1. “Greatest Military Leaders” at George Patton Historical Society Library, http://pattonhq.com/militaryworks/leaderslist.html, 28 Oct. 2012.
2. Basil Liddell Hart, Scipio Africanus: Greater than Napoleon (Cambridge, MA: DaCapo Press, 1994 [1926]), p. xi.
3. Daniel L. Byman and Kenneth Pollack, “Let Us Now Praise Great Men,” International Security 25 (4), Spring 2001, p. 107.
4. Kimberly Kagan, The Eye of Command (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006), p. 200.
5. David Chandler, Marlborough as Military Commander (Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount, 2003 [1973]), pp. 318–19.
1. Nepos, Vitae, 2.1.
2. Ibid., 3.1–3.
3. Lynn, Battle: A History of Combat and Culture.
4. Spence, The Cavalry of Classical Greece, p. 151.
5. Xenophon, Hellenica, 6.4.11, in Xenophon in Seven Volumes.
6. Pritchett, The Greek State at War, vol. 1, pp. 134–43.
7. Luginbill, Othismos, p. 56.
8. Goldsworthy, “The Othismos, Myths and Heresies”; for another overview of the controversy, see Stylianou, Historical Commentary on Diodorus Siculus, appendix “The Nature of Hoplite Fighting,” pp. 552–55.
9. Starr, Ancient World, pp. 211–12.
10. Diodorus, Library, 15.52.3–4.
11. Sextus, Stratagems, 1.12.5.
12. Diodorus, Library, 15.53. 4; 15.54.1.
13. Frontinus, Stratagems, 1.11.6.
14. Hamilton, Agesilaus, p. 187.
15. Polyaenus, Stratagems, 2.3.15.
16. Diodorus, Library, 15.55.2.
17. Xenophon, Hellenica, 6.4.13.
18. Devine, “Embolon: A Study in Tactical Terminology,” pp. 201–17.
19. Buckler, “Epameinondas and the ‘Embolon,’” pp. 134–43.
20. Goldsworthy, “Othismos,” p. 8.
21. Xenophon, Hellenica, 6.4.13–14.
22. Ibid., 6.4.15.
23. Ibid., 7.5.24.
24. Nepos, Vitae, 9.4
25. Cawkwell, “Epaminondas and Thebes,” p. 261.
26. Delbruck, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 166.
27. Hanson, “Epameinondas.”
28. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts, p. 107.
29. Hanson, Soul of Battle, p. 46.
30. Goldsworthy, “Othismos,” pp. 24–25, citing V. H. Davis.
31. Hanson, “Epameinondas,” pp. 199, 206.
32. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts, p. 122.
33. Liddell Hart, Strategy, p. 34.
1. Plutarch, “Alexander.”
2. Hamilton, “Alexander’s Early Life,” p. 119. This work provides a good overview of Alexander’s upbringing, with references to the best known works of its time, which was the mid-1960s.
3. Hammond, “What May Philip Have Learnt as a Hostage in Thebes?”
4. Griffith, “Philip as a General and the Macedonian Army,” p. 58.
5. Borza, “What Philip Wrought,” pp. 107–8.
6. Delbruck, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 179.
7. Jones, The Art of War in the Western World, p. 22.
8. Different views of this issue are covered in Markle, “The Macedonian Sarissa, Spear, and Related Armor,” pp. 329–30.
9. Jones, Art of War, p. 22; Heckel and Jones, Macedonian Warrior, pp. 13–18.
11. Barker, Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars, p. 88.
12. Tarn, Hellenistic Military, p. 65.
13. Hamilton, Alexander the Great, pp. 68–69.
14. Hammond, The Genius of Alexander the Great, p. 89.
15. Green, Alexander of Macedon, pp. 228–29.
16. Kutta, “Warfare in the Age of the Peloponnesian Wars and Alexander the Great,” p. 16.
17. British Museum, BM 71537.
18. Diodorus Siculus, Library, 17.5.3–6.3.
19. On Darius’s background, rise to power, and reign, see Badian, “Darius III”; also, for an overview of the state of the Persian Empire upon Alexander’s invasion, see Briant, Histoire de l’empire perse.
20. For a more complete look at Alexander’s campaigns to suppress rebellions after Philip’s death, see Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, and Hammond, “Alexander’s Campaign in Illyria.”
21. For an overview of the ancient and modern (as of 1974) sources and an analysis of the Granicus battleground, see Nikolitsis, The Battle of the Granicus. For a deeper look into the battle and its relevance to the overall Persian campaign, see Devine, “Demythologizing the Battle of the Granicus.”
22. For a look at Alexander’s route of march and the establishment of supply bases, see Engels, Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army, ch. 2.
23. Keegan, The Mask of Command, p. 26.
24. Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, 2.6–14.
25. Green, Alexander of Macedon, p. 228.
26. Warry, Warfare in the Classical World, p. 80.
27. Delbruck, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 192.
28. Hammond, The Genius of Alexander, p. 89.
29. Delbruck, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 195.
30. Keegan, The Mask of Command, p. 83.
31. Curtius, History of Alexander, 4.2.4–5.
32. Keegan, The Mask of Command, p. 82.
33. Ravilious, “Alexander the Great Conquered City via Sunken Sandbar.”
34. Kern, Ancient Siege Warfare, pp. 213–15.
35. Curtius, History of Alexander, 4.4.14, 16.
36. Hamilton, Alexander the Great, p. 165.
37. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts, p. 119.
38. Curtius, History of Alexander, 10.5.26–29. http://luna.cas.usf.edu/~murray/classes/aa/source08.htm,
39. Borza, “The Conquest of Persia,” p. 141.
40. Montagu, Greek and Roman Warfare, p. 30.
1. Sima, “Biography of the Marquis of Huai-yin,” p. 180. Westernized spelling of the Chinese language has changed over the years. At the time of this publication (1947), the Wade-Giles method dominated. Since the late 1960s, the Pinyin form has been the accepted method of spelling. Hence, Han Xin becomes Han Hsin in Wade-Giles. Any quoted spelling in the Wade-Giles method will not be altered unless the change is markedly different.
3. Sima, Records of the Grand Historian, pp. 164–65.
4. Information on weaponry and organization from C.J Peers, Soldiers of the Dragon, pp. 33–46; Richard Nable collection; “Ancient Bronze Weapons”; and “Weaponry of the Bronze Age.”
6. Sima, Historical Records, p. 122.
8. Haichen, Wiles of War, p. 74.
9. Ah Xiang, “Han Dynasty,” asserts 500,000 to 600,000; Hardy, Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo, p. 105, gives 560,000.
10. Haichen, Wiles of War, p. 75.
11. Sima, Historical Records, pp. 128–29.
12. Sawyer and Sawyer, One Hundred Unorthodox Strategies, p. 169; the translator John de Francis in Sima, “Biography,” p. 189, n.42, discusses this in more detail, suggesting: “More probable than the use of airtight pontoons or wooden tubs was the use of log rafts or the flat-bottomed scows which are used today as ferries on the Yellow River.”
13. Sima, Records of the Grand Historian, p. 168.
15. Sima, “Biography,” p. 192.
16. Haichen, Wiles of War, p. 140.
17. The Wei River discussed in this section is in modern Shandong Province and is not the same Wei River mentioned earlier that flows eastward past Chang’an to intersect the Yellow River.
18. Sima, Records of the Grand Historian, p. 71.
19. Sima, Historical Records, p. 133.
20. Sawyer and Sawyer, One Hundred Unorthodox Strategies, p. 172.
22. Sima, Records of the Grand Historian, p. 179.
24. Sima, Historical Records, p. 136.
25. Ibid., pp. 136–39; the last hours of Xiang Yu’s life have been dramatized in the opera and film Farewell My Concubine.
26. Sawyer and Sawyer, Seven Military Classics, p. 172.
27. Ibid.
28. Sima, Records of the Grand Historian, p. 169.
1. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 3.11.
2. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 21.10
3. Ibid., 21.3–4.
4. Goldsworthy, Punic Wars, pp. 157–58.
6. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 3.114.
7. Warry, Warfare in the Classical World, p. 111.
8. Sabin, “Face of Roman Battle,” p. 10.
9. Connolly, “Roman Army in the Age of Polybius, p. 162.
10. The nature of fighting in a manipular formation, and the multiple views of how it may have been done, are discussed in Sabin’s “The Face of Roman Battle,” in The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 90; also see Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts, pp. 172–92, for a more psychological view of the Roman armies.
11. Prevas, Hannibal Crosses the Alps, p. 180.
12. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 3.68.
13. Ibid., 3.70.
14. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 21.55.
15. Appian, Foreign Wars, 2.7.
16. Prevas, Hannibal Crosses the Alps, p. 191.
17. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 3.75.
18. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 43.
19. Mommsen, The History of Rome, book 3, ch. 5, http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_mommsen_3_5_5.htm.
20. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 22.3.
21. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 3.80.
22. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 22.3.
23. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 3.82.
24. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 22.4.
25. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 3.84.
26. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 22.6.
27. Ibid., 22.4.
28. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 3.112.
29. Appian, Foreign Wars, 4.20.
30. Lazenby, Hannibal’s War, p. 79.
31. Goldsworthy, Punic Wars, p. 205.
32. Connolly, “Roman Army in the Age of Polybius,” pp. 148, 162.
33. Lazenby, Hannibal’s War, p. 82.
34. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 3.115.
35. Goldsworthy, Punic Wars, pp. 209–10.
36. Alexander, How Wars Are Won, p. 275.
37. Meikeljohn, “Roman Strategy and Tactics from 509 to 202 BC,” pp. 12–13.
38. Delbruck, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 319.
39. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 22.50.
40. Goldsworthy, Punic Wars, p. 213
41. Von Schlieffen, Cannae, p. 3.
42. Alexander, How Wars Are Won, p. 274.
43. Goldsworthy, Punic Wars, p. 157.
44. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 64.
1. Polybius, Histories, 10.3.
2. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 26.19.
3. Polybius, Histories, 10.2.
4. Haywood, Studies on Scipio Africanus, pp. 25–26.
5. Liddell Hart, Scipio Africanus: Greater than Napoleon, p. 17.
6. Appian, The Foreign Wars, 23.88.
7. Lazenby, Hannibal’s War, p. 136.
8. Ibid.
9. Haywood, Studies on Scipio Africanus, pp. 48, 51–52.
10. Scullard, Scipio Africanus: Soldier and Politician, p. 65.
11. Zhmodikov, “Heavy Infantrymen in Battle,” p. 70.
12. Garba, Republican Rome, p. 11.
13. Wise, Armies of the Carthaginian Wars (London: Osprey, 1982), pp. 7–9.
14. Trevino, Rome’s Enemies, p. 39. He gives good detail on the forging and the quality of the falcata (pp. 38–40).
15. Bagnall, The Punic Wars, p. 207.
17. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 26.45.
18. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 10.11.
19. Bagnall, The Punic Wars, p. 209.
20. Bradford, Hannibal, p. 161.
21. Goldsworthy, Roman Warfare, p. 108.
22. Polybius, Rise of the Roman Empire, 10.39. Scipio would have been the wise decision as he would have regained Spain for Carthage.
23. Meiklejohn, “Roman Strategy and Tactics,” pp. 14–15.
24. Bagnall, The Punic Wars, p. 211.
25. Scullard, Soldier and Politician, pp. 74–75.
27. Polybius, Histories, 11.20.
28. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 28.12 n., p. 684.
29. Polybius, Histories, 11.20.
30. Liddell Hart, Greater than Napoleon, p. 51.
31. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 28.14.
32. Polybius, Histories, 11.24.
33. Ibid., 11.24.
34. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 28.16.
35. Montagu, Greek and Roman Warfare, p. 178.
36. U.S. Army Field Manual, 100–105, 7–2.
37. Liddell Hart, Greater than Napoleon, p. 63.
38. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 28.14.
39. Lazenby, Hannibal’s War, p. 149.
40. Goldsworthy, Punic Wars, p. 283.
41. Liddell Hart, Greater than Napoleon, p. 94.
42. Livy, Hannibal’s War, 28.12.
43. Ibid., 28.14, n., p. 684.
44. Bagnall, Punic Wars, p. 214.
45. Goldsworthy, Punic Wars, pp. 323–24.
46. Bagnall, Punic Wars, p. 215.
47. Liddell Hart, Greater than Napoleon, p. 43.
48. Polybius, Histories, 11.20.
49. Meiklejohn, “Roman Strategy and Tactics,” p. 19.
50. Polybius, Histories, 11.23.
1. Plutarch, Caesar, in Parallel Lives, 1.2.
2. Ibid., 3.2.
3. Cary and Scullard, History of Rome, p. 243.
4. Greenough et al., Caesar’s Gallic War, p. xvii.
5. Ibid., p. xviii.
6. Ibid.
7. Keppie, “Later Republic,” p. 172.
8. Warry, Warfare in the Classical World, p. 153.
9. Carey et al., Warfare in the Ancient World, p. 107.
10. Keppie, “Later Republic,” p. 172.
12. Warry, Warfare in the Classical World, pp. 169, 170.
13. Goldsworthy, Roman Warfare, pp. 108–9.
14. Dando-Collins, Casesar’s Legion, p. 23.
16. Gilliver, in Gilliver et al., Rome at War, p. 36.
17. Rankin, Celts and the Classical World, p. 115.
20. Gilliver, Caesar’s Gallic Wars, p. 89.
22. Cary and Scullard, History of Rome, p. 261.
23. Gilliver, in Gilliver et al., Rome at War, p. 52.
24. Warry, Warfare in the Classical World, p. 163.
25. Jimenez, Caesar against Rome, p. 54.
26. Herm, The Celts, p. 188, 189.
27. Cary and Scullard, History of Rome, p. 263.
28. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts, p. 215.
29. Caesar, Gallic War, in Greenough et al., Caesar’s Gallic War, 7.47–52.
30. Lendon, Soldiers and Ghosts, pp. 221–22.
31. Cary and Scullard, History of Rome, p. 263.
32. The exact location of Alesia is the subject of much debate, although Alise-Ste. Reine is the most likely given the discoveries of archaeologists there since the reign of Napoleon III. A summation of the debate over locations appears in Bianchini, Vercingétorix et Alésia.
34. Cary and Scullard, History of Rome, p. 263; Gilliver, in Gilliver et al., Rome at War, p. 70; Delbrück, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 498; Warry, Warfare in the Classical World, p. 167.
35. Delbrück, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 499; Gabriel, Great Armies of Antiquity, p. 90; Plutarch, Parallel Lives, 27.2.
36. Delbrück, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 499; Dando-Collins, Caesar’s Legion, p. 58; Keppie, Making of the Roman Army, p. 92; Warry, Warfare in the Classical World, p. 170.
37. Warry, Warfare in the Classical World, p. 168. Warry writes that a pace equaled 5 Roman feet, a foot being one-third inch shorter than a modern English foot. Thus, 400 paces would measure 1,942 English feet, or 592 meters.
38. Anglim et al., Fighting Techniques of the Ancient World, p. 205.
39. Cassis Dio, Roman History, 40.40.2.
40. Caesar, Gallic War, in Greenough et al., Caesar’s Gallic War, 7.76.
41. Delbrück, Warfare in Antiquity, pp. 499–500.
42. Caesar, Gallic War, in Caesar’s Commentaries, 7.80.
43. Ibid., 7.84.
44. Ibid., 7.86.
46. Caesar, Gallic War, in Caesar’s Commentaries, 7.87, 88.
47. Ibid., 7.88.
48. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 83.
49. Grant, Twelve Caesars, p. 33.
50. Cary and Scullard, History of Rome, p. 269.
51. Nofi, “Pompey the Great.”
52. Liddell Hart, Strategy, p. 54.
53. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 90; for more information on the Spanish campaign, see Goldsworthy in Gilliver et al., Rome at War, pp. 128–32; Jimenez, Caesar against Rome, pp. 81–98; Jones, Art of War, pp. 75–80; and Delbrück, Warfare in Antiquity, pp. 515–27.
54. Goldsworthy in Gilliver et al., Rome at War, p. 135.
55. Liddell Hart, Strategy, p. 55.
57. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 91.
58. Fuller, Military History, p. 191.
59. Appian, Roman History, 12.62.
60. Jimenez, Caesar against Rome, p. 148.
61. Plutarch, Caesar, 40.2.
63. For a more complete discussion of the battle site, see Morgan, “Palaepharsalus—The Battle and the Town.”
64. Caesar, Commentaries, 3.85.
65. Gwatkin, “Some Reflections on the Battle of Pharsalus,” p. 109.
66. Goldsworthy, in Gilliver et al., Rome at War, p. 142; Meier, Caesar, p. 397; Boose and Gabriel, Great Battles of Antiquity, p. 389; Cary and Scullard, History of Rome, pp. 273, 622; and Warry, Warfare in the Classical World, p. 171.
67. Caesar, Commentaries, 3.86.
68. See McCartney, “On Aiming Weapons at the Face”; Wagener, “Aiming Weapons at the Face: A Sign of Valor.”
69. Plutarch, Pompey, 64.1, and Caesar, 45.3–4, in Parallel Lives.
70. Plutarch, Pompey, 72.1.
71. Appian, Roman History, 12.82.
72. Reid, “Caesar’s Counterinsurgency in Gaul,” p. 43.
73. Grant, Twelve Caesars, p. 32.
74. Dodge, Great Captains, pp. 99, 103.
75. Goldsworthy, “Reassessing,” p. 88.
76. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 92.
77. Goldsworthy, “Reassessing,” p. 94.
78. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 96.
80. Fuller, Military History, p. 199.
81. Goldsworthy, “Reassessing,” pp. 92–93, 94–95.
1. Stanhope, Life of Belisarius, p. 1.
2. Procopius, Vandal Wars, in History of the Wars, 13.11.21, p. 107.
4. Gibbon, p. 1301.
6. Procopius, Persian Wars, I.XII.
7. Barker, Justinian and the Later Roman Empire, p. 114.
8. Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book, vol. 1, p. 14.
9. Delbrück, Barbarian Invasions, p. 347.
10. Jones, Art of War in the Western World, p. 96.
11. Ibid.
12. Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book, vol. 2, p. 13.
13. Oman, Art of War in the Middle Ages, pp. 12–13.
14. Greatrex, Rome and Persia, p. 39.
15. Gabriel, Great Battles, p. 278.
16. Greatrex, Rome and Persia, p. 38.
17. Bacon, Critical Appraisal of Byzantine Military Strategy, p. 31n.
18. Haldon, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, p. 193.
19. Gabriel, Great Battles, p. 280.
20. Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book, vol. 2, p. 29.
21. Greatrex, Rome and Persia, p. 58.
22. Wilcox, Rome’s Enemies, p. 9, 33.
23. Farrokh, Shadows in the Desert, p. 233.
24. Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book, vol. 2. p. 21.
25. Procopius, Persian Wars, 1.14.25–26, p. 121.
26. Farrokh, Shadows in the Desert, p. 224.
27. Wilcox, Rome’s Enemies, p. 33.
28. Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book, vol. 2, p. 30.
29. Stanhope, Life of Belisarius, p. 14.
30. Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier, p. 85.
31. Procopius, Persian Wars, 1.13.7, p. 104.
32. Zachariah, Syriac Chronicle, 9.2, pp. 223–24.
33. Malalas, Chronicle, 18.44, pp. 263–64.
34. Stanhope, Life of Belisarius, p. 16.
35. Procopius, Persian Wars, 1.13.13–14, p. 105.
36. Almost all sources cite Peroz as holding the rank of mirranes, or generalissimo as described by Mahon. Goldsworthy, however, says he was “of the Mihran house, an aristocratic family which produced so many Persian commanders that the Romans had come to believe that ‘Mihran’ was an actual rank” (Name of Rome, p. 411).
37. Procopius, Persian Wars, 1.13.18, p.107.
38. Differing sources on their battle maps identify the Immortals as either infantry (as in ancient Persia) or as cavalry. The “Immortal” concept of one stepping forward to replace a killed or wounded comrade seems to favor infantry, but they charged with Peroz’s cavalry units on the Sassanian left. “The elite corps of the cavalry was called ‘the Immortals,’ evidently numbering—like their Achaemenid namesakes—10,000 men,” writes Shahbazi, “History of Iran,” citing A. Christensen, L’Iran sons les Sassanides (Copenhague: Levin & Munksgaard, 1936).
39. Procopius, Persian Wars, 1.14.4, p. 115.
41. Goldsworthy, Name of Rome, p. 413.
42. Procopius, Persian Wars, 1.14.37, p.125.
43. Greatrex, Rome and Persia, p. 181.
44. Procopius, Persian Wars, 1.14.39, p. 125.
45. Ibid., 1.14.50–51, p. 127.
46. Stanhope, Life of Belisarius, p. 20.
47. Procopius, Persian Wars, 1.18.24, p. 167.
48. Malalas, Chronicle, 18.464, p. 271; see also Cameron, Procopius, pp. 146–47.
49. Zachariah, Syriac Chronicle, 9.4, p. 226.
50. Barker, Justinian and the Later Roman Empire, p. 146.
51. Wolfram, History of the Goths, pp. 302–3.
53. Burns, History of the Ostrogoths, p. 200.
54. Ibid.
55. Wolfram, History of the Goths, p. 303.
56. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, p. 1328.
57. Barker, Justinian and the Later Roman Empire, p. 153.
58. Stanhope, Life of Belisarius, p. 91.
59. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire (p. 181n.), suggests that the number of 150,000 may have meant the entire Gothic population in Italy, which had been some 100,000 when they invaded half a century earlier. Given that the circumference of the walls was 12 miles, or just over 21,000 yards, 150,000 troops would have seemed sufficient to lay siege to more than half the city.
60. Dupuy and Dupuy, Encyclopedia, p. 187.
61. Procopius, Gothic Wars, in History of the Wars, 5.19.11, pp. 187–89.
62. Ibid., 5.20.16–18.
64. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, p. 1337.
65. Procopius, Gothic Wars, 5.24.13–17.
68. Barker, Justinian and the Later Roman Empire, p. 154.
69. Liddell Hart, Strategy, p. 66.
71. Clausewitz, On War, p. 370.
72. Brogna, Generalship of Belisarius, p. 95.
1. The spellings of names and places from Mongolia and China to the Middle East and eastern Europe are many and varied. There seems to be no authoritative spelling, so I have chosen what seem to be either the most common or used by the most authoritative sources. Thus, spelling will vary in quotes and will not be altered unless the spelling is unrecognizable. This will happen most often in place and tribal names.
2. Urgunge Onon’s translation phrases it this way: “Chinggis Qahan was born with his destiny ordained by Heaven above. He was descended from Börte Chino, whose name means ‘greyish white wolf,’ and Qo’ai-maral, the wolf’s spouse, whose name means beautiful doe, who crossed the lake and settled at the source of the Onon.” Onon’s primary claim to accuracy is his own heritage, that of a Dawr Mongol, hence someone with much more of a native knowledge of the language. “The Dawrs were isolated from the main body of the Mongols for more than one thousand years, starting in the sixth century, when nomadic Turkic tribes penetrated present-day Mongolia. Scholars of Inner Mongolia confirmed in 1955 that the Dawrs speak an independent dialect of the Mongolian language, untouched by Orkhon Turkish and akin to the language of the History.” Onon, Secret History of the Mongols, pp. 37, 29.
3. Kahn, Secret History of the Mongols: The Origins of Chingis Khan, p. 14.
4. The Secret History overlooks some events at this point. Temuchin was known to be thirteen when he rejoined his family although only nine when betrothed to Borte. What happened in the intervening years is unknown, although given the later close ties between him and his father-in-law, he may well have stayed the entire time with that tribe. Ratchnevsky asserts that the “custom of leaving a son with the future parents-in-law was widespread among the early Turkic-Mongol nomads” (Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy, p. 21). Weatherford proposes that Yesugei intentionally moved Temuchin to a remote location to avoid a rivalry with a slightly older son by a previous wife (Ghengis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, p. 18.
5. Hildinger, Warriors of the Steppe, p. 110.
6. Allsen, “Rise of the Mongolian Empire,” p. 334.
7. Onon, Secret History of the Mongols, p. 8.
8. Ratchnevsky, Life and Legacy, p. 31.
9. Man, Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection, p. 89.
11. Allsen, “Rise of the Mongolian Empire,” p. 337.
12. Spuler, Mongol Period, p. 4.
13. Buell, “Subotei Ba’atur,” p. 14, suggests that Jelme was Subedei’s uncle.
14. Kahn, Origins of Chingis Khan, p. 51. The bulk of Subedei’s biography in this section relies on Gabriel, Genghis Khan’s Greatest General.
15. Kahn, Origins of Chingis Khan, p. 50.
16. Gabriel, Subotai the Valiant, p. 7.
17. Kahn, Origins of Chingis Khan, p. 111.
19. Morgan, The Mongols, p. 84.
20. Ratchevsky, Life and Legacy, pp. 92–93.
21. Spuler, Mongol Period, p. 4.
22. Sinor, “Inner Asian Warriors,” p. 137.
23. Alexander, How Great Generals Win, p. 71.
24. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, vol. 1, p. 797.
25. Kennedy, Mongols, Huns and Vikings at War, p. 122.
26. Weatherford, Making of the Modern World, p. 95.
27. Alexander, How Wars Are Won, p. 110.
28. McCreight, Mongol Warrior Epic, p. 71.
29. For a full description of all sixteen tactics, see Onon, Secret History of the Mongols, pp. 281–87.
30. Hildinger, Warriors of the Steppe, pp. 121–22.
31. Buell, “Subotei Ba’atur,” p. 17.
32. Alexander, How Great Generals Win, p. 82.
34. Pittard, Thirteenth Century Mongol Warfare, p. 20.
35. Hildinger, Warriors of the Steppe, p. 127.
36. Liddell Hart, Great Captains Unveiled, p. 17.
37. Buell, “Subotei Ba’atur,” p. 19.
38. Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book, vol. 2, p. 105.
39. Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book, vol. 1, p. 123.
41. Marshall, Storm from the East, p. 91.
42. Legg, Barbarians of Asia, p. 290.
43. Miranda, “Khan: The Rise of the Mongol Empire,” p. 17.
44. Chambers, Devil’s Horsemen, pp. 24–25.
45. Man, Life, Death, and Resurrection, p. 187.
46. De Hartog, Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World, pp. 120–21.
47. Trombetta and Ippolito, “Emergence of Sea Power.”
48. Chambers, Devil’s Horsemen, p. 28.
49. De Hartog, Conqueror of the World, p. 121.
50. Man, Life, Death, and Resurrection, pp. 189–90.
52. De Hartog, Conqueror of the World, p. 122.
53. Novgorod Chronicle, p. 66.
54. Buell, “Subotei Ba’atur,” pp. 19–20.
55. Legg, Barbarians of Asia, p. 283.
57. Marshall, Storm from the East, p. 57.
58. Man, Life, Death, and Resurrection, p. 167.
59. Prawdin, Mongol Empire, p. 255.
60. Exactly which prince led which attack is difficult to tell from the multiple works on the campaign. Kadan Baidar is referenced as being in both the Polish campaign and leading a southern prong through Carpathians. Kaidu is usually identified as leading the Polish campaign, but in some sources his name is mentioned nowhere. As with the variation on names and places, the selection of commanders in this campaign will be somewhat arbitrary.
61. Jackson, Mongols and the West.
62. Chambers, Devil’s Horsemen, p. 92.
63. Lukinich, History of Hungary, p. 70.
64. Alexander, How Great Generals Win, p. 89.
65. Man, Life, Death, and Resurrection, p. 271.
66. Kosztolnyik, Hungary in the 13th Century, pp. 155–56.
67. McCreight, Mongol Warrior Epic, pp. 128–29.
69. Ibid.
70. Kennedy, Mongols, Huns and Vikings at War, p. 161.
71. Buell, “Subotei Ba’atur,” p. 25.
72. Takemoto, Back Azimuth Check, pp. 22–23.
73. Gabriel, “Right Hand of Khan,” p. 49.
1. Wylie, History of Protestantism, book 3, ch. 13. Various translations provide a number of spellings: Žižka, Ziska, Zisca, Siska, etc. I will use the modern Czech spellings for all people and locations unless they are spelled otherwise in a quote.
2. Vaclav is the Czech spelling, but he is better known in the West as Wenceslaus; he also is called Wenzel in some sources.
3. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 25.
6. Jorgenson, “Tannenberg, 1410,” p. 169.
7. Ibid.
8. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 30.
10. Hutton, History of the Moravian Church, p. 31.
12. Pribichevich, World without End, p. 86.
13. Cornej, “Hussite Art of Warfare,” p. 67.
14. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 9.
15. Lambert, Medieval Heresy, p. 312.
16. Ayton, “Arms, Armour, and Horses,” pp. 186–87.
19. Bennett et al., Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World, p. 123.
20. Showalter, “Caste, Skill, and Training,” p. 412.
21. Gravett, German Medieval Armies, p. 7.
22. Hall, Weapons and Warfare, p. 18.
23. Holmes, Oxford Companion, p. 961.
24. Dupuy and Dupuy, Encyclopedia of Military History, p. 406.
25. Turnbull, Hussite Wars, p. 24.
26. Bloom, “The Hussites,” p. 41.
27. Turnbull, Hussite Wars, p. 38.
28. Haywood, “Hussite Battle Tactics.”
29. Turnbull, Hussite Wars, p. 21.
30. Klassen and Paces, “Women in Hussite Wars,” p. 218.
31. Turnbull, Hussite Wars, p. 35.
32. Bloom, “The Hussites,” p. 42.
33. Oman, Art of War in the Middle Ages, pp.125–26.
34. Nolan, Age of Wars of Religion, p. 429.
35. Hazard, History of the Crusades, pp. 593–94.
36. Fudge, “‘More Glory than Blood,’” pp. 119, 120.
37. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 10.
38. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 92.
39. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 10; Turnbull, Hussite Wars, p. 33; “The Very Pretty Chronicle,” reproduced in Heymann, John Žižka, p. 110.
40. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 10.
41. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 97.
42. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 11.
43. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 139.
44. Ibid.
45. Dickie, “Vitkov, 1420,” p. 195.
46. Hazard, History of the Crusades, p. 597.
47. Macek, Hussite Movement in Bohemia, p. 43.
49. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 21.
51. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 291
53. Bloom, “The Hussites,” p. 41.
55. Fudge, Magnificent Ride, p. 104.
56. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 25.
57. Delbruck, Medieval Warfare, p. 494.
58. Oman, Art of War in the Middle Ages, p. 152.
59. Gravett, German Medieval Armies, p. 16.
60. Nicholson, Medieval Warfare, pp. 37–38.
61. Heymann, John Žižka, p. 305.
62. Showalter, “Caste, Skill, and Training,” p. 411.
63. Wilkinson, “Žižka’s Zeal,” p. 36.
64. Macek, Hussite Movement in Bohemia, p. 48.
65. McGuire, “Jan Žižka and the Hussite Wars,” p. 31.
1. Hooker, “Warring States.”
2. Lamers, Japonius Tyrannus, p. 23.
3. Luis Frois, quoted in ibid., p. 24.
4. Turnbull, Samurai Warfare, p. 56.
5. Ibid.
6. Bryant, Samurai 1550–1600, p. 31.
8. Kure, Samurai: An Illustrated History, p. 73.
9. Bryant, Samurai 1550–1600, pp. 24 (chart), 50; Varley says the spear length in Nobubaga’s army was 18 feet (“Oda Nobunaga,” p. 109).
10. Varley, “Oda Nobunaga,” p. 106.
11. Turnbull, Samurai, World of the Warrior, p. 97.
12. Bryant, Samurai 1550–1600, p. 50.
13. Perrin, Giving up the Gun, p. 17.
14. Kure, An Illustrated History, p. 75.
15. From “The Record of the Kunitomo Teppoki,” quoted in Lidin, Tanegashima, pp. 134–35.
16. Perrin, Giving up the Gun, p. 14.
17. Lidin, Tanegashima, p. 146.
18. Turnbull, Nagashino, p. 15.
21. Varley, “Oda Nobunaga,” p. 113.
22. Turnbull, Samurai and the Sacred, p. 77.
24. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 273.
25. Lamers, Japonius Tyrannus, p. 42.
26. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 275.
27. Sharpe, Samurai Battles, pp. 112–113.
28. Sato, Legends of the Samuraii, p. 234.
29. Sadler, Maker of Modern Japan, p. 54.
30. Sansom, History of Japan, pp. 276–77.
31. Sato, Legends of the Samuraii, p. 235.
32. Kure, An Illustrated History, p. 145.
33. Sadler, Maker of Modern Japan, p. 55.
34. Black, War in the Early Modern World, p. 68.
35. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 278.
36. Turnbull, Warrior Monks, p. 15.
37. Turnbull, Sacred, pp. 77–78.
38. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 284.
39. Turnbull, Japanese Warrior Monks, p. 57.
41. Sharpe, Battles, pp. 144–45.
42. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 284.
44. Turnbull, Nagashino, p. 13.
47. Hilbert, “Samurai Slaughtered,” p. 67.
48. Turnbull, Nagashino, pp. 45–47.
49. Ledbetter, “The Battle of Nagashino.”
50. Lamers, Japonius Tyrannus, p. 112.
51. Turnbull, Nagashino, pp. 60–61.
52. Ledbetter, “The Battle of Nagashino.”
53. Turnbull, Nagashino, p. 57.
56. Ledbetter, “The Battle of Nagashino.”
57. Kure, An Illustrated History, p. 79. It should be noted that while Kure is not a historian by training, his resources are all Japanese works.
59. Lamers, Japonius Tyrannus, p. 112.
60. Hilbert, “Samurai Slaughtered,” p. 68.
61. Sansom, History of Japan, p. 310.
62. Turnbull, Book of the Samurai, pp. 95–96; Parker, Military Revolution, p. 140.
63. Turnbull, Book of the Samuri, pp. 309–10.
64. Turnbull, Nagashino, p. 57.
65. Kure, An Illustrated History, p. 81.
66. Turnbull, Japanese Warrior Monks, pp. 19–20.
1. Ahnlund, Gustavus Adolphus the Great, pp. 4–16.
3. Redmond, “Gustavus Adolphus, Father of Combined Arms Warfare,” p. 2.
4. Ibid., p. 3. It should be noted that this story is not agreed upon by historians; some dismiss the detail of using disguise.
5. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 114.
6. Ahnlund, Gustavus Adolphus the Great, pp. 228–29.
9. Bobbit, Shield of Achilles, p. 99.
10. Jones, Art of War, p. 195.
11. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons and Warfare, p. 116.
12. Rothenberg, “Maurice of Nassau,” p. 37.
13. Parker, Military Revolution, p. 19.
14. Childs, “Maurice of Nassau,” p. 22.
15. Rothenberg, “Maurice of Nassau,” p. 43.
16. Parker, Military Revolution, p. 23.
17. Howard, War in European History, p. 37.
18. Brzezinski, Army of Gustavus Adolphus, vol. 1, p. 19.
19. Jones, Art of War, p. 223.
20. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 19.
21. M. Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus, p. 105.
22. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons and Warfare, p. 135.
24. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 22.
25. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 16.
26. Baumgartner, From Spear to Flintlock, p. 253.
27. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 31.
28. Liddell Hart, Great Captains Unveiled, p. 86.
29. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 117.
30. Quoted in Rabb, Thirty Years War, p. 87.
31. Quoted in Parker, Thirty Years War, p. 122.
32. Maland, Europe at War, pp. 126–27.
34. Ibid.
35. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 19.
37. Guthrie, Battles, pp. 20–23. This is the most detailed accounting of the two forces. Other authors give a wide range of numbers. Goodenough (Tactical Genius): 40,000 allied, 33,000 imperial; Alexander (“Swedish King”): 41,000 allied, 35,000 imperial; Childs (Warfare): 41,000 allied, 31,000 imperial; Fuller (Military History): 47,000 allied, 40,000 imperial; Haythornthwaite (Invincible Generals): 42,000 allied, 36,000–40,000 imperial; Parker (Thirty Years War): 41,000 allied, 31,400 imperial; Delbruck (Dawn of Modern Warfare): 39,000 allied and 75 guns, 36,000 imperial and 26 guns.
38. Liddel Hart, Great Captains Unveiled, p. 130.
39. Delbruck, Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 204.
40. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 37.
42. Maland, Europe at War, pp. 130–31.
43. Wedgewood, Thirty Years War, p. 287.
45. Hollway, “Triumph of Flexible Firepower,” p. 43.
46. Wedgewood, Thirty Years War, p. 289.
47. Showalter, “Gustavus’ Greatest Victory,” p. 48
49. Alexander, How Wars are Won, p. 171.
50. Goodenough, Tactical Genius, p. 75.
51. Bonney, Thirty Years War, p. 47.
52. Ibid.
53. Liddell Hart, Great Captains Unveiled, p. 126.
54. Fuller, Military History, p. 65.
55. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 41–42.
58. Malleson, Battlefields of Germany, p. 57.
60. Malleson, Battlefields of Germany, p. 59.
61. Connor, “Gustavus Adolphus and the Crossing of the Lech.”
63. Connor, “Gustavus Adolphus and the Crossing of the Lech.”
64. Liddell Hart, Great Captains Unveiled, p. 190.
65. Wedgewood, Thirty Years War, p. 311.
67. Jones, Art of War, p. 240.
69. Brzezinsky, Lutzen, pp. 31–32.
70. M. Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus, p. 177.
72. Brzezinsky, Lutzen, p. 42.
73. Guthrie and Brzezinsky differ radically on which units were placed in which positions and where the commanders were assigned; e.g., Holk on the imperial right flank and Colloredo in the center. The text follows Guthrie.
78. Livesey, Great Commanders, p. 59.
79. Jones, Art of War, p. 241.
80. Chandler, Atlas of Military Strategy, p. 27.
81. Brodie and Brodie, From Crossbow to H-Bomb, p. 77.
82. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 133.
83. Rothenberg, “Maurice of Nassau,” p. 55.
1. Spencer, Battle for Europe, p. 44.
2. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 14.
4. Folkers, “Marlborough.”
5. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 17.
6. Hussey, Marlborough, Hero of Blenheim, p. 23.
7. Spencer, Battle for Europe, p. 52.
8. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 42.
10. Hussey, Hero of Blenheim, p. 40.
11. Wolf, Emergence of the Great Powers, p. 60.
12. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 47.
15. Chartrand, Louis XIV’s Army, p. 21.
16. Childs, Warfare in the Seventeenth Century, p. 156.
17. Chartrand, Louis XIV’s Army, p. 24.
18. Folkers, “Dragoon Regiments,” in Spanish Succession.
19. Chartrand, Louis XIV’s Army, pp. 34–35.
20. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 91.
21. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 94.
22. Chandler, Marlborough as Military Commander, p. 92.
23. Wilson, “Warfare in the Old Regime,” p. 91.
25. Barthorp, Marlborough’s Army, p. 10.
27. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 93.
28. Barthrop, Marlborough’s Army, p. 16.
29. Treasure, Making of Modern Europe, pp. 218–19.
30. Folkers, “Austrian Army,” in Spanish Succession.
32. Chartrand, Louis XIV’s Army, p. 12.
33. Kennedy, Grand Strategies, p. 15.
34. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 57.
35. Folkers, “1701,” in Spanish Succession.
36. J. Jones, Marlborough, pp. 62–63; see also Ostwald, “‘Decisive’ Battle,” p. 699.
38. Col. Robert Parker, quoted in Chandler, Military Campaigns, p. 31.
39. Standford et al., “Schellenberg,” p. 36.
40. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 136.
41. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 79.
42. Churchill, Marlborough, His Life and Times, p. 382.
43. Duc de la Colonie, quoted in Standford et al., “Schellenberg,” p. 39.
44. Parker, quoted in Chandler, Military Memoirs of Marlborough’s Campaigns, p. 33.
46. Chandler, Atlas, pp. 44–45.
47. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 84.
48. Spencer, Battle for Europe, p. 223.
49. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 82.
50. Spencer, Battle for Europe, p. 224.
51. Derek McKay, Prince Eugene of Savoy, p. 86.
52. Chandler, “Blenheim,” p. 32.
53. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 146.
54. Hussey, Hero of Blenheim, pp. 145–146.
55. McKay, Prince Eugene, p. 86.
56. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 86.
57. Fuller, Military History, p. 152.
58. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 96.
59. Spencer, Battle for Europe, pp. 296–97.
60. Fuller, Military History, pp. 153–54.
61. Dodge, Gustavus Adolphus, pp. 732–33.
62. McKay, Prince Eugene, p. 87.
63. Folkers, “Battle of Blenheim/Hochstadt,” in Spanish Succession.
64. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 88.
65. J. Jones, Marlborough, p. 119.
66. A. Jones, Art of War, p. 278; Morris, “Villars,” p. 69.
67. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 172.
68. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, p. 100.
69. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, pp. 88–89.
70. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, p. 109.
71. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 176.
72. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, p. 112.
73. Parker, quoted in Chandler, Military Memoirs, p. 60.
74. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 177.
75. Wolf, Emergence of the Great Powers, p. 74.
76. Barnett, First Churchill, p. 169.
77. “Ramillies (Offus),” pp. 372–73.
78. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 178.
79. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 92.
80. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 212.
81. Barnett, First Churchill, p. 204.
82. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 214.
83. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, pp. 138–40.
85. Barnett, First Churchill, p. 210.
86. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 220.
87. Livesey, Great Commanders, pp. 78–79.
88. Chandler, Military Commander, pp. 221–22.
89. Spencer, Battle for Europe, p. 330.
90. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 63.
91. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, p. 142.
92. Barnett, First Churchill, p. 212.
93. Chandler, Military Commander, p. 71.
94. Black, Britain’s Military Power, p. 56.
97. Falkner, Great and Glorious Days, p. 217.
98. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 94.
99. Fuller, Military History, p. 129.
100. Weigley, Age of Battles, pp. 102–3.
1. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 100.
2. Duffy, Frederick the Great: A Military Life, p. 3.
3. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 15.
4. Ritter, Frederick the Great, p. 24. Known in other sources as the “Tobacco Parliament.”
6. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, pp. 104–5.
7. Baumgartner, From Spear to Flintlock, p. 308.
8. Bleckwenn, quoted in Duffy, Military Life, p. 4.
9. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 58.
10. Childs, Armies and Warfare, p. 108.
11. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 311.
12. Laffin, Links of Leadership, p. 142.
13. Haythornthwaite, Frederick the Great’s Army, vol. 2, p. 5.
14. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 63.
15. Duffy, Military Life, p. 13.
16. Nosworthy, Anatomy of Victory, pp. 187–88.
17. Childs, Armies and Warfare, p. 125.
18. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, pp. 394–95.
19. Duffy, Army of Frederick, pp. 80–81.
20. Childs, Armies and Warfare, p. 123.
21. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 396.
22. Duffy, Army of Frederick., p. 90.
23. Delbruck, Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 276.
24. Duffy, Army of Frederick, pp. 153–54.
26. Nosworthy, Anatomy of Victory, p. 193.
27. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 380.
28. Palmer, “Frederick the Great,” p. 101.
29. Haythornthwaite, Frederick the Great’s Army, vol. 1, p. 3.
31. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 93.
32. Duffy, Army of Frederick, pp. 98–99.
33. Childs, Armies and Warfare, p. 105.
34. Nosworthy, Anatomy of Victory, p. 164.
35. Childs, Armies and Warfare, p. 106.
36. Nosworthy, Anatomy of Victory, p. 170.
37. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons, p. 151.
38. Duffy, Military Life, p. 321.
39. Dupuy and Dupuy, Encyclopedia of Military History, p. 611.
40. Alphin, West Point History.
41. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 115.
43. Seaton, Frederick the Great’s Army, p. 11.
44. Ritter, Frederick the Great, p. 82.
46. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 111.
47. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 146.
48. Ritter, Frederick the Great, p. 89.
49. Ibid., 89–90.
50. Browning, War of the Austrian Succession, pp. 213–14.
51. Seaton, Frederick the Great’s Army, p. 19.
52. Today, in modern Poland, the town is Strzegom and the river the Strzegomka. Hohenfriedberg is now Dobromierz, Pilgrimshain is Zolkiewka, Gunthersdorf is Godzieszow, Thomaswaldau is Tomkowice, and Halbendorf is Granica.
53. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 341.
54. Duffy, Military Life, p. 60.
56. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 80.
57. Browning, Austrian Succession, p. 216.
58. Ibid.
59. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 81.
60. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 175.
61. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 84.
62. Ritter, Frederick the Great, p. 91.
63. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 176.
64. Phillips, Roots of Strategy, pp. 309–10.
65. Duffy, Military Life, p. 78.
66. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 111.
67. Telp, Evolution of the Operational Art, p. 18.
68. Marston, Seven Years War, p. 24.
70. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 126.
71. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 178.
73. Duffy, Military Life, p. 135.
74. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 185.
75. Most writers use this number. Dupuy and Dupuy in their Encyclopedia give the figure 64,000, as does Baumgartner (From Spear to Flintlock); Alexander (How Wars Are Won) gives 60,000; Britt et al. (Dawn of Modern Warfare) numbers the force at 54,000, with the imperial troops in the majority; Weigley (Age of Battles) proposes 50,000.
76. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 188.
77. Carlyle, History of Frederick, vol. 6, p. 256.
78. Millar, Rossbach and Leuthen, p. 29.
79. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 184.
80. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 189.
81. Carlyle, quoted in Asprey, Frederick the Great, p. 472.
82. Carlyle, History of Frederick, vol. 6, p. 259.
83. Britt et al., Modern Warfare, p.121.
84. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 185.
85. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 192.
86. Millar, Rossbach and Leuthen, pp. 41, 43.
87. Asprey, Frederick the Great, p. 475.
88. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 195.
89. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, pp. 123–24.
90. Showalter, Wars of Frederick, p. 198.
91. Pratt, Battles That Changed History, p. 221.
92. Duffy, Military Life, p. 152.
93. Millar, Rossbach and Leuthen, p. 88.
94. Britt et al., Dawn of Modern Warfare, p. 124.
95. Duffy, Army of Frederick, p. 179.
97. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 385.
98. Dodge, Great Captains, pp. 168–69.
99. Chandler, Art of War, pp. 135, 142.
100. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 378.
101. Atkinson, “Infantry.”
102. Jones, Art of War, p. 308.
103. Alexander, How Wars Are Won, p. 234.
104. Carlyle, History of Frederick, vol. 6, pp. 259–60.
105. Dodge, Great Captains, p. 172.
106. Frederick, quoted in Phillips, Roots of Strategy, p. 342.
107. Dodge, Great Captains, pp. 171–72.
108. Lewis, “Frederick the Great and the Battle of Leuthen.”
109. Treitschke, Confessions of Frederick, p. 91.
110. Fraser, Frederick the Great: King of Prussia, p. 625.
111. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons, p. 148.
112. Ritter, Frederick the Great, p. 148.
113. Showalter, quoted in Kolenda, Leadership, p. 139.
114. Laffin, Links of Leadership, p. 156.
1. Neillands, Wellington and Napoleon, p. 12.
2. McLynn, Napoleon: A Biography, p. 36.
3. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 10.
5. Chandler, “Right Man in the Right Place,” p. 38.
6. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 23.
7. Forczyk, Toulon 1793, p. 57.
8. Paschall, “Napoleon’s First Triumph,” p. 14.
9. Ireland, Fall of Toulon, p. 288.
10. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 28.
11. Ross, “Napoleon and Maneuver Warfare,” p. 3.
12. Liaropolous, “Revolutions in Warfare,” p. 373.
13. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 265.
14. Wasson, “Innovator or Imitator,” p. 19.
15. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 264.
16. Wasson, “Innovator or Imitator,” p. 7.
17. McConachy, “Roots of Artillery Doctrine,” p. 620.
18. Burbeck, “Napoleonic Artillery.”
19. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 268.
21. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 346.
23. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons, pp. 156–57.
25. Rothenberg, Napoleonic Wars, p. 27.
26. Haythornthwaite, Napoleon’s Line Infantry, p. 3.
27. Dupuy, Evolution of Weapons, p. 159.
28. Paret, “Napoleon and the Revolution in War,” p. 125.
29. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 154.
30. Ibid.
31. Seaton, Austro-Hungarian Army, p. 37.
32. McLynn, Biography, p. 109.
34. Britt, Wars of Napoleon, p. 14.
35. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 116.
36. Rothenberg, Napoleonic Wars, p. 46.
37. Shosenberg, “Battle of Austerlitz,” pp. 39–40.
38. Dwyer, Napoleon: Path to Power, p. 271.
39. Esdaile, French Wars, p. 33.
40. Fisher, Napoleonic Wars, p. 13.
42. Goetz, 1805: Austerlitz, p. 38.
43. Rothenberg, Napoleonic Wars, p. 88.
44. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? p. 79.
45. Harvey, War of Wars, p. 483.
46. Weigley, Age of Battles, pp. 381–82.
47. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? p. 119.
49. Glover, Napoleonic Wars, p. 110.
51. McLynn, Biography, p. 342.
52. Britt, Wars of Napoleon, p. 53.
53. Kagan, End of the Old Order, p. 580.
54. Goetz, 1805: Austerlitz, p. 123.
55. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 388.
56. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? pp. 154–55.
57. McLynn, Biography, p. 344.
58. Kagan, End of the Old Order, p. 595.
59. Shosenberg, “Austerlitz,” p. 33.
60. McLynn, Biography, p. 345.
61. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 438.
62. Fisher, Napoleonic Wars, p. 42.
63. Seaton, Austro-Hungarian Army, p. 20.
64. Esdaille, French Wars, p. 41.
65. Haythornthwaite, Austrian Army, vol. 1, p. 8.
66. Seaton, Austro-Hungarian Army, p. 25.
67. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 421.
68. Harvey, War of Wars, p. 662.
69. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? pp. 263–64.
70. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 425.
71. Dodge, Napoleon, pp. 258–59.
72. Rothenberg, Last Victory, pp. 130–31.
73. Weigley, Age of Battles, pp. 429–30.
74. Castle, Aspern and Wagram, p. 57.
75. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? p. 273.
76. Castle, Aspern and Wagram, p. 61.
77. Rothenberg, Last Victory, pp. 173–74.
78. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 724.
79. Ibid., p. 725.
80. Dodge, Napoleon, pp. 312–13.
81. Connelly, Wars of the French Revolution, p. 163.
82. Riley, Napoleon as General, p. 98.
83. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 733.
84. Ibid., p. 732.
85. Rothenberg, Napoleonic Wars, p. 130.
87. Chandler, On the Napoleonic Wars, p. 244.
88. Riley, Napoleon as General, p. 85.
89. Connelly, Wars of the French Revolution, p. 219.
90. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 141.
91. Riley, “How Good Was Napoleon?”
92. Napoleon, quoted in Chandler, Campaigns, p. 145.
93. Riley, Napoleon as General, p. 85.
94. Jomini, quote in Chandler, Military Maxims, p. 64.
95. Napoleon, quoted in Luvaas, Napoleon on the Art of War, p. 133.
96. Alexander, Great Generals, p. 122.
98. Luvaas, Art of War, p. 64.
100. Napoleon, quoted in Chandler, Maxims, no. 61, p. 77.
101. Wood, “Forgotten Sword,” p. 81.
102. Riley, Napoleon as General, pp. 119, 120.
104. Van Creveld, Command in War, p. 64.
105. Robert B. Holtman, quoted in Obstfeld and Obstfeld, Napoleon Bonaparte, p. 127.
106. Napoleon, quoted in Chandler, Maxims, p. 126.
108. Holtman, quoted in Obstfeld and Obstfeld, Napoleon Bonaparte, p. 125
109. Dodge, Great Captains, pp. 216, 219.
1. Corrigan, Wellington: A Military Life, p. 2.
2. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 6.
3. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 6.
4. Neillands, Wellington and Napoleon: Clash of Arms, p. 33.
6. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 8.
7. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 30.
8. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 34.
10. Reid, British Redcoat, p. 20.
12. Glover, Military Commander, p. 30.
13. Reid, British Redcoat, pp. 22–23.
16. Haythornthwaite, British Cavalryman, p. 3.
18. Henry, British Napoleonic Artillery, p. 3.
20. Kohli, Iron Duke of Wellington, p. 33.
21. Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 19.
22. Barua, “Military Developments,” p. 604.
23. Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 59.
27. Barua, “Military Developments,” p. 607.
28. Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 60.
29. P. E. Roberts, History of British India, p. 239.
30. Glover, Military Commander, p. 37.
31. Severn, Architects of Empire, p. 79.
32. Glover, Military Commander, p. 38.
33. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 36.
34. Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 78.
35. Chieftain, quoted in Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 37.
36. Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 81.
37. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 73.
38. Mason, Matter of Honour, p. 256.
39. Severn, Architects of Empire, p. 178.
40. Pitre, Second Anglo-Maratha War, p. 64.
41. Kohli, Iron Duke of Wellington, p. 270.
42. Barua, State at War, p. 100.
43. Barua, “Military Developments,” pp. 608–9.
44. Griffith, “Wellington—Commander,” pp. 27–28.
47. Pitre, Second Anglo-Maratha War, p. 71.
48. Kohli, Iron Duke of Wellington, p. 273.
49. Bennell, Making of Wellesley, pp. 81–82.
50. Mason, Matter of Honour, p. 161.
51. Neillands, Clash of Arms, pp. 37–38.
52. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 203.
54. Haythornthwaite, British Napoleonic Infantry Tactics, p. 43.
55. Harvey, War of Wars, pp. 696–97.
56. Glover, Peninsular Victories, p. 6.
57. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, p. 211.
58. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 43.
60. Harvey, War of Wars, p. 618.
61. Hendrick, “Campaign of Ropes,” pp. 28–29.
62. Glover, Peninsular Victories, p. 96.
64. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 242.
65. Hendrick, “Campaign of Ropes,” p. 23.
66. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 246.
67. Esdaile, Peninsular War, p. 445.
68. Hendrick, “Campaign of Ropes,” p. 39.
69. Gurwood, Dispatches, pp. 450–51.
70. Esdaile, Peninsular War, p. 448.
71. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 173.
72. Gates, Spanish Ulcer, p. 390.
73. Hibbert, Wellington: A Personal History, p. 134.
74. Chandler, “Wellington,” p. 80.
75. Glover, Peninsular Victories, p. 124.
76. Weller, Wellington in the Peninsula, p. 265.
77. Haythornthwaite, Invincible Generals, pp. 224–25.
78. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 144.
79. Nofi, Waterloo Campaign, p. 36.
80. Glover, Wellington as Military Commander, p. 191.
81. Hamilton-Williams, Waterloo: New Perspectives, p. 73.
82. Young, Blücher’s Army, p. 11.
83. Chandler, Campaigns, pp. 1014–15.
84. Nofi, Waterloo Campaign, pp. 35–36.
85. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? p. 365.
87. Pétiet, quoted in Barbero, The Battle, p. 45.
88. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 149.
89. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 1018.
90. Ibid., p. 1027.
91. See the debate on this in War in History between Peter Hofschröer and John Hussey, various issues starting in vol. 5, no. 2, 1998, and onward through 1999 (e.g., Hofschröer, “Did the Duke,” and Hussey, “Toward a Better Chronology”).
92. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 1028.
93. Hamilton-Williams, New Perspectives, p. 161.
94. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 236.
95. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, pp. 154–55.
96. Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 240.
97. Horne, How Far from Austerlitz? p. 372.
98. Nofi, Waterloo Campaign, 179.
99. Howarth, “Waterloo: Wellington’s Eye,” p. 94.
100. Glover, Military Commander, p. 199.
101. Hamilton-Williams, New Perspectives, p. 266.
102. A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, p. 172.
103. Barbero, The Battle, p. 103.
105. Nofi, Waterloo Campaign, pp. 210, 211.
106. Alexander, How Wars Are Won, p. 139.
107. Wootten, Waterloo 1815, p. 68.
109. Nofi, Waterloo Campaign, pp. 233–234.
110. Coote, Napoleon and the Hundred Days, p. 241.
111. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 326.
112. Chandler, Campaigns, p. 1089.
113. Weller, Wellington at Waterloo, pp. 166–67.
114. Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars, p. 557.
115. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 329.
116. Pitre, Second Anglo-Maratha War, pp. 75–76.
117. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 77.
118. Esdaile, Peninsular War, p. 454.
119. Corrigan, Military Life, p. 85.
120. Pitre, Second Anglo-Maratha War, p. 76.
121. Wellington, quoted in Neillands, Clash of Arms, p. 41.
122. Wellington, quoted in Corrigan, Military Life, p. 238.
123. Reid, Wellington’s Army in the Peninsula, p. 19.
124. Glover, Wellington as Military Commander, p. 204.
125. Haythornethwaite, Wellington, the Iron Duke, p. 52.
126. Chandler, Napoleonic Wars, p. 163.
127. Weigley, Age of Battles, p. 534.
128. Hibbert, Personal History, p. 43.
129. Keegan, “Under Fire,” p. 124.
130. Chandler, On the Napoleonic Wars, p. 165.
131. Haythornethwaite, Wellington, the Iron Duke, p. 15.
132. Longford, Wellington: The Years of the Sword, p. 442, quoted in Hendrick, “Campaign of Ropes,” p. 2.
1. Meigs, “Generalship,” p. 4.
2. Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus, author of De re militari, written in the late fourth century AD.
3. Meigs, “Generalship,” p. 10.
5. Fuller, Generalship, p. 28.