NOTES

Part I

1 . Armentrout and Slocum, “Frederick Dalcho,” Episcopal Dictionary .

2 . Rickman, “Frederick Dalcho.”

3 . Ibid.

4 . After the restoration of the monarchy, Royalists accused Oliver Cromwell of regicide. His corpse was exhumed, hung in chains and beheaded.

5 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 61–64; Dalcho, Historical Account , 1–4.

6 . His personal life was stormy. He had entered into a land partnership with Colonel Benjamin Berringer and conducted an ill-concealed affair with Berringer’s wife. This resulted in a duel in which the aggrieved husband died. Yeamans married Margaret Berringer ten weeks later and promptly moved into the Berringer home; the Barbados court rather quickly ruled that Berringer’s property be returned to his children.

7 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 79–93.

8 . Ibid., 114–15.

9 . Ibid., 95–105.

10 . Ibid., 122–25.

11 . National Park Service, “Albemarle Point,” http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/explorers/sitee26.htm .

12 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 1.

13 . McCrady, Historic Church , 6.

14 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 131–32.

15 . Eastman, Old Charleston Originals , 15–16. Judge Henry A.M. Smith presented records proving that Sir John Yeamans did not vacate the governorship of South Carolina, retire to Barbados and die there, as stated by five historians of South Carolina from Hewat to McCrady, but rather died in South Carolina between August 3 and August 13, 1674, while still holding the office of governor. The will of Colonel John Godfrey, which is recorded in a volume of records of the Council of Ordinary of South Carolina, 1672–92, in the office of the Historical Commission in Columbia, furnishes additional evidence of the correctness of the conclusions presented by Judge Smith: “Col. Godfrey was present at the meeting of Council August 3, 1674, presided over by Governor Yeamans, and he was present at the meeting of August 13, 1674, whereat a successor to Sir John was chosen, so that he was necessarily in South Carolina for the funeral and the funeral was on the other hand, necessarily held in South Carolina.” Smith, “Sir John Yeamans,” 152.

16 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 162–63.

17 . Ibid., 183.

18 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 17.

19 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 143, 170–71.

20 . Mathews was also commissioner to the Indians. The Indian trade produced the primary exports of the early colony: animal skins, furs and Indian slaves. His political opponents disliked his practices and called him “Metchivell Hobs and Lucifer in a Huge lump of Viperish mortality [with] a soul [as] big as a musket.” In 1685, Mathews was removed from office for illegal Indian slave trafficking. Edgar, South Carolina , 85, 137; Middleton, Affra Harleston , 18.

21 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 327–28.

22 . McCrady, Historic Church , 8–9.

23 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 26–27; Salley, Warrants for Land , 3; Records of the Register of the Province , 134; Smith, “Charleston,” 13–15.

24 . Simons and Simons, “William Burrows House,” 175.

25 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 32.

26 . Middleton, Henrietta Johnston of Charles Town , 15.

27 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 32–33.

28 . Ibid., 34–35.

29 . Ibid., 35–36.

30 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 37.

31 . Moore had immigrated to Carolina from Barbados in 1675. He managed William Walley’s Goose Creek plantation for eight years before he obtained a land grant for 2,400 acres near Goose Creek and established two plantations of his own, Boochawee Hall and Wassamassaw. A portion of his land grants was based on his bringing thirty-seven slaves with him. Moore was a merchant and part owner of two vessels; he trafficked with pirates and engaged in both the illegal Indian trade and fur trade. He traveled six hundred miles into the interior searching for additional trade opportunities. In 1683, the Proprietors dismissed him as a proprietary deputy because he enslaved Indians. He was married to Margaret Berringer, daughter of Benjamin Berringer and Margaret Foster and stepdaughter of Sir John Yeamans. Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 466–68.

32 . Immediately after he took office, Moore dissolved the Assembly and called for a new election. The Dissenters claimed that unauthorized persons were allowed to vote and demanded an investigation. After England went to war with Spain, the Assembly sent an expedition to capture St. Augustine under Moore’s command. Although the Carolinians burned the town to the ground before withdrawing when Spanish reinforcements arrived, the Assembly, composed largely of Dissenters, refused to pass a bill to pay for the campaign.

33 . Tyler, “Edward Marston.”

34 . Edgar, South Carolina , 94–95.

35 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 412–13.

36 . Edgar, South Carolina , 96.

37 . Barbados parishes included Christ Church, St. James, St. Lucy, St. Michael, St. Peter, St. Thomas, St. Andrew, St. George, St. John, St. Joseph and St. Philip.

38 . Edgar, South Carolina , 96.

39 . Middleton, “Henrietta Johnston.” According to tradition, his bones were taken out of his grave in about 1945 by a conjurer, who pretended to tell fortunes with them in Monck’s Corner. The locals heard of the sacrilege, rescued the bones and reinterred them.

40 . Gibbes wed Jane Davis, daughter of Eleanor and William Davis of Barbados and South Carolina; they had two children. His second wife was Mary Davis; they had three children. Elizabeth Gibbes married John Fenwick.

41 . Dickerman, House of Plant of Macon, Georgia , 100–101.

42 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 272–73.

43 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 489.

44 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 103–5. Mulberry is said to resemble Seaton, home of the Broughton family in England.

45 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 489–91.

46 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 273.

47 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 492.

48 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 105.

49 . McCrady, Historic Church , 13.

50 . Waring, History of Medicine in South Carolina , 48–60.

51 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 424.

52 . Middleton, Henrietta Johnston of Charles Town , xv–xvi.

53 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 39.

54 . Thomas Bray was born in Marton, near Chirbury, Shropshire. He was educated at Oswestry School and Oxford University, earning a BA degree with All Souls College and an MA with Hart Hall. After leaving the university, he was appointed vicar of Over Whitacre and rector of St. Giles’ Church Sheldon, where he wrote Catechetical Lectures . Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, “Our History,” http://www.spck.org.uk/about-spck/history .

55 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 492; Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 272–73.

56 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 93–96.

57 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 700–702.

58 . Linder, Anglican Churches in Colonial South Carolina , 1–2.

59 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 39–47.

60 . Sainsbury, “Documents Concerning the Reverend Samuel Thomas,” 226.

61 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 340, 439, 452.

62 . Sainsbury, “Documents Concerning Mrs. Samuel Thomas,” 98.

63 . Klingberg, Carolina Chronicle of Dr. Francis LeJau , 4–5, 11.

64 . Linder, Anglican Churches in Colonial South Carolina , 3.

65 . Edgar, South Carolina Encyclopedia , 550.

66 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 245–48.

67 . Ibid., 337–40; McIntosh, “Dedicated to the Calling.”

68 . Edward Marston was born in 1659, the son of William Marston of Lawsen of County Leicester. He graduated from Christ Church College, Oxford, at the age of sixteen and from Queen’s College, Cambridge, four years later. In 1699, he was ordained for service in Carolina.

69 . Tyler, “Edward Marston.”

70 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 54–64, 73; McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 411–17.

71 . Middleton, Henrietta Johnston of Charles Town , 2–3. Henrietta Dering Johnston (1674–1729) was the first professional artist in the colonies.

72 . Herdeg, “Re-Introducing Helena.”

73 . Middleton, Henrietta Johnston of Charles Town , 6; Foster, Legendary Locals of Charleston , 14.

74 . Klingberg, Carolina Chronicle , 20–21.

75 . Marsden represented himself as an Anglican minister who had lost his credentials. Before Charles Town, he had served a rector of a Maryland church but abruptly left without permission from the bishop of London. Some said that he was forced to flee for some disreputable thing he did in Maryland.

76 . Middleton, Henrietta Johnston of Charles Town , 9, 10.

77 . Klingberg, Carolina Chronicle , 20–21.

78 . Tyler, “Edward Marston.”

79 . Middleton, Henrietta Johnston of Charles Town , 22–28.

80 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 495–96.

81 . Nelson, Beauty of Holiness , 18.

82 . Ibid., 41–42.

83 . Middleton, Henrietta Johnston of Charles Town , 28–37.

84 . Edgar, South Carolina , 99–100.

85 . McIntosh, Indians’ Revenge , 97–98.

86 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 533–34.

87 . Oatis, Colonial Complex , 124–25.

88 . Middleton, Henrietta Johnston of Charles Town , 40–41.

89 . According to historians, Craven was the wisest and ablest governor of the period. He supported toleration and had stopped the colony’s religious factionalism. Under his administration, the colony prospered, settlements extended and the power of a dangerous Indian confederacy against the Carolinas was effectually broken. Craven’s political enemies, Nicholas Trott and William Rhett, reported to the Proprietors that he had not properly protected their interests. In response to this perceived betrayal, the Proprietors gave Trott a de facto veto over legislation. Craven refused to accept the challenge to his authority and informed the Commons House that he would resign and return to England to personally defend his actions. The Yemassee uprising postponed his departure until April 1716. McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 505–6, 548, 690; Edgar, South Carolina Encyclopedia , 236–37. According to McIntosh, author of Indian’s Revenge , the war did not end until 1728.

90 . Middleton, Henrietta Johnston of Charles Town , 45–48; Dalcho, Historical Account , 97–98.

Part II

91 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 458.

92 . Ibid.

93 . Ibid., 123.

94 . Waddell, Charleston Architecture , 43.

95 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 121–22.

96 . McCrady, Historic Church , 22.

97 . Vestry Meeting at the Parish Church, Letter to Mr. James Crokatt, June 4, 1750.

98 . Correspondence in St. Philip’s archives.

99 . Williams, “Letters to the Bishop of London,” 22.

100 . Meeting Street was originally called Church Street. When St. Philip’s was relocated, the street on which it was built took the name Church Street, and the old street became known as Meeting Street, taking its name from the white “Meeting House” or Congregational Church, later known as the Circular Church. McCrady, Historic Church , 18.

101 . Williams, “Letters to the Bishop of London,” 20.

102 . Ibid., 128–132.

103 . Fraser, Charleston! Charleston! , 41.

104 . Ibid., 43.

105 . Ibid.

106 . Ibid., 45.

107 . Williams, “Letters to the Bishop of London,” 146.

108 . Fraser, Charleston! Charleston! , 46.

109 . Williams, “Letters to the Bishop of London,” 222.

110 . Ibid., 223–30.

111 . Fraser, Charleston! Charleston! , 43.

112 . McCrady, Under the Royal Government , 167–68.

113 . Williams, “Letters to the Bishop of London,” 236.

114 . McCrady, Historic Church , 25.

115 . McCrady, Under the Royal Government , 180.

116 . Fraser, Charleston! Charleston! , 65.

117 . Edgar, Letterbook of Robert Pringle , 26; Waring, History of Medicine in South Carolina , 42–44.

118 . McCrady, Under the Royal Government , 185–86.

119 . Hugh Bryan was Whitefield’s most volatile local convert. He was from a wealthy planter family in the Beaufort community. As a child, young Hugh had been carried into slavery during the Yemassee War of 1715. Somehow he found a Bible, and his Indian mistress had given him Beveridge’s Private Thoughts , a book the Indians had taken from a family they had killed. Bryan was taken to St. Augustine but managed to escape and return home. The experience did not seem to affect him until the appearance of George Whitefield, who deeply influenced Bryan; his wife, Catherine; and his brother, Jonathan. Whitefield stayed in the Bryan home when in the vicinity, and Bryan housed some orphans from Bethesda orphanage when Georgia was threatened by a Spanish invasion. Bryan gave religious instruction to his slaves and those in the Beaufort community, concentrating on the Old Testament, particularly Ezekiel and Jeremiah. He blamed the drought, the epidemic, the slave uprising and the terrible fire of 1740 on the sins of the people of Charles Town, especially the clergy. His eventual inclusion of the king in his list of culprits was more than the Assembly could tolerate. Bryan and Whitefield were arrested but were soon released. Bryan considered himself a modern Moses. He went into the forest and penned a volume of prophesies that he claimed were from an “Angel of Light.” He sent his apocalyptic to the Assembly. It predicted the destruction of the city “by fire and sword,” to be executed by enslaved blacks seeking deliverance from servitude. There were rumors that Bryan’s “African Hosts” had a stockpile of munitions ready for the massacre. The city was terrified, and the story was reported as far away as Boston. The Assembly sent a contingent of officers to arrest Bryan. Instead of a body of “African Hosts,” they encountered a disillusioned, repentant former prophet sitting by himself in the forest. The explanation came from his brother, Jonathan. Bryan had followed his “Angel of Light.” He obtained a divining rod from a nearby tree and, despite his brother’s protests, marched into the river, confident that the waters would part. Instead, after nearly drowning, Bryan was rescued, beating and flailing in water up to his chin. His humiliation and repentance were public and sincere. Bryan was reintegrated into proper English society and became a deacon in the Stony Creek Congregational Church. His story was carried to all the colonies and used as a didactic example of the perils of the radical evangelism then manifesting itself in New England. McCrady, Under the Royal Government , 238; Schmidt, “Grand Prophet.”

120 . McCrady, Under the Royal Government , 234–37.

121 . Ibid., 237–38.

122 . Fraser, Charleston! Charleston! , 68–69.

123 . Williams, “Letters to the Bishop of London,” 300.

124 . McCrady, Historic Church , 24–25.

125 . Correspondence in St. Philip’s archives.

126 . McCrady, Historic Church , 25–26.

127 . Ravenel, Charleston , 133–36.

128 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 167–73.

129 . Jervy, “Peter Manigault’s Letters,” 270, 275.

130 . Pinckney, Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckney , 79.

131 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 176.

132 . Waddell, Charleston Architecture , 107.

133 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 459–60.

134 . Williams, St. Michael’s, 1751–1951 , 12–13.

135 . Waddell, Charleston Architecture , 106, 110–11; Williams, St. Michael’s, 1751–1951 , 132–35.

136 . McCrady, Under the Royal Government , 275–76.

137 . Waddell, Charleston Architecture , 106–11.

138 . McCrady, Under the Royal Government , 276.

139 . Ibid., 276. Because the new frame was installed incorrectly, the bells could only be chimed from 1868 until 1993. After the 1989 hurricane, the vestry again sent the bells back to London to the original foundry, then named the Whitechapel Bell Foundry Ltd. A new wooden frame was fabricated, and in 1993, the bells were returned to and rehung by Whitechapel, the original founders. http://www.stmichaelschurch.net/about-us/history/bells .

140 . McCrady, Under the Royal Government , 440.

141 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 181.

142 . Tyler, “Gnostic Trap.”

143 . McCrady, Under the Royal Government , 247.

144 . Vestry minutes, August 5, 1756, St. Philip’s archives.

145 . McCrady, Under the Royal Government , 325–28; Fraser, Charleston! Charleston! , 92–93.

146 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 180–83.

147 . Poston, Buildings of Charleston , 541–43.

148 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 214–15.

149 . Willbanks, American Revolution , 13.

150 . Ibid., 14.

151 . Wilcox, “Two Men of St. Philip’s,” St. Philip’s archives.

152 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 215–16.

153 . Willbanks, American Revolution , 17.

154 . Ibid., 16.

155 . Ibid., 19.

156 . Ibid., 20.

157 . McCrady, Historic Church , 31–32.

158 . Willbanks, American Revolution , 27.

159 . Ibid., 24. In 1793, Sarah Motte Smith (called Sally) married General John Rutledge III, grandson of Governor Rutledge. They lived on a plantation (now 274 Calhoun Street) sited on the bank of a millpond before Calhoun Street became a thoroughfare. There are descendants from this marriage among the present-day congregation of St. Philip’s.

160 . Willbanks, American Revolution , 25.

161 . Many members of St. Philip Parish are descended from this union. Their son, William Mason Smith—named in honor of William Mason, the Member of Parliament, who had been so helpful to Smith in his youth—is memorialized in a tablet on the south wall of St. Philip’s. Grandsons of later generations are remembered in marble: William Mason Smith is listed among the Confederate dead in the front vestibule. Another tablet is to Captain Edward L. Wells, a descendant who died in World War I.

162 . Brabant historical marker.

163 . Willbanks, American Revolution , 32–33.

164 . Meriwether, History of Higher Education , 57–58; Dalcho, Historical Account , 217.

165 . Thomas, Historical Account , 12.

166 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 217–19. In 1790, the first State Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church was called by the vestries of St. Philip’s and St. Michael’s Churches, and the two congregations were officially combined and made one election precinct, with fifteen members of the House of Representatives and two senators, one for each of the parishes.

167 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 220–21.

168 . Ibid., 220.

169 . From unpublished Frost family papers written at the request of one of Elizabeth Downes Frost’s children. The Downes family members were all sickly. Hoping to improve the family’s health, Richard Downes and his young family sailed to his ancestral home in Ludlow, England, a town located ten miles from the Welsh border. Another daughter, also sickly, was born in Ludlow, and Richard’s health, rather than improving, deteriorated. He died three years after his arrival in Ludlow, leaving his wife and two daughters in a country at war with America. Mary Downes’s available money in England only amounted to £4,000, and she had no knowledge of what had become of assets in Charles Town. She wrote, “We, of course, escaped the horrors of a Civil War, but our property, left in the hands of mercenary or uninterested persons, did not share the same happy state. We lost immense funds by payments on depreciated money, but instead of repining at what we lost, we should rather be grateful for what remained, which still was very ample.” She viewed her father’s relatives as “greedy” but spoke of certain individuals with affection. Elizabeth wrote with compassion of her mother’s attempts to supply her with music and dance lessons from itinerant instructors, who toured small towns with the “latest” from London. Her mother, who knew the value of a classical education and social graces, eventually married a London widower, who provided the needed care and education for her two daughters.

170 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 221.

171 . Côté, Renegade! .

172 . This research was derived through reading practically illegible documents recently transcribed by Robert Stockton.

173 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 232–34.

174 . Ibid., 236–37.

175 . Williams, Early Ministers at St. Michael’s , 65–69.

176 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 217–18; Middleton, Jeremiah Theus , 128–29.

177 . William Augustine Washington (1752–1810), was an officer of the Continental army from Stafford County, Virginia. Primarily known as a commander of light dragoons, mounted troops under Washington’s command engaged in a number of notable battles in the Carolinas during the campaigns of 1780 and 1781. Washington later held a final rank of brigadier general in the newly created United States.

178 . Williams, Early Ministers at St. Michael’s , 69–72.

179 . Ibid., 72–77.

180 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 240–41.

181 . Williams, Early Ministers at St. Michael’s , 68–69.

182 . Ibid., 72.

183 . Ibid., 37–46.

184 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 222.

185 . Ibid., 222–23.

Part III

186 . Thomas, Historical Account , 705.

187 . Lofton, Denmark Vesey’s Revolt , 5.

188 . Edwards, Denmark Vesey , 21.

189 . Mitchell, “Mitchell Record,” 77. During the fire of 1835, Mitchell lost his home and its furnishings, and his younger brother, Reverend William Mitchell, suffered similar losses. Their families were closely connected because they had married New York sisters Caroline and Martha Lynde Green. William Mitchell relocated to the eastern shore of Maryland and died shortly thereafter, leaving behind a large family. J.W. Mitchell moved to New York and entered into a successful law practice with his brother-in-law, Timothy H. Green. He never forgot his Charleston connections or St. Philip’s Church. He, his children and his grandchildren gave in his name items still in use at the church, namely a beautiful alms basin with two silver chalices, a brass reading desk and a bronze eagle lectern, as well as a legacy of $5,000 that enabled the vestry to purchase the building on the corner of Church and Queen Streets. Originally, it was the Church Home that housed the widows of Confederate soldiers; it is now the church administration building. Mitchell also helped a destitute but promising young man named John C. Frémont. He took Frémont into his home in the hope that he would go into the ministry. Unfortunately, this kindness was not acknowledged in Frémont’s autobiography, and Frémont did not bother to meet with Mitchell’s only son when he traveled to California during the gold rush. Frémont’s mother is buried in St. Philip’s west graveyard.

190 . The minister of the French Huguenot church died as a result of the fire. The Reverend Peter Daniel Boudillon, age forty-one, had arrived from Geneva with his wife and a young son two months before the fire. Church tradition tells how he had labored in vain to save his church and died of the shock and exhaustion within a week. Because the explosion had covered the Huguenot churchyard with debris, the Reverend Boudillon was laid to rest a block away at St. Philip’s western cemetery. St. Philip’s register records that the Reverend Boudillon was buried on July 18, 1796. From the Register of St. Philip’s Church, 1754–1810, and Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina , 61–62.

191 . McCrady, Historic Church , 35.

192 . Ibid., 36.

193 . Ibid., 37.

194 . Historic Charleston Foundation, City of Charleston Tour Guide Training Manual , 344.

195 . McCrady, Historic Church , 37–38.

196 . Ibid., 40–41.

197 . Thomas, Historical Account , 257.

198 . McCrady, Historic Church , 41–42.

199 . Ibid., 42.

200 . Ibid., 41–47.

201 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 223–24.

202 . Thomas, Historical Account , 705.

203 . Ibid., 33.

204 . Ibid., 34.

205 . Ibid., 705–6.

206 . Ibid., 35.

207 . Ibid., 37–38.

208 . Ibid., 38–39.

209 . Ibid., 47.

210 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 235–36.

211 . McCrady, Historic Church , 41; Spear, Sermons of the Rev. Daniel Cobia , xxi–xxii; unpublished papers in St. Philip’s archives by Reverend Robert Oliveros and others.

212 . A portrait of Cobia as a young child hangs in the entrance of the church office. The oval frame is a replacement. During the War Between the States, the family’s Belvedere plantation was pillaged by Yankee soldiers. As one soldier was leaving with Cobia’s portrait, Cobia’s sister pleaded that he not take her brother’s picture. The soldier stopped in his tracks, slashed the portrait from its frame and tossed it to the girl, snarling as he walked away, “Here’s your brother. I only wanted the frame anyway.” The portrait was subsequently given to St. Philip’s by a descendant. In the 1990s, during renovations of St. Philip’s office building, the portrait was removed for “safekeeping” by a member of the Cobia family. It took months of negotiations before it was returned to the church; the descendant agreed to return it on the condition that it was professionally restored and he receive a tax break.

213 . McCrady, Historic Church , 34–35.

214 . Barnwell, Story of an American Family .

215 . McCrady, Historic Church , 47–49.

Afterword

216 . Thomas, Historical Account , 258.

217 . McCrady, Historic Church , 50–51.

218 . Stockton, Great Shock , 27–28.

219 . Ibid., 30, 67.

220 . Ibid., 40.

221 . Ibid., 81–82.

222 . Ibid., 82.

Biographical Sketches of Parishioners Who Made History

223 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 367–68.

224 . Middleton, “Henrietta Johnston.”

225 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 389–90.

226 . Ibid., 395–98.

227 . Irving, Day on the Cooper River , 169; Ravenel, Charleston , 51.

228 . Ravenel, Charleston , 51–52; McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 395–401.

229 . Klingberg, Carolina Chronicle , 17.

230 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 689.

231 . Ibid., 589–92.

232 . On October 30, 2013, the Charleston Post and Courier reported that five more guns had been recovered from Queen Anne’s Revenge , bringing the total to twenty-two.

233 . McCrady, Under the Proprietary Government , 593–604.

234 . Ravenel, Charleston , 75–77.

235 . Ibid., 78.

236 . Cordingly, “Bonny, Anne.”

237 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 681–84.

238 . Ibid., 729–30.

239 . Ibid., 731–33.

240 . Charleston County Public Library, http://www.ccpl.org .

241 . Moses Lindo was considered one of the foremost experts in cochineal and indigo trade in London. When he became interested in the indigo industry in Carolina, he moved to Charles Town in November 1756 and immediately announced his intention of purchasing indigo for the foreign market in the South Carolina Gazette . Lindo’s experiments with American dyes started as early as 1757, and he did more than any other individual to advance the colony’s indigo industry. His transactions were enormous. In 1762, he was appointed “Surveyor and Inspector-General of Indigo, Drugs, and Dyes,” an office from which he resigned in 1772. Lindo maintained a correspondence with Emanuel Mendez da Costa, librarian of the Royal Society and one of the foremost naturalists of his day. The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society contains “An Account of a New Die from the Berries of a Weed in South Carolina: in a Letter from Mr. Moses Lindo Dated at Charlestown, September 2, 1763, to Mr. Emanuel Mendez da Costa, Librarian of the Royal Society.” Lindo died in Charles Town on April 26, 1774. Jewish Encyclopedia, 2006, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com .

242 . McCrady, Under Royal Government , 269.

243 . Ravenel, Eliza Pinckney , 1–8, 29–32, 58–69, 102–4.

244 . Ibid., 130–36, 164–66.

245 . Eastman, Hidden History of Old Charleston , 21–28.

246 . Ravenel, Charleston , 276–77.

247 . Smith, Dwelling Houses of Charleston , 99–102.

248 . Ellet, Women of the American Revolution , 68–77; Ravenel, Eliza Pinckney , 299–300.

249 . McCrady, Under Royal Government , 534. This land was originally part of a grant awarded to Isaac Mazyck. It became Charleston’s first suburb and included the area bounded by King, Calhoun and Anson Streets and a parallel line midway between Society and Wentworth Streets. Charleston County Public Library website, “Ansonborough.”

250 . Godbold and Woody, Christopher Gadsden , 10–12.

251 . Charleston County Public Library website, “Ansonborough.”

252 . Henning, Great South Carolinians , 87.

253 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 259–62; Stockton, James Brown House .

254 . Charleston County Public Library website, “Ansonborough.”

255 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 390–94.

256 . Hamilton, First 2,000 Years of Baptist History , 37.

257 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 578–81; Wright and MacGregor, Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution , 168–69.

258 . Barry, Mr. Rutledge of South Carolina , 365–72.

259 . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress .

260 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 522–24; Wright and MacGregor, Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution , 115–17.

261 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 573–75.

262 . Dickerman, House of Plant of Macon, Georgia , 106.

263 . After their husbands were exiled to St. Augustine, sisters Elizabeth Mathewes Heyward and Lois Mathewes Hall and their children remained at the Heyward home at 87 Church Street. When the British ordered the city to celebrate their victory at Gilford, Elizabeth Heyward refused. She was reputed to have been a woman of remarkable beauty and personal grace. She also had an indomitable will and a feisty deportment. She had all the windows tightly shuttered, although both sisters knew the horrors of the Provost, a dungeon where criminal and political prisoners were herded together in a foul state of neglect. A British officer came to the door and demanded that Mrs. Heyward place candles in the windows of her home. “Can I celebrate your victory while my husband is a prisoner at St. Augustine?” she enquired. The officer replied, “That is of little consequence. Greene is defeated and the last hopes of the rebellion are crushed; you shall illuminate.” “Not a light,” she retorted. “Then I will return and level your house to the ground.” Elizabeth Heyward stood firm. The stress of this incident seriously affected her sister, who was expecting her twelfth child. On May 12, 1781, the anniversary of the capture of Charles Town, the British once again gave orders to celebrate and illuminate. The Heyward mansion remained dark. This time, an unruly mob stormed the home with brickbats and every type of nauseating trash that could offend or annoy. Inside, the violence took its toll. Lois Hall died in childbirth during the mayhem. After the incident, the British apologized and offered to repair the damage, but the proud and bereaved Elizabeth Heyward refused their offer, preferring to have the damage remain as a visible testimony of the British failure to protect her home. Dickerman, House of Plant of Macon, Georgia , 102–12; Ellet, Women of the American Revolution , 306–7.

264 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 323–25.

265 . Ibid., 456–58.

266 . Ibid., 525–27; Wright and MacGregor, Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution , 118–20.

Appendix A

267 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 68; Rivers, South Carolina Families , 10.

268 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 83–84.

269 . Ibid., 276–77.

270 . Ibid., 313–14.

271 . Trask, Beautiful Beaufort by the Sea , 89.

272 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 358–59.

273 . Ibid., 505–7.

274 . South Carolina Genealogy Trails, “South Carolina Death Notices, 1732–1775, South Carolina Gazette,” http://genealogytrails.com/scar/deathnotice_1732-1775.htm .

275 . Charleston County Public Library website.

276 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 554–56.

277 . Ibid., 591; Hirsche, Huguenots of Colonial South Carolina , 145.

278 . South Carolina Genealogy Trails, “South Carolina Death Notices.”

Appendix B

279 . McCrady, Historic Church , 52–53.

Appendix C

280 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 122–26.

Appendix D

281 . Ibid., 53–62.

282 . Stoney, “Footpad’s Memorial”; Nicholas John Wightman, Find-a-Grave online; unpublished research at the National Society of Colonial Dames of South Carolina archives.

283 . From family papers of Alfred Pinckney, a direct descendant and member of St. Philip’s Church.

Appendix E

284 . Edgar, Bailey and Watson, Biographical Directory , vol. 2, 61–64.

285 . Ibid., 122–26.

286 . Ibid., 242–43.

287 . Ibid., 289–90.

288 . Ibid., 354.

289 . Ibid., 428–30.

290 . Ibid., 445–48.

291 . Ibid., 460–62.

292 . Ibid., 520–22.

293 . Ibid., 542–43.

294 . Ibid., 564–65.

295 . Ibid., 571–73.

296 . Ibid., 598–99.

297 . Ibid., 625–29.

298 . Ibid., 685–86.

Appendix F

299 . McCrady, Historic Church , 33; see also Section XV of the Church Act of 1706, Act No. 256, November 30, 1706.

300 . Dalcho, Historical Account , 206.

301 . McCrady, Historic Church , 33.

302 . Act No. 1278, The Statutes at Large of South Carolina , vol. 8, March 24, 1785.

303 . McCrady, Historic Church , 34.

304 . Act No. 1533, The Statutes at Large of South Carolina , vol. 8, December 29, 1791.