Page numbers refer to the print edition.
Adapozis (Burnt Arrow, Hidatsa culture hero), 196
Adobe Walls, Battle of, 302
age-graded society system, 110, 117, 180, 184
Akimiski Island, 18, 22, 25, 27, 237, 248
Albany Post, 192, 193, 218, 385n95, 394n55; accidents with firearms recorded at, 170, 377nn59–60; arrowheads made or traded at, 99, 100, 355n40, 356n48; Cree war parties recorded at, 245; firearms traded or repaired at, 144, 148, 355n41, 372n96, 390n3
Albany River, 247
alder (Alnus crispa), 19
Allely, Steve, xiv; drawings by, 72, 79, 320, 321, 322, references to other drawings by, 345n30, 349n63, 356n53, 358n67, 359nn74–75, 365n133, 381–82n33, 405n53
ambush tactics: in combat, 240, 249, 250, 268, 283, 284, 286, 287, 290, 303; in hunting, 211, 405n54
American Fur Company, 137 fig. 45, 144, 147, 285, 370n57
ammunition: accidents with, 170; black powder, 123, 128, 308, 311; captured in war, 289; lack of, 139, 213, 282, 311; metal cartridges, 129, 136, 142, 166, 270, 296; paper cartridges, 366n16; preservation of, 308; traded to Aboriginal people, 25, 26, 99, 100, 143, 147, 205, 232, 250, 281, 282, 311; use in combat, 128, 248, 250, 270, 279–83, 406n66, 407n70; use in hunting, 216–18
Apache, 159, 164, 257, 302, 364n130, 378n13, 409n105
Apetway-wetungk (Saulteaux person), 169
Arapaho: age-graded society system of, 180; archery artifacts collected from, 358n67; arrow poison among, 162; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 120, 302; lithic arrowheads in culture of, 183, 384n52; locations of, 29, 34, 342n7; photographs of, 381n24; social contexts of archery in culture of, 121, 232, 364n120
archer’s paradox, 84, 85 fig. 27, 353n7
Arikara, xii, 125; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 120, 284, 285, 405n50, 407n75; epidemic diseases among, 302; ledger drawings of, 276, 278 fig. 56, 301, 323, 408n79; locations of, 28, 35, 118, 342n7; trade of firearms to, 271
armor: effectivenesss of, 160, 161, 169, 170, 290; for horses, 256, 257, 258 fig. 53, 304, 401n4; metal, 127, 155, 157; rawhide and leather, 72, 187, 253
arrow grooves, 120, 196, 197, 386n107
arrowheads: Aboriginal manufacture of lithic, 117, 183, 184, 309, 375n26, 360n81; barbed, 102, 165; fishing, 110; images of lithic, 91 fig. 29, 92 fig. 30, 95 fig. 34, 97 fig. 36, 96–98, 110 fig. 41; images of metal, 75 fig. 22, 83 fig. 26, 91 fig. 29, 92 figs. 30–31, 93 fig. 32, 94 fig. 33, 95 fig. 34, 96 fig. 35, 97 fig. 36, 109 fig. 40, 111 fig. 42, 112 fig. 43, 157 fig. 46; introduction of metal, 4–8, 14–15, 79–81; lithic, 38, 96, 125, 204; made from bone, 104, 109, 359n72; made from rawhide/sinew, 93; made from scrap metal, 89, 90; manufactured by HBC, 100; manufacturer-marked metal, 356n53; mass production of, 100; metal traded to Aboriginal people, 98, 99, 101, 102, 205; origins of lithic, 43, 81, 89–90, 183, 184, 204; penetrative capabilities of lithic, 355n31; penetrative capabilities of metal, 157, 159, 161, 275, 374n19, 375n26; positioning on arrow shaft, 102, 103, 357n61; recycling of lithic, 117, 363n105; removal from wounds, 154, 155, 158, 163, 166–69; resemblance of metal to lithic arrowheads, 91; shape and weight of lithic, 354n19, 355n35; shape and weight of metal, 81, 98, 102, 109, 165, 355n35, 357n58; shift from lithic to metal, 69, 89, 97, 106, 171, 203, 297, 298; spiritual aspects of lithic, 187, 188; symbolism of metal, 172, 176; transportation of lithic, 379n18; use in combat of lithic, 94, 97, 163–66; use in combat of metal, 97, 162, 253, 280, 285; with crosspieces, 106 fig. 37, 358n69; wooden blunts, 75, 106, 10 fig. 38, 108, 109, 123, 176, 181, 254, 313 fig. 57, 412n28
arrow-making tools, 39, 117, 184, 352n85, 363n105
arrow poison, 81, 162–63, 375n24
arrow release, 83 fig. 26, 87 fig. 28, 87–89, 107 fig. 38, 107, 108, 209 fig. 50, 328, 354n15, 396n86
arrows. See individual Aboriginal peoples, arrows of
arrow shafts: barreled wooden 83–84, 314, 325; hollow reed, 82–83, 97 fig. 36, 98, 159; split timber, 82–83, 106–8
ash (green, Fraxinus pennsylvanica), 32
ash (white, Fraxinus americana), 32, 70
ash wood: arrows made from, 82, 83; bows made from, 46, 53–55, 57, 64 fig. 13, 66, 69 fig. 17, 113, 157 fig. 46, 158, 206, 261, 266, 343n15, 345n28, 351n76; occurrence of in southern Alberta, 339n63
Asiniskawidiniwak (Rock Cree), 15, 367n29
aspen (Populus tremoloides), 19
Assiniboine (people): as guides, 308; bows used by, 351n75, 387n116, 403n28; conflicts with other Aboriginal peoples, 118, 252–53, 290, 291, 293, 300, 403n28, 409n94; firearms used by, 138, 142–43, 263, 274–75, 285–86; lithic arrowheads used by, 94, 96; locations of, 17, 29, 219, 342n7; metal arrowheads made and used by, 82, 165, 253; opposition to fireams sales to neighboring Aboriginal peoples, 271; shields used by, 187; spiritual concepts of, 123; weapons of, 369n47
Assiniboine (river), 93 fig. 32, 209, 264
asymmetrical bows, 42, 64 fig. 13, 64, 65 fig. 14, 66–69 figs. 15–17, 176, 179 fig. 47, 198, 266, 351n76, 405n49
Athapaskan, 15, 86 fig. 28, 180, 206, 210, 217, 309, 351n75, 352n86, 412nn24–25
atlatl, 43
Atsina, 338n55. See also Gros Ventre des Prairies
Attituq Quitsualik, Rachel, 238, 398n15
Avon Bison Jump, Montana, 91 fig. 29, 91
Avonlea archaeological complex, 43
Awatixa-Hidatsa, 184–85
Bacqueville de la Potherie, 18, 215
Baffin Island, 239
Baldwin, John, 101, 102, 331n3, 356n55
balsam fir (Abies balsamea), 19
Bear Paw Mountains, 31
bears, 215–17, 228, 307, 315, 393n39, 393n46; confrontations with, 215, 216. See also black bear, grizzly bear, polar bear
Bear Standing Up (Blackfoot), 219
Bear White Child (Crow legend), 113
beaver (Castor canadensis), 20, 22, 27, 33, 99, 104, 114, 137, 138, 144, 215, 228, 292, 298, 306, 388n119, 389n128, 393n40, 394n47
Beaver Hills, 31
Beckwourth, Jim, 114, 361–62n94
Belcher Islands, 236, 241, 247
beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), 20, 25
Berens, William (Ojibwa), 188
Bill, Joseph H., 163, 168, 374n22, 376n31, 376n41, 376n51
birch (Betula papyrifera), 19, 70, 71, 74, 321, 364n124, 390n4
Bird, James, 149, 177, 283, 372n101, 408n84, 409n87
Bird, Jemmy Jock, 177
Bird, Louis (Swampy Cree): collecting oral histories, xii, 11; examining Aboriginal archery objects, 12; on caribou hunting, 22, 24, 391n18, 395n69; on climate restrictions in using bows, 70; on Cree mythological creatures, 388n118; on firearms, 140, 151, 194, 230; on fishing with arrows, 213; on hunting bears, 215–17; on hunting birds, 214, 392n35; on kindness to orphans as a Cree cultural value, 377n65; on manufacture of arrows, 106, 107, 110, 114, 359n72; on manufacture of bows, 46, 51, 71 fig. 19, 72 fig. 20, 73 fig. 21, 76, 77, 343n16, 352n85; on quivers, 180; on Swampy Cree archery culture, 308, 310; on Swampy Cree conflicts with other Aboriginal peoples, 235–37, 241, 244, 245, 247, 249, 397n4, 399n28; on Swampy Cree habitation in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, 21
bison hunting, 220–29; ceremonial, 186; eyewitness accounts of, 134, 135, 153–54, 173, 174, 225–27, 265; firearms used for, 219, 232, 263, 405–6n54, 408n78; on foot, 33, 37, 38, 220–22, 405, 406n54, 408n78; and preference for archery on horseback, 100, 217–19, 232–33, 289, 299, 304, 308, 311, 332–33n7, 394n53; and preference for bison cows, 207–9, 224, 228; shooting distances in, 85, 161, 197 fig. 48, 374n19; timing and locations of, 36–40
bison jump, 37, 38, 40 fig. 4, 91, 220, 221, 224, 395n63
bison pound, 37–39, 39 fig. 3, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 366n10, 393n47
black bear (Ursus americanus), 20, 33, 215
Black Chest (Mandan), 119, 357n58
Blackfeet, 29, 55, 177, 284, 344n27, 345n28, 368n38, 403n29. See also Niitsitapi
Blackfoot, xi; age-graded societies of, 180, 181, 184, 382n43; archery origin traditions of, 38, 183, 340n85, 345–46n36; archery skills of, 154, 224, 390n6, 396n86; body height of, 259, 353n3, 403n29; bows of, 46, 52 fig. 12, 66, 68 fig. 16, 198, 345n30, 383n47, 405n53; bows and arrows used by women, 114, 361n93, 409n90; bow woods used by, 55; capture of weapons by, 56, 177, 201, 289, 312; combat methods of, 284–86, 289, 299–301, 403n28; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 143, 156, 162, 252, 253, 268–71, 290, 293, 332n7, 411n124, 411n128; craft specialists among, 110, 112, 117, 118; firearms used by, 133, 142, 149, 151, 201, 288, 311, 367n23; hunting methods of, 38, 220; interviews with, 11; locations of, 17, 29, 34, 37, 342n7; manufacture of arrows by, 103, 104, 125, 314, 357n58, 358n67; metal arrowheads traded to, 101; and objection to firearms sales, 283; population estimates of, 146, 147; and preference for archery in mounted bison hunting, 218, 219, 232, 332–33n7; rejecting travel to Hudson Bay, 2, 378n10; shields used by, 187; and spirituality in combat, 123, 179, 291, 292, 312, 314, 388n119, 389n128, 134; taking of captives by, 247, 292, 293; terminology of, 29; weapons of, 172, 179, 262, 287. See also Niitsitapi
black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), 70
black spruce (Picea mariana), 19, 70, 74, 82, 106
black-tailed deer (Odocileus hemionus columbianus), 218
Black Wolf (Mandan mythical character), 117
Blitz, John H., 43
Blood: archery skills of, 232; arrows of, 98, 102; body height of, 403n29; bows and arrows of, 182, 183, 342n12, 356n57, 358n67, 383n47, 387n117; bison pounds used by, 223; captives taken by, 292; conflict with Americans, 140, 369–70n57; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 270–73, 285; firearms traded to, 144, 149; firearms used by, 232, 270, 273; legends of, 38, 183, 389n128, 395n70; locations of, 29; origin traditions of firearms among, 132, 272; origin traditions of horses among, 402n17; population estimates of, 146. See also Kainai
Bodmer, Karl, 10, 176, 178 fig. 47, 285, 379n14, 380n21, 380n23
Bourdeaux, Michel, 280
Bourke, John G., 164
Bowers, Alfred, 115–19, 122, 362n98
bow lance, 198. See also lances
Bow River, Alberta, 38, 220, 222, 271, 273, 293, 339n63
bows. See asymmetrical bows; composite bows; horn bows; individual Aboriginal peoples, bows of; sinew-backed bows; Sudbury bow
brain-tanned leather, 39, 108 fig. 39, 179, 180, 387n115
Brandon House, 123, 144, 145, 164, 263
Brant River, 214
Bruised Head, Mike (Kainai), 10, 55, 344n25
Buckingham House, 38, 96 fig. 35, 99, 144, 145, 148, 169
Buechel, Father Eugene, 320
Buffalo Bird Woman (Hidatsa), 90, 104, 114, 115, 119, 120, 185, 362n96, 378n11
Bulls Back Fat (Blood/Kainai), 370n57
Bull Shield (Crow), 186
Bureau of Indian Affairs (U.S.), 2
Burnt Arrow (Adapozis, Hidatsa culture hero), 196
Button, Thomas, 239
Calgary Stampede, 10
Canadian Museum of Civilization, xiv, 12, 320
Canadian River, Texas, 302
Capenesseweet (Saulteaux), 169
caribou, 18, 21, 22, 26, 40; barren-ground (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), 19, 22, 24, 27l; drives of, 23, 74, 210–12, 220, 240, 391n17, 395n69; hedges, 23, 24, 210–12, 337n33, 391–92n18; hunting of, 23, 107, 210–13, 215, 218, 220, 231, 303, 306, 307, 337n31, 367–68n29; woodland (Rangifer tarandus caribou), 19, 25, 27
Caribou Lake, Ontario (Oji-Cree community), 313 fig. 57
Carr, General Eugene Asa, 288
Catlin, George: on Aboriginal archery, 134, 269, 299, 402n16; on Aboriginal bows, 55, 345n28; on Aboriginal hunting methods, 216, 220, 227; on Aboriginal population estimates, 146; on firearms used by Aboriginal people, 156; on metal arrowheads traded to Aboriginal people, 100, 101; on social aspects of archery in Aboriginal cultures, 175, 176, 380n23; travels of 10, 55
Chappell, Edward, 212, 236, 246
Charred Body (Awatixa-Hidatsa culture hero), 185, 196
Cheyenne: antelope hunting by, 38, 220; arrows of, 96, 104, 113, 115, 124, 125, 357n58, 358n67, 365n137; bows of, 68, 136, 404n37; concepts of warfare of, 295; conflicts with other Aboriginal peoples, 118, 120, 268–69, 302; firearms used by, 143, 191, 367n28; lithic projectile points made and used by, 162, 183–86; locations of, 29, 34, 342n7; symbolism of archery among, 121, 173, 186–89, 195, 202, 383n46; treatment of arrow wounds by, 167, 168; U.S. Army service of, 113; weapons of, 287–88
Cheyenne River Reservation, 1, 347n55
Chipewyan, 15, 77, 193, 210, 236, 240, 243, 246, 250, 286, 307, 399n40
Chippewa, 313, 349n67, 362n99. See also Ojibwa
chokecherries (Prunus virginia), 32, 54, 55, 83, 112, 181, 342n12, 349n67
Churchill River, Manitoba, 18, 109 fig. 40, 238, 248
Clark, William Philo, 113, 360n87
Colby, Clarence H., 48 fig. 8, 319, 342n12
Comanche: arrow poison among, 162; bows of, 260, 345n30; bow woods used by, 55; conflict with other Aboriginal Peoples, 302, 407n75; conflict with Texas Rangers, 141; height of, 259, 403n29; images of, 381n24; shields used by, 269; symbolism of arrows among, 124, 364n130
Comcomly (Chinook), 100
competency ceremony, 1, 3 fig. 1, 4 fig. 2
composite bows, 58, 88, 156, 158, 159 table 1, 160, 326, 344n22, 346n39, 353n7. See also horn bows
Compton, Will, 88
Cooke, L. W., 284
Copway, George, 315
cottonwood (Populus balsamifera spp. trichocarpa), 32
counterfeiting (of guns), 149
Cowessess Boarding School, 312, 413n34, 414n35
coyote (Canis latrans), 33
Crane Bear, Clifford (Siksika), xiv, 11, 12, 46, 49, 102, 179, 356n57
Cree: archery skills of, 211; arrows of, 93 fig. 31, 94, 99, 106, 107 fig. 38, 108–10, 125; beluga whale hunting by, 20, 26; bird hunting by, 28, 215; bows of, 46 fig. 6, 51, 53 fig. 12, 70 fig. 18, 71 fig. 19, 72 fig. 20, 74, 76, 77, 108, 208 fig. 50, 240, 261, 320, 342n12, 344n17, 403n28, 414n35; caribou hunting by, 23, 24, 25, 212; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 6, 7, 50, 97, 127, 156, 236–47, 270–72, 274, 284, 285, 289–93, 360n93; firearms used by, 142, 145, 156, 192, 193, 211, 217, 232, 248–51, 263, 270–72, 275, 286, 407n71; horses used by, 132; hunting methods of, 220, 229, 232, 308; images of, 412n28; and intermarriage with fur traders, 177; lithic projectile points made and used by, 94, 96, 97, 309; locations of, 15, 17, 29, 34, 219, 335n1, 336n2, 339n73; oral histories of, 11; population estimates for, 21; seasonal subsistence activities of, 22–28, 335n1; shields used by, 187; spiritual aspects of hunting and warfare among, 123, 199, 200, 202, 237; weapons of, 253, 261, 262. See also Plains Cree, Rock Cree, Swampy Cree
Crooked Meat Strings (Blackfoot), 174, 284, 287, 292, 299, 345n31, 360–61n93, 411n125
Crow: archery in ceremonies of, 186; arrows and arrowheads of, 101, 125, 163, 183; bows of, 345n28, 349n63; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 266–74, 286, 293; firearms used by, 136; legends of, 113, 175, 183, 185; locations of, 29, 35, 342n7; mounted archery employed by, 232; and restrictions against women’s use of bows and arrows, 173, 361n94; and spiritual beliefs in regard to ermine skin, 179; weapons of, 344n27; William Wildschut’s writings on, 360n85
crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), 19, 26
Crow Creek Reservation, 3 fig. 1
Crowshoe, Reg (Peigan), 177
culture areas, 13
Cumberland House, 99, 144, 152
Cuthand, Stan (Plains Cree), 200, 388n123
Cypress Hills, 31
Dakota, 29, 118, 351n75. See also Lakota, Sioux
Dawes Act (General Allotment Act), 1, 118, 119
Déné, 15, 76 fig. 23, 193, 236, 238, 239, 246, 247, 251, 307, 399n40
Denig, Edwin Thompson, 362n94
Denys, Nicolas, 390n5
Diamond, Jared, 127
dogwood (Cornus stolonifera or stricta), 83, 158, 202
Doll, Maurice, 133, 134, 367n27, 404n38
douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), 32
dragon side plate, 137, 150, 199, 200 fig. 49, 201, 389n128
Drake, Sir Francis, 60–62, 346n43
Dumas, Margaret and William (Cree), xiv, 11, 350n71, 390n5
dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa), 19
Dying Young Man (Blackfoot), 179
Eagle Ribs (Pitoxpikis, Kainai-Blackfoot), 146, 289, 291, 293, 390n6, 410n109, 410n116, 411n123
Edmonton House, 140, 149, 151, 152, 177, 283, 370n57
elk (Cervus elaphus), 31, 33, 36, 179, 308
Elk Bull (Po-nok-se-ta-mek, Blackfoot), 145
Elk Point site, Alberta, 92 fig. 31, 321
Elmer, Robert P., 84
End Rock (Hidatsa), 227, 396n86
epidemic diseases, 21, 118, 119, 120, 146, 147, 247, 292, 293, 300, 302, 306
Ethnologisches Museum Berlin, xiv, 50 fig. 10, 334n17, 351n79, 388n117
Ewers, John C., 55, 396n86, 401n13
Fidler, Peter: on Aboriginal hunting methods, 213, 218, 221–24, 395n70, 396n90; on arrows of Pikani, 89, 90, 115; on collecting Aboriginal artifacts, 354–55n29; on combat methods of Aboriginal peoples, 254, 270; and ethnographic observations of Pikani people, 38, 39; on fireams traded to Aboriginal peoples, 145; on firearms used in ceremonies, 193; on firearms used in combat, 156, 164, 270–73, 279, 286, 299, 376n37, 406n66; on firearms used in hunting, 152, 218–20, 263, 393n40; on horses, 221, 224, 227, 255; on intertribal conflict, 123, 156, 164, 218, 219, 270–73, 279–82, 293, 294; on lynx and hare population cycles, 336n13; on Pikani preference for bison cows, 228; on Saukamappee (Cree/Pikani leader), 395n64; on scarcity of trees in Plains, 54, 339n63; on treatment of arrow wounds, 164, 165; travels of, 14, 229
firearms: breech-loading, 5, 6, 128, 129, 136, 142, 143, 269, 286, 296, 304, 311, 333n7; flintlock, xiii, 130 fig. 44, 131, 133, 137, 140, 142, 143, 147, 148, 150, 206, 209, 264, 276, 400n52, 404n37, 407n71, 408n78; matchlock, 129, 131, 150; percussion lock, 140, 143, 209, 264, 288, 333n7, 400n52; pistols, 138, 140, 141, 144, 147, 265, 270, 276, 288, 370n57; repeating, xiii, 6, 8, 124, 128, 136, 140, 142, 143, 191, 201, 269, 270, 286, 287, 296, 304, 311, 389n128; revolvers, 136, 141, 288, 304, 311, 331n3; rifles, 6, 8, 129, 132, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 191, 201, 216, 217, 267, 272, 287, 288, 301, 302, 304, 366–67n23, 389n128, 407n71; wheel lock, 150, 400n52. See also fowling pieces
Flathead (Interior Salish): arrows of, 162; bows of, 56, 58, 387n116; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 253, 269, 271, 279, 280, 282–84, 287, 300, 301, 408n82; locations of, 342n7
flint: Aboriginal traditions of use for arrowheads, 38, 81, 90, 93, 96, 117, 163, 164, 183, 184, 249, 379n18; trade of, 125, 249; use in firearms as gunflints, 99, 131, 138, 140, 170, 195, 264
flintlock. See firearms
Fort Benton, 297
Fort Berthold Reservation, 118, 119, 362n98
Fort Buford, 276
Fort Dauphin, 213
Fort Ellice, 264
fortifications, 215; use in combat, 141, 269, 289, 311
Fort Marion, 313
Fort McKenzie, 56, 156, 285, 370n57, 379n17
Fort Michilimackinac, 144
Fort Qu’Apelle, 264
Fort Severn, 25
Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 165
Forwood, W. H., 165
Four Bears (Mato Tope, Mandan), 269
fowling pieces, 28, 143, 213, 214, 249
Fox, William, 199
Franklin Expedition, 248
Fraxinus americana (ash), 32, 70
Fringe, The (Crow healer), 166, 167
Frobisher, Sir Martin, 60, 77, 239, 247, 331n4, 346n43
game-of-the-arrow, 134, 135, 368n30
Garrison Dam, 119
garter snake (Thamnophis radix), 198, 387n117
Given, Brian, 6
Gleach, Frederic W., 13
Glenbow Museum and Archives, Calgary, xiii, 11, 12, 102, 179, 314, 340n85, 342–43n12, 345n31, 356n57, 358n67, 360–61n93, 381n32, 382n34
Gloucester House, 150, 170, 171, 377n58, 377n65
Glover, Richard, 96
Goddard, A., 78
Goodbird (Hidatsa), 115, 362n96, 378n11
Good Eagle (Blackfoot), 289
Gooderham, George H., 179
Gosiute, 375n29
Graham, Andrew, 21, 26, 132, 193, 212, 213, 250, 261, 333n14
Grand Canyon, 11
Grinnell, George Bird, 54, 55, 96, 115, 136, 162, 183, 357n58
grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis), 33, 156, 216, 393n46
Groseilliers, Medard Chouart, Sieur des, 204, 205
Gros Ventre des Prairies, 3, 29, 112, 140, 149, 180. See also Atsina
Gwichin, 243. See also Kutchin
hackberries (Celtis occidentalis), 32
Hairy Breasts (Northern Algonquian mythical beings), 240
Hall, Robert, 201
Hallowell, Irving A., 188
Hamilton, T. M., 87, 144, 387n116
Hamm, Jim, xiv, 55, 345n29, 359n74, 386n107, 405n53
Hand Hills, 31
harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), 20
Harmon, Daniel Williams, 340–41n94
Hayes Island, 143
Hayes River, 27
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, Alberta, 37, 363n105, 395n63
Heammawihio (Cheyenne culture hero), 184
Hearne, Samuel, 76, 76 fig. 23, 210, 240, 243, 246, 250, 306, 321
Heizer, Robert, 62
Henday, Anthony, 3, 125, 218, 224, 263, 292, 308, 311, 334n17, 378n10
Henry, Alexander the Younger: on Aboriginal arrows, 90, 100; on Aboriginal bows, 46, 53, 56, 57, 341n7; on Blackfoot population estimates, 146; on Blackfoot weapons, 172; on fireams used in hunting, 217, 220, 231, 263, 405–6n54; on intertribal conflict, 282–83
Hickman, Clarence, 84
hickory (Caraya cordiformis), 55, 66, 67 fig. 15, 70, 72 fig. 20, 74, 76, 112, 198, 260, 344n26, 349n63
Hidatsa, xii; age-graded societies of, 110, 116; archery skills of, 227, 263; arrows of, 81–83, 82 fig. 26, 90, 97, 104, 106 fig. 37, 121, 124, 162, 196; bows of, 63, 64 fig. 13, 66, 67 fig. 15, 68, 154, 155, 176, 198, 266, 347n55, 405n49; bow stringing methods used by, 65 fig. 14, 348n57; concepts of knowledge transfer among, 117, 118, 119, 362n98; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 120, 271; creation myths and legends of, 184, 185, 196; epidemic diseases among, 302; hunting methods of, 220; involvement in fur trade, 102; and kinnickkinnick (Native tobacco), 202; locations of, 28, 35, 342n7; methods for carrying bows, arrows, and quivers, 206, 379n18; military symbols among, 380n19; protective gear used in archery by, 207; quivers of, 175, 379n16; and restrictions against women using bows and arrows, 115, 173, 174, 364n116, 378n11; weapons of, 53, 270. See also Wolf Chief, Henry
High-Backed Wolf (Cheyenne), 191, 287, 385n87, 409n101
Homeguard Cree (“Homeguard Indians”), 7, 377n58
Honigmann, John J., 213
Hopkins, Edward Martin, 12, 387n116
horn bows, 45, 46, 56, 67 fig. 15, 198, 349n59, 349n63; Asiatic, 58, 156; characteristics and performance of, 58, 59, 345n34, 345–46n36, 404n37; descriptions of, 53, 56, 57; in Aboriginal myths, 185; manufacture of, 116, 121, 363n102; used in courting, 176, 380n21; wooden bows resembling, 345n34, 382n34, 387n116
Hudson Bay: Aboriginal peoples living on, 7, 14, 17, 21, 22, 76, 128, 189, 190, 212, 215, 241; Aboriginal traditions about, 388n118; arrowheads traded on, 205; climate and environmental conditions on, 18, 19, 21, 25, 26, 30, 150, 151, 210, 214, 222; intertribal conflict on, 235, 236, 245, 247, 248, 250, 286; limitations of resources on, 40; firearms traded on, 69, 143, 144, 170, 233; trade on, 2, 15, 238, 305
Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC): employment of mixed-descent individuals by, 213; fur trade by, xi, xii, 7, 28; relations with Aboriginal peoples, 2, 7, 252, 305; trade goods of, 98, 100, 101, 137 fig. 45, 142, 143, 150, 205, 218; trading posts of, 25, 96, 214
Huron, 247
Ile-a-la Crosse, 385n97, 408n83
Ile de l’Ourson, 213
Indian Wars, U.S., 123, 154, 162, 168, 234, 314
Ingalik, 73 fig. 21, 74
Inuit: arrows of, 106 fig. 37, 107, 196, 358n69; bows of, 71, 76, 77, 77 fig. 24, 328, 329, 331n4, 346n43; burial customs of, 190; conflict with Europeans, 239; conflict with Déné, 235–51, 399n40; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 235, 236–40, 249–51, 333n14, 397n6, 397n9; conflict with Swampy Cree, 240–48, 399n28; hunting caribou by, 23, 210
Inupiat, 239
Iroquois, 3, 140, 148, 191, 235, 236, 247, 249, 397–98n9
Isham, James: on Aboriginal bows and arrows, 75, 75 fig. 22, 76, 109, 109 fig. 40, 321, 350n69, 359n79; on caribou hunting, 23, 392n19; on hunting geese, 214, 392n35
jack pine (Pinus banksiana or Pinus divaricata), 19, 32
Jackson, John C., 177
Jacobsen, Johan Adrian, 74
James Bay, 7, 15, 17 map 1, 18, 22, 99, 100, 214, 235, 237, 241, 246, 247, 305, 312, 392n33
Jefferson, Robert, 152, 153, 171
Juneberries. See Saskatoon berries
juniper (Juniperus spp.), 32, 60
Junkelmann, Marcus, 156, 158, 159 table 1, 160
Kainai, 11, 29, 55, 98, 140, 181, 183, 271, 370n57
Kalispel, 275
Kansa, 164, 165, 217, 332n4, 343n12, 394n53
Kashechewan. See Albany River
Kelsey, Henry, 249
Keyser, James D., 255 fig. 51, 256 fig. 52, 257, 322
Kidd, Kenneth, 112
Kiowa, 55, 165, 260, 276, 302, 320n12, 345n30, 381n24, 407n75
Kiowa-Apache, 302
Kipling, John, 150, 170, 171, 377n58
Kipp, Joseph, 382n26
Kit Fox Society, 183
Kixtsipistamik (Striped Bull, Kainai-Blackfoot), 293
Knife River flint, 125
Kootana Appe, (Kutana Api, Pikani-Blackfoot), 276, 278, 301
Koppedrayer, Jaap, xiv, 58, 346n39
Kranabaecker, August, 334n17
Kroeber, Alfred, 61
Kutchin (Gwichin), 243, 248, 249, 309, 310
Kutenai, 56, 147, 218, 271, 300, 332n7, 342n7, 387n116, 408n82, 410n110
Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), 19
La France, Joseph, 239
Lake Athabasca, 152
Lake of the Woods, 75
Lake Sakakawea, 119
Lake Superior, 19, 150, 368n38
Lake Temagami, 77
Lakota, xii; archery techniques of, 197 fig. 48, 404n39; archery traditions of, 259; archery training among, 174, 378n9; arrows of, 124, 167, 363n99, 374n19; bows of, 48 fig. 8, 49 fig. 9, 320, 343n12, 347–48n55, 349n63; bow lances used by, 198; competency ceremonies for, 1; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 118, 120, 167, 268, 269, 285, 405n50; firearms used by, 143, 287; and hunting bison on horseback, 209; locations of, 29, 259; and preference for archery in mounted bison hunting, 332n7. See also Dakota, Sioux
Lamack, Tom, Jr. and Sr., 264, 265
La Malice (Métis), 334n17
Lancaster, Richard, 133, 134, 367n28, 386n100
lances, 8, 42; used in combat, 255 fig. 51, 256, 257, 261, 288; used in hunting, 211, 216, 229, 306
Larson site, South Dakota, 284
Laughton, Gilbert, 150
Lehmann, Herman, 364n130
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 90, 253, 405n50
Like-a-Fishhook Village, 118, 119
Linden Museum, Stuttgart, Germany, xiv, 12, 343n12, 387n116
Linderman, Frank Bird, 101, 183
Lisa, Manuel, 140
Little Big Horn, Battle of, 343n12
Little Chief, Joe (Blackfoot), 114, 117, 118, 125, 132, 289, 360n93, 367n23, 371n84
Little Ice Age, 151
Little Rocky Mountains, 31
lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), 32
Long, Sylvester, aka Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance, 352n89
Loring, Frank, 352–53n90
Lytwyn, Victor, 212, 215, 397n9
Mackenzie, Alexander, 151
Maguigoxkinas (Wolf Collar, Blackfoot), 289, 410n108
Malone, Patrick, 263
Manchester House, 144, 149, 150, 156, 270
Mandan, xii; age-graded societies of, 110, 116, 362n98; and archery equipment used in courting, 175, 176, 178 fig. 47, 380n21; archery games of, 134; arrows of, 81, 82, 90, 104, 196, 197, 357n58; bows of, 63, 64, 64 fig. 13, 68, 155, 266, 347n55, 349n63, 405n49; burial customs of, 190; ceremonies of, 186, 197; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 120, 269, 405n50; epidemic diseases among, 118, 146, 302; firearms used by, 145, 147, 165, 270, 271; hunting methods of, 220; and intermarriage with fur traders, 381n26; locations of, 28, 35, 342n7; military symbols among, 380n19; population estimates of, 146; restrictions on manufacture of bows and arrows among, 115–20, 122, 362n98; weapons of, 53, 344n27
Mandelbaum, David, 15, 127, 335–36n1, 349–50n67, 366n10, 376n36
Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, xiii; arrowheads at, 93 fig. 32, 94 fig. 33, 109 fig. 40, 111 fig. 42, 112 fig. 43; arrows at, 107, 122, 314, 358n67, 358n71, 359n73, 359n76, 359n78, 414n39; bows at, 70 fig. 18, 359n76, 364n124, 387nn116–17; ethnographic collections of, 12; ethnographic photographs at, 412n28
Marest, Father Gabriel, 17, 18
Marias River, 370n57
Mary Rose, 60
Mason, Otis Tufton, 66, 69, 230, 266, 349n66, 350n67, 386n107, 398n18
Massan, Horace (Cree), xiv, 11, 350n71, 390n4
Massey, Jay, 316
matchlock. See firearms
Matonabbee (Chipewyan), 307
Mato Tope (Four Bears, Mandan), 269
McCord Museum, Montreal, xiii, 12, 342n12
McDonald, Finan, 279–81, 283, 301
McDougall, J. B., 313
McEvoy, Linda (Dakota), 11
McEwen, Edward, 158, 159 table 1
McLaughlin, James, 1, 2, 4 fig. 2
McLaughlin, South Dakota, 4 fig. 2
Menomini, 199, 202, 386n101, 389n125, 389n132
mesquite wood (Prosopis fuliflora), 159
Métis, 139, 142, 156, 191, 219, 232, 332–33n7, 334n17, 380n23
Middle Missouri archaeological complex, 35
Milk River, 31
Miller, Alfred Jacob, 40 fig. 4
Mississippi River, 10, 30, 259
Missouri River, 28, 31, 55, 110, 234, 302
Mistassini Cree, 74, 180, 199, 308
mitew (Cree shaman), 242, roles in combat, 236, 242, 244, 245
Montana Historical Society, xiv, 12, 344n25
Montecuccolli musket, 155, 156, 160
moose (Alces alces): hunting of, 107, 139, 211, 213, 215, 303, 308, 311, 316, 334n17, 359n72, 390n5; in Hudson Bay Lowlands, 19, 20, 40; in Plains, 33; tendons of, 158; use of hide of, 180
Moose Factory, 144, 218, 312, 413n33, 414n35
Moose Head Hill, 164
Moose River, 143
Morkin site, Alberta, 93 fig. 30
mountain lion (Felis concolor), 33; quivers/bow cases from skin of, 175, 176, 191, 379n16
mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis), 32; hunting of, 33, 38, 218, 220, 395n64
mountain sheep horn, 56, 58, 344n27, 345n28, 345n36, 363n102, 380n21, 404n37
mule deer (Odocoileus hemonius), 33, 218
Mummy Cave archaeological complex, 43, 98, 395n63
Munroe, Hugh, 114
Musselshell River, Montana, 267
Nabokov, Peter, 360n85
Nagler, Forrest, 62
Napi (Blackfoot culture hero), 38, 183, 395n70
Naskapi, 107, 108 fig. 39, 208 fig. 50, 322, 359nn74–75
Nayhanimis (Northern Algonquian mythical character), 240
Ne-je-ta-ke (Only Woman, Blackfoot), 145
Nelson, George, 191, 229, 240, 388n123
Nelson, Molly, aka Molly Spotted Elk (Penobscot), 78, 352n89
Nelson House Cree, 70 fig. 18, 108, 359n76
Nelson River, Manitoba, 17, 109 fig. 40, 111 fig. 42, 359n78, 397n6
Netley Creek, Manitoba, 158
Niitsitapi, 29. See also Blackfeet, Blackfoot
North Cave Hills site, South Dakota, 256 fig. 52, 258 fig. 53, 402n14, 402n19
North Platte River, 287
North Saskatchewan River, 29, 31, 38, 150
North West Company (NWC): employees of, 46, 279, 280, 341n7, 405n54, 407n70; sales of fireams to Aboriginal peoples by, 271; trade goods of, 137 fig. 45, 137, 138, 149, 368n38; trading posts of, 93 fig. 32, 96 fig. 35
Northwest Museum of Art and Culture, Spokane WA, xiv, 12, 48 fig. 8, 49 fig. 9, 342n12, 343n15
obsidian, 93, 96, 97, 125, 162, 355n31
Ojibwa: arrow makers among, 115; bows of, 209 fig. 50, 313 fig. 57, 315, 412n28; ethnographic documentation on, 70, 75, 77; firearms used by, 192, 217, 229, 232, 406n54; hunting methods of, 23, 26, 210; locations of, 15, 29, 342n7; spiritual concepts of, 188, 199, 200, 240, 385n98, 386n101, 388nn122–23
Okipa (Mandan ceremony), 186
Oldmixon, John, 137, 138, 236, 237
Old Women’s archaeological complex, 34, 37
Omaha, 50 fig. 10, 65 fig. 14, 120, 332n4, 343n12, 348n57, 365n1, 380n21
Omushkego, xi, xii; arrows of, 106; arrow release methods used by, 107; bows of, 70, 71 fig. 19, 73, 154, 240, 343n16; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 235, 241, 243–45; firearms used by, 140, 151, 194, 195, 249; locations of, 7, 15; mythological creatures of, 388n118; oral traditions of, 11; quivers of, 180; and restrictions against women using archery, 114, 310; shamanistic concepts of, 242; social values among, 377n65; subsistence activities of, 20–25, 28, 211, 213, 214, 395n69. See also Swampy Cree
One Bull (Lakota), 404n39
One Gun archaeological complex, 34, 35
Only Woman (Ne-je-ta-ke, Blackfoot), 145
Osage, 51 fig. 11, 55, 202, 217, 302, 394n53
osage orange (Maclura pomifera), 51 fig. 11, 55, 58, 59, 70, 161, 259, 260, 342n10, 345n30, 350n67
otter. See river otter
Owen, Charlie George (Ojibwa), 385n98
Owl Child, Spencer (Blackfoot), 112
Paiute, 11
parfleche, 39, 187, 254, 384n72. See also rawhide
Paul, Gabriel, 78, 79 fig. 25, 352n90
Pawnee: arrows of, 120, 162, 364n123; conflicts with other Aboriginal peoples, 165, 268, 269, 276, 288, 301, 407n75, 408n78; firearms used by, 148; locations of, 342n7; Skidi band of, 120, 364n123
Peck, Trevor Richard, 35, 339n75
Pecos River, Texas, 166
Peel River, 238
Peigan, 11, 29, 38, 56, 117, 146, 177, 340n85, 381n32
Pelican Lake archaeological complex, 43
Pend-d’Oreille, 56
Penobscot bow, 42, 78, 79 fig. 25, 352–53nn88–90
percussion lock. See firearms
phragmites reed, 159
Piegan: age-graded societies of, 180, 181, 382n43; bows of, 54, 56; capture of enemy weapons by, 177, 179; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 124, 267, 268, 279–82, 284–86, 409n93; firearms used by, 133, 142, 144, 270, 272, 367n8, 386n100; and intermarriage with fur traders, 114, 177, 381n26; origin of horses among, 402n17; and participation in warfare by women, 361n93; population estimates of, 146; quivers of, 179, 381n26, 381n33; taking of captives by, 292; terminology, 29
Pigeon Society, 181–83, 382n43
Pikani: animal hides used by, 39; arrows of, 89, 93, 94, 96, 97, 115, 128; and actions against trade of firearms to neighbors, 270, 271, 408n82; combat methods of, 254, 255, 275, 276, 278, 403n28; conflicts with other Aboriginal peoples, 217, 218, 253, 255, 256, 261, 271, 274, 290, 291, 293; firearms used by, 151, 219, 254, 393n40, 406n66; hunting methods of, 39, 216, 219, 220, 222, 224, 227, 395n64, 395n70, 396n90; sojourners among, 38, 50, 220, 254, 276, 393n47, 400–401n2; spiritual concepts of, 123, 202; taking of captives by, 292; and trade with HBC, 144, 149; terminology, 29; weapons of, 172, 253, 261, 262
Pilon, Jean-Luc, 214
Pine Fort, Manitoba, 93 fig. 32, 94 fig. 33, 111 fig. 43, 322
Pink, William, 270
Pitoxpikis. See Eagle Ribs
Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, 387n116
Plains Cree: and archery used in mounted bison hunting, 153, 171; arrows of, 358n71, 376n36; bows of, 46 fig. 6, 52 fig. 12, 349n67, 366n10; combat methods of, 284, 299; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 156, 201, 293, 300, 411n124; firearms used by, 143, 152, 171, 232, 366n10; hunting methods of, 39 fig. 3; locations of, 29, 34, 342n7; manufacture of archery equipment in residential schools by, 312; quivers of, 379n17, 411n128; rattlesnake effigy of, 387n115; spiritual concepts and mythological characters of, 183, 200, 388n123; weapons of, 262, 331n3
Plenty Coups (Crow), 101, 161, 162, 166, 183, 296, 334n17, 356n52
plow, symbolism of, 1, 2, 3 fig. 1, 4 fig. 2
Pointed Arrow (Plains Cree culture hero), 183
polar bear (Ursus maritimus), 20, 27, 215, 216
Po-nok-se-ta-mek (Elk Bull, Blackfoot), 145
Pope, Saxton: on Aboriginal arrows, 82, 83, 355n31; archery experiments by, 61, 62, 66, 68 fig. 16, 320n12, 349n62, 353n7; and influence on other researchers, 63, 69, 79, 87, 347n51; on methods of arrow release, 88, 89; social Darwinist views of, 62; and work with Ishi, 61, 62
poplar (Populus balsamifera), 19, 339n63
porcupine (Erithizon dorsatum), 20
Potawatomi, 313
Potherie, Bacqueville de la, 18, 189, 215, 236
Potts, Jerry (Peigan), xiv, 11, 117, 363n108
Powell, John Wesley, 11
Powiaken (Plateau-Salish), 162
prairie chicken (T. cupido), 33
prairie turnip (Psoralea esculenta), 32, 35, 185
Pretty Shield (Crow), 125, 175, 183
pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), 32, 33, 38
purple poppy mallow (Callirhoe involucrate), 32
Pyszczyk, Heinz W., xiv, 98, 300
Quapaw, 277 figs. 54–55, 322
Qu’Apelle River, 264
quillwork, 53, 78, 116, 176, 198, 261, 369n47, 380n19, 387n115
Radisson, Pierre Esprit, 28, 205, 214, 215, 392n33
Rainy Lake, 75
rattlesnake, 57, 158, 198, 387nn115–16
Raw Eater (Siksika-Blackfoot), 288
rawhide, 26, 39, 74, 168, 180, 187, 205, 254, 262, 384n72; armor made from, 169, 187, 304, 401n4; arrowheads made from, 93; bowstrings made from, 209, 343n15; shields made from, 97, 160, 161, 187, 254, 269, 275, 401n13. See also parfleche
Red Arrow (Blackfoot), 292
Red Deer River, Alberta, 271
Red Woman (Crow legend), 175, 183, 185
Reeves, Brian O. K., 43
Reid, C. S., 199
repeating firearms. See firearms
Residential Schools, 312
revolvers. See firearms
Richardson, Sir John, 248
Richardson Hanks, Jane, 345n31
river otter (Lutra canadensis): arrow fletching tied with sinew of, 114; and Blackfoot spiritual concepts, 179, 388n119, 389n128; hunting of, 215; natural habitat of, 33; procurement of pelts of, 22; quivers/bow cases from skin of, 52 fig. 12, 175, 176, 177, 179, 314, 369n47, 381n33
Robson, Joseph, 190, 238, 248, 333n14
Rock Cree (Asiniskawidiniwak), 15, 70 fig. 18, 107, 350n71, 359n76, 367n29
Rogers, Edward S., 74
Rogers, Spencer L., 87, 349n66, 351n80
Roman military, archery of, 156
Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, xiii, 12, 92 figs. 30–31, 96 fig. 35, 109, 110 fig. 41, 183, 358n67, 367n27, 387n115
Rundle, Robert, 177
Running Eagle (Blackfoot), 284, 360n93
Runs-the-Enemy (Tok-kahin-hpe-ya, Lakota), 174
Rupert River, 143
sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), 33
Sakatow (Pikani-Blackfoot), 38, 220
Salish, 162, 253, 269, 279, 282, 283, 284, 287, 300, 301, 408n82. See also Flathead
Sarcee (T’suu Tina), 29, 144, 145, 156, 270, 300, 342n7
Saskatchewan River, 29, 30, 31, 34, 38, 141, 150, 339n73
Saskatoon berries (Juneberries) (Amelanchier alnifolia), 32, 36, 54, 83, 85, 158, 192
Satamore (Set-ema’-i, Kiowa), 165
Saukamappee (Plains Cree/Pikani): bears killed by, 216; biographical information on, 252, 393n47; descriptions of bows and arrows by, 51, 53, 93, 94, 96, 97, 253, 259, 261, 262, 286, 403n28; descriptions of intertribal combat by, 252–55, 257, 275, 276, 290, 291, 294, 301; hosting David Thompson, 50; on spiritual concepts relating to warfare, 123, 202; on use of firearms, 216, 217, 274–76; on use of horses, 271; on use of shields and warclubs, 187, 254, 262, 274, 303
Saulteaux, 15, 164, 169, 217, 263, 264
Schlup, Sabrina and Thomas, xv, 160
Schultz, James Willard, 142, 177, 179, 381n26
Secoy, Frank Raymond, 169, 333n13
Segesser, Father Philipp von Brunegg von, 402n22
Segesser hide paintings, 257, 258 fig. 53, 322 fig. 53, 402n22
Severn River, 25
Shaking Tent Ceremony, 192
shaman, 189, 192, 194, 195, 241, 244, 245, 249, 250. See also mitew
Shamattawa River, 21
Sharp (Piegan), 56
sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus), 33
Shell (Cheyenne), 115, 167, 168
shields, 186, 187, 273, 401n13; use of in combat, 97, 160, 251, 253–57, 269, 274, 275, 278, 290, 401n4, 407–8n75; wooden, 240. See also rawhide
Shoshone (Shoshoni): archery objects in burial customs of, 191; arrows of, 93, 94, 96, 253, 354–55n29; bows of, 51, 253, 259, 354–55n29; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 163, 202, 252, 253, 271, 293, 300, 403n28; E. N. Wilson living among, 375n29; firearms used by, 270, 274; horses used by, 255–57, 261, 262; hunting methods of, 216, 227, 228; lack of firearms among, 147, 293, 300; locations of, 29, 342n7; shields and body armor used by, 187, 253, 254; treatment of arrow wounds by, 163. See also Snake Indians
Sih-Sä (Red Feather, Mandan), 179 fig. 47, 380n21
Siksika, 11, 12, 29, 102, 179, 181, 182, 288, 299, 314, 319–20, 340n85, 342n12, 345n31, 356n57, 383n47
silver buffalo berries (Shepherdia argentea), 32
Silvy, Father Antoine, 250
Simpson, Sir George, 12, 387n116
sinew: arrowheads made from, 93; bowstrings made from, 53, 113, 209, 383n47; use as cordage, 20, 26, 33, 39, 287; use for attaching arrow fletchings and arrowheads, 80–82, 83 fig. 26, 84, 102, 104, 105, 114, 164, 165, 167
sinew-backed bows: affected by moisture, 210; cable-backed, 73, 77 fig. 24, 328–29, 350n73, 351n75; construction details of, 45, 46, 53, 54, 56–58, 60, 156, 158, 206, 259, 260, 326, 328; covered with snake skins, 198, 387nn116–17; descriptions of, 51, 66, 158, 206, 319–20n12, 347–48n55, 349n63, 369n47, 382n34, 387n116; locations of, 342n7; images of, 52 fig. 12, 67 fig. 15, 69 fig. 17, 77 fig. 24, 157 fig. 46; made from horn or antler, 116, 349n63; occurrence of, 53, 60, 71, 259, 261; performance of, 55, 158, 159 table 1, 159, 206, 261, 299, 328, 344n22, 351n76; trade value of, 56, 120, 121, 364n116; and use in courting, 176; and use in combat, 136
Sioux, 1, 11; archery objects in burial customs of, 190; arrows of, 83 fig. 26, 362–63n99; arrow release method used by, 87 fig. 28, 88, 89; bows of, 63, 68, 158, 159 table 1, 319, 320, 332n7, 342–43n12, 347n55, 369n47; ceremonies of, 186; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 169, 294, 365n1, 410n110; and hide scraper made from recycled gun barrel, 370n59. See also Dakota, Lakota
Sitting Bull (Lakota), 1, 332–33n7, 342–43n12, 374n19, 378n9
Skinner, Alanson, 71, 337n31, 391n17
Small Ankle (Hidatsa), 90, 104, 115, 363n102
smallpox. See epidemic diseases
Smith, James G. E., 17
Smithsonian Institution, 11, 66, 179, 278 fig. 56, 321, 323, 348n57, 399n40, 408n79
Smyth, David, 13, 338n55, 408n82
Snake Indians, 272–75, 290, 291, 343–44n17, 354–55n29, 397n4, 410n110. See also Shoshone (Shoshoni)
Sohon, Gustavus, 380n23
South Saskatchewan River, 30, 31, 141
spears, 23, 37, 42, 184, 190, 211, 212, 240, 248, 254, 306. See also lances
spear thrower and dart. See atlatl
Speck, Frank G., 108 fig. 39, 235, 352–53n90, 359n74
Spokane (people), 282
Spotted Bear (Lakota), 259
Spotted Elk, Molly. See Nelson, Molly
Spotted Tail (Lakota), 268
Standing Alone, Pete (Kainai/Blood), 182, 384n48
Standing Rock Reservation, 4 fig. 2, 404n39
Stevens, Isaac, 147
Stiimiksato’si (Blackfoot), 154
Striped Bull (Kixtsipistamik, Kainai-Blackfoot), 293
sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), 20, 26, 71, 74, 213
Sudbury bow, 72 fig. 20, 73 fig. 21
Summit Springs, Battle of, 288
Sutherland, George, 149, 170, 192
Swampy Cree, xi, xii, 7; arrows of, 365n134; bows of, 46, 71, 72 fig. 20, 76, 307, 343n16; burial customs of, 190; caribou hunting by, 24, 212, 215, 216, 220; conflict with other Aboriginal peoples, 236, 237, 240, 247, 397n6; firearms used by, 128, 129, 248, 305, 307; locations of, 15; spiritual concepts of, 179, 381n30; subsistence activities of, 24, 26, 229, 307, 312. See also Omushkego
Sweetgrass Hills, 284
Tailrace Bay archaeological site, 112 fig. 43
Tall Bull (Cheyenne), 269, 288
tamarack (Larix laricina), 19, 51, 70, 73, 74, 343n16, 403n28
Tanner, Adrian, 308
Tate, James, 144
Ta-Tunga-O-Kay-Snay (Sioux), 169
Theriault, Madeline Katt, 77, 78, 352n85
Thompson, David: on Aboriginal armor, 253; on Aboriginal arrows, 93, 94, 96, 97, 128, 229, 254; on Aboriginal bows, 3, 51, 53, 198, 229, 254, 261, 276, 278, 321 fig. 22, 343–44n17, 390n4; on Aboriginal concepts and customs in regard to war, 172, 202, 254, 276, 278, 291, 389–90n134; on Aboriginal hunting methods, 215, 216, 222; on Aboriginal peoples’ use of firearms, 128, 217, 275, 276, 280–82, 372n107; biographical information on, 400–401n2; on intertribal conflict, 93, 94, 123, 187, 217, 252, 253, 257, 259, 276, 278, 280–82, 293, 333n14, 403n28; sojourn among Pikani by, 50, 51, 393–94n47; travels of, 14
Thompson, Maurice and Will, 59
Three Bears (Blood/Kainai), 132, 271, 272, 407n71
Three Suns/Big Nose (Piegan), 284
thunderbirds, 117, 184, 185, 194–200, 385n98, 386n101, 388n119, 388n122, 123
Timber Lake, South Dakota, 1
Tomison, William, 99, 141, 144, 145, 149–52, 156, 169, 274
Townsend, Joan, 303
trapping, 22, 25, 26, 28, 117, 237, 298, 306, 309
turkey. See wild turkey
Two Leggings (Crow): on Aboriginal bows, 55, 112, 113, 198, 287, 344n26; on Crow ceremonies involving archery, 186; on firearms, 142, 170, 171, 287, 408n78; on intertribal conflict, 124, 266–69, 284, 286; on use of shields, 187; William Wildschut’s cooperation with, 360n85
underwater panther (mythical being), 198–200, 389n125
Verendrye, Sieur Pierre Gualtier La, xiv, 292, 407–8n75
volley fire: of arrows in combat, 239; of arrows in hunting, 211; of firearms in combat, 280, 284; of firearms in hunting, 211, 405–6n54
Walker, William, 99, 141, 149, 156
Walpole Island Agency, 313, 414n37
warble fly, 24
Washakie (Shoshone), 163, 375n29
Weasel Moccasin, Daniel (Kainai/Blood), 182
White Antelope (Cheyenne), 269
White Buffalo (Piegan), 56
White Bull (Lakota), 209, 332–33n7, 374n19
White Calf, James (Piegan), 133, 134, 367n28, 386n100
White Eagle (Blackfoot), 145, 289, 371n84, 410n109
White Grass, Shortie (Piegan), 56
White Quiver (Ksiks Unopachis, Piegan), 179
white spruce (Picea glauca), 19, 32
Wied, Maximilian Prinz zu: on Aboriginal archery skills, 232; on Aboriginal use of firearms, 232, 286, 369n47, 369–70n57; on Aboriginal weapons, 53, 55, 56, 81, 138, 142, 196, 262, 286, 299, 344–45n27, 369n47, 379nn16–17; on body height of Aboriginal people, 403n29; collection of Aboriginal artifacts by, 12; on intertribal conflict, 285, 286, 299, 402n16, 409nn93–94; population estimates by, 146
wild pear, 192
wild plum (Prunus spp.), 32
wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), 33; feathers of, 365n137
Willow Indians. See Gros Ventre des Prairies
willow ptarmigan (“partridge,” Lagopus lagopus), 28, 215
Wilson, Elijah Nicholas, 163, 164, 191, 216, 227, 375n29
Wilson, Frederick, 64 fig. 13
Wilson, Gilbert L.: on Aboriginal arrows, 80, 90, 97, 104, 118, 119, 162, 185, 196, 374n24; on Aboriginal bow-stringing methods, 356–57n57; archery knowledge of, 63; on asymmetrical bows, 64, 66, 347–48n55, 405n49; on bows made from mountain sheep horn, 58; ethnographic work of, 63; on Hidatsa social customs, 378n11; on value of sinew-backed wooden bows, 364n116
Wilson, Joseph, 309
Wilson, Robert Nathaniel, 37, 292, 340n85, 345–46n36, 389n128, 402n17
Wilson, Thomas, 374n19
Wissler, Clark, 52 fig. 12, 103, 180, 319–20, 342–43n12, 357n58, 357n62, 382n43
wolf (Canis lupus), 33, 144, 220, 224, 225, 228
Wolf Chief, Henry (Hidatsa): on Aboriginal arrows, 80, 83, 90, 97, 104, 115, 118, 119, 124, 162, 167, 196, 356–57nn57–58, 374–75n24, 379n18; on Aboriginal quivers, 175; on asymmetrical bows, 63, 64 fig. 13, 66, 266, 347–48n55; biographical information on, 355n33, 363n102; on bison hunting, 173–75, 225–29, 396n86; on bow-stringing methods, 64 fig. 14; on decorations for bows relating to warfare, 380n19; on Hidatsa archery techniques, 396n86; on horn/antler bows, 58, 59, 185, 380n21; on use of bows in cold weather, 206, 207; on use of firearms, 270
Wolf Collar (Maguigoxkinas, Blackfoot), 289, 410n108
Wolf Tail (Piegan), 56
wolverine (Gulo gulo), 33
Writing-on-Stone, Alberta, 95 fig. 34, 254, 255 fig. 51, 256 fig. 52, 256, 257, 258 fig. 53
Württemberg, Herzog Paul von: on Aboriginal arrows, 164, 165; collection of Aboriginal artifacts by, 12, 51 fig. 11, 319, 331–32n4, 342–43n12, 349n63, 387n116; on intertribal conflict, 276, 365n1; on personal use of Aboriginal bows and arrows, 334n17; on use of firearms, 217, 365n1, 394n53
Yana/Yahi, 61
York Factory, 24, 98, 99, 151, 156, 199, 212, 213, 249, 350n69, 367n24
Young Jip Bow and Arrow Museum, Paju, South Korea, xiv