INDEX
Note: The notations (b), (f), and (t) indicate boxes, figures, and tables, respectively.
Abramis (genus), 150(t)
Abramis brama (Common Bream), 156, 228
Acantharchus pomotis (Mud Sunfish), 293
Acanthopterygii (superorder), 146(t), 147, 280
Acipenser (genus), 22
Acipenser fulvescens (Lake Sturgeon), 89, 262(t)
Acipenseridae (family), 7(t), 14, 188, 222(t), 262(t), 316
Acipenseriformes (order), 6(f), 22, 147(f)
Acipenser medirostris (Green Sturgeon), 316
Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi (Gulf Sturgeon), 191, 316
Acipenser transmontanus (White Sturgeon), 147(f), 317(b)
Actinopterygii (class), 3, 6(f), 124–25, 132–33, 133(f), 145(f), 146(t), 146
active competition. See interference competition
adductor mandibulae complex, 160–61, 161(f), 162(f)
adhesive eggs, 85–86, 89, 197, 317(b)
Adinia xenica (Diamond Killifish), 160
adulthood
feeding behaviors of, 76, 86, 114
movement and, 16(b), 85, 88–89, 101
parasitic, 21
Adult Sonora Sucker (Catostomus insignis), 76, 260(t)
Age of Fishes. See Devonian Period
aggression
acoustic communication and, 221, 222(t), 223(t), 224–25
male-female, 224
male-male, 191, 221, 222(t), 223(t), 224–25, 224(t)
social control of, 210–11
agonistic behaviors, 215
acoustic communication and, 223(t), 224–25, 225(f)
interference competition and, 238
mutualisms and, 297
Agonostomus monticola (Mountain Mullet), 189–90
Agosia chrysogaster (Longfin Dace), 76, 260(t)
alarm substances, 207–8, 279–80, 288
Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), 110, 265, 364
Alleghenian-Appalachian ranges, 13
Alligator Gar (Atractosteus spatula), 4, 262(t)
allogenic ecosystem engineer, 292, 369
allopatry, 74, 136, 237–38, 240, 242, 245, 245(f), 369
Alosa pseudoharengus (Alewife), 110, 265, 364
Alosa sapidissima (American Shad), 187, 263(t), 315
altruism, 211
alveolar process, 146–49, 146(t)
Amazon Molly (Poecilia formosa), 194
Ambloplites ariommus (Shadow Bass), 100, 263(t)
Ambloplites rupestris (Rock Bass), 216, 263(t), 272, 283, 350
Amblyopsidae (family), 7(t), 147, 198(t), 215
ambush predators, 129, 153, 158
Ameiurus natalis (Yellow Bullhead), 76, 210, 260(t), 262(t), 263(t), 344, 354
Ameiurus nebulosus (Brown Bullhead), 56–57, 210, 223(t), 260(t), 272, 354
American Eel (Anguilla rostrata), 130, 132, 147
American Shad (Alosa sapidissima), 187, 263(t), 315
Amia calva (Bowfin), 128, 133–34, 146, 145(f), 149–50, 152, 196, 262(t), 300, 344–45, 354
Amiidae (family), 14–18, 22, 129, 198(t), 262(t)
Amiiformes (order), 6(f), 128, 133–34, 146(t)
Amiinae (subfamily), 17–18
ammocoetes, 21, 130, 215, 363–64, 369
Ammocrypta beani (Naked Sand Darter), 50
amphidromy, 188–90, 190(f), 201, 369, 370
Amyzon (extinct genus), 23
anadromy, 22–23, 89, 101, 135, 187–91, 189(f), 190(f), 201, 238, 292, 294–95, 297, 304, 316, 324–25, 329, 332–37, 349, 363, 369, 370, 372
Anguilla rostrata (American Eel), 130, 132, 147
catadromy of, 188
feeding and rotational shaking of, 159–60, 263(t)
semelparity of, 187
Apeltes quadracus (Fourspine Stickleback), 184(t)
Aphredoderidae (family), 14, 147, 198(t), 261(t)
Aphredoderus sayanus (Pirate Perch), 147, 199(t), 261(t), 320
Aplodinotus grunniens (Freshwater Drum), 61, 224(t), 263(t), 344
Appalachian Mountains, 12–13, 38, 234, 318
aquatic insects, 58, 101, 234, 250–51, 257–59, 261(t), 262(t)
aquatic surface respiration (ASR), 99
Archoplites (genus), 24
Archoplites interruptus (Sacramento Perch), 197–98
Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus), 111, 210, 214, 238–40, 240(f)
Ardea alba (Heron), 290–91
area cladograms, 235–36, 235(f), 369
Ariidae (family), 198(t)
Army Corps of Engineers, 366
artificial stream systems, 97–8, 115, 302
Ash Meadows spring complex (Nevada), 351, 353(f)
ASR (aquatic surface respiration), 99
assemblages
a posteriori models, 60
a priori models, 54–60
change, 95
colonization of, 72–90
environment and, 54–66
formation, maintenance, and persistence of, 13, 45–116
habitat template, 54–55
historical effects, 75
hydrologic cycles and, 312–28
landscape filters, 55–57
lentic vs. lotic, 10
local vs. regional effects on, 66–68
movement and, 78–89
multivariate statistics, 60–66
null models of species assembly, 72
persistence of, 91–116
river continuum concept (RCC), 57–60
rules, 72–76
species characteristics and, 75
species tolerances and physical habitat, 75
statistical models, 54
structured vs. random, 72
turnover, 94
Astephus (extinct genus), 23
Atheriniformes (order), 6(f), 135, 150(t), 162(f)
Atherinopsidae (family), 7(t), 14–15, 27, 87(t), 130, 150(t), 162(f), 184(t), 195(t), 198(t), 201, 262(t)
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), 23, 188, 209–13, 215, 244
Atlantic Silverside (Menidia menidia), 184(t), 186, 194
atmospheric carbon, 284–85
Atractosteus (genus), 158
Atractosteus spatula (Alligator Gar), 4, 262(t)
Atractosteus tropicus (Tropical Gar), 4
Australian realm, 4
autogenic ecosystem engineers, 292, 369
Awaous banana (River Goby), 190
background noise, 206, 221, 225
Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), 298
Banded Darter (Etheostoma zonale), 40(t), 219, 237
Banded Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus), 135, 272, 276
Banded Sculpin (Cottus carolinae), 39, 74–75, 262(t), 330
Bannerfin Shiner (Cyprinella leedsi), 182, 184(t), 184–85, 185(f)
basic metabolic model, 180, 201
Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus), 158
Bayou Darter (Nothonotus rubrum), 50, 50(f), 86, 97, 97(f), 184(t)
Bayou Pierre (Mississippi), 50, 50(f), 53, 97
BCF. See body and caudal fin (BCF) locomotion
Bear Lake, 35
Beaver (Castor canadensis)
as an allogenic engineer, 292–93
Beaverdam Creek (Mississippi), 266, 314(b), 314(f), 319
bed-scour, 295
behavioral regulation hypothesis, 195
Beluga Sturgeon (Huso huso), 22
Beringia, 18(f), 20–22, 24, 41–42, 42(f)
Beringian Refugium, 9–10
bet hedging, 182, 186–87, 324, 369
Bigeye Shiner (Notropis boops), 40, 40(t), 236, 261(t), 302
Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), 66, 366
Bigmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus), 60, 260(t), 261(t)
Bigmouth Sleeper (Gobiomorus dormitor), 190
biogeography, 12–13
biogeographic filters, 2(f), 355(f)
island biogeography theory, 39
plate tectonics and, 14(b)
theories of, 16(b)
biotic homogenization, 352–65, 367–68
basic measures of, 356(b)
nonindigenous species and, 360
patterns of, 357
Blackbanded Darter (Percina nigrofasciata), 57, 261(t), 266, 270, 271(f), 321
Black Bear (Ursus americanus), 298
Black Buffalo (Ictiobus niger), 60, 260(t), 263(t), 354
Black Crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), 234, 263(t), 321, 344, 350–51
Black Creek (Mississippi), 94, 104(t), 319–21
Blackfin Cisco (Coregonus nigripinnis), 348
blackflies, 292–93
Blacknose Dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), 100, 260(t)
Blackspotted Topminnow (Fundulus olivaceus), 82, 262(t), 320
Blacktail Shiner (Cyprinella venusta), 40(t), 50, 104, 102, 123(f), 131(t), 234, 261(t), 278, 290, 302, 330
blackwater streams, 234, 290, 293
Bloater (Coregonus hoyi), 110, 261(t), 317(b), 348
Blotchside Logperch (Percina burtoni), 302
Blue Catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), 10, 263(t)
Bluefin Killifish (Lucania goodei), 217–19
Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), 61, 129, 134, 136, 152–54, 158–59, 192–94, 197
Bluehead Chub (Nocomis leptocephalus), 82, 260(t), 293, 295, 296(f), 300
Bluehead Sucker (Catostomus discobolus), 31, 88, 94, 130, 131(t), 260(t), 315, 316(f), 332
Bluntface Shiner (Cyprinella camura), 65–66, 65(f), 131(t)
Bluntnose Minnow (Pimephales notatus), 131(t), 184(t), 185, 212, 223(t), 260(t), 290
body and caudal fin (BCF) locomotion, 125, 141
anguilliform, 125–27
carangiform, 125–28, 126(t), 132, 141
common modes of, 126(t)
evolution of, 132–33
gaits, 129–32
nonanguilliform, 127–28, 128(f), 133
ostraciiform, 125
subcarangiform, 125–28, 126(t), 132
thunniform, 125
body shape, 122–25
deep-bodied, 130, 154, 267, 277
limnetic (fusiform), 137–38
streamlined, 119–21, 125, 129, 135, 154, 277, 372
bog lakes, 61
Bonneville Basin (Utah), 32(f), 33–35, 41
Bonneville Dam, 333
Bonneville Salt Flats, 34
Bonytail Chub (Gila elegans), 31, 33, 48, 127, 260(t), 261(t), 326
Bony Tongues (Hiodontidae), 147, 148(f)
Bosmina (genus), 251
Bouse Embayment, 31
Bowfin (Amia calva), 128, 133–34, 145(f), 146, 149–50, 152, 196, 262(t), 300, 344–45, 354
Brazos River (Texas), 321–22
Bridgelip Sucker (Catostomus columbianus), 110, 260(t)
Bridge River (British Columbia), 101, 328–29
Brier Creek (Oklahoma), 79–80, 81(f), 108(t), 99, 103–10, 114, 115(f), 282, 285, 287
Brighteye Darter (Etheostoma lynceum), 184(t), 186, 266
brood pouch, 198(t), 199(t), 200
brood survivorship, 300–301
Brook Silverside (Labidesthes sicculus), 262(t), 317(b)
Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans), 261(t), 277, 279, 283, 366
Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), 80, 110, 210–11, 244, 261(t), 263(t), 267
Brown Bear (Ursus arctos), 298
Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), 56–57, 210, 223(t), 260(t), 272, 354
Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), 76, 80, 110, 244, 261(t), 263(t), 353, 358, 365, 367
buccal cavities, 145, 149, 151, 369
burrowers, 130
burst-and-coast swimming, 127, 130, 132
CA (correspondence analysis), 62, 63(b). See also detrended correspondence analysis (DCA)
Caddisfly (Dicosmoecus), 285, 286(f)
California Roach (Lavinia symmetricus), 285, 286(f)
Campostoma anomalum (Central Stoneroller), 235–36, 260(t), 281, 285–87, 290, 300, 302
Campostoma spadiceum (Highland Stoneroller), 40, 40(t)
cannibalism, 210, 218, 249, 255, 281
Branded Darter (Etheostoma zonale), 40(t), 219, 237
Carassius auratus (Goldfish), 154–55
as a nonindigenous species, 352–53, 358
sex and mating of, 208–9
suction feeding by, 157
Carassius carassius (Crucian Carp), 269(f), 278
carbon
atmospheric, 284–85
isotopes (12C, 13C),
Carboniferous Period, 12, 21, 132
Carpiodes carpio (River Carpsucker), 60, 134(b), 260(t), 343–44, 345(t)
Cascade Mountains, 30
Castor canadensis. See Beaver (Castor canadensis)
catadromy, 188, 191, 258, 369, 370
catch-curve techniques, 169, 170(b)
catfishes. See Ictaluridae (family)
Cathartes aura (Turkey Vulture), 298–99
Catostomidae (family), 4, 7(t), 14, 17, 23–24, 87(t), 88.
See also by individual species
feeding habits of, 236, 258, 259(f), 260(t), 261(t), 262(t)
morphology of, 130, 150(t), 163
movement of, 88–89, 89(f), 315–16, 332
parental care among, 198
resemblance coloration of, 274
subcarangiform swimming of, 127
Catostomus ardens (Utah Sucker), 32(f), 35, 260(t)
Catostomus catostomus ssp. (Salish Sucker), 43
Catostomus clarki (Desert Sucker), 76, 131(t), 260(t)
Catostomus columbianus (Bridgelip Sucker), 110, 260(t)
Catostomus commersonii (White Sucker), 102, 236, 260(t), 262(t), 290, 302, 346
Catostomus discobolus (Bluehead Sucker), 31, 88, 94, 130, 131(t), 260(t), 315, 316(f), 332
Catostomus insignis (Adult Sonora Sucker), 76, 260(t)
Catostomus latipinnis (Flannelmouth Sucker), 31, 33, 44, 88–89, 94, 246, 260(t), 315, 316(f)
caudal fins
evolution of, 133, 133(f), 134(b)
homocercal, 134
in prey selection, 265–66
in territorial displays, 216
locomotion. See body and caudal fin (BCF) locomotion
low aspect ratio, 129
protocercal, 371
structure, 126, 133–34, 134(b)
caudal peduncle, 127–29, 135, 151
Cazenovia Lake (New York), 193, 272
Cedar River (Washington), 332
Cenozoic era, 14, 15(f), 23, 29–31, 39, 92
Central Highlands, 37–40, 38(f), 40(t)
Central Highlands vicariance hypothesis (CHVH), 39
Central Mudminnow (Umbra limi), 61, 64, 261(t), 262(t), 283
Central Stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum), 235–36, 260(t), 281, 285–87, 290, 300, 302
Centrarchidae (family), 7(t), 14, 24, 26
character displacement, 238
communication by, 223(t)
diet of, 258, 259(f), 261(t)–263(t)
as an equilibrium species, 180
grasping and suction among, 130, 152–55, 155(f), 233
larval drift among, 88(t), 103, 331
morphology of, 124, 140, 149, 150(t), 163–64
nest construction among, 296–97, 347–48
parental care among, 182, 197, 198(t)
schooling behaviors among, 216, 302
survivorship and mortality, 282
Centrarchus macropterus (Flier), 278, 280(f), 293
Ceratium (genus), 283
ceratobranchial bones, 163, 369
Cetorhinus maximus (Basking Shark), 158
Chain Pickerel (Esox niger), 158, 182, 263(t), 293
Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), 10, 76, 209, 260(t), 263(t), 332, 356(b), 361
Channel Darter (Percina copelandi), 40, 40(t), 262(t)
Channel Shiner (Notropis wickliffi ), 131(t)
Characidae (family), 130, 184(t), 198(t), 208
Characiformes (order), 6(f), 221, 256–57, 279, 336
character displacement, 231, 237–40, 253, 369
character release, 238–39, 240(f)
Chasmistes (genus), 24, 33, 35
Chasmistes liorus (June Sucker), 35
Chehalis River, 42–43, 43(f), 218
chemical ecology, 227–30
Cherryfin Shiner (Lythrurus roseipinnis), 234, 320
chewing pads, 163
Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), 90, 101, 110, 284, 315, 323–24, 326, 328, 330–33, 338, 358
chironomids (midges), 76, 228, 239, 246, 258, 266, 273, 281
Chondrichthyes (class), 3, 6(f)
Chondrostei (subclass), 22, 133, 144, 146(t)
Chrosomus (genus), 195(t)
Chrosomus eos (Northern Redbelly Dace), 279, 260(t)
Chrosomus erythrogaster (Redbelly Dace), 41
Chrosomus oreas (Mountain Redbelly Dace), 99–100
Chub Shiner (Notropis potteri), 61
Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), 44, 213, 295, 297, 298(f), 329
CHVH (Central Highlands vicariance hypothesis), 39
Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum (Rio Grande Cichlid), 25, 261(t)
Cichlidae (family), 4, 7(t), 25–26, 282
feeding guilds, 261(t)
flow-refuging behavior of, 130
larval/juvenile drift of, 86, 88(t)
parental care, 198(t)
pharyngeal jaws of, 150(t), 164–65
Cimarron River (Oklahoma), 52, 61, 75
Cisco (Coregonus artedi), 110, 346
ciscoes. See Coregonus spp.
cladistic methodology, 17(b), 74, 370
cladocerans (water fleas), 136, 236, 251, 258, 284–85, 287, 370
cladogram, 17(b), 124(f), 235–36, 235(f), 369, 370
cleaning behavior, 159, 257, 297
Clear Lake (California), 361
Clear Lake Splittail (Pogonichthys ciscoides), 361
Clinostomus funduloides (Rosyside Dace), 82–84, 100, 222(t), 234–35, 290, 300
Clupeidae (family), 6, 7(t), 14, 17, 22
anadromy of, 188
carangiform swimming and, 127
feeding guild of, 260(t), 261(t), 262(t)
larval/juvenile drift of, 88(t)
mating attraction and, 208
muscles of, 129
suspension feeding and, 155
Clupeomorpha (superorder), 123–24, 146(t), 147
cluster analysis, 44, 60, 63(b), 140. See also unweighted pair-group with arithmetic mean (UPGMA)
Coastrange Sculpin (Cottus aleuticus), 189, 274
coefficient of variation (CV), 370
coevolutionary processes, 303–5
Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), 101, 110, 211–14, 213(f), 244, 284, 297, 328, 332
Collembola (Springtails), 320
colonization studies, 77, 79–80
Colorado Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), 31–33, 86, 89–90, 94, 263(t), 278, 279(f), 283, 315–17, 316(f), 326, 332
Colorado Plateau, 29, 31–33, 32(f)
Colorado River, 7, 31–33, 32(f), 76, 86, 88–89, 89(f), 94, 137, 237, 246, 278, 279(f), 283, 312, 315, 326, 335(b)–336(b), 358, 366–67
coloration
avoiding detection with, 274–75, 275(f)
color change, 274
countershading, 274
diet dependent, 215
disruptive, 274–75
in mating and courtship, 217–19, 219(f)
melanins, 215
melanistic males, 218
in Rainbow Darters, 219
in Threespine Sticklebacks, 217–19, 219(f)
Columbia River, 43, 323–26, 325(f), 333–34, 337
Common Bream (Abramis brama), 156, 228
Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), 156–58, 260(t), 331–34, 354, 356(t), 358, 363, 366–67
Common Shiner (Luxilus cornutus), 211, 260(t), 290, 300
communication
acoustic, 220–25
chemoreception, 206–14
individual recognition, 212–14
low-frequency, 221
migration and, 212–14
olfactory hypothesis, 212
schooling, 216–20
sex and mating, 208–9
signal detection, 206
social status, 210–12
territoriality, 215–16
visual, 214–25
competition
competitive exclusion, 252
competitive interactions, 93, 110, 114, 227, 231, 244, 246, 282, 364–65
competitive release, 242, 243(f)
consumptive, 230, 247, 252, 365
exploitation, 230, 247, 252, 365
hybridization hypothesis, 252
interspecific, 242–46
intraspecific, 246–49
male-male aggression, 191, 219, 221, 222(t), 223(t), 224–25, 224(t)
resource limitation and, 230–49
Condit Dam (Washington), 334
conductivity, 64
Conestoga River (Pennsylvania), 327
confusion model, 277
connectance web, 249–50, 250(f), 253
conservation, 307–66
connectivity and, 331–36, 342–45
as a “crisis discipline,” 307
nonindigenous species, 358–63
constitutive defenses, 277–78
continental drift, 14(b), 16(b)
Coosa Bass (Micropterus coosae), 221, 224(t), 263(t)
copepods, 236, 258–59, 287, 297, 370
Cordilleran ice sheet, 36, 41–43, 43(f), 135, 238
Coregonus (genus), 9, 87(t), 179, 348, 363–64, 367
Coregonus alpenae (Longjaw Cisco), 364
Coregonus artedi (Cisco), 110, 346
Coregonus hoyi (Bloater), 110, 261(t), 317(b), 348
Coregonus johannae (Deepwater Cisco), 364
Coregonus nigripinnis (Blackfin Cisco), 348
Coregonus zenthicus (Shortjaw Cisco), 348
correspondence analysis (CA), 62, 63(b). See also detrended correspondence analysis (DCA)
Cosumnes River (California), 330–31
Cottidae (family), 7, 7(t), 14, 27
acoustic communication among, 221, 223(t)
diet of, 262(t)
gaits among, 129–30
larval drift among, 88(t)
morphology of, 129–30
parental care among, 198(t)
resemblance coloration among, 274
Cottus aleuticus (Coastrange Sculpin), 189, 274
Cottus asper (Prickly Sculpin), 189
Cottus carolinae (Banded Sculpin), 39, 74–75, 262(t), 330
Coweeta Creek (North Carolina), 104(t), 110, 234
Cowlitz River (Washington), 323
Cranby Lake (British Columbia), 137, 247
Creek Chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), 41, 59–60, 82, 131(t), 134, 148(f), 260(t), 261(t), 263(t), 281, 293–94
Creek Chubsucker (Erimyzon oblongus), 262(t), 293
Creole Darter (Etheostoma collettei), 40, 40(t)
Cretaceous Period, 12, 14, 18–20, 22–23, 26, 29, 31, 129
critical thermal maximum (CTM), 109–10, 370
Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius), 269(f), 278
Crustacea, 370, 261(t), 370. See also copepods
crypsis, 132, 271, 273–75, 275(f), 288, 370
C-start responses, 275
CTM (critical thermal maximum), 109–10, 370
Cuatro Ciénegas Cichlid (Herichthys minckleyi), 162, 164–65
cuckoldry, 192–93, 192(b), 193(f)
Culaea inconstans (Brook Stickleback), 261(t), 277, 279, 283, 366
Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), 80, 97, 101, 244–46, 245(f), 251–52, 261(t), 263(t), 265, 287, 364
CV (coefficient of variation), 370
Cyprinella analostana (Satinfin Shiner), 184(t), 222(t)
Cyprinella camura (Bluntface Shiner), 65–66, 65(f), 131(t)
Cyprinella galactura (Whitetail Shiner), 224–25, 225(f)
Cyprinella leedsi (Bannerfin Shiner), 182, 184(t), 184–85, 185(f)
Cyprinella lutrensis (Red Shiner), 102, 131(t), 184(t), 236–37, 246–47, 247(f), 261(t), 283, 304, 322
Cyprinella nivea (Whitefin Shiner), 184(t)
Cyprinella venusta (Blacktail Shiner), 40(t), 50, 104, 102, 123(f), 131(t), 234, 261(t), 278, 290, 302, 330
Cyprinella whipplei (Steelcolor Shiner), 40, 40(t), 261(t)
Cyprinidae (family), 4, 7(t), 14, 24–25, 86, 140, 152, 155, 162–63, 194
assemblages of, 61, 64, 74, 283
feeding of, 152, 155, 162–63, 166, 234(f), 258, 259(f), 260(t)–263(t)
flow-refuging behavior of, 130
morphology of, 140, 150(t), 163, 165–66, 207
movement of, 315–17
multiple clutch production, 184(t)
as nest associates, 299–300
parental care by, 198(t)
peripheral males among, 194
pheromones of, 208–10
phoxinin, 74
pits and mounds, 295–96
unisexuality among, 193(t)
Cypriniformes (order), 6(f), 147, 150(t), 153, 163, 165, 221, 257, 279
Cyprinodon (genus), 26–27, 104, 162(f), 215, 217, 256
Cyprinodon breviradius (extinct species), 27
Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis (Red River Pupfish), 61
Cyprinodontidae (family), 7(t), 14, 26–27, 86, 87(t), 160, 162(f), 194, 298(t), 209, 214, 223(t), 260(t)
Cyprinodontiformes (order), 6(f), 26, 135, 149, 150(t), 153, 160–61, 162(f), 165, 196, 279
Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead Minnow), 27, 104, 160, 297
Cyprinus (genus), 150(t)
Cyprinus carpio (Common Carp), 156–58, 260(t), 331–34, 354, 356(t), 358, 363, 366–67
Dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), 302
dams
hydroelectric, 324, 329–30, 334, 335(b)
low-head navigation, 326–27, 332, 334
multiple sites, 327
removal of, 328–38
storage, 322
Daphnia (genus), 249, 251, 265, 267, 267–68, 277, 325
darters. See Percidae (family)
“Darwinian Demon,” 168
DCA (detrended correspondence analysis), 61, 63(b), 64(f). See also correspondence analysis (CA)
dead-end filtration, 155, 156, 156(f), 159
Deepwater Cisco (Coregonus johannae), 364
Deepwater Sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsonii), 348
deforestation, 354
Deltistes (genus), 33
demersal eggs, 85–86, 89, 197, 317(b)
Desert Sucker (Catostomus clarki), 76, 131(t), 260(t)
detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), 61, 63(b), 64(f). See also correspondence analysis (CA)
detritivores, 58(f), 60, 76, 163, 251, 255–58, 260(t), 264(t), 367
Devonian Period, 12, 119, 132, 145, 145(f)
dewatering, 79–80, 95, 103, 331, 338–39
diadromy, 6, 188, 190–91, 308, 369–70
Diamond Killifish (Adinia xenica), 160
diatoms, 157, 260(t), 263, 285
Dicks Creek (Virginia), 99–100, 100(f)
Dicosmoecus (Caddisfly), 285, 286(f)
Didelphis virginiana (Opossum), 298–99
diet
coloration and, 215
isotopic ratios in, 228–30, 229(b)
onotogenetic changes, 258
optimal vs. actual, 270, 271(f)
specialized, 164
variation, 248
digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV), 144(b)
Dionda episcopa (Roundnose Minnow), 131(t)
Dipnoi (subclass), 3
discriminant functions, 62(b)–63(b)
dispersal model, 16(b)
distance weighting, 82–84, 83(b)
Dollar Sunfish (Lepomis marginatus), 194, 293
Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma), 191, 244–46, 245(f), 252
dominant species, 291, 292(f), 305
Dorosoma cepedianum (Gizzard Shad), 157, 260(t), 277, 283, 321–22, 326, 344
Dorosoma petenense (Threadfin Shad), 22, 111, 147, 148(f), 261(t), 283, 345(t)
dorsal fins, 122–24, 128, 135, 139, 215–16, 219–20, 220(f)
dorsal saddles, 274
DPIV (digital particle image velocimetry), 144(b)
drainage
areas, 59(b), 293, 311, 312(f)
changes due to volcanism, 34
patterns, 29, 35, 37–40, 38(f), 41
Dreissena polymorpha (Zebra Mussel), 352, 360
drought, 31, 92, 95, 104(t)–97(t), 108(t)
in colonization models, 77, 79–80, 81(f)
diet changes and, 285
movement and, 316
prehistorical, 33
Dusky Darter (Percina sciera), 270, 271(f)
Dusky Shiner (Notropis cummingsae), 301
Dwarf Molly (Poecillia chica), 209
dynamic equilibrium model, 93
Eastern Highlands, 37, 39, 225, 225(f)
Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), 274–76, 293
eco-evolution, 303–4
“ecological explosions,” 352
ecological niches, 231–33, 232(b)
Ecological Society of America, 319
ecological time, 11, 51, 71, 93, 238, 252, 303–6
ecomorphological hypothesis, 138–41
“ecospecies,” 114
ecosystem engineers, 291, 292–97, 292(f), 305, 363, 367, 369
ectoparasites, 159
egg mimicking, 219–20
Eichornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth), 351
Elassoma evergladei (Everglades Pygmy Sunfish), 216
Elassomatidae (family), 7(t), 184(t), 198(t)
Elassoma zonatum (Pygmy Sunfish), 184(t)
electronic tags, 3
Eleotridae (family), 7(t), 190, 198(t)
Elopomorpha (superorder), 146(t), 147
Elwha River (Washington), 334, 336
Embiotocidae (family), 198(t)
Emerald Shiner (Notropis atherinoides), 95–96, 104, 131(t), 261(t), 330
Enos Lake (British Columbia), 137
envelope of detection, 272, 370
environmental change
dealing with, 95–111
predator impacts, 282–87
resilience against, 99–102
resistance to, 95–99
responses to, 92–116
environmental flows, 328–38
environmental sex determination (ESD), 194
Eosalmo (extinct genus), 23
epaxial muscle, 134, 145–46, 145(f), 153–54, 154(f), 163, 370
epaxial-neurocranial pathway, 145–46, 145(f)
epilimnion, 317(b), 323, 348, 370
epineural tendons, 126–27, 126(t), 370
epipleural tendons, 126–27, 126(t), 370
equilibrium species, 177–78, 180, 201, 344
Eretmodus (genus), 150(t)
Erimystax (genus), 39
Erimyzon oblongus (Creek Chubsucker), 262(t), 293
Erimyzon sucetta (Lake Chubsucker), 262(t), 293
ESD (environmental sex determination), 194
Esocidae (family), 14, 17, 22, 25, 360
morphology of, 129–30, 147, 163
predatory behavior of, 157–58, 263(t), 276–80
Esox americanus (Redfin Pickerel), 293
Esox lucius (Northern Pike), 22, 349
predatory behavior of, 158, 265, 267, 269(f), 277, 279–80, 301–2
Esox masquinongy (Muskellunge), 22, 158, 263(t), 277
Esox niger (Chain Pickerel), 158, 182, 263(t), 293
Esox tiemani (extinct), 22
estuarine systems, 26, 31, 47, 75, 86, 256, 258, 297, 331
Etheostoma artesiae (Redspot Darter), 40(t), 219(f)
Etheostoma barrenense (Splendid Darter), 219
Etheostoma bellum (Orangefin Darter), 194
Etheostoma caeruleum (Rainbow Darter), 41, 186, 219, 219(f), 262(t), 279
Etheostoma collettei (Creole Darter), 40, 40(t)
Etheostoma crossopterum (Fringe Darter), 224(t), 225
Etheostoma flabellare (Fantail Darter), 169, 170(b), 171(t), 173–75, 174(t), 220, 220(f), 225, 243–44, 262(t)
Etheostoma fricksium (Savannah Darter), 293
Etheostoma grahami (Rio Grande Darter), 182, 184(t)
Etheostoma lepidum (Greenthroat Darter), 182, 184(t)
Etheostoma lynceum (Brighteye Darter), 184(t), 186, 266
Etheostoma olmstedi (Tessellated Darter), 135, 136(f), 184(t), 194, 237–38
Etheostoma perlongum (Waccamaw Darter), 135, 136(f)
Etheostoma radiosum (Orangebelly Darter), 40, 40(t), 262(t)
Etheostoma rafinesquei (Kentucky Snubnose Darter), 184(t), 185–86
Etheostoma serrifer (Sawcheek Darter), 293
Etheostoma spectabile (Orangethroat Darter, 74–75, 79–80, 184(t), 219, 262(t)
Etheostoma stigmaeum (Speckled Darter), 40(t), 262(t), 266, 320, 330
Etheostoma virgatum (Striped Darter), 220
Etheostoma zonale (Banded Darter), 40(t), 219, 237
Ethiopian realm, 4
Eunice Lake (British Columbia), 245, 245(f)
Eurasian Milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), 351
European Minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus), 216, 269(f), 276, 301–2
Euteleostei (subdivision), 146(t), 277
Everglades Pygmy Sunfish (Elassoma evergladei), 216
evolution
allopatric speciation, 74, 369
caudal fins, 134(b)
coevolutionary proceses, 303–5
directional selection, 304
form and function, 132–38
homoplasies, 17(b)
landscape filters, 55–57
natural selection, 135–38
Paleozoic and Mesozoic landmarks, 12(f)
pheromones, 207–8
rapid genetic change, 304, 337
of sticklebacks, 135–36
of sunfishes, 136
trends in trophic morphology, 144–51
exogenous feeding, 174, 258, 317(b)
experiments
design of, 73(b), 137, 231, 240
field and mecocosm, 240–49
natural, 237–40
observational studies, 233–37
replication of, 240, 242, 244, 247
extinction, 9
environmental change and, 30, 92
predation-induced, 365
probability of, 52
extirpation, 9, 30–31, 251, 283
man-made impoundments and, 85–86, 328
nonnative species and, 352–53, 367
patterns of biotic homogenziation, 357, 364–65
repopoulation after, 53, 101–2
types of perturbations, 92
facilitation, 203, 232(b), 244, 290–303
direct mutualisms, 297
ecosystem engineers, 291, 292–97, 292(f), 305, 363, 367, 369
indirect mutualisms, 297–301, 299(f)
piscine engineers, 294–97
species associations and, 301–2
factor analysis, 60, 62(b), 63(b), 139
FAH (food availability hypothesis), 190–91
Fantail Darter (Etheostoma flabellare), 169, 170(b), 171(t), 173–75, 174(t), 220, 220(f), 225, 243–44, 262(t)
Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas), 102, 184(t), 185, 208–9, 216, 260(t), 267, 272, 275–77, 279–80, 280(f), 366–67
feeding
ambush predators, 157
biting, 159–60
crossflow filtration, 157
dead-end filters, 156
foraging habitats, 242, 243(f), 246, 257
form and function in, 143–66
guilds, 257–58, 259(f), 260(t), 264(t)
hydrosol (sticky) filters, 156–15
jaw protrusion and, 148–51
manipulation, 159–61
optimal foraging, 268–70
picking and scraping, 160–61
processing, 162–65
ram feeding, 157–59
siphon cropping, 256
suction feeding, 151–55
suspension feeding, 155–57, 157–59
fineness ratio, 129
fins
caudal. See caudal fins
dorsal, 122–24, 128, 135, 139, 215–16, 219–20, 220(f)
kinematics, 128
location of, 122–25
locomotion. See body and caudal fin (BCF) locomotion; median or paired fin (MPF)
fish assemblages. See assemblages
FishBase database, 362
fishing, 110–11, 112(t), 168–69, 324–27, 354, 359–60
overfishing, 110, 338, 364, 367
recreational species, 22
sport fishing, 334, 354(b), 364–66
fish ladders, 332–33, 336–37, 229
fish passages, 324, 326, 328–39, 364
fitness, 91
alarm substances and, 280
competition and, 230, 242, 252
eco-evolutionary interactions and, 337
environmental variables and, 299, 337
genetic homogenization and, 357
inclusive fitness, 211, 211(b), 371
optimal foraging and, 268–70
reproductive, 191–92
schooling and, 211, 211(b), 302, 371
in a three-endpoint model of life history, 201
Flagfin Shiner (Pteronotropis signipinnis), 234, 320
Flannelmouth Sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), 31, 33, 44, 88–89, 94, 246, 260(t), 315, 316(f)
flat bony plates, 133–34, 134(b), 372
Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis olivaris), 363
Flier (Centrarchus macropterus), 278, 280(f), 293
flood-pulse concept (FPC), 315, 320–21, 338
floods, 93, 104(t)–5(t), 106(t), 108(t)
in colonization models, 77
effect on food webs, 286(f)
exploitative vs. quiescent species, 321
floodplain lakes, 159, 308, 342–45, 345(t)
lack of, 251
nonerosive, 57
periodic, 104(t), 106(t), 108(t), 311, 320
repopulation after, 71
resilience against, 98(f), 104–7,
timing of, 103–10
winter, 97–8, 251, 285, 286(f), 331
Florida Gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus), 158
flow-refuging gaits, 130
food
availability of, 186, 190–91, 251, 278, 321
chain length, 76–77, 229(b), 249–51
food availability hypothesis (FAH), 190–91
functional food web, 249–50, 250(f), 253, 285
overlap, 76
sources of, 76, 139, 228, 258, 264
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) database, 362
Foraminifera (class), 36
Forbes, Stephen, 319
foundation species, 291, 292(f), 305
Fourspine Stickleback (Apeltes quadracus), 184(t)
Fox River (Wisconsin), 326
FPC (flood-pulse concept), 315, 320–21, 338
Fraser River (British Columbia), 43, 101, 328, 333
Frecklebelly Madtom (Noturus munitus), 275(f)
Freckled Darter (Percina lenticula), 123(f), 270, 271(f)
free-stream velocity, 120, 121(f)
Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), 61, 224(t), 263(t), 344
freshwater fish fauna, 4–10
numerically dominant families, 18–19
origin and derivation of, 11–28
patterns of diversity, 4–7
fright substance, 280
Fringe Darter (Etheostoma crossopterum), 224(t), 225
“frozen niche-variation model,” 195
fry, 90, 101, 187, 318–19, 320(f), 323, 329, 370, 371
functional homogenization, 348
Fundulidae (family), 7(t), 18(f), 26, 86, 87(t), 130, 150(t), 160, 162(f), 184(t), 261(t), 262(t), 279
Fundulus (genus), 150(t), 195(t)
Fundulus catenatus (Studfish), 39, 41, 261(t)
Fundulus diaphanus (Banded Killifish), 135, 272, 276
Fundulus lineolatus (Lined Topminnow), 293
Fundulus majalis (Striped Killifish), 160, 297
Fundulus olivaceus (Blackspotted Topminnow), 82, 262(t), 320
Fundulus rubrifrons (Redface Topminnow), 160, 161(f)
Fundulus waccamensis (Waccamaw Killifish), 135
fyke nets, 344
gaits
flow-refuging, 130
specialization/loss of, 130–35
specialized accelerator, 129
sprinting, 129–30
Gambusia (genus), 162(f), 215, 304, 331
Gambusia affinis (Western Mosquitofish), 61, 98(f), 98, 150(t), 151, 160, 283, 304, 322, 359
Gambusia holbrooki (Eastern Mosquitofish), 274–76, 293
gape
cycle time, 155
limitation, 143–44, 267–68, 268(f), 270, 277–79, 279(f)
GARP (Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Production), 64–66, 65(f), 233
gars, 14–16, 22. See also Atractosteus spp.; Lepisosteidae (family)
caudal fins of, 133
in high-connectivity lakes, 342–44
as predators, 157–58
semionotid, 10
spawning, 300
Gasterosteidae (family), 7(t), 14, 128, 150(t), 184(t), 194, 198(t), 261(t), 279, 316
Gasterosteiformes (order), 150(t), 279
Gasterosteus aculeatus (Threespine Stickleback)
character displacement, 238
coloration of, 216–18
differences within species, 247, 248(f)
effects of flooding on food webs of, 285, 286(f)
kin recognition among, 210–11
migrations of, 179
morphology of, 135–37, 247, 248(f)
mutualism and, 297
parasitized, 282–83
predation risk of, 265–68, 269(f), 277
reproduction, 181, 184(t), 186
shoaling behavior of, 273, 276(f), 277
siphon cropping by, 256
Gause, Georgii, 323(b)
generation times, 169, 174–75, 201
evolutionary change and, 304, 306
as a measure of fitness, 175, 177
in r-K selection model, 176–77(b)
in the three-endpoint model, 178(f), 179, 201
Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Production (GARP), 64–66, 65(f), 233
genetic diversity, 33, 51, 196
genetic homogenization, 357–58
genomic DNA, 17(b)
geographic information systems (GIS), 59(b), 64–65, 69, 370
geologic time periods. See names of individual time periods
Gerking, Shelby, 81–82
Ghost Shiner (Notropis buchanani), 61
Ghost Shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.), 152, 155
Gila atraria (Utah Chub), 35, 260(t)
Gila Chub (Gila intermedia), 98, 100, 246, 260(t)
Gila cypha (Humpback Chub), 31, 48, 86, 127, 278, 279(f), 326
Gila elegans (Bonytail Chub), 31, 33, 48, 127, 260(t), 261(t), 326
Gila intermedia (Gila Chub), 98, 100, 246, 260(t)
Gila nigra (Headwater Chub), 77, 260(t)
Gila River (New Mexico/Arizona), 31, 76–77, 237
Gila robusta (Roundtail Chub), 31, 94, 260(t), 261(t)
Gila Topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis), 98–9, 98(f), 261(t), 283
gills
arches, 156, 159(f), 162–64, 369, 371
gill rakers, 136–39, 155–59, 156(f), 162, 238, 248, 265, 371
ram ventilation of, 158
Gilt Darter (Percina evides), 39, 262(t), 302
GIS (geographic information systems), 59(b), 64–65, 69, 370
Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), 157, 260(t), 277, 283, 321–22, 326, 344
Glacial Lake Algonquin (Ontario), 80(f)
glaciation
montane glaciers, 36
Pleistocene, 8(f), 27, 36, 179, 341
refugia, 33, 41–44, 42(f), 54, 66, 80, 179–80, 239, 346
Wisconsinian, 36, 37(f), 42–43
gnathostomes, 370
Gobiesocidae (family), 198(t)
Gobiidae (family), 7(t), 190, 198(t), 279
Gobio gobio (Gudgeon), 302
Gobiomorus dormitor (Bigmouth Sleeper), 190
Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), 131(t), 260(t), 261(t), 272, 276, 293, 300, 356(b)
Goldeye (Hiodon alosoides), 147, 148(f), 261(t)
Goldfish. See Carassius auratus (Goldfish)
gonadal-somatic index (GSI), 188, 189(f)
gonochoristic species, 167, 194–96, 370
Goodeidae (family), 6, 7(t), 14, 18, 25, 86, 87(t), 160, 198(t), 214
Great Basin, 25, 31–35, 32(f), 34(f)
Great Lakes, 9–10, 23, 41, 68, 88–89, 214, 346
Great Salt Lake (Utah), 34
Greenhead Shiner (Notropis chlorocephalus), 300
Green Sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris), 316
Green Sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), 82, 99, 233, 242–43, 243(t), 261(t), 263(t), 300–301, 301(f), 345(t)
Greenthroat Darter (Etheostoma lepidum), 182, 184(t)
Grinnell, Joseph, 231, 232(b), 233
Grinnellian niche, 232(b), 233
groundwater, 101, 292, 313, 328, 351
GSI (gonadal-somatic index), 188, 189(f)
Gudgeon (Gobio gobio), 302
Gulf of California, 31, 312(f)
Gulf Pipefish (Syngnathus scovelli), 128
Gulf Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi), 191, 316
Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), 209, 217, 261(t), 271, 275, 304
gynogenesis, 195
habitat availability, 237–38, 293, 305, 314(f)
habitat profitability, 281
habitats
brackish water, 27, 96, 196, 331
foraging, 242, 243(f), 246, 257
no-velocity, 236
slow, 236
vertical segregation, 234–35, 244
habitat template model, 54–55, 55(f), 58, 69, 175
Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Bald Eagle), 298
Hardistiella (genus), 21
Hardstem Bulrush (Scirpus acutus), 350–51
Harvard Forest (Massachusetts), 349
Headwater Chub (Gila nigra), 77, 260(t)
Headwater Livebearer (Poeciliopsis monacha), 196
headwaters, 39–40, 57–60, 80, 140
heat death, 79
Herichthys minckleyi (Cuatro Ciénegas Cichlid), 162, 164–65
hermaphroditism, 194, 196, 201
Heron (Ardea alba), 290–91
Heterandria (genus), 150(t), 161, 162(f), 304
Heterandria formosa (Least Killifish), 304
heterozygosity, 304
Highland Stoneroller (Campostoma spadiceum), 40, 40(t)
Hiodon (genus), 15, 30, 44, 147, 261(t)
Hiodon alosoides (Goldeye), 147, 148(f), 261(t)
histocompatability complex (MHC) genes, 210, 226, 371
HL (hypochordal longitudinalis) muscle, 133, 133(f)
Hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus), 132, 188
hogsuckers (Hypentelium spp.), 39, 260(t), 262(t), 315
Holarctic regions, 22, 318, 319(f)
home range, 49–50, 78–79, 81–82, 212–13
Hornyhead Chub (Nocomis biguttatus), 236–36, 260(t), 261(t), 287, 295, 300, 302
horny pads, 163
Horton, Robert, 59(b)
Horton-Strahler system, 59(b)
Hudson Bay, 38–42
Humpback Chub (Gila cypha), 31, 48, 86, 127, 278, 279(f), 326
Huso huso (Beluga Sturgeon), 22
Hutchinson, G. E., 231–33, 232(b), 264–64, 341
Hutchinsonian niche, 231, 232(b), 233
Hybognathus amarus (Rio Grande Silvery Minnow), 85, 252, 365, 365(f)
Hybognathus nuchalis (Mississippi Silvery Minnow), 131(t), 260(t)
Hybognathus placitus (Plains Minnow), 96, 252, 365
hybridization
competition hypothesis, 252
genetic homogenization and, 357
lack of support for, 365
hybridogenesis, 194–95
Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrilla), 351
hydrofoils, 121, 122(f), 127, 370
hydrosol filtration, 155, 156–57, 156(f)
hyoid area, 145–47, 151–52, 155, 158–59, 371
hypaxial elements, 133–34, 145–46, 145(f), 163, 371
hypaxial musculoskeletal pathway, 145–46, 145(f)
Hypentelium (genus), 39, 260(t), 262(t), 315
Hypentelium nigricans (Northern Hogsucker), 302
hypervolume concept, 232(b)
Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis (Lemon Tetra), 182, 184(t)
hypochordal longitudinalis (HL) muscle, 133, 133(f)
hypolimnion, 317(b), 323, 348, 371
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Silver Carp), 66
Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Bighead Carp), 66, 366
hypural bones, 133–34, 134(b), 372
Ice Age. See glaciation
ice sheets, 36, 38–39, 41–44, 79, 135–36, 238
Ichthyomyzon gagei (Southern Brook Lamprey), 320
Ictaluridae (family), 5–6, 7(t), 14, 17, 22–23
acoustic communication among, 223(t)
assemblages, 25
diet of, 258, 259(f), 260(t)–263(t)
as an equilibirum species, 180
gait specialization among, 132
larval drift among, 87(t)
mouth behavior among, 130
movement of, 315–16
parental care among, 198(t)
pheromones among, 208–10
resemblance coloration of, 274
spines, 277
vision among, 214–15
Ictalurus furcatus (Blue Catfish), 10, 263(t)
Ictalurus punctatus (Channel Catfish), 10, 76, 209, 260(t), 263(t), 332, 356(b), 361
Ictiobus bubalus (Smallmouth Buffalo), 60, 260(t), 262(t), 344, 345(t)
Ictiobus cyprinellus (Bigmouth Buffalo), 60, 260(t), 261(t)
Ictiobus niger (Black Buffalo), 60, 260(t), 263(t), 354
impoundments, 110–11, 290, 291, 322, 327, 371
man-made, 85, 86, 308, 341, 366. See also dams
imprinting hypothesis, 212–13
inclusive fitness, 211, 211(b), 371
Index of Biotic Integrity, 257
inducible defenses, 277–78, 371
inferior mouth, 371
Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina), 135
Innuitian ice sheets, 36, 37(f)
insect drift, 234
insectivores, 58(f), 163, 251, 257
interactions, 203–305
interspecific, 234–36, 291(b), 305
intraspecific, 246–49
between larval and adult fishes, 248
interaction web, 249–50, 250(f), 253, 285
interference competition, 230, 247
Interior Highlands, 38–39
introduced species, 68, 244, 354, 358–62
Ironcolor Shiner (Notropis chalybaeus), 293
island biogeography theory, 39
island-mainland metapopulation model, 52, 69
isotopic ratios
carbon (13C), 229, 236, 240(f)
nitrogen (15N), 76, 77(f), 228–9, 251
iteroparity, 176(b), 182, 186–88, 189(f), 201, 371
Jaccard coefficient (Cj), 356(b)
James River (Virginia), 99, 100(f), 111, 315, 318(f)
Japan, 318
jaws
modes of prey capture and, 151–65
pharyngeal, 163–65
protrusion, 148–51
toothed pharyngeal, 162
toothless maxilla, 147
John Day drainage (Oregon), 110
Johnson, Roswell H., 232(b)
June Sucker (Chasmistes liorus), 35
Jurassic Period, 12–13, 20, 30, 30(f)
Katherine Lake (British Columbia), 245, 245(f)
Kentucky Snubnose Darter (Etheostoma rafinesquei), 184(t), 185–86
Kerocottus (genus), 10
kettle lakes, 37
keystone modifiers, 291, 292–97, 292(f), 305, 363, 367, 369
kin recognition, 210–11
Kokanee Salmon, 325
Kryptolebias (genus), 149, 162(f)
Kryptolebias (genus syn. Rivulus), 149, 150(t), 162(f), 196
Kryptolebias marmoratus (Mangrove Rivulus), 196, 201
Labidesthes sicculus (Brook Silverside), 262(t), 317(b)
Labrador Sea, 21
Lake Aigneau (Quebec), 239–40
Lake Baikal (Russia), 7
Lake Bonneville (Utah), 34–35. See also Bonneville Basin
Lake Chapala (Mexico), 8–9
Lake Chubsucker (Erimyzon sucetta), 262(t), 293
Lake Herring. See Coregonus artedi (Cisco)
Lake Mendota (Wisconsin), 110, 112(t)
Lake Okeechobee (Florida), 341
Lake Opinicon (Ontario), 193
lakes, 371
bog, 61
connectivity and, 342
domestication of, 349
floodplain, 159, 308, 342–45, 345(t)
inland saline, 4
kettle, 37
lacustrine species flocks, 10
meltwater, 79
polymictic, 246
Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), 89, 262(t)
Lake Tahoe (California/Nevada), 77, 251
Lake Texoma (Texas/Oklahoma), 10, 79, 81(f), 103, 111, 112(t), 290
Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush), 102, 110, 209, 251, 263(t), 287, 346, 348, 363–64, 367
lampreys. See also Petromyzontidae (family)
ammocoetes, 21, 130, 215, 363–64, 369
Ichthyomyzon gagei (Southern Brook Lamprey), 320
Mayomyzon pieckoensis (extinct lamprey), 21
Petromyzon marinus (Sea Lamprey), 110, 209, 363
land bridges, 14(b)
Landsburg Dam, 332
landscape ecology, 48–53
metapopulations, 51–53
patches, 49–51
Largemouth Bass. See Micropterus salmoides (Large-mouth Bass)
larvae
anguilliform locomotion and, 127
chironomid, 239, 246, 258, 273, 281
dispersal during, 16(b)
feeding habits of, 236
interactions with adult fishes, 248
lamprey ammocoetes, 21, 130, 215, 363–64, 369
in life tables, 169
metalarvae, 371
movement/drift of, 16(b), 53, 84–89, 87(t), 119
nursery areas, 101
as prey, 266
prolonged larval stage, 21
response to pheromones, 214
semelparity vs. iteroparity, 186–89, 189(f)
size of, 181
survivorship, 102–3, 168, 171, 201
yolk-sac, 89, 127, 171–72, 217, 369
Late Cretaceous Seaway, 22
lateral-plate counts, 265
Laurasia, 2(f), 13, 17–18, 18(f), 20, 22–23, 26, 28, 132
Laurentian Great Lakes, 9, 68, 346, 348
Lavinia symmetricus (California Roach), 285, 286(f)
law of inertia, 127
Leaffish (Polycentridae spp.), 274
Leafy Seadragons (Syngnathidae spp.), 128, 198(t), 273–74
Least Killifish (Heterandria formosa), 304
Least Madtom (Noturus hildebrandi), 182
Lemon Tetra (Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis), 182, 184(t)
lentic systems
conservation and, 341–68
lotic vs., 7–10
persistence and stability in, 102–4
physical variables and species richness in, 345–48
Leopold, Aldo, 48
Lepidomeda aliciae (Southern Leatherside Chub), 35
Lepidomeda copei (Northern Leatherside Chub), 35
Lepisosteidae (family), 14, 262(t)
Lepisosteus osseus (Longnose Gar), 61, 262(t), 300, 322, 344
Lepisosteus platyrhincus (Florida Gar), 158
Lepomis (genus), 24
acoustic communication among, 221, 223(t), 224
diet of, 164
ecological character displacement among, 238
interspecific competition among, 242
mating tactics among, 191, 193, 200
morphology of, 134, 136, 150(t), 154
nest construction among, 296–97, 299–301
pharyngeal jaws, 163–64
Lepomis auritus (Redbreast Sunfish), 82–84, 194, 263(t), 293, 301, 330
Lepomis cyanellus (Green Sunfish), 82, 99, 233, 242–43, 243(t), 261(t), 263(t), 300–301, 301(f), 345(t)
Lepomis gibbosus (Pumpkinseed), 136–38, 283, 350, 356(b)
communication by, 221
interspecific interactions with, 239, 242, 243(f), 304, 348–49
morphology of, 164
prey processing by, 162
reproduction of, 182, 184(t), 192–93, 197
resource partitioning by, 233–34
survivorship of, 169, 173(f), 182
Lepomis gulosus (Warmouth), 263, 293, 344, 345(t)
Lepomis humilis (Orangespotted Sunfish), 61, 261(t), 300, 344, 345(t)
Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill), 61, 129, 134, 136, 152–54, 158–59, 192–94, 197
Lepomis marginatus (Dollar Sunfish), 194, 293
Lepomis megalotis (Longear Sunfish), 61, 82, 192, 233–34, 261(t), 262(t), 297, 301, 301(f), 320
Lepomis microlophus (Redear Sunfish), 154, 164, 192, 262(t), 330
Lepomis punctatus (Spotted Sunfish), 154, 155(f), 192–94
Leptocottus armatus (Pacific Staghorn Sculpin), 189
Leuciscus leuciscus (Dace), 302
levees, 312, 319, 330–31, 342–43
life-history patterns, 168–91
age-specific survivorship and reproduction, 174–76
evolution and r- and K-selection, 176(b)
living and dying, 168–74
theory, 175–88
three-endpoint pattern, 178(f), 179, 197
life tables, 168–71, 171(t), 173(t), 174, 174(t), 201
Lined Topminnow (Fundulus lineolatus), 293
Litocara (subgenus), 39
livebearers, 4–5, 18, 25, 87(t), 99, 160, 178, 196, 343. See also Poeciliidae (family)
Loach Minnow (Tiaroga cobitis), 76, 261(t)
locomotion, 120–29
anguilliform, 125–27
body caudal fins (BCF), 125–28
forces to overcome, 120–21
gaits, 129–32
generated forces, 121–22
maneuverability, 122–25, 129–32
median or paired fins (MPF), 125, 128–30, 132–34, 141, 158
nonanguilliform, 127–28
Logperch (Percina caprodes), 130, 262(t), 302, 350
logperches (Percina spp.), 13–14, 26, 130, 302
Longear Sunfish (Lepomis megalotis), 61, 82, 192, 233–34, 261(t), 262(t), 297, 301, 301(f), 320
Longfin Dace (Agosia chrysogaster), 76, 260(t)
Longjaw Cisco (Coregonus alpenae), 364
Longjaw Minnow (Notropis amplamala), 234, 262(t), 290
Longnose Dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), 43, 130, 352
Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus), 61, 262(t), 300, 322, 344
Longnose Shiner (Notropis longirostris), 102, 131(t), 184(t), 234, 262(t), 290
Loon Lake (British Columbia), 245, 245(f)
lotic systems
conservation and, 311–39
lentic vs., 7–10
persistence and stability in, 110–11
Lucania goodei (Bluefin Killifish), 217–19
Lucania parva (Rainwater Killifish), 274–75, 297
Luxilus chrysocephalus (Striped Shiner), 260(t), 261(t), 281, 290, 300, 320
Luxilus cornutus (Common Shiner), 211, 260(t), 290, 300
Lythrurus roseipinnis (Cherryfin Shiner), 234, 320
Lythrurus umbratilis (Redfin Shiner), 40(t), 131(t), 260(t), 261(t), 267, 300–301, 301(f)
MacArthur, Robert, 175, 176(b)–177(b), 231–32, 232(b)
Macrhybopsis aestivalis (Speckled Chub), 61, 85, 261(t), 330
Macrhybopsis meeki (Sicklefin Chub), 5
Macrhybopsis storeriana (Silver Chub), 131(t), 261(t)
macroinvertebrates, 93, 101, 334, 338
macrophytes, 130, 236, 258, 274, 347–51, 363
madtom catfishes (Noturus spp.), 23, 86, 140, 179, 274
Mangrove Rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus), 196, 201
Manta Ray (family Mobulidae), 158
“many eyes” hypothesis, 276, 305–6
Margariscus margarita (Pearl Dace), 102, 261(t)
mark-recapture, 81, 83(b), 169
mating. See reproduction
Mauthner cells, 275
mayfly (Heptageniidae), 285, 292, 352
Mayomyzon pieckoensis (extinct lamprey), 21
Mayomyzontidae, 21
Meda fulgida (Spikedace), 76, 237
median or paired fins (MPF), 125, 128–30, 132–34, 141, 158
Mediterranean Sea, 21
Menidia (genus), 8–9, 87(t), 150(t), 195(t)
Menidia audens (Mississippi Silverside), 184(t), 262(t), 331
Menidia beryllina (Inland Silverside), 135
Menidia clarkhubbsi (Texas Silverside), 195
Menidia extensa (Waccamaw Silverside), 135
Menidia menidia (Atlantic Silverside), 184(t), 186, 194
mesohabitat, 11
mesolarvae, 86, 134(b), 315, 371
Mesozoic era, 10, 12, 12(f), 14, 15(f), 19(f), 20, 22, 27, 129, 258
metabolism
basal, 230
basic metabolic model, 180, 201
metabolic power, 128(f)
models of life history, 180
stable isotope analysis (SIA) and, 228
metapopulations, 51–53, 51(f), 68–69, 94
Mexican Molly (Poecilia sphenops), 160–61, 161(f)
microhabitat, 56–57, 59(b), 114, 140, 215, 225, 234, 237–38
Micropterus (genus), 24, 132, 150(t), 154, 182, 197–98, 284, 358
Micropterus coosae (Coosa Bass), 221, 224(t), 263(t)
Micropterus dolomieu (Smallmouth Bass), 76, 263(t), 272, 282–84, 287, 290–91, 300, 334, 349–50, 353, 356(b), 359, 363–64, 366
Micropterus punctulatus (Spotted Bass), 263(t), 285, 320, 330
Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth Bass)
assemblages, 61
biotic homogenization and, 256(b)
diet of, 263(t)
feeding behavior of, 144
morphology of, 144, 144(b), 149, 154
nest construction among, 296–97, 350
parental care by, 182, 197–98, 200
predatory behavior of, 152, 154–55, 157, 159, 233–34, 267, 276–77, 281–82, 285–86
reintroduction of, 110
resource partitioning with, 233
Middle Creek (Virginia), 99–100, 100(f)
midges (Chironomidae), 76, 258, 266, 285, 292–93
migration
amphidromy, 188–90, 190(f), 201, 369, 370
anadromy, 22–23, 89, 101, 135, 187–91, 189(f), 190(f), 201, 238, 292, 294–95, 297, 304, 316, 324–25, 329, 332–37, 349, 363, 369, 370, 372
catadromy, 188, 191, 258, 369, 370
communication in, 212–14
diadromy, 6, 188, 190–91, 308, 369–70
out-migration, 316
potamodromy, 188, 190–91, 190(f), 201, 371
spawning, 188–91
milldams, 237
mill ponds, 237–38
milt production, 209
Milwaukee River (Wisconsin), 334
Mimic Shiner (Notropis volucellus), 260(t), 272, 290
minnows, 4, 15, 18. See Cyprinidae (family)
Miocene epoch, 14–15, 21–28, 30–31, 33, 35–36, 39, 92
Mississippi Alluvial Plain, 343(f), 344–45
Mississippi Embayment, 13
Mississippi Refugium, 41–42, 42(f)
Mississippi River, 9–10, 38–41, 38(f), 41, 50, 207, 225, 321, 326, 330, 342–43, 345(t)
Mississippi Silverside (Menidia audens), 184(t), 262(t), 331
Mississippi Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus nuchalis), 131(t), 260(t)
mitochondrial DNA, 17(b), 27, 35, 238
Mobulidae (family), 158
molecular clock analysis, 13–14, 26
molluscivores, 162–63
mooneyes (Hiodon spp.), 15, 30, 44, 147, 261(t)
Morone chrysops (White Bass), 263(t), 321, 344, 345(t), 361
Morone mississippiensis (Yellow Bass), 263(t), 344, 354
Morone saxatilis (Striped Bass), 111, 263(t), 327, 376
Moronidae (family), 124, 188, 263(t)
morpholine, 213
morphology
body shape. See body shape
ecology and, 138–41
evolutionary trends in trophic, 144–51
fin form/placement. See fins
gill-rakers. See gills
pigmentation. See coloration
swimbladders, 124–25, 130, 139, 220–21, 223(t), 224(t), 226, 371, 372
morphotypes
of Arctic Char, 238
deepwater, 248
limnetic, 137
of Threespine Stickleback, 181
mosquitofishes. See Gambusia spp.
Mountain Madtom (Noturus eleutherus), 40, 40(t)
Mountain Mullet (Agonostomus monticola), 189–90
Mountain Redbelly Dace (Chrosomus oreas), 99–100
movement
adult stage, 88–89
fertilized egg stage, 85
larval stage, 85–88
Moxostoma carinatum (River Redhorse), 262(t), 326
Moyle and Light hypothesis, 75–76
MPF (median or paired fins), 125, 128–30, 132–34, 141, 158
Mud Sunfish (Acantharchus pomotis), 293
Mugil cephalus (Striped Mullet), 188, 258–59, 263
Mugilidae (family), 149, 150(t)
Mugiliformes (order), 5(f), 150(t)
multivariate statistics, 60–66
muscle
epaxial, 134, 145–46, 145(f), 153–54, 154(f), 163, 370
hypochordal longitudinalis (HL), 133, 133(f)
pink vs. white, 129
retractor dorsalis, 163–64
museum specimens, 64–65, 69, 138, 252, 289–90, 349
Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), 22, 158, 263(t), 277
mutualisms, 297–301
direct, 297
Myoxocephalus thompsonii (Deepwater Sculpin), 348
Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian Milfoil), 351
Mysis relicta (Opossum Shrimp), 251, 348
Naked Sand Darter (Ammocrypta beani), 50
“Narcissus Effect,” 72
National Wildlife Refuge, 344, 351
natural selection, 135–38, 167–68, 176(b), 201, 206, 211(b), 237, 256–57, 271, 277, 280, 303, 370
Nature Conservancy, The (TNC), 311
Navajo Dam (New Mexico), 322, 323(f). See also San Juan River
Nearctic realm, 4
Neogene Period, 14
Neo-Pangea, 354(b). See also Pangea
Neopterygii (subclass), 22, 146, 146(t)
Neotropical realm, 4, 25, 88(t), 256, 274
nesting
construction, 167–68, 179, 187–88, 191–93, 196–97, 199(t), 200–201, 217, 295–96
guarding, 167–68, 173, 179, 187–88, 217, 297, 305
holes, 230
nest associates, 294, 299–301, 301(f), 305
network analysis, 59(b)
neurocranium, 152, 369, 371–72
Newton’s first law, 127
New World silversides. See Atherinopsidae (family)
Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 157
Ninespine Stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), 267–68, 269(f)
nitrogen
nitrogen tracers, 298
in the environment, 239, 284, 298, 299, 325
NMDS (Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling), 63(b)
Nocomis biguttatus (Hornyhead Chub), 236–36, 260(t), 261(t), 287, 295, 300, 302
Nocomis leptocephalus (Bluehead Chub), 82, 260(t), 293, 295, 296(f), 300
Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), 63(b)
Nooksack Dace (Rhinichthys cataractae ssp.), 43. See also Rhinichthys cataractae (Longnose Dace)
North American Craton, 30
Northern Hogsucker (Hypentelium nigricans), 302
Northern Leatherside Chub (Lepidomeda copei), 35
Northern Pike (Esox lucius). See Esox lucius (Northern Pike)
Northern Redbelly Dace (Chrosomus eos), 279, 260(t)
Norwegian Arctic Char, 214
Notemigonus crysoleucas (Golden Shiner), 131(t), 260(t), 261(t), 272, 276, 293, 300, 356(b)
Nothonotus (genus), 15, 26, 39, 219
Nothonotus rubrum (Bayou Darter), 50, 50(f), 86, 97, 97(f), 184(t)
Notropis amplamala (Longjaw Minnow), 234, 262(t), 290
Notropis atherinoides (Emerald Shiner), 95–96, 96, 131(t), 261(t), 330
Notropis bairdi (Red River Shiner), 61
Notropis blennius (River Shiner), 131(t)
Notropis boops (Bigeye Shiner), 40, 40(t), 236, 261(t), 302
Notropis buchanani (Ghost Shiner), 61
Notropis chalybaeus (Ironcolor Shiner), 293
Notropis chlorocephalus (Greenhead Shiner), 300
Notropis cummingsae (Dusky Shiner), 301
Notropis jemezanus (Rio Grande Shiner), 85
Notropis longirostris (Longnose Shiner), 102, 131(t), 184(t), 234, 262(t), 290
Notropis lutipinnis (Yellowfin Shiner), 261(t), 293, 300
Notropis maculatus (Taillight Shiner), 131(t), 300
Notropis nubilus (Ozark Minnow), 235–36, 260(t), 302
Notropis orca (Phantom Shiner), 85
Notropis potteri (Chub Shiner), 61
Notropis simus pecosensis (Pecos Bluntnose Shiner), 85
Notropis simus simus (Rio Grande Bluntnose Shiner), 85
Notropis stramineus (Sand Shiner), 131(t), 260(t)
Notropis texanus (Weed Shiner), 57, 102, 131(t), 260(t), 321, 330
Notropis topeka (Topeka Shiner), 131(t), 300
Notropis volucellus (Mimic Shiner), 260(t), 272, 290
Notropis wickliffi (Channel Shiner), 131(t)
Noturus eleutherus (Mountain Madtom), 40, 40(t)
Noturus gyrinus (Tadpole Madtom), 262(t), 320
Noturus hildebrandi (Least Madtom), 182
Noturus munitus (Frecklebelly Madtom), 275(f)
Novumbra hubbsi (Olympic Mudminnow), 218
null models, 72, 73(b), 74, 237
number maximizers, 270, 270(f)
numerical taxonomy, 60
nuptial coloration, 217–18, 219(f)
Obik Sea, 20–21
ODI (optimal diet index), 270, 271(f)
Odontopholis (subgenus), 39
Oligocene epoch, 14–15, 23–24, 28, 30–31, 44
Olympic Mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi), 218
omnivores, 76, 161, 163, 251, 258, 264(t), 287, 367
Oncorhynchus (genus), 23, 187, 210
Oncorhynchus clarkii (Cutthroat Trout), 80, 97, 101, 244–46, 245(f), 251–52, 261(t), 263(t), 265, 287, 364
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Pink Salmon), 44, 187, 213, 297, 329
Oncorhynchus keta (Chum Salmon), 44, 213, 295, 297, 298(f), 329
Oncorhynchus kisutch (Coho Salmon), 101, 110, 284, 328, 332
competitive interactions of, 244
migration of, 211–14, 213(f), 297
Oncorhynchus mykiss (Steelhead or Rainbow Trout), 234–35, 263(t), 265, 279, 284–86, 286(f), 317–18, 319(f), 325–26, 332–33
diet of, 101, 261(t)–263(t), 265, 285, 286(f)
impact of man-made impoundments on, 80, 325–26, 332–33
introduction into nonnative habitats, 304, 318, 319(f), 352–53, 337–38
iteroparity of, 187
microhabitat use, 234
in mixed-species groups, 290
pheromones and, 209
reproduction of, 101
response to environmental disturbances, 101, 286(f), 315, 317, 319(f)
trophic position of, 76, 285, 286(f)
Oncorhynchus nerka (Sockeye Salmon), 187, 263(t), 295, 297, 315, 324–26, 333
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Chinook Salmon), 90, 101, 110, 284, 315, 323–24, 326, 328, 330–33, 338, 358
ontogenic processes
anguilliform swimming and, 125
movement and, 84–89
niches, 233
sneaker to satellite, 193, 193(f)
oocytes, 181–82, 183(b), 185, 371
opercular bones, 145–46, 145(f), 372
Opossum (Didelphis virginiana), 298–99
Opossum Shrimp (Mysis relicta), 251, 348
opportunistic species, 177, 179–80, 201
optimal diet index (ODI), 270, 271(f)
optimal foraging models, 234, 268–70, 269(f)
Orangebelly Darter (Etheostoma radiosum), 40, 40(t), 262(t)
Orangefin Darter (Etheostoma bellum), 194
Orangespotted Sunfish (Lepomis humilis), 61, 261(t), 300, 344, 345(t)
Orangethroat Darter (Etheostoma spectabile), 74–75, 79–80, 184(t), 219, 262(t)
Orconectes virilis (Virile Crayfish), 246
ordination, 60, 62(b)–63(b), 64, 100, 175
Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia), 157
Orthodon microlepidotus (Sacramento Blackfish), 158, 166, 331
Osmeridae (family), 7(t), 188, 198(t)
Osmerus mordax (Rainbow Smelt), 110, 348, 360
Ostarioclupeomorpha (subdivision), 146(t), 147
Ostariophysi (superorder), 123, 134, 146(t), 147–48, 163, 279–80
Osteoglossomorpha (subdivision), 17, 124(f), 146(t), 147
Ouachita Highlands, 37, 39–40, 40(t), 82
Ouachita Mountains, 13, 68, 225
Ouachita River (Arkansas), 38(f), 39–40, 40(t), 327
out-migration, 316
overbank flooding, 104(t), 313, 314(b), 315, 320–21, 338
overfishing, 110, 338, 364, 367
overwinter survival, 246
oviparity, 167
oxbow lakes, 10, 145, 321–22, 326, 341–43, 367
oxygen
aquatic surface respiration (ASR), 99
content in bottom waters, 93
content in winter, 68, 283, 347
isotopes (16O, 18O), 36
morphology and, 99
tolerance, 96(f)
Ozark Minnow (Notropis nubilus), 235–36, 260(t), 302
Pacific Salmon. See Oncorhynchus spp.
Pacific Staghorn Sculpin (Leptocottus armatus), 189
Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), 60, 157–58, 159(f), 326
paddlefishes. See Polyodon spathula (Paddlefish); Polyodontidae (family)
Palaemonetes spp. (Ghost Shrimp), 152, 155
palatal organ, 158
Palearctic realm, 4
Paleocene epoch, 14, 15, 17, 20, 22–23, 26
paleodistribution, 14(b)
Paleotropic realm, 25
Paleozoic era, 12–14, 12(f), 13(f), 15(f), 21–22, 27, 29–30, 119, 132, 144
panbiogeography, 16(b)
Pangea, 12–13, 13(f), 17–18, 18(f), 20–22, 26, 28. See also Neo-Pangea
Paracanthopterygii (superorder), 146(t), 147
Paradox Lake (New York), 137
parasite loads, 196, 216, 282, 326
parasitism, 168, 203(t), 255–56, 301
parental care, 54, 77–78, 90, 196–201. See also nesting
egg mimicking, 219–20
parr-to-smolt transformation (PST), 212–13
Pascagoula River (Mississippi), 56–57, 94, 312, 316, 319
Paxton Lake (British Columbia), 247
PCA (principal component analysis), 62(b), 63(b), 64, 64(f)
Pearl Dace (Margariscus margarita), 102, 261(t)
Pecos Bluntnose Shiner (Notropis simus pecosensis), 85
pectoral fin
pectoral girdle, 144–46, 154, 154(f), 163
Penobscot River (Maine), 334
Perca (genus), 26, 150(t), 165–66
Perca flavescens (Yellow Perch), 61, 64, 86, 164, 233, 257–58, 264(t), 265, 272, 283, 346, 350
Perca fluviatilis (Perch), 228, 267, 277
Perch (Perca fluviatilis), 228, 267, 277
perches. See Percidae (family)
Percidae (family), 4, 7(t), 14–15, 26
acoustic communication among, 224(t)
alarm substances among, 279
clutch production among, 184(t)
diet of, 259(t), 261(t)–263(t), 270
larval drift among, 87(t)
morphology of, 124, 150(t), 165–66
mouth behaviors of, 130
parental care among, 198(t)
resemblance coloration of, 274
Perciformes (order), 6(f), 14, 135, 150(t), 153, 279
Percina (genus), 13–14, 26, 130, 302
Percina burtoni (Blotchside Logperch), 302
Percina caprodes (Logperch), 130, 262(t), 302, 350
Percina copelandi (Channel Darter), 40, 40(t), 262(t)
Percina evides (Gilt Darter), 39, 262(t), 302
Percina lenticula (Freckled Darter), 123(f), 270, 271(f)
Percina nigrofasciata (Blackbanded Darter), 57, 261(t), 266, 270, 271(f), 321
Percina phoxocephala (Slenderhead Darter), 61, 262(t)
Percina sciera (Dusky Darter), 270, 271(f)
Percina shumardi (River Darter), 130, 262(t)
Percina tanasi (Snail Darter), 86–87
Percina vigil (Saddleback Darter), 184(t), 186
Percopsidae (family), 14, 147, 261(t), 262(t)
Percopsiformes (order), 14(f), 17
periodic species, 177, 179–80, 201
peripheral males, 192–94, 192(b), 193(f), 201
Petromyzon marinus (Sea Lamprey), 110, 209, 363
Petromyzontidae (family), 3, 6(f), 7(t), 14, 21–22, 88(t), 132, 208–9, 260(t), 263(t)
Petrotilapia (genus), 150(t)
pH, 61, 64, 68, 102, 346, 347(f)
Phantom Shiner (Notropis orca), 85
Phenacobius mirabilis (Suckermouth Minnow), 61, 260(t), 262(t)
phenomenological approach, 117
pheromone hypothesis, 212–14
photopic vision, 214–15, 271–72
Phoxinus phoxinus (European Minnow), 216, 269(f), 276, 301–2
phylogeny, 13, 17, 18(f), 21–26, 253, 304
physostomes, 371
pickerels. See Esox spp.
Pigeon Lake (Ontario), 350
pikes. See Esocidae (family)
Pimephales notatus (Bluntnose Minnow), 131(t), 184(t), 185, 212, 223(t), 260(t), 290
Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow), 102, 184(t), 185, 208–9, 216, 260(t), 267, 272, 275–77, 279–80, 280(f), 366–67
Piney Creek (Arkansas), 11, 104(t), 103
Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), 44, 187, 213, 297, 329
Pipiscius (extinct species), 21
Pirate Perch (Aphredoderus sayanus), 147, 199(t), 261(t), 320
“piscine rainforest,” 6
in adult stage fishes, 114, 281
facilitation with, 290–97
nest associates and, 300
predation, 287
prey size and selection by, 267, 277
trophic guilds and, 257, 281, 262(t), 264
“pit-ridge” nest, 296
Plains Minnow (Hybognathus placitus), 96, 252, 365
Plancterus (genus), 26
planktivorous, 35, 58(f), 59–60, 136, 157, 257–58, 261(t), 264(t), 264, 266–67, 272, 283–85, 325
active regions, 8(f)
continental landmasses, 13(f)
examples of evolutionary change, 29–40
subduction, 30
Pleistocene epoch, 8(f), 9–10, 13, 15, 22, 26–29, 32(f), 33–44, 34(f), 38(f), 92, 135, 179
Pliocene epoch, 10, 14, 22, 24, 26–27, 30–31, 33–36, 39–40, 341
Poecilia (genus), 161, 162(f), 195(t), 215, 217
Poecilia formosa (Amazon Molly), 194
Poecilia latipinna (Sailfin Molly), 99, 184(t), 209, 261(t), 274
Poecilia reticulata (Guppy), 209, 217, 261(t), 271, 275, 304
Poecilia sphenops (Mexican Molly), 160–61, 161(f)
Poeciliidae (family), 4–5, 7(t), 14, 25
chemosensory cues and pheromones among, 208, 210
lack of larval drift among, 87(t)
morphology of, 150(t)
mouth behavior among, 130, 160
multiple clutch production among, 184(t)
parental care among, 198(t)
unisexuality among, 195(t), 201
Poeciliopsis (genus), 25, 194–96, 195(t)
Poeciliopsis lucida (Clearfin Livebearer), 194
Poeciliopsis monacha (Headwater Livebearer), 196
Poeciliopsis monacha-lucida, 195
Poeciliopsis monacha-occidentalis, 194
Poeciliopsis occidentalis (Gila Topminnow), 98–9, 98(f), 261(t), 283
Poecillia chica (Dwarf Molly), 209
Pogonichthys ciscoides (Clear Lake Splittail), 361
Pogonichthys macrolepidotus (Splittail), 101, 131(t), 317, 331
Polycentridae spp. (Leaffish), 274
polymictic lakes, 246
Polyodon spathula (Paddlefish), 60, 157–58, 159(f), 326
Polyodontidae (family), 14, 261(t), 316
Pomoxis annularis (White Crappie), 61, 263(t), 296, 321–22, 344, 345(t)
Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Black Crappie), 234, 263(t), 321, 344, 350–51
pool-to-pool distribution, 287
population
age-structured vs. r-K model, 177(b)
crashes, 33
human increase, 106(t), 108(t)
metapopulation model, 52–53, 68–69
population-persistence niche, 231, 233
potamodromy, 188, 190–91, 190(f), 201, 371
Precambrian Shield, 346
predators
aim phase, 275–77
ambush, 157
apostatic predators, 271
approach phase, 275–77
balance of being predator and prey, 280–82
direct effects of, 282–84
failure, 270–80
indirect effects of, 284–87
mesopic vision, 372
predation cycle, 263–64, 271, 287
prey selection, 266–68
problems for, 263–70
rarity and predator behavior, 271–72
relationship with prey, 203, 256
selective predation, 264–66
social hunting, 256
strike phase, 275–77
subjugation phase, 277–79
swallow prey whole, 267
preemptive competition, 230
premaxillomandibular ligament, 160, 161(f), 162(f)
prey
ambush predators, 157
attached vs. free, 151
balance of being predator and prey, 280–82
basis of prey selection, 266–68
biting, 159–60
crossflow filters, 157
crypsis and, 273–75
C-start response, 275
dead-end filters, 156
fright and alarm, 279–80
hydrosol (sticky) filters, 156–57
manipulation, 159–61
modes of capture, 151–65
nocturnal use of cover, 272
picking and scraping, 160–61
predator failure, 270–80
“predator-free” space for, 246, 281–82, 286, 288
processing, 162–65
ram feeding, 157–59
reducing predation risk, 275–79
risk of predation, 90, 225, 271, 276, 280–82, 288, 291, 300, 347
shoaling and rarity, 272–73
suction feeding, 151–55
suspension feeding, 155–57, 157–59
visually oriented, 153
Prickly Sculpin (Cottus asper), 189
principal component analysis (PCA), 62(b), 63(b), 64, 64(f)
Procyon lotor (Raccoon), 281, 298–99
proportional similarity index (PSI), 107, 109(t), 113(t)
propulsion. See locomotion
Prosopium coulterii (Pygmy Whitefish), 348
Prosopium cylindraceum (Round Whitefish), 348
Protoacanthopterygii (superorder), 123–24, 146(t), 147
pseudoreplication, 240
PSI (proportional similarity index), 107, 109(t), 113(t)
PST (parr-to-smolt transformation), 212–13
Pteronotropis signipinnis (Flagfin Shiner), 234, 320
Ptychocheilus lucius (Colorado Pikeminnow), 31–33, 86, 89–90, 94, 263(t), 278, 279(f), 283, 315–17, 316(f), 326, 332
Puget Sound (Washington), 42–43, 43(f), 295
Pumpkinseed. See Lepomis gibbosus (Pumpkinseed)
Pungitius pungitius (Ninespine Stickleback), 267–68, 269(f)
pupfish. See Cyprinodon (genus)
pupfishes (Cyprinodontidae), 7(t), 14, 26–27, 86, 87(t), 160, 162(f), 194, 298(t), 209, 214, 223(t), 260(t)
Pygmy Sunfish (Elassoma zonatum), 184(t)
Pygmy Whitefish (Prosopium coulterii), 348
Pylodictis (genus), 23
Pylodictis olivaris (Flathead Catfish), 363
Quaternary Period, 25, 29–30, 35–36
Raccoon (Procyon lotor), 281, 298–99
Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma caeruleum), 41, 186, 219, 219(f), 262(t), 279
Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax), 110, 348, 360
Rainbow Trout. See Oncorhynchus mykiss (Steelhead or Rainbow Trout)
rainfall, 34, 175, 179, 320, 370
Rainwater Killifish (Lucania parva), 274–75, 297
suction feeding and, 152
suspension, 158
ray-finned fishes, 3, 125, 132–33, 133(f), 143–45, 145(f), 258
Razorback Sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), 31, 33, 88–89, 89(f), 94, 179, 260(t), 278, 279(f), 315, 316(f), 317(b), 326, 332
realized niche, 65, 232(b), 234(f), 372
recess/role niche, 231
reciprocal averaging, 62, 63(b). See also detrended correspondence analysis (DCA)
Redbelly Dace (Chrosomus erythrogaster), 41
Redbreast Sunfish (Lepomis auritus), 82–84, 194, 263(t), 293, 301, 330
redds, 110, 210, 213, 317–18, 319(f), 323, 372
Redear Sunfish (Lepomis microlophus), 154, 164, 192, 262(t), 330
Redface Topminnow (Fundulus rubrifrons), 160, 161(f)
Redfin Pickerel (Esox americanus), 293
Redfin Shiner (Lythrurus umbratilis), 40(t), 131(t), 260(t), 261(t), 267, 300–301, 301(f)
Redfish Lake (Idaho), 324–25
Red Queen hypothesis, 196, 256
Red River, 38(f), 39–40, 61, 74, 79, 81(f), 103, 334
Red River Pupfish (Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis), 61
Red River Shiner (Notropis bairdi), 61
Red Shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis), 102, 131(t), 184(t), 236–37, 246–47, 247(f), 261(t), 283, 304, 322
Redspot Darter (Etheostoma artesiae), 40(t), 219(f)
Redspotted Sunfish (common), 155(f)
reforestation, 349
refuge-seeking behavior, 95, 96–7
regression line, 115(f), 170(b), 180, 311
reintroduced species, 110, 112(t), 113(t), 336(b), 356(b)
relict dams, 327
reproduction
age-specific, 174–75
avoidance of inbreeding, 210
behavioral regulation hypothesis, 195
reproduction (continued)
clutch production, 181–82
communication in, 208–9, 216–20
fecundity, 181
lifetime, 186–88
melanistic males, 218
offspring number and size, 181–88
parental care, 196–201
pelagic eggs, 197
reproductive effort, 181, 191–201
reproductive life span, 101, 168, 180
semelparity vs. iteroparity, 186–88
sex and mating, 191–201
single season, 182–86
spawning bars, 315
spawning frequency, 181–88
spawning migrations, 188–91
spawning seasons, 102
resistance minimizers, 129
resources
competitive exclusion and, 252
limitation and competition, 230–49
resource partitioning, 233–37
use, 54, 76, 138, 140, 228, 232(b)
resource-utilization niche, 231–33
restricted movement paradigm, 81–82
Reynolds number (Re), 120, 127
Rhincodon typus (Whale Shark), 158
Rhinichthys atratulus (Blacknose Dace), 100, 260(t)
Rhinichthys cataractae (Longnose Dace), 43, 130, 352
Rhinichthys osculus (Speckled Dace), 31, 33, 76, 86, 94, 110, 262(t), 315, 316(f)
Rio Grande Bluntnose Shiner (Notropis simus simus), 85
Rio Grande Cichlid (Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum), 25, 261(t)
Rio Grande Darter (Etheostoma grahami), 182, 184(t)
Rio Grande River, 85, 236, 252, 311, 312(f)
Rio Grande Shiner (Notropis jemezanus), 85
Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus), 85, 252, 365, 365(f)
Rio San Juan (Costa Rica), 4
River Carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio), 60, 134(b), 343
River Darter (Percina shumardi), 130, 262(t)
River Goby (Awaous banana), 190
River Redhorse (Moxostoma carinatum), 262(t), 326
rivers
“River Analogy,” 10
river continuum concept (RCC), 48, 54, 57–60, 58(f), 69
river-floodplain systems, 313–15, 321
riverine fishes, 308, 321, 334, 342
River Shiner (Notropis blennius), 131(t)
Rivulidae (now family Aplocheilidae). See Kryptolebias (genus)
Rivulus hartii (Giant Rivulus), 304
r-K selection model, 175, 176(b)–177(b), 177
Roanoke River (Virginia), 140
Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris), 216, 263(t), 272, 283, 350
rockfish (common), 327
rock-ramp fish passages, 334
Rogue River (Oregon), 323
rostrum, 148
Rosyside Dace (Clinostomus funduloides), 82–84, 100, 222(t), 234–35, 290, 300
Roundnose Minnow (Dionda episcopa), 131(t)
Roundtail Chub (Gila robusta), 31, 94, 260(t), 261(t)
Round Whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum), 348
Rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), 269(f)
runoff, 44, 61, 92, 106(t), 108(t), 249, 315, 322
run-of-river dams, 322
Rutilus rutilus (Roach), 228, 269(f)
Sacramento Blackfish (Orthodon microlepidotus), 158, 166, 331
Sacramento Perch (Archoplites interruptus), 197–98
Sacramento River (California), 157, 331
Sacramento-San Joaquin River system (California), 32–33, 101, 315, 330
Saddleback Darter (Percina vigil), 184(t), 186
Sagehen Creek (California), 77–78, 79(f)
Sailfin Molly (Poecilia latipinna), 99, 184(t), 209, 261(t), 274
Salangen River (Norway), 214
salinity, 22, 26, 31, 34, 61, 89, 96, 179, 372
Salish Sucker (Catostomus catostomus ssp.), 43
Salmonidae (family), 7(t), 9, 14, 23, 25, 80, 82, 239
assemblage, 346
competitive interactions of, 244, 252
diet of, 251, 258, 258(f), 261(t), 263(t)
as an equilibrium species, 180
extirpation of, 367
increasing production of, 328–29, 332–36, 337
kleptogamy among, 182(b)
larval/juvenile drift of, 87(t), 89, 101
life cycles of, 187–88
movement of, 82, 188, 189(f), 213, 316, 325(f), 3
optimum spawning time, 337
pheromones and, 213–14
recolonizing habitats, 80, 101
reproduction of, 182(b), 194, 198(t), 208–10
response to nonnative species, 283–84, 349, 365
smolts, 89, 212–14, 323, 337–38, 372
territoriality among, 215–16
visual communication among, 214
whirling disease among, 365
Salmo salar (Atlantic Salmon), 23, 188, 209–13, 215, 244
Salmo trutta (Brown Trout), 76, 80, 110, 244, 261(t), 263(t), 353, 358, 365, 367
Salvelinus (genus), 87(t), 210, 216
Salvelinus alpinus (Arctic Char), 111, 210, 214, 238–40, 240(f)
Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook Trout), 80, 110, 210–11, 244, 261(t), 263(t), 267
Salvelinus malma (Dolly Varden), 191, 244–46, 245(f), 252
Salvelinus namaycush (Lake Trout), 102, 110, 209, 251, 263(t), 287, 346, 348, 363–64, 367
sampling
distance weighting and, 83(b)–84(b)
light-trap, 321
random, 168
spatial scale of, 94
units, 62(b)
Sander canadensis (Sauger), 148(f), 258, 263(t), 344
Sander vitreus (Walleye), 86, 170(b), 171, 172(f), 258, 263(t), 278, 346, 350, 354
Sand Shiner (Notropis stramineus), 131(t), 260(t)
San Francisco Estuary, 317, 331
San Juan River (Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah), 9(f), 49(f), 76, 77(f), 94, 315, 316(f), 317(b), 322, 323(f), 332, 333(f)
Sarcopterygii (class), 3, 6(f), 124(f), 125
Satinfin Shiner (Cyprinella analostana), 184(t), 222(t)
Sauger (Sander canadensis), 148(f), 258, 263(t), 344
Savannah Darter (Etheostoma fricksium), 293
Savannah River (South Carolina), 104(t), 108(t), 200, 293
Sawcheek Darter (Etheostoma serrifer), 293
scale annuli, 138, 169, 170(b)
Scaphirhynchus albus, 222(t)
Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, 222(t)
Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Rudd), 269(f)
SCC (solitary chemosensory cells), 207
schematochromes, 215
schooling. See shoaling
Scirpus acutus (Hardstem Bulrush), 350–51
scotopic vision, 214–15, 271–72
sculpins. See Cottus spp.
Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), 110, 209, 363
Sedgeunkedunk Stream (Maine), 334
sediment
accumulation of, 85, 342–43, 349
burrowing behaviors, 21
changes in, 101, 322–23, 326, 334, 352, 354
evacuation, 291
feeding behaviors, 263
impoundments and, 292, 322–23, 326, 334, 335(b)
sediment-water interface, 21
spawning behaviors and, 295
sulfur in, 229(b)
suspended, 48
type, 47
selfish herd hypothesis, 276, 301
semelparity, 176(b), 181–82, 186–88, 186(f), 201, 372
Semotilus atromaculatus (Creek Chub), 41, 59–60, 82, 131(t), 134, 148(f), 260(t), 261(t), 263(t), 281, 293–94
sensory drive, 206, 218–19, 221, 225–26
Seton River (British Columbia), 333
Sevier River (Utah), 35
Shadow Bass (Ambloplites ariommus), 100, 263(t)
Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), 27, 96, 160, 297
shoaling
apparent rarity and, 272–73, 273(f)
communication within, 301–2
kin recognition and, 210
“many eyes” hypothesis, 276, 305–6
mixed-species groups, 290, 302
reducing predation risk through, 275–77, 279
Shortjaw Cisco (Coregonus zenithicus), 348
SIA (stable isotope analysis), 76, 77(f), 228, 229(b), 230, 239, 250–51
Sicklefi n Chub (Macrhybopsis meeki), 5
Sierra Nevada mountains, 30, 34, 36, 77, 110, 251
Silurian Period, 12
Siluriformes (order), 6(f), 221, 279
Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), 66
Silver Chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana), 131(t), 261(t)
silversides, 18, 27, 74, 81(t), 343. See also Menidia (genus)
Skagit River (Washington), 329
skin extracts, 379
skittering behaviors, 275
Sky Lake (Mississippi), 342–43, 343(f)
SL (standard length), 138, 372
Slenderhead Darter (Percina phoxocephala), 61, 262(t)
Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu), 76, 263(t), 272, 282–84, 287, 290–91, 300, 334, 349–50, 353, 356(b), 359, 363–64, 366
Smallmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus), 60, 260(t), 262(t), 344, 345(t)
Smith River (California), 86, 97
smolts, 89, 212–14, 323, 337–38, 372
Snail Darter (Percina tanasi), 86–87
Snake River, 32(f), 33–35, 41, 324–26, 337
Snohomish River (Washington), 43
snowmelt, 7, 44, 313, 318, 329
Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), 187, 263(t), 295, 297, 315, 324–26, 333
solitary chemosensory cells (SCC), 207
Southern Brook Lamprey (Ichthyomyzon gagei), 320
Southern Leatherside Chub (Lepidomeda aliciae), 35
spates, 55
Spathodus (genus), 150(t)
spatial resource separation, 233
spatulate teeth, 372
spawning. See reproduction
speciation, 2(f), 13, 26, 39, 72, 74, 77, 252, 369
species
characteristics and assemblage formation, 75
divergence, 13
diversity, 9(f), 24, 53, 61, 64, 67, 93, 111, 308, 329, 356(b), 362
tolerances, 75
Speckled Chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis), 61, 85, 261(t), 330
Speckled Dace (Rhinichthys osculus), 31, 33, 76, 86, 94, 110, 262(t), 315, 316(f)
Speckled Darter (Etheostoma stigmaeum), 40(t), 262(t), 266, 320, 330
Spikedace (Meda fulgida), 76, 237
spines, 124, 217, 268, 277–78, 288, 372
Spirit Lake (Iowa), 349
Splendid Darter (Etheostoma barrenense), 219
Splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus), 101, 131(t), 317, 331
sport fishing, 334, 354(b), 364–66
Spotted Bass (Micropterus punctulatus), 263(t), 285, 320, 330
Spotted Sunfish (Lepomis punctatus), 154, 155(f), 192–94
Springtails (Collembola), 320
spying behaviors, 203(t), 207–10, 208(f), 212–13, 226
stable isotope analysis (SIA), 76, 77(f), 228, 229(b), 230, 239, 250–51
standard length (SL), 138, 372
Steelcolor Shiner (Cyprinella whipplei), 40, 40(t), 261(t)
Steelhead Trout. See Oncorhynchus mykiss (Steelhead or Rainbow Trout)
Stenodus (genus), 87(t)
sterilization, 366
sticky filtration, 155, 156–57, 156(f)
St. Lawrence River, 9, 217, 312(f)
stochastic (random) processes, 92, 114, 116
stomach content analysis, 139–40, 195, 229(b), 242, 266(t)
Strait of Georgia (British Columbia), 238
Strait of Juan de Fuca (Washington), 43
streams
allochthonous vs. autochthonous input, 58–39, 354
connections, 37–40
conservation and, 311–39
with high hydrologic energy, 292
Horton-Strahler system, 59(b)
hydrologic cycles and, 132–328
meltwater, 44
Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis), 111, 263(t), 327, 376
Striped Darter (Etheostoma virgatum), 220
Striped Killifish (Fundulus majalis), 160, 297
Striped Mullet (Mugil cephalus), 188, 258–59, 263
Striped Shiner (Luxilus chrysocephalus), 260(t), 261(t), 281, 290, 300, 320
Studfish (Fundulus catenatus), 39, 41, 261(t)
Sturgeon River (Michigan), 89
sturgeons. See Acipenser (genus) and spp.
Suckermouth Minnow (Phenacobius mirabilis), 61, 260(t), 262(t)
suckers. See Catostomus spp.
suction feeding, 146(t), 149, 151–53, 153(f), 154(f), 158–60, 220, 233
sulfur isotopes (32S, 34S), 228, 229(b)
sunfishes. See Lepomis (genus); Lepomis spp.
surfperches, 15
survivorship
age-specific, 174–76
brood, 300–301
catch-curve techniques, 169, 170(b)
swamps, 23, 21, 215, 218–19, 226
swimbladders, 124–25, 130, 139, 220–21, 223(t), 224(t), 226, 371, 372
swimming. See also body and caudal fin (BCF)
locomotion
burst-and-coast swimming, 127, 130, 132
median or paired fins (MPF), 125, 128–30, 132–34, 141, 158
speeds, 120–25, 128(f), 129, 134–35, 152, 158, 272, 344
sympatry, 136–37, 237–40, 244–46, 245(f), 270, 271(f), 302, 372
Synbranchidae (family), 198(t)
Syngnathidae (family), 128, 198(t), 273–74
Syngnathus scovelli (Gulf Pipefish), 128
Tadpole Madtom (Noturus gyrinus), 262(t), 320
tagging studies, 80–89
Taillight Shiner (Notropis maculatus), 131(t), 300
tailraces, 333
Tallahatchie River (Mississippi), 321
Tallapoosa River (Alabama), 331
Tapatia (extinct genus), 25
fish families, 15(f)
numerical, 60
relationships of North American freshwater fishes, 6(f)
terminal, 168
Teleostei (infraclass), 12, 124(f), 146(t), 148
Tellico Dam (Tennessee), 86
Tennessee River, 9, 86, 88, 225
terminal mouth, 372
Tertiary Period, 13–15, 21, 23–26, 29–30, 33, 35–36
Tessellated Darter (Etheostoma olmstedi), 135, 136(f), 184(t), 194, 237–38
Tetraodontiformes (order), 124(f)
Texas Silverside (Menidia clarkhubbsi), 195
thermocline, 323, 370, 371, 372
Thoburnia rhothoeca (Torrent Sucker), 100
Threadfin Shad (Dorosoma petenense), 22, 111, 147, 148(f), 261(t), 283, 345(t)
Threespine Stickleback. See Gasterosteus aculeatus (Threespine Stickleback)
thrust maximizers, 129
Thurlow Dam (Alabama), 330
Thymallus (genus), 87(t)
thyroxine, 212–13
Tiaroga cobitis (Loach Minnow), 76, 261(t)
Tiger Muskellunge (hybrid), 158, 277
time minimizers, 268–70
Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka), 131(t), 300
Torrent Sucker (Thoburnia rhothoeca), 100
Triassic Period, 12, 20, 22, 26, 352
Trinectes maculatus (Hogchoker), 132, 188
Trogloglanis (genus), 23
trophic (feeding) guilds, 257–63
trophic cascade, 284–87, 286(f), 291
trophic position, 76–77, 229(b), 249–52
Tropical Gar (Atractosteus tropicus), 4
Trout-Perches, 147, 261(t), 262(t)
turbidity, 3, 47–48, 58–59, 62(b), 92, 206, 274, 309, 345, 363
Turgai Straits, 20–21
Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura), 298–99
typhoons, 318
ultraviolet (UV) light, 214, 216, 218, 280
Umbra (genus), 128
Umbra limi (Central Mudminnow), 61, 64, 261(t), 262(t), 283
Umbridae (family), 14, 198(t), 261(t), 262(t), 279
unisexuality, 167, 194–96, 195(t), 201
unweighted pair-group with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), 140
Ursus americanus (Black Bear), 298
Ursus arctos (Brown Bear), 298
U.S. Endangered Species Act, 324–25
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 180
Utah Chub (Gila atraria), 35, 260(t)
Utah Lake, 35
Utah Sucker (Catostomus ardens), 32(f), 35, 260(t)
ventral mouth, 139
vicariance biogeography, 13, 16(b)
Virile Crayfish (Orconectes virilis), 246
vision
mesopic, 372
visual observations, 3, 228, 302
viviparity, 167–68
Wabash River (Indiana), 108(t), 315
Waccamaw Darter (Etheostoma perlongum), 135, 136(f)
Waccamaw Killifish (Fundulus waccamensis), 135
Waccamaw Silverside (Menidia extensa), 135
wading birds, 290–91
Walleye (Sander vitreus), 86, 170(b), 171, 172(f), 258, 263(t), 278, 346, 350, 354
Walnut River (Kansas), 65–66, 65(f)
Warmouth (Lepomis gulosus), 263, 293, 344, 345(t)
Wasatch Front, 30–31, 32(f), 35
Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), 351
Weed Shiner (Notropis texanus), 57, 102, 131(t), 260(t), 321, 330
Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), 61, 98(f), 98, 150(t), 151, 160, 283, 304, 322, 359
Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus), 158
White Bass (Morone chrysops), 263(t), 321, 344, 345(t), 361
White Crappie (Pomoxis annularis), 61, 263(t), 296, 321–22, 344, 345(t)
Whitefin Shiner (Cyprinella nivea), 184(t)
whitefishes. See Prosopium spp.
White River (Arkansas), 31, 344–45
White Salmon River (Washington), 334
White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), 147(f), 317(b)
White Sucker (Catostomus commersonii), 102, 236, 260(t), 262(t), 290, 302, 346
Whitetail Shiner (Cyprinella galactura), 224–25, 225(f)
Willamette River (Oregon), 101, 323
Winemiller-Rose model, 180
Woolen Mills Dam, 334
World Conservation Union’s (IUCN) database, 359, 359(f)
Xiphophorus (genus), 150(t), 161, 162(f), 215
Xyrauchen texanus (Razorback Sucker), 31, 33, 88–89, 89(f), 94, 179, 260(t), 278, 279(f), 315, 316(f), 317(b), 326, 332
Yakima River (Oregon), 283
Yampa River (Colorado), 89, 89(f), 315, 317
Yazoo River (Mississippi), 321, 342, 344
Yellow Bass (Morone mississippiensis), 263(t), 344, 345(t)
Yellow Bullhead (Ameiurus natalis), 76, 210, 260(t), 262(t), 263(t), 344, 354
Yellowfin Shiner (Notropis lutipinnis), 261(t), 293, 300
Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens), 61, 64, 86, 164, 233, 257–58, 264(t), 265, 272, 283, 346, 350
Yellowstone Lake (Wyoming), 287
Yolo Bypass (California), 330, 331
young-of-year (yoy), 110, 171, 350, 372
Yukon River (British Columbia), 89