 718
gastrointestinal examination, 913
respiratory examination, 907–908
trauma, 718
X-rays, 719
facial nerve examination, 919
FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting), 105
Faculty of Public Health, 55
faecal elastase testing, 326
faecal impaction, 316
failing, preclinical exams, 81
failure to thrive, paediatric clinics, 533
faints, paediatric congenital heart disease, 537
fallopian tubes, 805
causes of falls, 237
examination, 236
fall prevention, 236
history taking, 235
risk factors, 235
falls, drug risks, 248
falx cerebri, axial MRI, 440
family history (FHx)
clinical examinations, 891
ear, nose and throat exams, 695
fronto-temporal dementia, 449
genetics, 343
neurology exams, 459
neurosurgery exams, 713
oncology exams, 497
ophthalmology examination, 936
psychiatric assessment, 584
rheumatology exams, 618
fasting, anaesthesia, 168
fasting plasma glucose, diabetes mellitus diagnosis, 287
fat necrosis, breast surgery, 629
FBC (full blood count), 189, 190–191, 831, 843–844
FCF (Financial Contingency Fund), 14
FDP see flexor digitorum profundum (FDP)
FDS see flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendons
febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reactions, 389
feedback, 21
feeding problems, neonates, 525
feel
elbow examination, 947
foot and ankle examination, 958–959
hand examination, 944
hip examination, 954
knee examination, 956
orthopaedic examination, 942
shoulder examination, 949
spine examination, 952
female examinations, genitourinary medicine, 353–363
female infertility, 469
female reproductive system, 805
femoral incision, 683
femoral vein, dialysis line insertion, 432
femur, 69
femur neck fractures, 758
Fermentable, Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharide and Polyols (FODMAP) diet, 312
ferritin, renal failure, 424
fetal blood sampling, 481
fetal circulation, congenital heart disease, 535–537
fever, paediatrics, 528
fibroadenomas, 628
Fibroscan®, hepatitis C, 317–319
fibula, 69
field, project choice, 1019–1020
figures, research papers, 1041
filariasis, lymphoedema, 553
filum terminalis, 174
Finalmed, 887
finances, incalcated degree, 87–88
finasteride, 799
finding project, incalcated degree, 90
fingers
deformities, 946
flexion/extension/abduction, 619–620
peripheral nerve examination, 925
first degree AV block, ECG, 184
first tarsometatarsal joint, 959
first-hand experience, general practice, 340
FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization), 373, 564
fistula, 655
Fit to Sit policy, 81
five B’s, 615
5-alpha reductase, 799
5-ASA (aminosalicylic acid), 311
5-fluorouracil/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (FEC), breast cancer, 627
5Rs, fluid balance, 436
fixation, orthopaedic management, 752
flap valves, 784
flaps
major flaps, 721
oral and maxillofacial surgery, 721, 722
flexibility, paediatric exams, 544
flexible nasoendoscopy, 686
flexible sigmoidoscopy, 330
flexion, 45
Flexion Abduction and External Rotation (FABER) test, hip examination, 955
flexor digitorum profundum (FDP), 759–760, 945
flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendons, 759–760, 945
flexor pollicis longus (FPL), 759–760, 945
flexor retinaculum, carpal tunnel anatomy, 759–760
flexural psoriasis, 219
flights, travel arrangements, 1053
floor of mouth, intra-oral examination, 724
fluid aspiration, pneumothorax, 592
fluid collections, acute pancreatitis, 794
fluid imbalance correction, renal failure, 418–419
fluid management, chronic kidney disease, 426
fluid resuscitation, burns, 741
fluid status evaluation, 295
fluoroquinolones, 405
fluoroscopic contrast studies, upper gastrointestinal surgery, 781
fluoroscopy, 816
FNA (fine needle aspiration), 494, 562
FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology), plastic surgery, 735
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 423
focal (partial) seizures, 452
focused assessment sonography in trauma (FAST), emergency medicine, 260
focused inspection, peripheral nerve examination, 922
focused learning, clinical medicine, 116
Fogarty catheter, 773
Foley catheters, 807
follow-up, breaking bad news, 876–877
food bills, economic considerations, 11
foot and ankle examination, 958–960
gait, 958
look, 958
movement, 959
muscle testing, 960
foot drop, 943
foot movement, 925
foot problems, immobility, 245
forceps delivery, 482
forearm movement, peripheral nerve examination, 925
forearm rotation, elbow examination, 948
foreign language skills, electives, 1051
forensic history, psychiatric assessment, 585
forensic pathology, 559
foreskin, paediatric surgery, 727
forget failure, clinical examinations, 890
formal teaching, 124
formative assessments, 72, 879, 971, 972
Foundation Programme Application System (FPAS), 1058, 1061
foundation programme applications, 1058–1061
clinical research, 1026
components, 1059
educational performance measure, 1059–1060
situational judgement test, 1060
submission of online application, 1059
timing, 1058
types, 1058
foundation training, general practice, 339
4R algorithm, fracture management, 753
FPL see flexor pollicis longus (FPL)
fractures
ankle fracture, 762
bone healing, 753
closed hand fractures, 739
complications, 756
distal radius (wrists) fracture, 763
femur neck fractures, 758
guardsman’s fracture, 718
healing complications, 755
hip fractures, 761
immobility, 245
management, 753
mandibular fracture, 718
neck of femur fractures, 758
NOF fractures, 762
non-union fracture healing, 755
open (compound) fractures, 761–762
orbital floor fractures, 719
panfacial fractures, 719
trauma/fracture clinic, 751–753
X-rays, 753
fragmented red blood cells, 371–372
frailty, elderly care, 234
Frank–Starling graphs, 78
free flaps, breast reconstruction, 631
frequency, 107
fresh frozen plasma (FFP), 388
Fresher’s meeting day, 16
Freshers’ night, 16
Freshers’ week, 16
friends, burnout avoidance, 18
frontal lobe, 63
frontal lobe test, 581
frontal sinus, axial MRI, 440
fronto-temporal dementia, 448, 449, 581
fronto-temporo-parietal trauma craniotomy, 711–712
full-thickness skin grafts, 721, 743–744
fulminant liver failure, 324
functional enquiry, clinical examinations, 892
functional signs, neurological examination, 927
functional status assessment, elderly, 242
functional tests, hand examination, 945
funding
Access to Learning Fund, 14
career taster weeks, 1064–1065
charities, 15
clinical research projects, 92–93
employment, 14
extracurricular activities, 1014
lack in clinical research, 1033
maintenance grant, 13
medical school prizes, 15
organizations, 13
overdrafts, 13
parents/guardians, 14
prize money, 14
project choice, 1020
scholarships, 15
state benefits, 14
student loans, 13
fundoscopy, 508, 511, 513, 940
fundus, 500
fundus fluorescein angiography, 517
furosemide, 191
FY1 (Foundation Year One), 134–135
G
GA (general anaesthetic), 166, 173, 451
gadolinium-enhanced MRI, optic neuritis, 511
gait
clinical types, 943
foot and ankle examination, 958
hip examination, 954
knee examination, 956
orthopaedic examination, 943, 943
Parkinsonism, 926
peripheral nerve examination, 922
spine examination, 952
galantamine, dementia management, 450
Galleazzi’s test, hip examination, 955
gallstone disease, 790
gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), 324, 325, 850
gastrectomy, 786
gastric bypass, 787
gastric cancer see stomach cancer
gastric lavage, 272
gastric protection, 417
gastritis, 313
gastrocnemius muscle, 69
endoscopy department, 330
procedures to see, 308
gastrointestinal atresia, 728
gastrointestinal drugs, risks in elderly, 248
gastrointestinal examination, 910–916
abdominal distension, 910
abdominal masses, 910
aorta, 911
bladder, 911
bowel, 911
gall bladder, 911
kidney transplant, 911
liver, 910
malabsorption, 916
pattern of findings, 915
question anticipation, 916
spleen, 910
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 328–329
cancer, 498
causes of falls, 237
critical care, 205
genetic disorders, 343
obstetrics & gynaecology exams, 484
paediatric examination, 963
pathology specimens, 559
physiology, 781
preclinical medicine, 62
support in critical care, 202–211
symptoms, 892
gastrojejunostomy, 787
gastroschisis, neonatal surgery, 729
GCP (Good Clinical Practice), 95, 1035
gene panels, 347
general inspection, 898–899, 917, 933
general practice (GPs), 336–337
assessment, 339
career development, 339
experience gained, 340
foundation training, 339
placements, 37
skills needed, 337
general principles, genitourinary medicine, 353
general (constitutional) symptoms, history taking, 150–151
general well-being, obstetrics examination, 930
generalized anxiety disorders (GADs), 579
generalized features, regional vs. in rheumatology, 610
generalized seizures, 452
generic grading system for cancer, 492
generic science skills, 104
genetic testing, non-invasive prenatal genetic testing, 347
autosomal dominant disorders, 343
autosomal recessive disorders, 344–345
breast surgery, 626
carrier frequency, 345
carrier testing, 345
cascade testing, 345
common disorders by speciality, 343
consanguinity, 345
exams, 348
mitochondrial, 346
multifactorial, 346
predictive testing, 344
procedures to see, 343
sex chromosomes, 346
teaching module, 30
things to do, 343
variants, 347
genital discharge, 350
genital ulceration, 350, 356–358
genital warts, 358
genitourinary medicine, 350–352
clinical examinations, 892
examination procedures, 351–352
general principles, 353
paediatric examination, 963
preclinical medicine, 67
things to do, 351
genome testing, 347
geriatric giants, 232
germ cell cancer, 467, 564, 800–801
gestational diabetes, 287
gestational trophoblastic disease, 465
GET SMASHED mnemonic, 325
GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase), 324
giant cell arteritis, 511, 616
Giardia infection, traveller’s diarrhoea, 405
Gibson incision, 683
gingivae, intra-oral examination, 724
glands, intra-oral examination, 724
Glasgow Coma scale, 203–204, 702, 707
glass injuries, hand trauma, 739
Gleason grading system, prostate cancer, 494
gliclazide, 289
global developmental delay, paediatric examination, 965
Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score, 189
globus pallidus, axial MRI, 440
glomerular capillary, 68
glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 416
glossopharyngeal nerve examination, 921
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, 289
glue, wound closure, 280
gluteus maximus muscle, 69
glycated haemoglobin, 287, 831
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, 189–190
glycopyrronium, excess secretions, 552
GMC (General Medical Council), 75, 1065
goals, project choice, 1019–1020
golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis), 948
gonadal artery, 773
gonads, 64
gonococcal disease, disseminated, 364
gonorrhoea, 355
Goodsall’s rule, anal fistulae, 662, 663
GORD (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease), 77, 313, 784–785
Gottron’s papules, 617
governance skills, clinical research, 1034, 1035
government funding, clinical research, 1029
grading, 559
graduate students, 5
Gram stain, CSF neurology, 460
grammar check, essays, 989
grant proposal and study design, incalcated degree, 86
granular cast, urine microscopy, 841
granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), 390
granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), 423
Great Ormond Street Charity, 1030
grey matter, axial MRI, 440
gridiron incision, 683
grip strength, rheumatology exams, 619–620
grommet insertion, 693
gross topology, 44
growth and differentiation disorders, 47, 544
growth charts, community paediatrics, 535, 536
growth hormone, overproduction, 293
GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) spray, 189
guardsman’s fracture, 718
Guedel airway, 206
Guillain–Barré syndrome, 439, 447, 456–457
Gustillo–Anderson classification, 740
guttate psoriasis, 219
H
H0 (null hypothesis), 107
H1, 107
H2 receptor antagonists, 785
HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy), 362
haematemesis, 328
haematocrit, 843
cases to see, 370
critical care, 205
emergency department, 390
MDT, 377
procedures to see, 370
teaching module, 31
things to do, 371
haematoma, extradural haematoma, 708
haematopoietic sickle cell transplantation (HSCT), 376
haemofiltration, 211
glycated see glycated haemoglobin
haemoglobin Bart’s (--/--), 385, 424
haemoglobin H (HbH) disease, 385
haemolysis, chromic, 845
haemolytic anaemia, 386
acquired, 386
alloimmune, 386
autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, 386
hereditary haemolytic anaemia, 386
immune haemolytic anaemia, 386
non-immune haemolytic anaemia, 386
haemolytic crisis, 384
haemolytic reactions, transfusion medicine, 389
haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), 380
haemopoietic tumours, WHO, 373
haemorrhages
aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, 709–710
antepartum, 473
antepartum haemorrhage, 473
blot haemorrhages, 515
intraventricular haemorrhage, neonates, 524–525
major haemorrhage, 389
neonatal intraventricular haemorrhage, 524–525
retrobulbar haemorrhage, 718–719
severe intracranial haemorrhage, 204
subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), 204, 702
subconjunctival haemorrhage see subconjunctival haemorrhage
subdural haemorrhage, 702
traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage, 708
traumatic subconjunctival haemorrhage, 507
variceal bleeding, 329
vitreous haemorrhage, 509
haemorrhagic fevers, 411
haemorrhagic shock management, 259–260
haemorrhagic stroke management, 455
haemorrhoidectomy, 658
haemorrhoidopexy, stapled, 659
haemorrhoids, 657
classification of internal, 658
incidence, 657
investigations, 658
pathophysiology, 657
risks, 657
symptoms, 658
types, 658
haemovigilance, 387
halls of residence, 6
hallucinations, 449, 572, 573–574
hallux, foot and ankle examination, 959
hallux vulgaris (bunions), 750–751
Hammersmith, 887
hamstrings, 69
hand examination, 944
cardiovascular examination, 902–903
feel, 944
finger deformities, 946
functional tests, 945
gastrointestinal examination, 912–913
look, 944
movement, 945
muscles, 945
pathology-specific tests, 945
respiratory examination, 907–908
hand hygiene, 823
hand-held Doppler ultrasound (US) probe, 777
handover, clinical medicine teaching, 131
handwashing, OSCEs, 823
Hartmann’s procedure, 670, 677, 678
Hawkins and Kennedy sign/test, 950
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), 493, 801
hCH (human chorionic gonadotropin), 462–463
head and neck cancer, 686, 689
head and neck surgery see ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery
head of pancreas (HOP) mass, 792
headaches, 275, 438, 443, 444, 453, 529
definitions, 55
foreign travel, 1053, 1054–1055
questionnaires, 7
hearing aid, stethoscope, 9
heart
cardiothoracic surgery history, 639
investigations in paediatric congenital heart disease, 538
paediatric congenital heart disease, 537–538
surgical risks, 169 see also cardiac system; cardiology
heart attack see cardiac arrest
chest X-rays, 161
chronic, 185
medical treatment, 185
heart murmur, right-sided vs. left-sided, 900–901
heart murmurs, community paediatrics, 538
heart valve prosthetics, 643
heartburn, 784
height, paediatric examination, 965–966
Heinz bodies, 845
Helicobacter pylori infection, 313, 314, 786
helminth infections, soil-transmitted, 404
hemiparesis, 460
hemispheric lesions, 928
Henoch–Schönlein purpura, 225
heparin, 380
low-molecular weight heparin, 189–190, 380, 603
hepatic encephalopathy, 322–323, 912
vaccination, 1054
HIV infection, 363
treatment, 317
vaccination, 7
hepatitis B vaccination, 317, 1054
hepatitis C, 317–319, 363, 850–851
hepatobiliary system, 62, 559–560
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 323
hepatojugular reflux test, jugular venous pressure, 901–902
hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery, 789
pancreatic disease, 794
pancreatic surgery, 795
procedures to see, 789
things to do, 789 see also upper gastrointestinal (UGI) surgery
hepatorenal syndrome, 430
HER-2 receptors, 494, 564, 627
Herceptin® (trastuzumab), 494, 628
hereditary haemolytic anaemia, 386
hernia-en-glissade, 682
hernias
classification, 682
composition, 683
congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 729
direct hernias, 653
epigastric hernias, 652
examination, 680–681, 682, 683
femoral hernia see femoral hernia
groin lumps vs., 653
hernia-en-glissade, 682
hiatus hernia, 784
incarcerated hernia, 682
indirect hernias, 653
inguinal see inguinal hernias
investigations, 653
irreducible hernias, 682
Lichtenstein hernia repair, 665–666, 667, 668, 669, 670
mesh repair, 666
obstructed hernia, 682
orifices on abdominal X-rays, 164
paraumbilical hernia, 652
reducible hernias, 682
reduction-en-mass hernia, 682
rolling hiatus hernia, 784
saddlebag inguinal hernias, 682
sliding hiatus hernia, 784
Spigellian hernia, 652
strangulated hernias, 358, 682
umbilical hernia, 727
herniogram, 653
herniorrhaphy, 727
herpes zoster (shingles), 407–408
herpetic dermatitis, 225
hiatus hernia, 784
hiatus, incalcated degree, 86–87
high stepping, orthopaedic examination, 943
Hinchey classification, diverticulitis, 677
hip
contractures, 956
fractures, 761
feel, 954
gait, 954
hip contractures, 956
impingement tests, 955
look, 954
measurements, 955
peripheral nerve examination, 925
Hip Extension ADduction, External Rotation (HEADER) test, 955
Hippocrates, 55
Hirschsprung’s disease, 730
histology, teaching module, 30
histopathology, 558
history of presenting complaint (HPC), 148–149
ALONE mnemonic, 625
breast surgery, 625
case presentations, 868
ear, nose and throat exams, 695
psychiatric assessment, 584
rheumatology exams, 618
seizures, 452
vascular surgery exams, 775
history station
cardiothoracic surgery exams, 645–646
dermatology, 230
ear, nose and throat exams, 695
genetics, 348
genitourinary medicine, 366–367
haematology exams, 391
neurology exams, 459
oncology exams, 497
ophthalmology examination, 936–937
respiratory medicine exams, 608
rheumatology exams, 618
vascular surgery exams, 775
history taking, 148
anaesthesia, 167
breast surgery exams, 632
clinical medicine, 123
colorectal surgery exams, 679
emergency history, 152
falls clinics, 235
gastroenterology exams, 332
gynaecology, 152
history of presenting complaint, 148–149
interpreters, 152
mnemonics, 893
neurological examination, 917
obstetrics, 152
obstetrics & gynaecology exams, 483
paediatric exams, 545
paediatrics, 151
pain, 149
past medical history, 149
presentation, 152
social history, 150
tropical diseases, 411
wards on, 135
HIV infection, 351
consent for testing, 362
health abroad, 1055
neurological problems, 457
HLA, coeliac disease diagnosis, 313
HLA-B27, anterior uveitis (iritis), 505
hobbies, burnout avoidance, 19
Hoffman’s sign, 953
hold, orthopaedic management, 752
holidays/vacations, 7
holistic review, dying patient care, 555–556
Hollinger’s laws of airway, 281
Holmes–Adie pupil, 938
home, free time, 124
Home Office License, animal research, 104
home treatment teams, 582
home-living, 5
hookworms, 404
hormonal feedback, 65
Hornblower’s sign, 950
hospitals
staff, 1048
hot potato voice, Ludwig’s angina, 719–720
hot, swollen joints, 763
Hounsfield unit (HU), 814
household goods, starting study, 8
Howell–Jolly bodies, 371–372, 845
HSV (herpes simplec virus) infection, 364
Hudson’s mask, 258
Hueston tabletop test, 945
humerus, 69
hungry bone syndrome, 303
Huntington’s disease, 448
hyaline casts, urine microscopy, 841
hydralazine, 475
hydrocoele, 803
hydroxycarbamide, 385
hyoscine butylbromide/hydrobromide, 552
hypercalcaemia, 297–298, 302, 428, 487, 488–489, 852
hypercoagulability, 378
hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state, 299–300
hyperinflation, 598
hyperkinetic disorders, 460
hyperparathyroidism, 304, 426, 435
hypersensitivity/autoimmunity, 48
hypertension
blood pressure measurement, 824
clinic in, 181
haemorrhagic shock, 260
management, 825
portal system see portal hypertension
pre-eclampsia, 474 see also blood pressure measurement
hyperthermia, malignant, 176
hyperthyroidism, 290, 291, 305
hypertonic saline, 302
hypochondriasis, psychiatry clinic, 580
hypogastrium area, 914
hypoglobus, 719
hypoglossal (XII) nerve examination, 921
hypoglycaemia, 300
hypokalaemia, 848
hypomania, 575
hyponatraemia, 295–296, 301–302
hypoparathyroidism, 304
hypopituitarism, 294
hypospadias, paediatric surgery, 731
hypothalamus, 64
hypothalamus disorders, 292–296, 294
hypoxia, neonates, 524
hysterosalpingogram, 817
I
IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), 310–311, 651, 652
ibuprofen, 443
ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases 10), 55, 582
ICP (intracranial pressure), 261, 703
idiopathic intracranial hypertension, 439, 441
idiopathic thrombocytopenia, 370
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), 382
IHD (ichaemic heart disease), 636
ileostomy, 682
iliac area, 914
iliopsoas sign, 676
imaging
breast surgery, 626
colorectal cancer, 649
necrotizing fasciitis, 228
strokes & TIAs, 454 see also computed tomography (CT); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); radiology
immediate symptoms, late symptoms vs., 881–882
immobility, elderly care, 232, 245
immundeficiency, 48
immune complexes, 423
immune haemolytic anaemia, 386
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), 362
immunofluorescence, 564
immunohistochemistry, 564
immunohistocytochemistry, 373
immunology, 396
clinics, 397
deficiencies, 50
exams, 397
patient examples, 396
procedures, 397
teaching module, 31
impingement tests
hip examination, 955
shoulder examination, 950
implement change, clinical audits, 1022
inattention, confusion assessment method, 242
choice of, 89
clinical research projects, 91–93 see also clinical records
finding project and application, 90
projects, 86
reasons for, 89
incarcerated hernia, 682
incident pain, 551
incised wounds, 278
incisions, 683
incomplete miscarriage, 464
incubation periods, tropical diseases, 411
independent learning, dissertations, 992
independent mental capacity advocates (IMCA), 569
indirect hernias, 653
indirect inguinal hernias, 652, 684
individual study, preclinical medicine, 43
indomethacin, 614
industry, clinical research, 1030
inevitable miscarriage, 464
INFARCT mnemonic, 190
infected pancreatic necrosis, 794
infections
critical care, 205
elderly care, 232
haematology MDT, 377
multiple myeloma, 428
infectious diseases, 400
clinics, 400
emergency department, 400
wards, 400
infectious mononucleosis, 406–407
infective endocarditis, 191–192, 192, 196
infective endophthalmitis, post-operative, 505
inferior, 46
inferior epigastric artery, 664, 669
inferior mesenteric artery, 664, 669, 670, 773
inferior mesenteric vein, 670
inferior phrenic artery, 773
inferior rectal artery, 664
inflammatory incision, 683
inflammatory rheumatoid disease, non-inflammatory rheumatoid disease vs., 610, 611
influenza, 407
informal contacts, 1010
informal tutorials, clinical medicine teaching, 128
information governance and backup, clinical research projects, 95
information sources, electives, 1048, 1056
informed consent, theatre, 141–142
infra-areolar incision, 683
infraspinatus muscle examination, 950
infraumbilical incision, 683
inguinal hernias, 681, 683, 684
direct inguinal hernias, 684
femoral hernia vs., 653
indirect inguinal hernias, 652, 684
mesh repair, 666
paediatric surgery, 727
types of, 682
inguinal incision, 683
inguinal ligament, 669
inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle, 668
inhaled steroids, 593
inherited bleeding disorders, 381–382
injection sclerotherapy, 658
inoculation, skin grafts, 743–744
inpatient desensitization, 397
INR (international normalized ratio), 324, 377–378, 831
inspiration, chest X-rays, 155
inspiratory crackles, 905
inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP), 210
instability
elbow examination, 948
elderly care, 232
test in shoulder examination, 951
insurance, travel arrangements, 1053
integrase inhibitors (IIs), 362
Integrated Research Application System (IRAS), 1035
intellectual impairment, elderly care, 232
intellectual property, clinical research, 1034
intensive care, cardiothoracic surgery, 638
intercalated degrees, 82, 880, 999
Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme (ISCP), 1016
intercostal artery, 773
intercostal chest drain insertion, 644
interesting procedures, wards on, 135
interests, clinical research, 1036
interior mammary lymph nodes, 631
intermenstrual bleeding, cervical cancer, 468
intermittent claudication, 766, 767–768
intermittent dialysis, 211
intermittent positive pressure ventillation (IPPV), 208
internal cerebral vein, 440
internal iliac artery, 773
internal jugular vein (IJV), 901–902
internal oblique muscle, 664, 669
internal opportunities, incalcated degree, 90
internal rotation, shoulder examination, 949
internal spermatic fascia, 669
internal thoracic artery, 773
International Federation of Medical Students’ Association (IFMSA), 1049, 1056
internet fora, making contacts, 1010
interpersonal crisis, general practice, 340
interpreters, history taking, 152
interquartile range (IQR), 107
intersphincteric anal fistulae, 662
interspinal ligament, 174
interstitial lung disease, 590, 594
interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, 593
interventional radiology, 819
intervertebral disk, 174
interviews, clinical examination, 880
intramedullary nailing (IMN), 757
intranuclear ophthalmoplegia, 445
intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma, 513
intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC), ERCP vs., 792
intra-oral examination, oral and maxillofacial surgery exams, 724
intra-oral lesions, oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic, 716–717
intraosseous (IO) access, 835–836
intrauterine contraceptives, 361
intravenous (IV) access, 834–835
intravenous (IV) anaesthesia, 166
intravenous (IV) contrast agents, 153
intravenous urography (IVU), 801, 802
intraventricular foramen, axial MRI, 440
intraventricular haemorrhage, neonates, 524–525
intravernous (IV) resuscitation, 770
intravitreal injections, 502
intrinsic lung fibrosis, 593
intrinsic renal repair, 421
introductions
clinical medicine teaching, 129
research papers, 1039
introductory lectures, 16
intussception, 730
inulin clearance, estimated glomerular filtration rte, 849
invasive ductal cancer, 626
invasive lobular carcinoma, 626
invasive ventillation, acute heart failure treatment, 191
inversion, 45
inverted radial reflex, 953
investigations
cardiothoracic surgery, 637
clinical examination, 896
colorectal surgery, 648
diabetes mellitus management, 288
ophthalmology, 517
plastic surgery, 735
pulmonary embolism, 602
respiratory medicine, 592, 595–597
trauma & orthopaedic surgery, 749
urology, 798
vascular surgery, 769
iodoquinol, 404
IOL (intraocular lens) implants, 512, 518–519
IPPA (inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation), 876
ipratropium, 248, 593, 598–601
IPV (inactivated poliovirus vaccine), 408–409
iris, 500
iritis (anterior uveitis), 504–505
iron deficiency, 845
iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), 383
irradiated products, transfusion medicine, 388
irreducible hernias, 682
irritable bowel syndrome, 311–312
ischaemic colitis, 674
ischaemic limbs, 740
ischaemic pain, 193
ischaemic stroke management, 454–455
ischiofemoral impingement tests, 955
isotope renography, 801
isotretinoin, 220
IST trial, 455
itches, 553
ITU (intensive therapy unit), 201, 780
IVAN studies, wet age-related macular degeneration, 514
Ixodes scapularis infection, 410
J
Jaegar cards, near visual acuity, 937
Japanese B encephalitis vaccination, 1054
obstructive jaundice, 791–792, 851
jittery babies, 525
joints, 205, 245, 944 see also elbow examination; foot and ankle examination; hip examination; knee; shoulder dislocation; wrists
journals, 110
juxtaglomerular apparatus, 68
JVP (jugular venous pressure), 901–902, 903, 907–908
K
karyotype tests, 346
Kerr incision, 683
ketamine, 201
ketones, urine dipsticks, 840
key knowledge, situational judgement test, 1060
kidneys
biopsy see renal biopsy
diseases see renal disease
elderly care, 233
failure see renal failure
gastrointestinal examination, 910–911
haemodynamics, 416
imaging, 415
pathology, 67
renal cell carcinomas, 560–561
renal replacement therapy see RRT (renal replacement therapy)
support in critical care, 202–211
transplant see renal transplants
ultrasound, 813 see also nephrology
Killians dehiscence (Zenkers diverticulum), 783
kinaesthetic learning, 27
effusion, 956
feel, 956
gait, 956
lateral collateral ligaments, 957
ligament testing, 957
look, 956
medial collateral ligaments, 957
movement, 957
knuckle subluxation, 946
Kocher incision, 683
Koplik spots, 408
K-wires, 757
L
L1, body of, 174
L4 spinous process, 174
lab time, 106
labetalol, 475
laboratories
confirmation, 56
haemostasis & thrombosis, 377–378
immunology & allergies, 397
incalcated degree, 86
malignant haematology, 373
preclinical medicine, 42
red cell disorders, 382
research, 102
laboratory research, 102–103, 1029
labour anaesthesia, 166
lacerations, extra-oral examination, 723–724
Lachman test, knee examination, 957
lactate, septic shock, 277
lactulose, 323
lag test, 950
lambda (λ) sign, twin pregnancy, 464
lamination, poster presentations, 98
Lanz incision, 683
laparoscopic anterior resection, 667, 669
laparoscopic appendectomy, 664–665
laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 791, 792, 793
laparoscopy, 473, 479, 653–654, 661
laptop, starting study, 8
large bowel obstruction (LBO), 677–678
large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ), 480
laser procedures, ophthalmology, 501–502
latanoprost, 503
late symptoms, immediate symptoms vs., 881–882
latent autoimmune disease (LADA), 287
latent syphilis, 356
lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow), 948
lateral lymph nodes, 631
lateral thinking, clinical examinations, 889
lateral ventricle, axial MRI, 440
latex allergy, 828
latissimus dorsi (LD) flap, 631
latissimus dorsi muscle, 69, 950
law, 860
lawyer zones, chest X-ray interpretations, 157
layout, poster presentations, 98
LCLs (lateral collateral ligaments), 957
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), 493
learning
auditory learning, 27
disability, 583
as function of time, 115
kinaesthetic learning, 27
own responsibility for, 29
preclinical exam preparation, 76
preclinical exam resources, 79
profiles, 870
reflective practice, 1018
theatre, 140
lecomepromazine, 551
lecturers, 80
left axis deviation (LAD), ECG, 857
left colectomy, 670
left coronary angiogram, 186
left gastric artery, 773
left internal jugular vein (LIJV), 432
left lateral line, 914
left lower quadrant pain, 675
left upper quadrant pain, 675
left-sided murmurs, right-sided murmurs vs., 900–901
legal statement, HIV transmission, 353
legends, research papers, 1041
legs see lower limb examination
lens, eye, 500
lesions, neurological examination, 927, 928, 929
letrozole, 628
leucocytes, 841
leucoerythroblastic blood cells, 371–372
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 374
acute myeloid leukaemia, 373
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, 374
chronic myeloid leukaemia, 375
pathology specimens, 561
leukonychia, cirrhosis, 321–322
Levine’s grading, murmurs, 196, 197
levonorgestrel (Levonelle®), 359–360
Lewy Body dementia, 239
Lewy body disease, 438
LFTs (liver function tests), 324, 325, 831, 850–851
Lhermitte sign, 953
liaison psychiatry teams, 582
library-based projects, incalcated degree, 86
lichen planus, 716
Lichtenstein hernia repair, 665, 665–666, 667, 668, 669, 670
lidocaine, 173
lie of fetus, obstetrics examination, 930–931
life and death, speciality choice, 1003
life-threatening chest injuries, 258
life-threatening signs, neurological examination, 927
lift off test, 950
ligament testing, knee examination, 957
ligamentum flavum, 174
Light’s criteria, pleural effusion, 600, 602–603
like-minded individuals, extracurricular activities, 1013
limbs
ECG leads, 855
gastrointestinal examination, 912–913
movements in peripheral nerve examination, 925 see also lower limb examination; upper limbs
limp, paediatrics, 531
limps, paediatrics, 763
linea alba, 664
linked applications, foundation programme, 1058
linogram, 818
lip and facial lacerations, 718
lipid profile blood test, 831
literature appraisal, 104
Littre inguinal hernia, 682
liver
endocrinology, 65
gastrointestinal examination, 910
resections, 789
size, 9
transplants, 320
liver disease, 320, 322–323, 851
acute alcoholic hepatitis, 324
alcohol-related liver disease, 323–324
ascites, 322
chronic see chronic liver disease
decompensated liver disease, 915
end-stage liver disease, 851
fulminant liver failure, 324
gastrointestinal examination, 911–912
hepatic encephalopathy, 322–323
hepatocellular carcinoma, 323
oesophageal varices, 323
peripheral oedema, 322
renal failure, 430
stable chronic liver disease, 915
LMA (laryngeal mask airway), 206
LMWH (low-molecular weight heparin), 189–190, 380, 603
load and shift test, 951
lobar pneumonia, 909
lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), 626
local complications, acute pancreatitis, 794
Local Education and Training Board (LETB), 1004–1005
local flaps, 721
local funding, 1051
local symptoms, systemic systems vs., 881–882
location
clinical research, 1036
electives, 1050
incalcated degree choice, 89
medical school choice, 24
logbooks, 1016
long finger extensors, 945
long-acting beta agonists (LABAs), 593
longitudinal lie, obstetrics examination, 930–931
look
elbow examination, 947
foot and ankle examination, 958
hand examination, 944
hip examination, 954
knee examination, 956
shoulder examination, 949
spine examination, 952
loop of Henle, 68
low postoperative urine output, 672
lower limb examination, 954 see also hip examination
lower limbs
examination, 903
gastrointestinal examination, 913
respiratory examination, 907–908
ulceration, 768
lower motor neuron nerve palsy, 687
lower oesophageal sphincter, 782
lubricants, topical, 507
Lucenus®, 514
lumbar area, 914
lumbar artery, 773
lumbar degenerative disease, 706
lumbar laminectomy, 712
lumbar puncture, 439, 460, 703, 714
lumbar spine section, 174
lumps/bumps
colorectal surgery exams, 681
intra-oral examination, 724
plastic surgery, 734
lung(s)
bases in abdominal X-rays, 164
biopsies in video-assisted thoracic surgery, 643–644
chest X-ray interpretations, 156
expansion, 906
pulmonary embolism see pulmonary embolism (PE)
pulmonary fibrosis, 909
pulmonary hypertension, 907
pulmonary oedema, 417, 591, 603–604, 606
pulmonary tuberculosis see pulmonary tuberculosis see also respiratory examination
lung cancer, 486, 495, 594–595, 637, 639
national cancer screening, 492–493
non-small cell lung cancer, 495, 594–595
oncology exams, 498
red flag symptoms, 497
respiratory examination, 907, 909
lung function tests, 637
lupus, 225
Lyme disease, 410
lymph nodes, 631 see also sentinel lymph node biopsy
lymphatics, breast anatomy, 624
lymphocytes, 844
lymphocytosis, 393
lymphoedema, 553
lymphoid tissue tumours, WHO, 373
lymphomas, 370, 374–375, 561, 564 see also Hodgkin lymphoma; NHL (non-Hodgkin lymphoma)
lymphopenia, 393
M
macrocytic anaemia, 843
macrocytic red blood cells, 371–372
macrophages, 49
macula densa, 68
macular degeneration, 514 see also wet age-related macular degeneration
macular haemorrhage, unilateral visual loss, 509–510
magnesium sulphate, 475
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 153, 309, 755–756, 815–816
axial magnetic resonance imaging, 440
axial of brain, 440
colorectal cancer, 649
ear, nose and throat surgery, 689
gadolinium-enhanced MRI, 511
hernias, 653
prostate cancer, 801
maintenance grant, 5
maintenance loan, 5
major flaps, 721
major haemorrhage, 389
major limb amputation, 774
malabsorption, 916
malaria, 401
complications, 403
diagnosis, 401
health abroad, 1055
history, 401
incubation periods, 411
life cycle, 402
treatment, 403
male reproductive system, 357, 805, 829
males, appendicitis, 676
malignant hyperthermia, anaesthesia, 176
malignant melanoma, 217, 223–224
clinical manifestations, 737
immunohistochemistry, 564
pathology specimens, 561
plastic surgery, 736
prognosis, 224
malignant mesothelioma, 594–595
malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC), 486, 488
Mallampati score, anaesthesia, 168
mallet fingers, 946
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), 250–251
malrotation, paediatric gastrointestinal surgery, 730
malunion, fracture healing complications, 755
mammography, 494, 624, 626, 812
Mann–Whitney U test (Wilcoxon rank sum test), 108
Marcus–Gunn swinging flashlight test, 937–938
marginal artery of Drummond, 664
Master in research, 999
Master’s degree (MSc/MA), 89, 1027
mastication muscles, 724
MATCH trial, 455
maxilla, 69
Maydl inguinal hernia, 682
Mayland incision, 683
McBurney’s incision, 683
McBurney’s point, 676
McDonald diagnostic criteria, migraines, 445
MCH (mean cell haemoglobin), 844
MCLs (medial collateral ligaments), 957
McMurray’s test, 618–620, 957–958
MCPJs (metacarpophalangeal joints), 619–620
MCV (mean cell volume), 324, 843
MDDUS (Medical Doctors and Dentists Defence Union of Scotland), 16–17
MDTs see multidisciplinary teams (MDTs)
MDU (Medical Defence Union), 16–17
meal time syndrome, 717
mean, 107
mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), 844
measles (rubeola), 408
measurements
hip examination, 955
orthopaedic examination, 942
spine examination, 952
mebendazole, 404
medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow), 948
medial oblique view (MLO), mammography, 626
median, 107
median sacral artery, 773
mediastinal artery, 773
mediastinal placement, respiratory examination, 906
medical biochemistry, teaching module, 30
Medical Cases for Healthcare, 38
medical indemnity, travel arrangements, 1053
medical presentation, HIV, 351
Medical Research Scotland, 94
medical schools, 1048
clinical research, 1026
prizes, 15
medical student organizations, 1049
medicalization, sociology, 53
Medscape, 38
medullary connecting duct, 68
megakaryocytes, 372
Meibomian cyst (chalazion), 507
melaena, 328
melanoma see malignant melanoma
memantine, 450
Member, Royal College of Anaesthetists (MRCS), 879–880
membranous nephropathy (MN), 423
membranous urethra, 829
memory clinics, 239–241 see also dementia
MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) syndromes, 292, 293, 297
Ménière’s disease, 236
meningitis, 51, 364, 439, 457, 530
meningitis C vaccination, 7
meningitis vaccination, 1054
meningococcaemia, acute see acute meningococcaemia
menstrual history, 483
mental capacity, 244
Mental Capacity Act (MCA: 2005), 244, 570–571
Mental Health Act (MHA: 1983), 244
Mental Health Act (MHA:1983), 570
mental health ethics, 861
mental state examination, 585
Mentor OSCE, 887
mentors, clinical research, 1037
Mercedes Benz incision, 683
merits, clinical examination, 880
mesenteric ischaemia, acute, 674–675
mesh repair, inguinal hernia, 666
mesothelioma, 564
MESSAGE mnemonic, 615
metabolic acidosis, 417, 853–854
metabolic causes, causes of falls, 237
metabolic equivalents (METs), 169
metaraminol, 201
metastases exclusion, breast surgery examination, 632
metformin, 289
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 823
methodologies, clinical research, 1032, 1036
methods section
methotrexate, 311, 473, 611, 612–613
methyldopa, 475
MI (myocardial infarction), 190 see also NSTEMI (non-ST elevation myocardial infarction); ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
teaching module, 31
microcytic anaemia, 843
microcytic red blood cells, 371–372
micrographia, Parkinsonism, 926
microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), 423
microscopy
genitourinary medicine, 352, 353
pathology exams, 565
practicals, 33
renal failure, 424
urine, 841
microsurgery, plastic surgery, 745–746
middle rectal artery, 664
midface movement, extra-oral examination, 723–724
midline incision, 683
Miller–Fisher syndrome, 457
mineralocorticoid antagonists, 67
minerals, alcohol-related liver disease, 323
mini-clinical evaluation exercises (Mini-CEX), 870
minimal change disease (MCD), 423
miscarriages, 464
missed miscarriage, 464
missionary organizations, 1049
mitochondrial genetics, 346
mitral stenosis (MS), 904
mitral valve repair/replacement, 642
MITRALE mnemonic, 182
mixed dementia, 448
mixed incontinence, 238
MJTHREADS mnemonic, 893
MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccination, 7, 534
MMSE(Mini-Mental State Examination), 450, 581
MND see motor neuron disease (MND)
mobile apps, preclinical exam resources, 80
Mobitz I AV block, 184
Mobitz II block, 184
MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), 250
mock exams, revision strategies, 883–884
mode of admission, psychiatric assessment, 584
model, 107
Modernising Medical Careers programme, 1063
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group (MDRD equation), 849
modified Duke’s criteria, infective endocarditis, 192
modified Glasgow score, pancreatitis, 326
Mohs micrographic surgery, 736–737
MONACLES acronym, 189
monitoring, anaesthesia, 170, 172
monoarthritis, 610
monochorionic twin pregnancy, 464
monoclonal antibodies, 375
mononeuritis multiplex, 447
mononeuropathy, 447
Monro–Kellie doctrine, 705, 709, 714
mood and affect, mental state examination, 585
mood disorders, 574
mood stabilizers, 587
morphology, blood cells, 373
motivation, clinical medicine, 116
motor delay, paediatric examination, 966
motor neuron disease (MND), 438, 445, 446
mouth opening examination, 723–724, 902
movements, 45
disorders, 438
elbow examination, 948
foot and ankle examination, 959
hand examination, 945
knee examination, 957
orthopaedic examination, 942
shoulder examination, 949
spine examination, 952
moving in, 16
MPS (Medical Protection Society), 16–17
MR (mitral regurgitation), 178, 181–182, 904
MR angiography, vascular surgery, 769
MRC (Medical Research Council), 194, 1029
MRCP (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography), 309, 792
MS (multiple sclerosis), 63, 443–445
mucinous cell ovarian cancer, 467
mucolytics, 60
Muller’s rule of 6, ankle fracture, 762
Müller’s sign, 198
multidisciplinary teams (MDTs)
colorectal cancer, 649
elderly care, 232
gastroenterology in, 308
haematology, 371
psychiatry, 569
shadowing of, 21
upper gastrointestinal surgery, 781
multifactorial genetics, 346
multimedia, revision strategies, 883
multinodular goitres, 292
multiple choice questions (MCQ), 976–977
definition, 976
example, 977
paediatric exams, 546
preclinical exams, 73
preparation, 976
written exams, 970
multiple myeloma, 370, 375, 428
multisource feedback (MSF), 870
murmurs
cardiovascular examination, 900
examination in exams, 196
investigations, 198
left-sided vs right-sided murmurs, 900–901
management, 198
muscle relaxants, 166
muscles, 69
Apgar score, 525
hand examination, 945
pain, immobility, 245
testing in foot and ankle examination, 960
wasting in rheumatology exams, 619–620
musculoskeletal pharmacology, risks in elderly, 248
musculoskeletal system, 69
causes of falls, 237
clinical examinations, 892
elderly care, 233
obstetrics & gynaecology exams, 484
paediatric examination, 963
preclinical medicine, 69
ultrasound, 814
Mycoplasma genitalium, 356
myelodysplasia, 376
myeloma kidney, 428
myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), 375–376
Myers–Briggs Type Indicator, 1005–1006, 1007
myocardial perfusion scans, 179, 187
myopathy, neurological examination, 928
N
NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), 310
NAI (non-accidental injury), 283–284, 284, 543
naltrexone, 323
NAMES acronym, 232
Napoleon test, 950
NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), 559–560
nasoendoscopy, flexible, 686
nasogastric tubes, 156, 826–827
nasopharyngeal airways, 206
natalizumab, 511
national cancer screening, 492–493
National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP), 355
national conferences, making contacts, 1011
National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD), 421, 848–849
national funding, electives, 1051
National Institute for Health Research (NHR), 1029
National Lung Cancer Screening (NLST), 607
National Poisons Information Service, 272
National Screening Programme, breast cancer, 494
national societies, making contacts, 1010
native renal biopsy, 433
natural killer (NK) cell, 49, 372
navicular fossa, 829
near acuity, 937
NEC see necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
Necator americanus infection, 404
neck anatomy, 697
neck dissections, 694
neck of femur fractures, 758
necrosectomy, pancreatitis, 326
necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), 524–525, 728
necrotizing fasciitis, 228
needle-stick injury, 830
Neer’s sign, 950
Neer’s test, 950
negative marking, written exams, 971
negative predictive value (NPV), 108
Nelation’s line, hip examination, 955
neoadjuvant therapy, colorectal cancer, 650
neonatal intensive care unit (NICUs), 524–526
neonatal unit, paediatrics, 522
baby checks, 526
feeding problems, 525
jaundice, 525
jittery babies, 525
procedures, 526
rashes, 526
resuscitation, 524
cases to see, 414
procedures to see, 414, 432–433
recent studies, 416
things to do, 414 see also kidneys
nephron structure, 68
nephrostogram, 818
nephrotic syndrome, 414, 423–425
nephrotoxins, 67
nervous system, preclinical medicine, 63
networking skills, clinical research, 1034
neural retina, 500
neuroanatomy, 63
neurocysticercosis, 457
neuroendocrine tumours, 564
neurological assessment, 236, 261
neurological deficit patterns, 927
neurological examination, 917, 926–927
cerebellar signs, 927
cognition, 926
cranial nerves see cranial nerve examination
functional signs, 927
general inspection, 917
general introduction, 917
history taking, 917
life-threatening signs, 927
neurological deficit patterns, 927
paediatric examination, 963–965
Parkinsonism, 926
patterns of findings, 929
peripheral nerves see peripheral nerve examination
routine maintenance, 917
cases to see, 438
clinical examinations, 892
CSF analysis, 460
emergency department, 438–439, 451–458
falls clinics examination, 236
genetic disorders, 343
things to do, 440
neuromuscular junction-blocking drugs, 63
neuropathic pain, 550
neuropathic ulcers, 768
neurosciences, teaching module, 31
cranial procedures, 703
procedures to see, 703
neurovascular conditions, 704
neutropenia, 393
neutropenic sepsis, 390, 486, 490
neutrophilia, 393
new mutations, autosomal dominant disorders, 344
New York Heart Association (NYHA), 194
NF1 (neurofibromatosis type 1), 297
NHL (non-Hodgkin lymphoma), 374–375, 561
NHR see National Institute for Health Research (NHR)
NHS AAA Screening programme, 767
NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme, 496
NHS Health Research Authority, 1035
NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence), 191, 528, 1021–1023
niche interests, extracurricular activities, 1013
nifedipine, pre-eclampsia, 475
NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), 438–439, 454
nipple, breast surgery examination, 632
nitrites, urine dipsticks, 841
NIV (non-invasive ventillation), 191, 209–210, 592, 597, 598–601
NK cells see natural killer (NK) cell
NMDA receptor antagonists, 450
nociceptive pain, 550
NOD2/CARD15 gene, 311
NOF fractures, 762
non-gonococcal urethritis, 356
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 1049
non-immune haemolytic anaemia, 386
non-inflammatory rheumatoid disease, inflammatory rheumatoid disease vs., 610, 611
non-invasive positive pressure ventillation, 597
non-invasive prenatal genetic testing, 347
non-invasive transient elastography, hepatitis C, 317–319
non-pharmacological anaesthetics, 175
non-shockable rhythms, cardiac arrest, 263–265
non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 495, 594–595
non-specific anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
acute calculous cholecystitis, 790
ankylosing spondylitis, 613
gout, 614
headaches, 443
risks in elderly, 248
scleritis, 506
non-specific urethritis, 356
non-symmetrical disease, symmetrical disease vs. in rheumatology, 611
non-union fracture healing, 755
non-vascular interventional radiology, 819
non-verbal communication skills, 545–546, 888
noradrenaline, 201
normal distribution, 107
normal fasting blood glucose, 847
normal paediatric observations, 270
normal vaginal delivery, 463
normocytic anaemia, 843
Northern Ireland, 5
nose history, 695
NSTEMI (non-ST elevation myocardial infarction), 178, 188, 189–190
nuclear imaging, 818
nuclear medicine scans, 755–756
nucleic amplification tests (NAATs), 353
nucleoside/nucleotide analogues, hepatitis B treatment, 317
nucleus pulposus, 174
Nuffield Foundation, 94
number needed to harm (NNH), 108–109
number needed to treat (NNT), 108–109
NUS card, 12
nutrition, geriatric assessment, 250–251
nutritional deficiencies, 313
O
OA (osteoarthritis), 245, 750–751, 949
objective setting, electives, 1050–1052
objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs), 36, 869
cardiothoracic surgery exams, 646
geriatric assessments, 250–252
handwashing, 823
mark schemes, 899
paediatric exams, 543, 544–545
preclinical exams, 74
scoring system, 878 see also clinical examination
O’Brien’s test, 951
observation, 21
orthopaedic examination, 941–942
paediatric exams, 544
psychiatry, 569
revision strategies, 886
shoulder examination, 949
spine examination, 952
theatre, 144
obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), 579
obstetrics & gynaecology, 462–465
antenatal care, 462
booking visit, 463
customized growth chart, 463
due date calculation, 463
examination see obstetrics & gynaecology examination
female reproductive system, 805
pre-pregnancy counselling, 462
specimens, 560
theatre, 481–482 see also pregnancies
obstetrics & gynaecology examination, 892, 930–932, 933–935
finish of, 935
general inspection, 933
general well-being, 930
speculum examination, 934
starting with, 933
vaginal examination, 934–935, 938
obstructed hernia, 682
obstructive airways disease, 593, 909
obstructive hydrocephalus, 705
obstructive jaundice, 791–792, 851
obstructive sleep apnoea, 593
occipital lobe, 63
occupational health clearance, 7
occupational pneumonitis, 590
occupational therapist (OTs), 134–135
occupational therapists (OTs), 569
ocular movements, visual acuity testing, 940
ocular ultrasound, 517
oculomotor nerve examination, 919, 940
odynophagia, 313
oesophageal artery, 773
oesophageal cancer, 497, 498, 783
oesophageal varices, liver disease, 323
oesophagus
anatomy, 782
atresia, 728
dysmotility, 782
manometry, 781
oestrogen receptors (ER), 494, 627
Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation (Ofqual), 879–880
ofloxacin, 504
OGD (oesophagogastroduodenoscopy), 330, 781
OH SPIT MAN mnemonic, 598, 601
olfactory nerve examination, 918
oligoarthritis, 610
oliguria, rhabdomyolysis (crush injury), 429
on-call team shadowing, 129
emergency department, 490
generic grading system, 492
genetics, 343
haematology laboratory tests, 373
hypercalcaemia, 297
immunohistochemistry, 564
paediatric surgery, 726
places to visit, 487
procedures to see, 487
red flag symptoms, 497
staging see staging
things to see, 487
types of cancers see cancer(s)
wards, 487, 488–489 see also uro-oncology
One2One Medical Preclinical app, 80
one-stop clinics/see and treat, 480
online resources
anatomy, 44
electives, 1048
on-the-spot answers, clinical examination, 896
opacities, chest X-rays, 158
open days, medical school choice, 26
open (compound) fractures, 761–762
open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), 757
operation note, logbooks, 1016
operations to see, cardiothoracic surgery, 638
operative delivery, 482
ophthalmia neonatorum, 506–507
bilateral visual loss, 510–511
cases to see, 501
examination, 936–940 see also visual acuity testing
genetic disorders, 343
intranuclear ophthalmoplegia, 445
investigations, 517
ophthalmology examination, 936–940
opisthotonus, 409
optic disc, 500
optic neuritis, 511
optical coherence tomography, 517
Optomap®, 517
ora serrata, 500
oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS)
theatre, 721
wards, 722
oral anticoagulants, 380
oral cancer, 721
oral presentations, 74–75, 96, 1042
oral steroids, asthma, 593
oral submucosal fibrosis, 716
oral ulcers, 717
orbital floor fractures, 719
orchidectomy, 803
organ support, critical care, 202–211
organisms, urine microscopy, 841
organizations, funding sources, 13
organophosphate antidotes, 272–273
organ-specific pharmacology, 52
orthopaedic examination, 941–943
ankle examination see foot and ankle examination
equipment, 941
feel, 942
foot examination see foot and ankle examination
lower limb examination see lower limb examination
measurements, 942
movement, 942
sequence, 941
spine examination see spine examination
orthopaedic/elective clinic, 750–751, 812
orthopantomogram (OPG), 718
orthostatic (postural) hypotension, 236
oseltamivir, 407
osteoclasts, 372
osteomyelitis, 51
osteoporosis, 245, 298, 614, 615
otolaryngology see ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery
out of programmes research (OOPR), 1027
outcomes guidance, preclinical exam resources, 79
outfit, exam techniques, 974
ovarian cancer, 466–467, 467, 560
ovary, 805
overactive bladder syndrome, 238, 471
overdrafts, funding sources, 13
overflow incontinence, 239
overweight see obesity
Oxford Handbooks, 21
oxidative stress, 233
oxygen, 170, 276, 277, 278, 551–552
oxyhaemoglobin, dissociation curve, 61
P
Pabrinex®, 451
pacemaker insertion, 179
packed red cells, transfusion medicine, 388
paediatric examination, 961–966
development red flags, 965
developmental delay, 965–966, 967
ENT, 962
gastrointestinal system, 963
genitourinary system, 963
musculoskeletal system, 963
neurological examination, 963–965
respiratory system, 962
paediatric surgery, 726
earn their trust, 726
gastrointestinal surgery, 730
general conditions, 727
oncology, 726
urology, 731
abdominal pain, 530
acute limp, 531
appendicitis, 676
career in, 523
community paediatrics see community paediatrics
coughs, 529
crying babies, 529
developmental milestones, 941–943
diarrhoea and vomiting, 528–529
difficulty in breathing, 527–528
emergency department, 522, 527–532
examination see paediatric examination
fever, 528
genetic disorders, 343
genetics, 342
headaches, 529
history taking, 151
neonatal unit, 522
nursing staff, 523
rashes, 529
respiratory distress, 528
resuscitation in emergency medicine, 267
safeguarding (child protection), 530
self-harm, 529
surgery see paediatric surgery
urology, 800
vomiting, 530
wards, 522, 527–532 see also community paediatrics; neonates
Paget’s disease, immobility, 245
pain
epigastric pain, 675
history mnemonics, 893
history taking, 149
incident pain, 551
ischaemic pain, 193
left lower quadrant pain, 675
left upper quadrant pain, 675
management, 174 see also analgesia
neuropathic pain, 550
nociceptive pain, 550
oncology emergency department, 490
palliative medicine, 550
right lower quadrant pain, 674, 675
right upper quadrant pain see right upper quadrant pain
soft tissue pain, 245
suprapubic pain, 675
total pain, 551
trauma & orthopaedic clinic, 750–756
umbilical pain, 675
painful arc, shoulder examination, 949
painful vaso-occlusive crisis, 384
analgesia, 550
anorexia, 552
bereavement care, 554
bowel obstruction, 553
care team, 548
carers, 554
cases to see, 549
community, 549
constipation, 552
dehydration, 552
diarrhoea, 552
exams, 556
excess secretions, 552
families, 554
itch, 553
lymphoedema, 553
nausea and vomiting, 551
pain, 550
skills to practice, 556
spiritual care, 553
symptom control, 550–553 see also end of life care; hospices
palmar aspect, hand examination, 944
palmar erythema, cirrhosis, 321–322
palmoplantar psoriasis, 219
palpation
abdomen, 913
breast surgery examination, 632
extra-oral examination, 723–724
knee examination, 956
obstetrics examination, 930–932
respiratory examination, 907–908
Pancoast’s tumour, 938
pancreas, 65
acute pancreatic pseudocyst, 794
acute pancreatitis see acute pancreatitis
endocrinology, 65
hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, 794
necrosis, 794
pancreatitis see pancreatitis
surgery, 795
PANCREAS mnemonic, 326
pancreaticojejunostomy, 795
acute see acute pancreatitis
pandemics, 56
panfacial fractures, 719
panic disorders, 579
pan-retinal photocoagulation, diabetic maculopathy, 515–516
pantaloon inguinal hernias, 682
papillary duct, 68
paracentesis, ascites, 322
paracetamol, 272–273, 273, 443
paragangliomas, 297
paramedian incision, 683
parametric testing, 107
pararectus incision, 683
parasternal line, 914
parasympathomimetic drugs, 503
parathyroid gland, 64, 286, 304
parathyroidism, primary, 297
paratyphoid vaccination, 1054
paraumbilical hernia, 652
parietal lobe, 63
Parkinsonism, neurological examination, 926
Parkinson’s disease, 438, 441–442, 460, 581
Parkinson’s plus syndrome, 441
Parkland formula, 741
Park’s classification, anal fistulae, 662
paromycin, 404
parotiditis, 717
pars plana, 500
partial molar pregnancies, gestational trophoblastic disease, 465
partial (focal) seizures, 452
partial thickness burns, 740–741
partner notification, 351, 353
pass marks, OSCEs, 878
passive hyperextension, knee examination, 957
passive movement, orthopaedic examination, 942
passports, 1053
past medical history (PMHx)
clinical examinations, 891
ear, nose and throat exams, 695
history taking, 149
neurosurgery exams, 713
obstetrics & gynaecology exams, 484
oncology exams, 497
ophthalmology examination, 936
psychiatric assessment, 584
rheumatology exams, 618
screening for, 893
vascular surgery exams, 775
past papers, preclinical exam resources, 79
past psychiatric history, 584
past surgical history (PSHx), obstetrics & gynaecology exams, 484
pastoral support, 81
Patau syndrome, 347
patch, 214
patella, 69
patellar tap test, 956
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 540
patent foramen ovale, 540
Pathological Society (PathSoc), 94
ancillary studies, 563
cases to see, 559
chemical pathology, 558
cytopathology, 558
electron cytometry, 564
endocrine system, 66
exams, 565
forensic pathology, 559
haematopathology, 558
hand examination specific tests, 945
histopathology, 558
immunofluorescence, 564
immunohistochemistry, 564
medical microbiology, 559
molecular biology, 564
preclinical medicine, 47
special stains, 563
patient(s)
anaesthesia day routine, 166
care/comfort, 120, 869, 897–899
making contact with groups, 1011
notes, 21
patient information leaflets, 124
pattern of findings
cardiovascular examination, 904
gastrointestinal examination, 915
neurological examination, 929
pauci-immune causes, rapid progressive glomerulonephritis, 423
Paul–Bunnel/monospot test, 406–407
pay, speciality choice, 1004
PBC (primary biliary cholangitis), 324
PBL (problem-based learning), 24, 32
PCA (patient-controlled analgesia), 166
PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention), 189–190
PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome), 297, 470
PCR (polymerase chain reaction), 105, 354
PEA see pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
peak flow, 596
peaked P wave, ECG, 858
pectoral (anterior) lymph nodes, 631
pectoralis major muscle examination, 950
pectoralis muscle, 69
pedicled flap, breast reconstruction, 631
pedigree charts, 348
pedigrees, genetics, 343
PEFR (peak expiratory flow rate), 203
pelvic floor exercise, 239, 657
pelvis, 69, 260–261, 350, 358, 813
pelviureteric junction (PUJ), 799
penetrance, autosomal dominant disorders, 344
penetration, chest X-rays, 154
penis, 805
PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis), 351, 358–359
perceived interference, general practice, 340
perceptions, mental state examination, 585
percussion
abdomen, 913
paediatric respiratory examination, 962
respiratory examination, 905–906, 907–908
respiratory medicine, 608
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), 330
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), 780
perforator flaps, 745
pericardial artery, 773
pericarditis, 193
perinatal developmental delay, paediatric examination, 966
perineal approach, rectal prolapse surgery, 661
perineal membrane, 829
periorbital cellulitis, 691, 692
peripancreatic abscess, acute pancreatitis, 794
peripancreatic fluid collection, acute pancreatitis, 794
peripheral blood films, 371–372
peripheral nerve examination, 922–924
coordination, 924
focused inspection, 922
gait assessment, 922
limb movements, 925
sensation testing, 925
tone, 922
peripheral nerve transmission, pharmacology, 52
peripheral neuropathy, 446–447
peripheral oedema, liver disease, 322
peripheral pulse, vascular surgery exams, 776–777
peripheral vascular disease, 776
peripheral venous cannulas, 207
peritoneal disease, renal replacement therapy, 430–431
peritonsillar abscess, 690
permission, incalcated degree, 90
peroneus brevis muscle, 960
peroneus longus muscle, 960
perpetuation factors, psychiatry, 584
persecutory delusions, Schneider’s first rank symptoms, 573–574
Personal Child Health Record (PCHR), 534
personal development, clinical research, 1031
personal history, psychiatric assessment, 584
personal statement, entry requirements, 25
personal traits, speciality choice, 1002
PET (positron emission tomography), 374, 594–595, 649, 818
petechiae, 214
Pfannenstiel incision, 683
pGALS examination, paediatric examination, 964
pH monitoring, 781
urine dipsticks, 840
phacoemulsification cataract surgery, 501, 518–519
pharmacist, ward team position, 134–135
pharmacodynamics, 52
pharmacoemulsification cataract surgery, 512
pharmacokinetics, 52
pharmacology
cardiovascular system, 58
diabetes mellitus management, 289
gastrointestinal system, 62
genitourinary system, 67
nervous system, 63
organ-specific pharmacology, 52
preclinical medicine, 52
respiratory system, 60
teaching module, 30
unpredictability of, 115
pharyngeal pouch (Zenkers diverticulum), 783
pharynx, 691
PhD, specialist training, 1026
phimosis, 799
phototherapy, 525
phrenicocolic ligament, 670
phyllodes tumour, 629
physics, X-rays, 812
Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM), 168
Physiological Society (PhysSoc), 94
physiology
cardiovascular system, 58
endocrine system, 64
genitourinary system, 67
musculoskeletal system, 69
nervous system, 63
respiratory system, 60
teaching module, 30
physiotherapy, ward team position, 134–135
picture archiving and communication system (PACS), 755–756
PICY, 578
PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), 350, 470
pilocarpine, 503
pilonidal disease, 660
pineal gland, 64
pink puffers, 593
PIPJs (proximal interphalangeal joints), 619–620
pituitary apoplexy, 301
pituitary gland, 64
pituitary gland diseases/disorders, 286, 292–296
diabetes insipidus, 295
hypopituitarism, 294
pivot shift test, knee examination, 957
critical care, 207
psychiatry, 569
placenta
abruption, 473
retained, 463
plague, 411
planes of the body, 45
plano transpilorico, 914
plantar reflexes, 923
plasma exchange, myasthenia gravid, 446
plasma imbibition, skin grafts, 743–744
Plasmodium infection see malaria
plastering, 838
aesthetic surgery, 746
debridement and reconstruction, 742–743
investigations, 735
reconstructive ladder, 743
things to do, 735
wound care, 279
plate and screws, trauma surgery, 757
platelets
count, 324
full blood count, 843
haematopoiesis, 372
haemostasis & thrombosis, 377–378
renal failure, 424
transfusion medicine, 388
pleomorphic adenoma, 717
pleural effusions, 591, 602–603, 604, 909
pleural fluid, 562
pleural rub, 905
pleurodesis, 592
Plexiglass®, 760
PME, 887
PMR (polymyalgia rheumatica), 245
Pneum A study, 607
Pneumocytis intestinalis, 162
pneumomediastinum, 161
pneumonectomy, 608
pneumonitis, occupational, 590
pneumothorax, 160–161, 260, 591, 592, 603, 604, 605, 906
Pocket Anatomy, 39
poisoning
nephrology, 418
substance misuse management, 272–274
politeness, clinical medicine, 123
politics, clinical research, 1032
polyarthritis, 610
polychromatic red blood cells, 371–372
polycythaemia rubra vera (PRV), 375–376
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), 760
polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs), 355
polymyalgia rheumatica, 616
polyneuropathy, 928
polypharmacy, elderly, 246–247
polytrauma, 761
poor growth, paediatric clinics, 533
poor results, preclinical exams in, 81
Popeye sign, 951
popularity, clinical examination, 897–898
portal decompression, TIPS placement, 312
portal hypertension, 62, 321, 912
portfolio careers, speciality choice, 1004
positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 210
positive marking, written exams, 971
positive predictive value (PPV), 108
positive test results, genitourinary medicine, 367
post CCT, specialist training, 1027
post coital bleeding, cervical cancer, 468
post ophthalmic history, 936
clinical research projects, 96
discussions, 99
preclinical exams, 75
preparation, 98
posterior, 46
posterior apprehension test, 951
posterior chamber, eye, 500
posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), 581
posterior draw test, knee examination, 957
posterior fornix, 805
posterior impingement tests, hip examination, 955
posterior longitudinal ligament, 174
posterior (subcapsular) lymph nodes, 631
posterior tibial pulse, 776–777
posterior triangle, neck anatomy, 697
posterior vaginal wall, 480, 934–935
posterior vitreous detachment, 510
posters, prizes, 1042
postmenopausal bleeding, endometrial cancer, 466
postnatal developmental delay, 966
post-nominals, incalcated degree, 86–87
postoperative ileus, 672
post-operative infective endophthalmitis, 505
postoperative patients, T&O surgery exams, 764
postoperative pyrexia, 673
post-round meeting, ward rounds, 134–135
postural (orthostatic) hypotension, 236
postural instability, Parkinsonism, 926
posture, orthopaedic examination, 941–942
high levels see hyperkalaemia
potential conflicts, extracurricular activities, 1014
power, 108
PowerPoint, oral presentations, 74–75
PPI (proton pump inhibitors), 785
PR bleeding, colorectal surgery exams, 679
PR interval, ECG, 179
PR segment, ECG, 179
Practical Assessment of Clinical Examination (PACES), 879–880
practical procedures, 822
clinical examination, 876
clinical medicine, 121–122, 123
practical skills, 124
practicals, 33
practice
clinical examinations, 888
ear, nose and throat surgery, 696–699
exam techniques, 973
examinations on wards, 135
gastroenterology exams, 333
paediatric exams, 545
preclinical exams preparation, 83
preclinical OSCEs, 74
situational judgement test, 1060
practise, vascular surgery exams, 776–777
praecordium, 903
precipitating factors, psychiatry, 584
preclinical exams, 72
categories of assessment, 73–75
failing, 81
poor results in, 81
preparation for, 76
school exams vs., 72
uses for, 82
cardiovascular system, 58
essays, 43
exams see preclinical exams
gastrointestinal system, 62
genitourinary system, 67
individual study, 43
laboratory practicals, 42
leaving/drop out, 82
lectures, 42
microbiology, 51
musculoskeletal system, 69
nervous system, 63
pathology, 47
pharmacology, 52
respiratory system, 60
preconceptions, general practice, 340
predictive testing, genetics, 344
predisposing factors, psychiatry, 584
pre-existing knowledge, breaking bad news, 876–877
pre-existing medical conditions, health abroad, 1055
pregnancies
blood pressure measurement, 824
booking visit, 463
due date calculation, 463
ectopic pregnancies, 473
estimated date of delivery, 463
iron studies, 845
miscarriage see miscarriages
miscarriages, 464
monochorionic twin pregnancy, 464
termination of pregnancy, 350
tests, 351
twin pregnancy, 464
twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, 464
urine strips, 841
prejudices, general practice, 340
premorbid personality, psychiatric assessment, 585
prenatal developmental delay, paediatric examination, 966
prenatal genetics, 342
preoperative ward round, theatre, 140
preparation
clinical examinations, 888
prescribing skills assessment, 981
pre-pregnancy counselling, 462
prepuce, 805
prescribing safety assessment, 871–872
clinical research, 1034
helpfulness of, 986
history taking, 152
obstetrics examination, 931
presenting complaint (PC), 148–149
clinical examinations, 891
oncology exams, 497
pressure, CSF neurology, 460
pressure ulcers, 737
preterm delivery, 463
previous exam feedback, revision strategies, 884
previous mark sheets, revision strategies, 887
prilocaine, 173
primary myelofibrosis (PMF), 376
primary parathyroidism, 297
primary survey
emergency medicine, 256
haematology, 390
primary syphilis, 356
principal investigators (PIs), 92
priorities, extracurricular activities, 1013
privacy, clinical examination, 897–898
private accommodation, 6
career decisions, 999
electives, 1042
examination performance, 1042
money, 14
oral presentation, 1042
posters, 1042
specialist, 1043
summer studentships, 1043
probable causes, 56
problem-solving, speciality choice, 1004
procaine penicillin, 358
procedures
breast surgery, 624
cardiothoracic surgery, 637
colorectal surgery, 648
ear, nose and throat surgery, 686
explanation in clinical examination, 876
genetics, 343
haematology, 370
hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, 789
immunology & allergies, 397
neonates, 526
neurosurgery, 703
oncology, 487
respiratory medicine, 592
trauma & orthopaedic surgery, 749
upper gastrointestinal surgery, 781
urology, 798
vascular surgery, 766
wards on, 135
prochlorperazine, 443
proctoscopy, 657
professional behaviour, 75, 130, 254–255, 888–889
progesterone receptors (PR), 494, 627
progesterone-only contraceptives, 361
Prognosis: Your Diagnosis, 38
progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), 446
progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), 446
progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 581
projection, chest X-rays, 154
career decisions, 999
clinical research projects, 91
laboratory research, 103
prolactinomas, 294
proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 515
pronation, 45
property purchases, 6
prophylactic antibiotics, 279
proposal writing, dissertations, 993
propranolol, 443
prosections, 33
Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED), 607
prostaglandin analogue drugs, 503
prostate gland cancer, 486, 493–494, 800–801
Gleason grading system, 494
national cancer screening, 492–493
red flag symptoms, 497
prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 493
prosthetic arterial bypass, 772
prosthetic valves, cardiovascular examination, 904
protease inhibitors (PIs), 362
protected teaching, clinical medicine, 126
protective factors, psychiatry, 584
prothrombin complex concentrate, 455
prothrombin time (PT), 377–378, 846
protraction, 45
provocation tests, elbow examination, 948
proximal tubule, 68
pruritus, renal failure, 435
PSA (prescribing skills assessment), 971, 981–982
Pseudomonas infections, 504
psoriatic arthritis, 613
psychiatry, 568
assessment, 584
clinical examinations, 892
electroconvulsive therapy, 578
mental health/mental capacity acts, 570
older adults, 581
placement, 569
things to do, 577
psychological features, Beck’s triad, 576
psychological support, haematology MDT, 377
psychologists, 569
PTH (parathyroid hormone), 424 see also hyperparathyroidism
pubic incision, 683
publications
educational performance measure, 1059
job applications, 1038
pulmonary embolism (PE), 379, 478, 591, 601–602, 603
pulmonary fibrosis, 909
pulmonary hypertension, 907
pulmonary oedema, 417, 591, 603–604, 606
pulmonary tuberculosis, 606–607
brachial see brachial pulse
carotid pulse see carotid pulse
radial pulse see radial pulse
pulseless electrical activity (PEA), 263–265
punch biopsy, 229
punch injuries, 278
punctuality, 21
pupillary light reflexes, 937–938, 939
purchases, 8
pure tone audiometry, 686, 689
purpura, 214
pustular psoriasis, 219
putamen, axial MRI, 440
P-value, 108
pyloric stenosis, 730
pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD), 795
pyoderma gangrenosum, 215, 221–222
pyrazinamide/pyridoxine, 405–406, 607
pyrexia of unknown origin, 365
Q
Q Courses, 887
Q wave, 179
QRS complex, 179, 192–193, 855, 858
QT interval, 179
QTc, 858
quality improvement projects, 1023
QuantiFERRON-TB Gold®, 405–406, 606–607
Quincke’s sign, 198
quinine sulfate/doxycycline, 403
R
R wave, ECG, 179
radial free forearm (RFF) flaps, 721
radial head, elbow examination, 947
radial pulse, 776–777, 902–903, 907–908, 912–913
radiation, murmurs, 901
radioactive iodine uptake, 292
radiocapitellar joint line, 947
abdomen see abdominal X-rays
anatomy, 44
chest see chest X-rays (CXR)
hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, 789
non-vascular interventional radiology, 819
reporting, 124
traumatic brain injury, 709
upper gastrointestinal surgery, 780, 781 see also X-rays
radiotherapy
breast cancer, 627
external beam radiotherapy, 487
nausea and vomiting, 490
tattoos in colorectal cancer, 650
radius, 69
railway card, starting study, 8
raised D-dimer, 606
rales, 905
range, 107
range of movement, 942
ranibizumab, 514
RAPD (relative afferent pupillary defect), 918–919
rapid progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), 422–423
rapid sequence induction, critical care, 206–207
RAS inhibitors, 67
rasburicase, 429
rate control, atrial fibrillation management, 182, 183
rates, ECG, 857
reactive arthritis, 613
reactive oxygen species (ROS), 233
Read by QxMD, 39
reading
clinical medicine teaching, 130
free time, 124
learning, 27
preclinical exams, 83
Recognition of Stroke In the Emergency Room (ROSIER) scale, 454
reconstructive ladder, plastic surgery, 743
recreational drugs, 1015
rectal stump closed, 670
rectopexy, 661
rectus abdominus muscle, 69, 664
rectus divarication, 652
rectus femoris muscle, 69
rectus sheath layers, 664
recurrent miscarriage, 464
recurrent oral ulcers, 717
red blood cells (RBCs)
distribution width, 844
fragmented red blood cells, 371–372
haematopoiesis, 372
microcytic red blood cells, 371–372
teardrop red blood cells, 371–372
urine microscopy, 841
red book, community paediatrics, 534
red tape, clinical research, 1032
redistribution, fluid balance, 436
reducible hernias, 682
Reduction in the Use of Corticosteroids in Exacerbated COPD (REDUCE), 607
reduction, orthopaedic management, 752
reduction-en-mass hernia, 682
Reed–Sternberg cells, 374, 561
refeeding syndrome, 314
references
career taster weeks, 1064–1065
dissertations, 994
essay writing, 34
research papers, 1040
reflective practice, 984, 1017–1018
reflex irritability, Apgar score, 525
reflexes
optic nerve examination, 918–919
paediatric examination, 963–965
peripheral nerve examination, 922–923, 923
refractory atrial fibrillation, 183
regional anaesthesia, 166, 173
register of established tasters, 1064
registered mental health nurses (RMNs), 569
registrar, ward team position, 134–135
regurgitation, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, 784
rehabilitation, orthopaedic management, 752
rejection, research papers, 1041
relative stability, fractures, 753, 754
remifentanil, 201
renal artery, 773
renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), 560–561
renal disease
acute tubular necrosis, 415
anaemia, 426
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, 415, 435
cancer, 497
colic, 806
frank haematuria, 434
genetic disorders, 343
renal stones, 799
abnormalities, 424
causes, 435
complications, 435
drug side effects, 435
liver disease, 430
renal medulla, 68
renal transplants, 414, 427, 431, 911, 915
rent, economic considerations, 11
repetition, preclinical exams preparation, 83
replacement, fluid balance, 436
reports
cardiovascular examination, 903
clinical research, 1039
gastrointestinal examination, 914–916
respiratory examination, 908, 909
reproduction, haematology MDT, 377
research
career decisions, 999
electives, 1049
evidence, 1025
integrity, 1034
question development, 1034
speciality opportunities, 1004
types, 91 see also clinical research
research papers, critical analysis, 1044–1045
resources
anatomy, 44
burnout avoidance, 19
career taster weeks, 1064
epidemiology, 55
immunology, 48
pathology, 47
sociology, 53
respiratory alkalosis, 853–854
respiratory effort, clinical examination, 898–899
respiratory examination, 905–909
cardiothoracic surgery exams, 646
collapse, 906
effusion, 906
emphysema, 906
lung cancer, 907
lung expansion, 906
mediastinal placement, 906
pneumothorax, 906
pulmonary hypertension, 907
question anticipation, 908
report your findings, 908, 909
right heart failure, 907
tactile vocal fremitus, 906
tracheal displacement, 906
vocal resonance, 906
whispering pectoriloquy, 906
emergency department, 591, 598–607
exams, 608
genetic disorders, 343
obstructive disease, 593
paediatrics, 528
pharmacology, risks in elderly, 248
procedures to see, 592
recent studies, 607
restrictive disease, 593
respiratory system
cancer, 590
elderly care, 233
examination see respiratory examination
obstetrics & gynaecology exams, 484
paediatric examination, 962
preclinical medicine, 60
respiratory rate see respiratory rate
support in critical care, 202–211 see also respiratory medicine
Rest, Ice, Elevation, Compression (RICE), 751–753
resting tremor, Parkinsonism, 926
result presentation, HIV testing, 351
retained placenta, 463
RetCam®, 517
reticulocyte count, 845
retinal detachment (RD), 510
retinopathy of prematurity, 524–525
retraction, 45
retrobulbar haemorrhage, 718–719
retrosternal burning, 784
retrovesical pouch, 829
reversal agents, 166
reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs), 362
breaks, 884
clinics, 882
courses, 887
curriculum knowledge, 881
groups, 886
multimedia, 883
observation, 886
previous exam feedback, 884
previous mark sheets, 887
senior students, 886
tutors, 886
walk the wards, 882
wards, 886
Reynold’s pentad, 791
rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, 429
rheumatic fever, 639
inflammatory vs. non- inflamma tology, 610, 611
joint involvement paterns, 610
patterns of disease, 610
regional vs. generalized features, 610
symmetrical vs. non-symmetrical disease, 611
X-rays, 812
rhomboids muscle examination, 950
rhonchi, 905
rhythm control, atrial fibrillation management, 182, 183
rhythm, ECG, 857
Riamet®, 403
rib cage excursion, 952
ribs, 69
Richter inguinal hernia, 682
RIFLE criteria, 420
right axis deviation (RAD), ECG, 857
right colectomy, 670
right heart failure, 907
right internal jugular vein (RIJV), 432
right lower quadrant pain, 674, 675
right upper quadrant pain, 675, 790–791
right-sided heart murmurs, left-sided heart murmurs vs., 900–901
risk assessment, psychiatry exams, 586
risk factors
falls, 235
others, 586
Risk malignancy Index (RMI), 467
risk of absconding, 586
risk of neglect, 586
risk to others, 586
risk to self, 586
risus sardonicus, tetanus, 409
rivaroxaban, 380
road safety, health abroad, 1055
Rockall scores, 328
Rockey–Davis incision, 683
rocuronium, 201
rolling hiatus hernia, 784
Romberg’s test, 953
roof of mouth, 724
Roo’s manoeuvre, 953
root lesions, 928
rotation, 45
chest X-rays, 155
deformity in elbow examination, 948
instability in elbow examination, 948
rotavirus vaccination, 529
Rouleaux red blood cells, 371–372, 845
roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), 404
routes, local anaesthesia, 173
routine maintenance
fluid balance, 436
neurological examination, 917
respiratory examination, 907–908
Roux-en-Y reconstruction, 786, 788
Rovsig’s sign, 676
Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, 527–532
Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 523, 533
Royal College of Surgeons in England, 92–93
Royal College travel grants, 1064–1065
Royal Society of Medicine (RSM), 16–17
Royal Society of Medicine grants, 1064–1065
RRT (renal replacement therapy), 211, 418, 426, 430–431, 435
rubber band ligation, haemorrhoids treatment, 658
rubeola (measles), 408
rules of three, essay questions, 980
S
S wave, ECG, 179
sacrocolpopexy, 472
sacrospinous fixation, 472
saddlebag inguinal hernias, 682
safe sex, 1015
safeguarding (child protection) in paediatrics, 530
safety assessment prescription, 871–872
sagittal plane, 45
SAH (subarachnoid haemorrhage), 204, 702
salivary glands, 717
salmeterol, 593
Salmonella enterica infection see typhoid (Salmonella enterica infection)
Salmonella infection, 315, 405, 613
salpingectomy, 473
salpingotomy, 473
SALT, 324
sanctioning, general practice, 340
sarcoma, 564
sartorius muscle, 69
SAUCES mnemonic, 598
SBAR mnemonic, 131
scapula, 69
scapular rhythm, 949
scar, 216
Scarf test, 951
scars, extra-oral examination, 723–724
SCC (squamous cell carcinoma), 215, 217, 223, 225, 736
scheduling, extracurricular activities, 1012–1013
schizophrenia, 572
community in, 580
management, 574
treatment-resistant, 580
Schneider’s first rank symptoms, 572, 573–574
Schobers test, 952
Schoemaker’s sign, 955
school exams, preclinical exams vs., 72
sciatic stretch test, 953
science skills see basic science skills
sclera, 500
scleritis, 506
scleroderma, 225
sclerotherapy, 658
scoring systems
anaesthesia, 168
OSCEs, 878
pancreatitis, 326
Scotland
Discretionary Funds, 14
students, 5
Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network, 203
screening
bowel cancer, 496
Down’s syndrome, 465
strokes & TIAs, 454
screws, trauma surgery, 757
scrubbing, theatre, 140–141, 143–144
SDH (subdural haemorrhage), 702
seborrhoeic psoriasis, 219
seclusion, psychiatry wards, 577
second degree AV block, ECG, 184
secondary hyperparathyroidism, chronic kidney disease, 426
secondary syphilis, 356
secretions, palliative medicine, 552
sedation, 243–244, 330 see also anaesthesia
Seldinger technique, 432
self-belief, clinical research, 1037
self-focus, preclinical exams preparation, 84
self-knowledge, emergency medicine, 254–255
senior lectureship/consultant, 1062
senior medical students, 80, 886
sensation testing, peripheral nerve examination, 924, 925
sentinel lymph node biopsy
plastic surgery, 735
anorectal investigations, 657
definition, 205
neutropenic see neutropenic sepsis
severe see severe sepsis
Sepsis Six bundle, 486
septic arthritis, 532
septic screen, renal failure, 419
antibiotics, 277
definition, 205
early-goal-directed therapy, 276
lactate, 277
sequestration crisis, 384
serology
genitourinary medicine, 354
pathology exams, 565
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 587
serous cell ovarian cancer, 467
serratus anterior muscle examination, 950
serum amylase, pancreatitis, 326
serum electrophoresis, renal failure, 424
serum osmolarity, 842
service evaluation, clinical research, 1025
severe intracranial haemorrhage, 204
severe sepsis, 205, 276, 476–477
sex chromosomes, 346
sexual abuse, paediatrics, 530
sexual assault, 350
sexual differentiation disorders, 731
sexual dysfunction, hypopituitarism, 294
shape, orthopaedic examination, 941–942
share, clinical medicine teaching, 131
shaving forces, 278
shift patterns, speciality choice, 1003
shingles (herpes zoster), 407–408
SHO (Senior House Officer), 115, 134–135
shockable rhythms, cardiac arrest, 263
short answer questions (SAQs), 979
preclinical exams, 73
written exams, 971
short-acting beta agonists (SABA), 593
shortness of breath, 194
shoulder dystocia, 476
acromioclavicular joint, 951
biceps tendon pathology, 951
feel, 949
impingement tests, 950
instability test, 951
look, 949
movements, 949
peripheral nerve examination, 925
rotator cuff, 950
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion), 295–297
sialoliths (stones), 717
sick role, 53
sickle cell disease, 370, 384–385
Sickledex®, 384
sideroblastic anaemia, 845
sigmoid colostomy, stoma placement, 682
sigmoid volvulus, 678
sigmoidoscopy, 657
sign in/out, theatre, 142
sildenafil, 77
silent α-thalassaemia, 385
SIMV (synchronized intermittent mandatory ventillation), 208–209
single gene disorders, 342
single gene tests, 347
sinus tachycardia, 187, 192–193
SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome), 205, 275–277
sitting forward, cardiovascular examination, 903
6 A’s
Alzheimer’s disease, 449
open (compound) fractures, 761–762
6-mercaptopurine, 311
Sjögren’s syndrome, 617
SJS (Stevens–Johnson syndrome), 226, 227
SJT (situational judgement test), 871, 1060, 1061
skin
colour in Apgar score, 525
glove sign, paediatric inguinal hernia, 727
orthopaedic examination, 941–942
pathology specimens, 561
prick testing, 397
scraping, 215
swabs, 215 see also dermatology
basal cell carcinoma, 217, 222, 223, 736
elderly care, 233
gastrointestinal examination, 912–913
malignant melanoma see malignant melanoma
squamous cell carcinoma, 215, 217, 223, 225, 736
skin grafts
full-thickness see full-thickness skin grafts
oral and maxillofacial surgery, 721
skull, 69
SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), 616
sleeve gastrectomy, bariatric surgery, 787
sliding hiatus hernia, 784
sliding inguinal hernias, 682
slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE), 757
small cell lung cancer (SCLC), 495, 594–595
small details, clinical examinations, 889
small group presentations, 985
smartphones, 124
smears, cervical cancer, 468
smoking, 57
ear, nose and throat history station, 695
extracurricular activities, 1015
history taking, 150
ophthalmology examination, 936–937
Snellen charts, 918–919, 937, 938
SOAP mnemonic, 132
social drinking, 1014
social history (SHx)
case presentations, 868
clinical examinations, 891
ear, nose and throat exams, 695
history taking, 150
neurology exams, 459
neurosurgery exams, 714
obstetrics & gynaecology exams, 484
oncology exams, 497
ophthalmology examination, 936–937
psychiatric assessment, 584
rheumatology exams, 618
vascular surgery exams, 775
social iatrogenesis, 54
social media, 1014
Society for General Microbiology (SGM), 94
Society for Reproduction and Fertility (SRF), 94
sociology, preclinical medicine, 53–54
SOCRATES mnemonic, 148–149, 193–194, 332, 618, 713–714, 775, 893
low levels see hyponatraemia
sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide denaturing gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), 105
sodium valproate, 443, 452–453, 587
soft palate, 691
soft tissue pain, immobility, 245
software, essential statistics, 109
soil-transmitted helminth infections, 404
solar (actinic) keratoses, 215
solid organ tumours, paediatric oncology, 726
solitary learning, 28
somatic passivity, Schneider’s first rank symptoms, 573–574
somatization disorders, 580
sources of funding see funding sources
SPASMODIC mnemonic, 852
spastic gait, 943
special support grants, 5
specialist prizes, 1043
specialist stethoscopes, 10
specialist training (ST), 104–105, 1026–1027, 1046, 1062
career certainty/uncertainty, 1000–1001
electives, 1050
personal traits, 1002
procedures, 124
specific gravity, urine dipsticks, 840
specifications, poster presentations, 98
speculum examination, 934
speech
delay in paediatric examination, 966
mental state examination, 585
neurological examination, 926
Speed’s test, 951
spell check, essays, 989
spermatic cord, 667
Spigellian hernia, 652
spina bifida, 729
spinal cord, 384, 928 see also central nervous system (CNS)
spinal tumours, 706
spine, 69
neurosurgery, 703
tumours, 706
spine examination, 952
cervical spine, 953
feel, 952
gait, 952
look, 952
lumbar spine, 953
measurements, 952
movements, 952
spinal accessory nerve examination, 921
thoracic outlet syndrome, 953
spiritual care, palliative medicine, 553
spirogram, 61
splenic artery, 773
splenomegaly, 915
split-thickness skin grafts, 721, 743–744
spondyloarthropathy, 613
squamous carcinoma, oesophageal cancer, 783
SSMs (special study modules), 1046
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 247, 587
St. Christopher’s Hospice, 549
ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 178, 188, 189
stable angina pectoralis, 178, 181
stable chronic liver disease, gastrointestinal examination, 915
staging, 559
breast cancer, 627
colorectal cancer, 649–650, 651
oncology clinic, 491
standard deviation (SD), 107
standard error of the mean (SEM), 107
Stanford type A aortic dissection, 640, 641
Staphylococcus aureus infection, 505, 598, 629
Staphylococcus epidermis infection, 505
Staphylococcus pneumoniae infection, 598
stapled haemorrhoidopexy, 659
state benefits, 14
statins, 58
stationery, 12
statistical significance, 108
statistical significance tests, 108
statistics see essential statistics
status asthmaticus, 203
status epilepticus, 451
steatohepatitis, 323–324, 559–560
stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), 495
Steri-Strips, 280
sternocleidomastoid muscle, 69
sternotomy incision, 683
steroids
asthma, 593
chronic lung disease exacerbation, 598–601
early-goal-directed therapy, 276
gout, 614
inhaled, 593
migraines, 445
renal failure, 435
risks in elderly, 248
topical see topical steroids
wheeze, 528
stigma, 53
strabismus surgery, 502
straight sinus, axial MRI, 440
strangulated hernias, 358, 682
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), 1001
Streptococcus infections, 505
stress management, headaches, 443
stroke, 456, 438–439, 453–456, 454–455 see also transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs)
stromal testicular tumours, 800–801
strong ion theory, 854
students
electives, 1048
selection components, 998
societies, 1010
Student’s t-test, 108
stupor, 578
subacute combined degeneration, 384
subcapsular (posterior) lymph nodes, 631
subclavian vein, 432
subclavicular incision, 683
subclavicular lymph nodes, 631
subconjunctival haemorrhage, 507, 508
subcostal incision, 683
subdural catheter, burr hole drainage, 711
subjects
clinical research, 1033
speciality choice, 1003
subluxations, 753
submandibular glands, 717
submission
clinical research, 1038
research papers, 1041
subscapularis muscle examination, 950
substance misuse
opioids, 274
psychiatric assessment, 585
services, 583
withdrawal, 274
subtalar movements, foot and ankle examination, 959
suicidal ideation, 577
sulcralfate, 785
sulcus sign, 951
sulphonylureas, 289
sulpiride, 587
sumatriptan, 443
summaries
case presentations, 868
workshops, 33
summative assessments
preclinical exams, 72
summative exams, formative exams vs., 879
summer studentships, 1043
sunscreens, 224
superficial anal fistulae, 662
superficial erythema, burns, 740–741
superficial thickness burns, 740–741
superficial tissues, ultrasound, 814
superior epigastric artery, rectus sheath, 664
superior mesenteric artery, 664, 669, 670, 773
superior phrenic artery, 773
superior rectal artery, 664
superior sagittal sinus, axial MRI, 440
supervised learning events (SLEs), 870
supervisors/supervision, 21, 1019, 1037
clinical research projects, 92
dissertations, 993
laboratory research, 103
special study modules, 1046
supination, 45
supinator reflexes, 923
Support Funds (NI), 14
support, incalcated degree choice, 89
SUPPORT trial, palliative medicine, 548
supraclavicular lymph nodes, 631
suprapubic pain, 675
suprasphincteric anal fistulae, 662
supraspinal ligament, 174
supraspinatus muscle examination, 950
supraumbilical incision, 683
surface anatomy, 44
surgery
breast see breast surgery
cardiac risk, 169
cardiovascular system see cardiothoracic surgery
colorectal surgery see colorectal surgery
complex surgical patients, 204
coronary artery bypass surgery, 642
decompression, 488
diverticular disease, 655
ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery see ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery
hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery see hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery
incisions, 683
laparoscopic surgery, 661
Mohs micrographic surgery, 736–737
nephrology, 414
neurosurgery see neurosurgery
obstetrics & gynaecology, 479–480
oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) see oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS)
paediatric surgery see paediatric surgery
pancreatic surgery, 795
pancreatitis, 326
plastic surgery see plastic surgery
primary management as, 140
prolapse correction, 472
rectal prolapse, 660
stoma surgery see stoma surgery
tracheostomy, 694
trauma & orthopaedic (T&O) surgery see trauma & orthopaedic (T&O) surgery
ulcerative colitis, 310
upper gastrointestinal (UGI) surgery see upper gastrointestinal (UGI) surgery
vascular surgery see vascular surgery
video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), 643–644
surgical theatre see theatre
Surviving Sepsis Campaign, 477, 486
suspected cases, 56
sutures/suturing, 144, 215, 229, 280
suxamethonium, 201
SVT (supraventricular tachycardia), 187
swan neck deformity, 946
swellings
elbow examination, 947
hand examination, 944
symmetrical disease, non-symmetrical disease vs. in rheumatology, 611
symphysis–fundal height, 931
symptom control
oncology emergency department, 490
symptomatic late syphilis, 356–357
Synacthen test, 296
synchronized intermittent mandatory ventillation (SIMV), 208–209, 209
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion see SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion)
synovial fluid, diagnostic cytology, 562
synovitis, transient vs. septic arthritis, 532
systematic behaviour, clinical examinations, 889
systemic descriptions, X-rays, 753
systemic sclerosis, 617
systemic/constitutional symptoms
clinical examinations, 892
systems enquiry, obstetrics & gynaecology exams, 484
systems review, history taking, 150–151
systems-based modules, 31
systolic murmurs, 900
T
T3 (triiodothyronine), 290–292
tacrolimus, 435
tamoxifen, 628
tamsulosin, 799
TBI (traumatic brain injury), 702, 707, 709
TCAs (tricyclic antidepressants), 587
choosing a course, 24
clinical medicine, 126
clinical research, 1034
formats of, 32
practicals, 33
war rounds, 128
TeachMeAnatomy app, 80
team membership
anaesthesia day routine, 166
clinical medicine, 115, 116, 123
teardrop red blood cells, 371–372
teeth
trauma see dental trauma
telomere loss, 233
temporal lobe, 63
temporalizing, general practice, 340
TEN-4 bruising rule, 543
tenesmus, 311
tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis), 948
tenofovir, 317
tension headaches, 444
tension pneumothorax, 260
tension-free vaginal tape (TVT), 480
teratology of Fallot, 540
teratomas, testicular tumours, 800–801
teres minor muscle examination, 950
terminal restlessness, dying patient care, 555
termination of pregnancy (TOP), 350
ultrasound, 813
undescended, 727
tests of statistical significance, 108
tetanospasmin, 409
tetanus, 409
thalamus, axial MRI, 440
α-thalassaemia, 385
β-thalassaemia intermedia, 385–386
α-thalassaemia trait, 385
six ’I’s, elderly care, 232
cardiothoracic surgery, 642–644
clinical medicine teaching, 129
ear, nose and throat surgery, 693–694
etiquette in, 143
hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, 789
jargon, 145
learning objectives, 140
logbooks, 145
observation, 144
obstetrics & gynaecology, 481–482
oral and maxillofacial surgery, 721
preoperative ward round, 140
reflective practice, 145
suturing, 144
trauma & orthopaedic surgery, 757–760
upper gastrointestinal surgery, 780
vascular surgery, 770
WHO surgical checklist, 142
thecal sac termination, 174
therapeutic anticoagulation, 370
thiamine, 451
things to do
breast surgery, 624
colorectal surgery, 648
genetics, 343
genitourinary medicine, 351
haematology, 371
hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, 789
nephrology, 414
neurology, 440
oncology, 487
plastic surgery, 735
psychiatry, 577
trauma & orthopaedic surgery, 749
urology, 798
vascular surgery, 766
think out loud, clinical examinations, 889
thiopentone, 451
third-degree AV block, ECG, 184
Thompson’s tests, 960
thoracic aorta, 773
thoracic outlet syndrome, 953
thoracic spine movements, 952
thoracostomy tubes (chest drains), 640–641
thoughts
mental state examination, 585
Schneider’s first rank symptoms, 573–574
threatened miscarriage, 464
3D4Medical, 80
throat, 691
throat and neck history, 695
thrombin time (TT), 377–378, 846
thrombocytopenia
idiopathic thrombocytopeni, 370
laboratory result, 393
thrombocytosis, 376
thromboembolic risk reduction, 183
thrombophilia screen, 379
acquire, 380
patholog, 47
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), 370, 380
thrush (vulvovaginal candidiasis), 355
thumbs
movements in examinations, 952–953
Z-shaped thumb, 946
thunderclap headache, 453
thymectomy, 446
thyroid, 64
antibodies to, 292
clinical examinations, 892
fine needle aspiration, 562
high hormone levels see hyperthyroidism
history in ear, nose and throat exams, 695
low levels see hypothyroidism
ultrasound, 813
thyroid disorders, 286, 290, 304
examination, 305
goitre and thyroid nodules, 292
hypothyroidism, 290
nodules, 292
thyroid function tests (TFT), 831
thyroid storm, 300
thyrotoxic crises, 300
tibialis anterior muscle, 960
tibialis muscle, 69
tibialis posterior muscle, 960
tilt, gynaecology examination, 934–935
time frame, special study modules, 1046
time management
clinical medicine, 123
extracurricular activities, 1012
objective structured clinical examinations, 869
preclinical exams preparation, 83
preclinical OSCEs, 74
situational judgement test, 1060
time out, theatre, 142
timed up and go (TUG) test, 236
timetable, career taster weeks, 1064
timolol, 503
portal decompressio, 312
tips, psychiatry exams, 586–587
tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase), 455
title, research papers, 1039
TLS (tumour lysis syndrome), 487, 489
TNM (Tumour, regional Nodes, Metastases) classification, 224, 491, 492
T&O medicine see trauma & orthopaedic (T&O) surgery
tobacco see smoking
Todd’s paresis, 452
TOE (transoesophageal echocardiography), 178
tone, peripheral nerve examination, 922
tongue examination, 724
tonsillectomy, 693
tonsillitis, 51, 686, 690, 691
tonsils, 724
anatom, 691
tooth see teeth
topic choice, dissertations, 991
topical antibiotics, 220
topical lubricants, 507
Torsades de pointes, 187
total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, 540
total body surface area (TBSA), burns, 740–741
total colectomy, 670
total pain, 551
total triiodothyronine, 292
Tourniquet test, 777
toxic epidermal necrolysis, 226
toxic granulation, 845
toxicology, urine strips, 842
toxoplasmosis, 365
trabeculectomy, 502, 513, 519–520
trabeculoplasty, glaucoma, 513
tracheal displacement, 906, 907–908
transabdominal ultrasound, 466, 781
transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialization, 658
transcranial ultrasound, 814
transferritin, 424
acute transfusion reactions, 388–389
blood products, 388
cross-matching, 388
cryoprecipitate, 388
cytomegalovirus, 388
fresh frozen plasma, 388
irradiated products, 388
packed red cells, 388
platelets, 388
special requirements, 388
transfusion reactions, 370, 388–389
transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs), 453–456, 510–511
ABCD2 syste, 455–456 see also stroke
transient synovitis, septic arthritis vs., 532
transitional cell carcinoma, 800–801
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), 819
translational research, 1029
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), 409
transposition of the great arteries, community paediatrics, 539
transsphincteric anal fistulae, 662
transvaginal US scan, 466
transversalis fascia, 664, 669
transverse colectomy, 670
transverse colostomy, 682
transverse lie, obstetrics examination, 930–931
transverse plane, 45
transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) flap, 631
transversus abdominus, 669
transversus muscle, rectus sheath, 664
trastuzumab (Herceptin®), 494, 628
Traube’s sign, 198
aphoris, 260
imagin, 262
trauma & orthopaedic (T&O) surgery, 748–749, 757–758
cases to see, 748
complications, 756
exams, 764
investigations, 749
orthopaedic/elective clinic, 750–751
principles, 752
procedures to see, 749
things to do, 749
trauma/fracture clinic, 751–753
traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage (tSAH), 708
traumatic subconjunctival haemorrhage, 507
traveller’s diarrhoea, 405
health abroa, 1055
travel/travelling
arrangements, 1053
costs, 12
experience, 1050
history in tropical diseases, 411
treatment withholding, end of life/palliative care, 248
treatment-resistant schizophrenia, 580
Trendelenburg’s lurch, 954
triceps muscle, 69
triceps reflexes, 923
trichloroacetic acids (TCAs), 247
Trichomonas vaginalis infection, 354–355
tricuspid regurgitation, 904
tricuspid valve anomalies, 539
trifascicular block, 185
trigeminal nerve examination, 919
trigone, 829
triple assessment, breast surgery, 625
trismus, tetanus, 409
trochlear nerve (IV) examination, 919
returning traveller, 411–412 see also infectious diseases
troponin, 185
Trousseau’s test, 303
truncus arteriosus, 539
TTE (transthoracic echocardiography), 178, 637
TTP (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura), 370
tuberculomas, 457
tuberculosis, 365, 405–406, 457, 606–607, 909
vaccination, 7
tuberculosis vaccination, 51
tubogram, 818
tubular casts, 841
tuition fees, 5
tumour lysis, 377
tumour lysis syndrome (acute uric acid nephropathy), 429
Tumour, regional Nodes, Metastases classification see TNM (Tumour, regional Nodes, Metastases) classification
tunica vaginalis, 669
Turner–Warwick’s incision, 683
TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate), 803, 804
tutors/tutorials, revision strategies, 882–883, 886
TVF (tactile vocal fremitus), 906
24 hour urine collection, 424, 849
24-hour Holter monitor and events recorder, 186
twin pregnancy, 464
twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, pregnancy, 464
2:1 AV block, 184
2-week wait (2WW) pathway, 651
tympanic membrane, 688
type 1 diabetes mellitus, 287, 462
type I error, 108
type 2 diabetes mellitus, 287
type II error, 108
typhoid (Salmonella enterica infection), 407, 1054
U
UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admission Service), 13
UGI perforation, 786
UK Clinical Aptitude Tests (UKCAT), 26
UK Foundation Programme Office (UKFPO), 1059, 1063
UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 359–360
UK Medical Student Association (UKMSA), 92–93
UK National Tracheostomy Safety Project, 722
UK Small Aneurysm Trial, 767
UKFPO see UK Foundation Programme Office (UKFPO)
ulcerative colitis (UC), 310, 915
Crohn’s disease vs, 312
ulcerative keratitis, 506
aphthous ulceration, 716
arterial ulcers, 768
decubitus ulcers, 737
feet see foot ulcers
genitals see genital ulceration
neuropathic ulcers, 768
oral ulcers, 717
pressure ulcers, 737
recurrent, 717
ulcerative keratitis, 506
venous ulcers, 768
ulna, 69
ulnar drift, 946
ultrasound (US), 755–756, 812–814
acute calculous cholecystitis, 791
breast cancer, 494
choledocholithiasis (CBD stones), 792
ear, nose and throat surgery, 689
endometrial cancer, 466
endoscopic ultrasound, 781
hand-held Doppler US probe, 777
hernias, 653
kidneys, 801
ocular ultrasound, 517
ovarian cancer, 467
transcranial ultrasound, 814
transvaginal US scan, 466
umbilical area, 914
umbilical hernia, 727
umbilical pain, 675
unconscious patients, 265
unconsciousness, 459
undecided, life aspirations, 1005–1006
Undergraduate Research Opportunities Programme (UROP), 1036, 1043
undergraduate tutors, preclinical exam resources, 80
undescended testicles, paediatric surgery, 727
UNICEF, league table for child health, 522–523
unilateral visual loss, 507–510
anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, 509
central retinal artery occlusion, 507–508
central retinal vein occlusion, 508–509
posterior vitreous detachment, 510
retinal detachment, 510
vitreous haemorrhage, 509
union, fracture healing complications, 755
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), 289
university acceptance package, 5
University College London, 1043
unpredictability of medicine, 115
UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, paediatrics, 522–523
upper gastrointestinal cancer, 497
upper gastrointestinal (UGI) surgery, 780
MDTs, 781
oesophageal disease, 782–783 see also oesophagus
places to be, 780
procedures to see, 781 see also hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery
venous syste, 832 see also elbow examination; hand examination; shoulder examination
upper midline incision, 683
upper oesophageal sphincter, 782
upper tract dilatation, paediatric surgery, 731
UpToDate, 38
upward plantar responses, 953
urachus, 829
uraemia, 417
Ureaplasma infection, reactive arthritis, 613
ureteric orifice, 829
ureteric ridge, 829
urethral prostate, frank haematuria, 434
non-specific urethritis, 356
reactive arthriti, 613
urge incontinence, 471
urgency incontinence, 238
urinalysis, 415
early-goal-directed therap, 276
renal failur, 419
frank haematuria, 434
gastrointestinal examination, 911
urinary calculi, 806
urinary incontinence, 238–239, 470–471, 800
elderly c, 232
overflow incontinence, 239
types of, 238
urge incontinence, 471
urgency incontinence, 238 see also continence clinics
urinary retention, HSV infection complications, 364
urinary schistosomiasis, 404–405
urinary system, obstetrics & gynaecology exams, 484
urinary tract infection (UTI), 51
24-hours see 24 hour urine collection
urine output reduction, 422
urine strips, pregnancy, 841
urodynamics, incontinence, 471
urogenital cancer, red flag symptoms, 497
urological drugs, risks in elderly, 248
urology, 798
cases to see, 798
emergency department, 806
exams, 807
investigations, 798
paediatric surgery, 731
procedures to see, 798
subspecialities, 798
things to do, 798
urothelial carcinoma, diagnostic cytology, 562
urticaria, 226
transfusion medicine, 389
US (haemolytic uraemic syndrome), 380
US–UK Fullbright Commission, 1064–1065
uterus, 805
gynaecology examination, 934–935
inversion, 475
utility bills, economic considerations, 11
uvula, 691
V
vacations/holidays, 7
vaccinations, 7, 50, 535, 1054–1055
vagina, 805
anterior vaginal wall repair, 480
atrophic senile vaginitis, 238
swabs for gonorrhoea, 355
vaginal delivery, 463
normal vaginal deliver, 463
vagus (X) nerve examination, 921
valgus instability, elbow examination, 948
Valsalva manoeuvres, 901
valvular heart disease, 636
variceal bleeding, 329
varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection, 407–408
varicocoele, 803
varus instability, elbow examination, 948
vascular access, 207–208, 259–260, 377
vascular dementia, 448, 449, 581
vascular interventional radiology, 819
vascular phase, haemostasis & thrombosis, 377–378
vascular surgery, 766
cases to see, 766
emergency department, 770
investigations, 769
procedures to see, 766
theatre, 770
things to do, 766
vascular system, ultrasound, 814
vasopressin, 201
vasovagal system, dizziness/blackouts, 195
vein of Galen, 440
venous ulcers, 768
ventillation
bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP®), 210, 597
bilevel ventillation, 209
invasive ventillation, 191
non-invasive, 191, 209–210, 592, 597, 598–601
volume- vs. pressure-controlled ventillation, 208 see also breathing
ventillation (V)/perfusion (Q) mismatch scans, 592, 597, 604–607
ventouse delivery, 481
vertebrobasilar insufficiency, 236
vertical sleeve gastrectomy, bariatric surgery, 788
vesicouretic junction (VUJ), 799
vesicular breath sounds, 905
vessel wall injury, 378
vestibular neuronitis, 236
vestibulocochlear nerve examination, 920
VF (ventricular fibrillation), 187, 263, 264, 265
video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), 643–644
viral encephalitis, 458
viral haemorrhagic fevers, 403–404
viral screens, haematology exams, 392
virtual colonoscopy, diverticular disease, 654
visa, travel arrangements, 1053
visual acuity testing, 937–940
colour testing, 939
fundoscopy, 940
Holmes–Adie pupil, 938
near acuity, 937
ocular movements, 940
pupillary reflexes, 937–938, 939
visual fields to confrontation, 937
unilateral see unilateral visual loss see also unilateral visual loss
visuospatial learning, 27
vital signs monitoring, early-goal-directed therapy, 276
VITAMIN ABCDEFG mnemonic, 881–882
vitamin(s), alcohol-related liver disease, 323
vitamin K antagonists, anticoagulant therapy, 380
vitiligo, 225
vitreous haemorrhage, unilateral visual loss, 509
vocal resonance, respiratory examination, 906
voice, Parkinsonism, 926
volume replacement, haemorrhagic shock management, 259–260
volume- vs. pressure-controlled ventillation, ventillation, 208
voluntary work, extracurricular activities, 1013
volunteering, making contacts, 1011
von Hippel Lindau disease, 297
von Willebrand disease (vWD), 381
V/Q mismatch scan, 592, 597, 604–607
VSD (ventricular septal defect), 541–542
VT (ventricular tachycardia), 187, 263, 265
VTE (venous thromboembolic disease), 378, 478
vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush), 355
W
waddling, orthopaedic examination, 943
clinical medicine, 121–122, 129
definition, 132
duties, 132
note taking, 132
people present, 132
spare time in, 135
timing, 132
wards
free time, 124
gastroenterology, 308, 320–327
infectious diseases, 400
oral and maxillofacial surgery, 722
upper gastrointestinal surgery, 780
Waterlow risk assessment, 737
waxy flexibility, 578
WCC (white cell count), 460, 844
Weber classification, ankle fracture, 762
wedge resections, video-assisted thoracic surgery, 643–644
Wegener’s granulomatosis, 423
Wellcome Trust, 94, 1030, 1043
Well’s scores, pulmonary embolism, 601–602, 602
Wenckebach AV block, ECG, 184
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, 448
Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 275
Western Blotting, 105
wet age-related macular degeneration, 514
Whipple’s pancreatoduodenectomy, 327
Whipple’s procedure, 795
whipworms (Trichuris trichuria), 404
whispering pectoriloquy, respiratory examination, 906
white blood cells, 49, 236, 372 see also basophils
wide local excision (WLE), 494, 630
Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann–Whitney U test), 108
Wilms tumours (nephroblastoma), pathology, 560–561
Wilson’s disease, 324
wipe test, knee examination, 956
wire-guided wide local excision, breast surgery, 630
Wolfe grafts, oral and maxillofacial surgery, 721
Wolfson Foundation, 92–93, 999
Woodruff’s plexus, epistaxis, 690
work-based assessments (WBAs), 870
World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (WANGO), 1056
World Health Organization (WHO)
child abuse, 283
haemopoietic/lymphoid tissue tumours, 373
health and disease definitions, 55
Medical School Directory, 1056
osteoporosis definition, 615
surgical checklist, 142
assessment for plastic surgery, 742
closure, 280
examination, 279
history, 279
incised wounds, 278
investigation, 279
plastics team registration, 279
prophylactic antibiotics, 279
treatment, 279
flexion/extension, 619–620, 925
calmness, 971
confidence, 972
essay questions, 971
extended matching questions, 971
formative assessments, 971, 972
importance, 970
multiple choice questions, 970
negative marking, 971
paediatric exams, 543
positive marking, 971
prescribing skills assessment, 971
short answer questions, 971
summative assessments, 971, 972
X
X chromosome, 346
xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 614
xiphoid, rectus sheath, 664
X-PERT, 286
abdomen see abdominal X-rays
chest see chest X-rays (CXR)
fractures, 753
osteoarthritis, 751
physics, 812
requests for, 153
systemic descriptions, 753
terminology, 753 see also radiology
Y
Y chromosome, 346
YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet) capsulotomy, 501–502, 504
year handbook, preclinical exam resources, 79
yeast cells, urine microscopy, 841
yellow fever vaccination, 1054
Yergason test, 951
Yersinia infection, reactive arthritis, 613
Z
zoledronate, 615
zonules, 500