Illustrations

Figures

4.1	An example of transcribed speech, taken from the NMMC 45
4.2	A column-based transcript 46
4.3	Line-aligned transcription in a musical score type format 47
11.1	Captcha (www.captcha.net) 140
11.2	Information Paradise? 141
11.3	Plain text with curly quotes 143
11.4	Plain text with different quote characters 143
11.5	Saving as UTF-8 in Word 2007 143
11.6	Plain UTF-8 text with some multi-byte characters 143
11.7	UTF-8-inspired oddities in WS3 word list 145
11.8	Three-word-cluster word list 148
11.9	KW clusters in Hamlet 149
11.10	KW plot of clusters in Hamlet 150
13.1	KWIC concordance 168
13.2	WORD in Becket’s concordance 168
13.3	Sentence concordance – Alice in Wonderland 170
13.4	KWIC concordance for rabbit 171
13.5	KWIC concordance + provenance data 172
13.6	Sentence concordance 172
13.7	Concordance sample for cat/cats in Alice in Wonderland 173
13.8	Phrase search 174
13.9	Wild-card phrase search 174
13.10	Wild-card multiword phrase search 175
13.11	Look* (by the node word) 175
13.12	Left sort 176
13.13	Right sort 176
13.14	Concordance lines of into from BNC Baby Corpus 177
13.15	‘the * of’ 178
13.16	‘the * * of’ 178
13.17	Citation concordance 179
16.1	Sample concordance lines for ‘expenditure/reduce’ 219
16.2	Sample concordance lines for the collocational framework the … of the 219
16.3	Sample concordance lines for the meaning shift unit ‘play/role’ 220
16.4	Sample concordance lines for the organisational framework I think … because 220
17.1	Conditions associated with omission of that in that-clauses 235
19.1	Summary of Koester’s (2006) generic framework 263
20.1	Dispersion plot for sudden* in the Cringe Text Corpus 278
20.2	Dispersion plot for embarrassed in the Cringe Text Corpus 280
22.1	Two lines from a concordance search of laughs 311
28.1	Concordances of average from a corpus of scientific and engineering research articles 397
30.1	Extract from Touchstone Student Book 3 (McCarthy et al. 2006a: 112) 421
30.2	Extract from Touchstone Student Book 1 (McCarthy et al. 2005a: 103) 421
30.3	Extract from Touchstone Student Book 1 (McCarthy et al. 2005a: 39) 422
30.4	Extract from Touchstone Student Book 4 (McCarthy et al. 2006b: 45) 422
31.1	Word Sketch for ‘compromise’ 436
34.1	Dimensions of teacher language 479
36.1	Parallel concordance (English–French) for lax attitude(s) (ParaConc) 510
37.1	Concordance of PEOPLE: MALE (male speech) 526
37.2	Concordance of SPEECH ACT (male speech) 527
37.3	Concordance of SPEECH ACT (female speech) 527
37.4	Concordance of RELATIONSHIP: INTIMACY AND SEX (female speech) 528
37.5	Concordance of IN POWER (male speech) 528
38.1	Concordance lines for like from CIDN corpus 538
39.1	Screenshot of ELAN (the Eudico Linguistic Annotator) 550
39.2	The BNC web-user interface 552
39.3	Interface of the NoTa speech corpus 553
40.1	Concordance lines for ‘east*’ from The Sun 26,000-word corpus 568

Tables

2.1	A qualitative comparison of a text versus a corpus 19
5.1	Writing about business 59
5.2	Writing to do business 59
6.1	VOICE Transcription Conventions 2.1 from VOICE website 73
6.2	Total number of occurrences of modals of obligation in each macro-genre 76
7.1	The situational characteristics of family discourse 90
9.1	Comparable and parallel multilingual corpora 119
10.1	Frequency list (rank order) 124
10.2	Frequency list (alphabetical) 124
10.3	Comparison of rank frequency 126
10.4	Positive key words in sociology and history texts 127
10.5	Negative keywords in sociology and history essays 128
12.1	Collocates of ‘distinguish between’ divided according to meaning 164
13.1	Basic index 170
13.2	One-word context concordance 171
13.3	Windows wild-cards 174
13.4	Verb forms 180
13.5	Hypothesis 1 181
13.6	Extended patterns 181
13.7	Hypotheses 1 + 2 181
15.1	Distribution of lemmas in BoE 198
17.1	Lexico-grammatical associations of verbs and tenses 230
19.1	Tribble’s analytical framework 261
20.1	Linkers with a frequency of 4 in the Cringe Text Corpus 277
20.2	Key content words in the Cringe Text Corpus 279
20.3	Four-word clusters with a frequency of 5 in the Cringe Text Corpus 280
20.4	Frequency of some key phrases in the Cringe Text Corpus 281
24.1	She is Mike’s sister 342
27.1	Areas of corpus investigation and sample questions 377
27.2	A summary of dos and don’ts when reading and interpreting concordance lines 380
28.1	List of the fifty most frequent keywords in a corpus of sample in-house EAP materials 393
28.2	List of the most frequent keywords in the science and engineering corpus 394
28.3	List of fifty words selected from the science and engineering corpus for further examination 395
30.1	Expressions from frequency lists in the Cambridge International Corpus, North American Conversation 419
31.1	Word frequency data 429
31.2	Left-sorted BNC concordance lines 432
31.3	Right-sorted BNC concordance lines 432
31.4	Concordance lines for ‘production’ 434
31.5	Concordance lines for ‘have’ 435
31.6	Distribution of ‘sidewalk’ in the Cambridge International Corpus acrossfour corpora 437
32.1	Citation worksheet 446
32.2	Anticipated criticism and writer’s defence 447
32.3	Concordance task for it seems … in published articles and student dissertations 448
32.4	Concordance lines for ‘delimiting the case under consideration’ 450
37.1	Key domain results for SoI and SoE 518
37.2	Words assigned to HAPPY, VIOLENT/ANGRY and FEAR/SHOCK domains 518
37.3	SPEECH ACTS in SoI vs SoE 519
37.4	Key word results 519
37.5	Concordances of thee 520
37.6	Mark-up used in the Blockbuster Corpus 523
37.7	Positive key words for male speech 524
37.8	Positive key words for female speech 524
37.9	Positive key domains for male speech 525
37.10	Positive key domains for female speech 526
37.11	5-grams (male speech) 528
37.12	4-grams (female speech) 529
38.1	The top twenty most frequently used words in the Limerick Corpus of Irish English 537
38.2	The twelve most frequent words in LCIE and CIDN 538
38.3	Sentences containing be + after + V-ing 540
38.4	Sentences containing subordinating and 540
39.1	Types of spoken discourse in Spoken Dutch Corpus 550
39.2	Search result ([xx0] do [pni]) extracted from the Brigham Young University’s web-based interface to the BNC 554
40.1	The highest CCSK values for the The Sun corpus 570
40.2	The highest CCSK dispersion plot values for The Sun corpus 571
41.1	Comparative analysis of ‘then’ 582
41.2	Summary of comparison of three sets of documents 583
41.3	Twelve search items in Unabomber case web corpus investigation 585
41.4	Coulthard’s (2004) findings for the string ‘I picked something up like an ornament’ 586
41.5	Coulthard’s (2004) findings for the string ‘I asked her if I could carry her bags’ 586
43.1	Keyword categorisation of health themes in AHEC 609
43.2	Frequencies of sexually transmitted infections and conditions in the AHEC Corpus 611
44.1	Concordance of teacher in the SACODEYL corpus 627