UNIT IX REVIEW

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER

1. developmental psychology, p. 486
2. zygote, p. 489
3. embryo, p. 489
4. fetus, p. 489
5. teratogens, p. 490
6. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), p. 490
7. habituation, p. 491
8. maturation, p. 494
9. cognition, p. 498
10. schema, p. 498
11. assimilation, p. 498
12. accommodation, p. 498
13. sensorimotor stage, p. 499
14. object permanence, p. 499
15. preoperational stage, p. 500
16. conservation, p. 501
17. egocentrism, p. 501
18. theory of mind, p. 501
19. concrete operational stage, p. 502
20. formal operational stage, p. 502
21. scaffold, p. 503
22. autism spectrum disorder (ASD), p. 505
23. stranger anxiety, p. 509
24. attachment, p. 509
25. critical period, p. 510
26. imprinting, p. 510
27. strange situation, p. 511
28. secure attachment, p. 511
29. insecure attachment, p. 511
30. temperament, p. 511
31. basic trust, p. 513
32. self-concept, p. 515
33. sex, p. 520
34. gender, p. 520
35. aggression, p. 521
36. relational aggression, p. 521
37. role, p. 525
38. gender role, p. 525
39. gender identity, p. 525
40. social learning theory, p. 525
41. gender typing, p. 525
42. androgyny, p. 526
43. transgender, p. 526
44. adolescence, p. 533
45. puberty, p. 533
46. identity, p. 539
47. social identity, p. 539
48. intimacy, p. 540
49. emerging adulthood, p. 542
50. X chromosome, p. 545
51. Y chromosome, p. 545
52. testosterone, p. 545
53. primary sex characteristics, p. 546
54. secondary sex characteristics, p. 546
55. spermarche [sper-MAR-key], p. 547
56. menarche [meh-NAR-key], p. 547
57. intersex, p. 547
58. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), p. 547
59. sexual orientation, p. 549
60. menopause, p. 558
61. cross-sectional study, p. 563
62. longitudinal study, p. 563
63. neurocognitive disorders (NCDs), p. 563
64. Alzheimer’s disease, p. 563
65. social clock, p. 565

KEY CONTRIBUTORS TO REMEMBER

Sigmund Freud, p. 487

Jean Piaget, p. 498

Lev Vygotsky, p. 503

Harry Harlow, p. 509

Margaret Harlow, p. 509

Konrad Lorenz, p. 510

Mary Ainsworth, p. 510

Erik Erikson, p. 513

Diana Baumrind, p. 516

Carol Gilligan, p. 522

Albert Bandura, p. 525

Lawrence Kohlberg, p. 535

AP^® EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. What aspect of development did Jean Piaget’s theory focus on?
   1. Social
   2. Moral
   3. Cognitive
   4. Physical
   5. Ego
2. Jayden, age 15, is struggling with how his political views fit with those of his peers and his parents as he moves toward developing what Erikson would call his sense of
   1. trust.
   2. worth.
   3. autonomy.
   4. initiative.
   5. identity.
3. What is the correct term for a period of time when certain events must take place in order to facilitate proper development?
   1. Conservation stage
   2. Preoperational stage
   3. Attachment period
   4. Critical period
   5. Assimilation step
4. Which of the following statements about the impact of aging is true?
   1. During old age, many of the brain’s neurons die.
   2. If we live to be 90 or older, most of us will eventually become senile.
   3. Older people become less susceptible to short-term illnesses.
   4. Recognition memory—the ability to identify things previously experienced—declines with age.
   5. Life satisfaction peaks in the 50s and then gradually declines after age 65.
5. Kaylee contributes to the flood relief fund because others are doing so, and she doesn’t want to look selfish. Kohlberg might explain that she is in the
   1. postconventional stage.
   2. preconventional stage.
   3. conventional stage.
   4. preoperational stage.
   5. formal operational stage.
6. Mary Ainsworth’s research on attachment suggests that a child is most likely to become “securely attached” when exposed to
   1. a terry cloth-wrapped “surrogate” mother.
   2. a caregiver with the right temperament.
   3. consistent, responsive caregivers.
   4. an imprinting experience shortly after birth.
   5. enriched motor development experiences.
7. Temperament refers to what aspect of an infant’s development?
   1. Susceptibility to infection and disease
   2. Emotional reactivity
   3. General intelligence
   4. Level of optimism
   5. Ability to learn from situations
8. Which of these statements about intelligence and aging is true?
   1. Older adults surpass younger adults at recalling information.
   2. Older adults outperform teens at prospective memory.
   3. There is less variability among 70-year-olds than among 20-year-olds in capacity to learn and remember.
   4. When asked to recognize words, older adults show little memory decline.
   5. Older adults are less likely than younger adults to make mistakes when remembering meaningless information.
9. Once a sperm penetrates the cell wall of an egg and fertilizes it, this structure is known as what?
   1. An embryo
   2. A fetus
   3. Placenta
   4. A teratogen
   5. A zygote
10. Peyton is 11 years old and knows 10-7=3 and 3+7=10 but finds it difficult to solve a math problem, such as 3x-5, because she cannot understand why there is a letter in the problem. Piaget would most likely place her in the
    1. concrete operational stage.
    2. formal operational stage.
    3. preoperational stage.
    4. sensorimotor stage.
    5. preconventional stage.
11. Most adolescents can ponder and debate human nature, good and evil, and truth and justice. According to Piaget, this thinking ability is due to the emergence of which stage?
    1. Concrete operational
    2. Sensorimotor
    3. Preoperational
    4. Formal operational
    5. Accommodation
12. Mason retired at age 50 and was called “lucky” by his peers. This is because age 65 is the normal retirement age according to the
    1. theory of mind.
    2. midlife crisis.
    3. critical period.
    4. life span.
    5. social clock.
13. The more often the stimulus is presented, the weaker the response becomes. What do developmental researchers call this decrease in response intensity due to repeated stimulation?
    1. Stagnation
    2. Attachment
    3. Autonomy
    4. Imprinting
    5. Habituation
14. Ellie and Ella’s parents set clear rules, but also have discussions with their daughters about the types of rules and what the consequences should be for breaking the rules. Their parents are evidently following the
    1. authoritarian parenting style.
    2. research of Harlow.
    3. research of Bandura.
    4. authoritative parenting style.
    5. permissive parenting style.
15. Which of these is an example of a cross-sectional study?
    1. The depth perception of infants is measured once a month for six months in a row, starting at age 6 months.
    2. Researchers compare the reaction time of 20 sixth graders.
    3. The memory of one group of 50-year-olds is measured and compared to a different group of 70-year-olds.
    4. A psychologist develops a case study of a woman who is 102 by interviewing her twice a week for 12 weeks.
    5. Researchers compare curiosity ratings of a group of toddlers with that same group’s SAT scores 15 years later.
16. By providing increasingly difficult words for his second grader to spell, Logan is making use of
    1. scaffolding.
    2. assimilation.
    3. accommodation.
    4. imprinting.
    5. maturation.
17. Ryan has a difficult time understanding his mother’s facial expressions and engages in repetitive actions. One explanation of this is that Ryan is suffering from
    1. FAS.
    2. ASD.
    3. NCD.
    4. Metacognition.
    5. menopause.
18. Researchers probing the brain in search of explanations for sexual orientation have found differences between homosexual men and heterosexual men in the region known as the
    1. hippocampus.
    2. amygdala.
    3. frontal lobe.
    4. medulla.
    5. hypothalamus.
19. When she was 45, Sophie decided to go to nursing school because she felt that her corporate job was not fulfilling. Erikson would argue that her career change was an attempt to find a sense of
    1. integrity.
    2. intimacy.
    3. generativity.
    4. identity.
    5. competence.
20. Studies indicating that self-esteem ratings fall during the early to mid-teen years find that
    1. self-image rebounds in the late teens and twenties.
    2. self-image does not rebound until age 30.
    3. self-image rebounds in males by age 20 but not until age 30 for females.
    4. males have higher rates of depression as teens.
    5. females continue to have low self-image scores until age 40.

Free-Response Questions

1. Adolescence has been called a time of “storm and stress.” Describe how each of the following might contribute to this storm and stress.
   • Limbic system activity
   • Frontal lobe development
   • Formal operational abilities
   • Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage
   • Early physical maturation for girls

Rubric for Free Response Question 1

1 point: The limbic system is primed by surges of hormones at puberty, which may lead some adolescents to seek excitement and, possibly, behave impulsively. Page 534

1 point: The frontal lobes, which are necessary for judgment and planning, continue to develop during adolescence and into the early twenties. Unused pathways are pruned, and increasingly myelinated neurons speed the connection between the frontal lobes and other areas of the brain. Without completed frontal lobe development, adolescents are often unable to exert adult impulse control. They may be more likely to indulge in risky behaviors despite understanding the possible consequences. Page 534

1 point: When adolescents reach the formal operational stage, they have all of the cognitive abilities of earlier stages and can also think abstractly and hypothetically. With the ability to compare reality with a hypothetical ideal, adolescents may be disappointed in what exists, may detect hypocrisy, or may argue with those around them about how to achieve a more just world. Pages 502, 535

1 point: During Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage, teenagers seek a sense of identity. Adolescents typically try out different versions of “self” before adopting a comfortable identity. This process can be difficult and can lead to conflicts with friends and family. Pages 539–540

1 point: Early maturation puts some girls out of sync with their emotional development and friends’ experiences. They may begin associating with older teens or endure teasing or sexual harassment. Page 534

2. Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg described several cognitive, social, and moral reasoning stages of adolescence. Explain each of the following stages.
   • Concrete operational
   • Formal operational
   • Identity versus role confusion
   • Intimacy versus isolation
   • Conventional level
   • Postconventional level

(6 points)

3. Cruz and Eva have a 7-year-old son. He is in the second grade and is extremely obedient. He has many friends, most of whom are on a baseball team with him.

   What advice might each of the researchers give to Cruz and Eva about their son’s development?

   • Jean Piaget (cognitive development)
   • Harry and Margaret Harlow (attachment)
   • Lawrence Kohlberg (levels of moral thinking)
   • Erik Erikson (psychosocial development)
   • Diana Baumrind (parenting styles)

(5 points)