UNIT XIV REVIEW

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER

1. social psychology, p. 768
2. attribution theory, p. 768
3. fundamental attribution error, p. 768
4. attitude, p. 770
5. peripheral route persuasion, p. 771
6. central route persuasion, p. 771
7. foot-in-the-door phenomenon, p. 771
8. role, p. 772
9. cognitive dissonance theory, p. 773
10. norms, p. 775
11. conformity, p. 776
12. normative social influence, p. 777
13. informational social influence, p. 778
14. social facilitation, p. 784
15. social loafing, p. 785
16. deindividuation, p. 786
17. group polarization, p. 787
18. groupthink, p. 788
19. culture, p. 789
20. prejudice, p. 792
21. stereotype, p. 792
22. discrimination, p. 792
23. just-world phenomenon, p. 796
24. ingroup, p. 796
25. outgroup, p. 796
26. ingroup bias, p. 796
27. scapegoat theory, p. 797
28. other-race effect, p. 797
29. aggression, p. 801
30. frustration-aggression principle, p. 803
31. social script, p. 804
32. mere exposure effect, p. 808
33. passionate love, p. 812
34. companionate love, p. 813
35. equity, p. 813
36. self-disclosure, p. 814
37. altruism, p. 816
38. bystander effect, p. 817
39. social exchange theory, p. 818
40. reciprocity norm, p. 818
41. social-responsibility norm, p. 819
42. conflict, p. 819
43. social trap, p. 819
44. mirror-image perceptions, p. 820
45. self-fulfilling prophecy, p. 820
46. superordinate goals, p. 821
47. GRIT, p. 822

KEY CONTRIBUTORS TO REMEMBER

Philip Zimbardo, p. 772

Leon Festinger, p. 773

Solomon Asch, p. 776

Stanley Milgram, p. 778

John Darley, p. 816

Bibb Latané, p. 816

AP^® EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. The enhancement of a group’s prevailing tendencies occurs when people within a group discuss an idea that most of them either favor or oppose. What is this tendency called?
   1. Group polarization
   2. Deindividuation
   3. The just-world phenomenon
   4. Discrimination
   5. Categorization
2. Caroline hates to do group projects with Jake because she ends up doing much more of the work than he does. Jake is engaging in
   1. social facilitation.
   2. a social trap.
   3. social loafing.
   4. self-disclosure.
   5. altruism.
3. Samir does not feel any obligation to help the homeless people he sees each morning on the way to the subway. He assumes it is their fault that they are homeless and that they must have done something to deserve it. Samir’s assumptions represent
   1. a stereotype.
   2. an ingroup bias.
   3. altruism.
   4. aggression.
   5. the just-world phenomenon.
4. According to research on the bystander effect, which of the following people is most likely to stop and help a stranger?
   1. Jacob is on his way to a doctor’s appointment with his young son.
   2. Xavier lives in a crowded city.
   3. Malika is in a terrible mood, having just learned that she failed her midterm exam.
   4. Ciera just saw a young girl offering her arm to help an older woman cross the street.
   5. Mahmood is lost in thought as he walks to work, worrying about his upcoming presentation.
5. Students at Interlake High School believe they are superior to West Lake High School in every way possible. This is a demonstration of
   1. ingroup bias.
   2. conformity.
   3. scapegoat theory.
   4. discrimination.
   5. groupthink.
6. People frequently blame internal dispositions for others’ behavior according to
   1. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
   2. the fundamental attribution error.
   3. attribution.
   4. social psychology.
   5. social thinking.
7. Geoff and Todd tried to buy tickets to see their favorite band, but they were unable to do so because the show sold out by the time they filled in the online form. Geoff swipes his laptop onto the floor in anger. The best explanation for why he does this is
   1. the proximity effect.
   2. GRIT.
   3. the frustration-aggression principle.
   4. social scripting.
   5. deindividuation.
8. Galileo’s notion that the earth revolved around the sun was in opposition to the widespread beliefs of his era. Over time, his ideas were accepted by more and more scholars. What social psychological principle is this an example of?
   1. Social thinking
   2. Group polarization
   3. Conformity
   4. A stereotype
   5. Minority influence
9. Jackson downloaded an album, even though he liked only one of the songs. Over time he has found that he likes the other songs on the album as well. This is best explained by
   1. the mere exposure effect.
   2. hindsight bias.
   3. aggression.
   4. the just-world phenomenon.
   5. the other-race effect.
10. The tension that occurs when we become aware that our attitudes and actions don’t coincide is known as
    1. role playing.
    2. the fundamental attribution error.
    3. social pressure.
    4. social influence.
    5. cognitive dissonance.
11. A teacher offers her class the option of 3 or 10 points of extra credit. She explains that if most of the class ask for only 3 points, then they will all get the extra credit, but if most of the class asks for 10 points, then no one will earn any extra credit. Most of the students, hoping to gain more themselves and not thinking of the collective well-being of the class, ask for 10 points, and the whole class gets nothing. The class is demonstrating
    1. GRIT.
    2. the fundamental attribution error.
    3. a social trap.
    4. scapegoat theory.
    5. discrimination.
12. Which of the following least describes prejudice?
    1. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group
    2. Schemas that influence how we notice and interpret events
    3. Preconceived ideas that bias our impressions of others’ behavior
    4. A physical behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
    5. Automatic and unconscious thoughts and behaviors
13. Among the main factors that determine whether a relationship will form and last are
    1. I. proximity.
    2. II. financial status.
    3. III. similarity.
    1. I only
    2. II only
    3. III only
    4. I & II only
    5. I & III only
14. Becoming less self-conscious and less restrained when in a group situation is referred to as
    1. social loafing.
    2. deindividuation.
    3. social facilitation.
    4. obedience.
    5. cognitive dissonance.
15. Carol believes that Paul is mad at her so she chooses to ignore him, which serves to actually make him mad at her. This is an example of
    1. superordinate goals.
    2. tension-reduction.
    3. a social trap.
    4. a mirror-image perception.
    5. a self-fulfilling prophecy.
16. Which of the following is the most complete definition of conformity?
    1. Sharing a mood with others
    2. Unconsciously mimicking the behaviors and reactions of others
    3. Changing thoughts about a situation in order to please an authority figure
    4. Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
    5. Bringing our attitudes in line with our actions
17. People are more likely to disobey an authority figure when
    1. they are alone with the authority figure.
    2. the authority figure is male.
    3. the authority figure’s request would cause harm to another person.
    4. they are in a group with more than three people.
    5. they have seen someone else disobey.
18. Tim pulls into traffic behind an older woman and immediately gets irritated because “old women can’t drive.” Tim’s belief is
    1. a norm.
    2. a stereotype.
    3. the frustration-aggression principle.
    4. a mirror-image perception.
    5. discrimination.
19. After being married 50 years, Nancy and Bill feel a deep, affectionate attachment to each other after all that they have shared throughout their marriage. Psychologists would say that they have developed
    1. passionate love.
    2. a social script.
    3. an ingroup bias.
    4. companionate love.
    5. GRIT.
20. Although most members of the faculty were strongly against the proposed new schedule, they did not voice their objections because two well-liked senior faculty members were in favor of the new schedule. This small group of dissenters were demonstrating
    1. minority influence.
    2. ingroup bias.
    3. group polarization.
    4. groupthink.
    5. a norm.

Free-Response Questions

1. Abi moved from her small rural hometown to a large city to pursue her singing career. She was soon hired for an important and popular choral performance and was nervous but excited about this new opportunity. Explain how the following social psychology factors might affect her experiences in the “big city.”
   • Self-fulfilling prophecy
   • Frustration-aggression model
   • Social facilitation
   • Reciprocity norm

Rubric for Free Response Question 1

1 point: Self-fulfilling prophecy: Abi may think that she is not talented enough to compete with all of the other singers in the performance. Because of her low expectations of herself, she may not perform to the best of her ability. Page 820

1 point: Frustration-aggression model: If Abi does not progress to her satisfaction, and experiences frustration as her career stagnates, she may lash out at her colleagues either physically or verbally, or even try to sabotage others’ careers to further her own. Page 803

1 point: Social facilitation: Abi has been singing for a number of years. Because this is a well-practiced activity, Abi’s performance should be enhanced by the presence of others. Because she will have larger crowds in the “big city,” Abi’s performance should improve in front of larger crowds. Page 784

1 point: Reciprocity norm: If Abi receives gifts (such as flowers) from the audience, she may be motivated to give an extra effort in her performances. If the audience perceives that Abi is throwing herself completely into her performances, they may be more likely to applaud and cheer because the reciprocity norm indicates we will often return the efforts or feelings of others. Page 818

2. Ken has just taken a job with an organization that raises money to provide assistance to homeless veterans. Explain how Ken could use each of the following to increase donations.
   • Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
   • Central route persuasion
   • Social responsibility norm
   • Normative social influence
   • Conformity

(5 points)

3. Dutch is in his first year as a student at a large university. At the urging of some friends, he attended a pep rally the night before the football game. At the rally, the marching band played the university’s fight song and Dutch began singing along as they did. The head football coach then gave a rousing speech, and Dutch joined with the hundreds of other students to cheer him. Although Dutch had not paid attention to the football team prior to the rally, he enthusiastically participated in the rally, even going so far as to have an image of the team’s mascot painted on his face. The following day, he attended the game and since has become an avid fan of the football team.

   Analyze Dutch’s behavior at the rally and afterward, using each of the following principles of social psychology:

   • Peripheral route persuasion
   • Ingroup bias
   • Social facilitation
   • Deindividuation

(4 points)