Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abzug, Bella, 15, 248, 257; international feminism and, 320, 330, 338, 343; as seder mother, 426n4
ACDC (Action Committee for Decent Childcare), 38
Ackelsberg, Martha, 317, 358, 424n117; Plaskow, J., and, 221; profile of, 207, 209–18; religious patriarchy challenged by, 207, 209–18, 220–21, 223–24, 227, 229, 242
Action Committee for Decent Childcare (ACDC), 38
activism: currents of, 8; Jewish identity and, 6, 13–15, 108, 123, 163; marginality and, 11, 151, 153; motivations for, 349
Adlerblum, Nima, 143
Against Our Will (Brownmiller), 75, 110–11, 359
Agus, Arlene, 87–88, 357; profile of, 207, 209, 218–20; religious patriarchy challenged by, 207, 209, 214, 218–20, 224, 229, 238
Airless Spaces (Firestone), 85
Alexander, Ruth Bell, 159, 406n21
Allen, Pam, 78
Alpert, Rebecca: at Lilith, 234; profile of, 207, 209, 230, 233–35; religious patriarchy challenged by, 207, 209, 230, 233–35, 242
Alpert, Richard, 53
Amatniek, Kathie, 35–36, 72, 77–78, 112
Am Chai, 274
American Academy of Religion, 226
American Jewish Congress, 342–43
American Women in Psychology, 62
Amos: The National Jewish Partnership for Social Justice, 64
Ansley, Fran, 116
antipornography movement, 91, 110, 112
anti-Semitism: anti-Zionism and, 267–68, 287, 295, 308, 328, 332, 335, 347; black women confronting, 310–12; decline in, 15; diverse attitudes toward, 355; encounters with, 17, 64, 104, 138, 148, 150, 152–53, 181, 188, 236, 268, 284, 289–90, 373; in feminist movement, 1, 9–11, 13, 25–28, 53, 135, 285, 294–95, 299–300, 302, 318, 322, 331, 335; increase in, 303, 308; internalized, 281; international dimensions and, 315–18, 321–22, 324–25, 327–35, 341–42, 344, 346–47; Jewish lesbians and, 279–82, 284–89, 292–96, 298–300, 303–6, 307, 308–13, 422n47; in Midwest, 128; in New Left, 53, 97–98, 269, 275; NWSA and, 286–87; at UN World Conferences on Women, 10, 254; Willis, E., on, 96–100, 113–14; in women’s movement, 1, 9, 10–11, 13, 25–28, 135
“Anti-Semitism in the Lesbian/Feminist Movement” (Klepfisz), 299–300
anti-Zionism, 10–11, 26, 255; anti-Semitism and, 267–68, 287, 295, 308,
anti-Zionism (continued )
328, 332, 335, 347; diverse attitudes toward, 355; in international feminism, 318–23, 326–28, 332–38, 341–42, 345–47; at NCNP, 25, 244; of WAI, 307–10, 318; Willis, E., on, 99–100
Antler, Joyce, 22
Anzaldúa, Gloria E., 293, 304, 421n46
Arab-Israeli War, 54
Arendt, Hannah, 104
Armenian perspective, 187, 195–96, 198
assimilation, 16, 104, 114; game, 9, 247; secular feminists fighting, 9, 247, 249, 251–53, 258, 264, 268, 276
Atkinson, Ti-Grace, 71
Balka, Christie, 337, 339, 341–42, 430n109
Balser, Diane, 359; in Bread and Roses, 125, 144–48, 150–51, 153, 340; international feminism and, 318, 340
Balser, Ruth, 263, 266–69, 276, 354
Bart, Pauline, 324
bat mitzvah: lack of, 46, 151, 182, 331, 370; women having, 80, 140–41, 145, 148, 151, 181, 211, 258
Bauman, Batya, 257, 280, 330, 420n10
Baxandall, Rosalyn, 36; in New York City movement, 71, 73, 76, 82, 86, 101–3, 112, 114; profile of, 102–3
Beauvoir, Simone de, 83, 91, 323
Be’chol La shon, 369
Beck, Evelyn Torton, 358–59; as Jewish lesbian, 9, 21, 279–88, 295–96, 300, 304–5, 310, 314; profile of, 282–88. See also Nice Jewish Girls
Bell, Ruth, 157
Bennett, Trude, 116
Bereano, Nancy, 279, 304, 420n5
Berger, Pamela, 157, 159, 406n21
Bernstein, Emma Bee, 368–69
biracial Jews, 369–70
Biren, Joan (JEB), 280, 420n10
Black-Jewish relations, 25, 228, 250, 328, 332, 340
Black-Jewish Women’s Dialogue, 332, 338
black women: anti-Semitism and racism confronted by, 310–12; feminism, 2, 16, 19, 36, 46, 75, 84, 118, 121, 286, 293, 308, 316; and Jews, 96, 117, 121, 175
Blum, Lisa, 340
B’not Esh (Daughters of Fire), 207, 216–17, 229; differences in, 227, 242; first meeting of, 229
Bonilla, Zobeida, 163
Booth, Heather, 2, 5, 18, 146, 388n3; Firestone, S., and, 85, 88; in Gang of Four, 31–42, 44, 46–48, 50–51, 53–55, 58, 60–65, 73; international feminism and, 318, 343; Jane, 41; prophetic Judaism and, 46, 357; “Toward a Radical Movement,” 37
Boston movement, 156, 172, 352. See also under specific organizations
Boston Women’s Health Book Collective (BWHBC), 2, 24, 123, 126, 141; consciousness-raising by, 156–58; Diskin, V., in, 157, 159, 163–64, 173–77, 181, 186–87, 190, 200; Ditzion, J., in, 157, 159, 163, 177, 181–85, 184, 187, 201; Doress-Worters, P., in, 12, 157, 159, 163–64, 166–73, 193–94, 200; family aspect of, 157, 160–61, 167, 175–76, 180, 190, 201; founders of, 155–56, 158–59, 159, 161–64, 184, 188, 198, 405n8; Hawley, N., in, 35, 154–55, 157, 159, 163, 177–81, 185, 190, 200; Jewish identity in, 158–61, 163–90, 192–201, 352–53; motivations of, 163; Norsigian, J., in, 157–59, 187, 192–93, 195–98; Pincus, J., in, 157, 159, 163, 175, 177, 184–88, 190, 193; race and, 161–62, 170–71, 175, 191, 197–98, 201; Rome, E., in, 157, 159, 163–69, 180, 187, 189–90, 194, 197–98, 353; Sanford, W., in, 156–57, 159, 166–69, 180, 185, 187–92, 194–95, 198; Swenson in, 157–59, 161–62, 188, 192–98, 357. See also Our Bodies, Ourselves
Boyte, Sara Evans, 2–3, 35, 37
Brandeis University: undergraduates and, 68, 129, 138–39, 147, 165, 193, 259, 273, 339; Women’s Studies Research Center, 172
Brandriss, Toby, 238
Braun, Betty, 214
Braungart, Margaret and Richard, 149, 151
Bread and Roses, 180, 183, 187, 266, 356, 401n8; at antiwar rally, 119, 120; Balser, D., in, 125, 144–48, 150–51, 153, 340; Chicago movement and, 122; Clark, M., in, 116, 137, 139–42, 149–51; collapse of, 119–21; Collective #1, 116, 118, 123, 130, 134, 137, 139, 141–42, 352; Collective #2, 116, 125, 144; consciousness-raising by, 117, 122, 175; founding of, 2, 115–16; friendship in, 118–19; Gordon, L., in, 115–17, 120–21, 125–26, 132–37, 150–51, 153; Harvard protest by, 121, 121; Hawley, N., in, 138, 147, 180; influence of, 116–17; Jewish identity in, 126–27, 132–51, 153, 352; Levenson, M., in, 116, 118, 125, 137–39, 149, 151, 153; New Left and, 115–16, 118, 124, 134, 141, 151, 171; New York City movement and, 122; Osterud, G., in, 116, 137, 142–44, 150–51; pluralism of, 120; profile of, 124–26; race and, 117, 122, 127, 136–37; sisterhood of, 117–20, 139; Tax, M., in, 115–20, 125–32, 135, 138, 149–51
Brettschneider, Marla, 19, 360
Brit Tzedek v’Shalom / Jewish Alliance for Peace and Justice, 131, 145, 148, 325, 365
Broner, Esther: in international feminism, 316–17, 317, 324, 329–32, 335–41, 344; in Nairobi, 335–41
Brooklyn Bridge collective, 26, 243–44, 249, 261–63
Brown, Brona, 247
Brown, Judith, 253–54
Brownmiller, Susan, 2; in New York City movement, 73, 75–76, 79, 83, 85, 108–14, 110, 112, 257; Against Our Will, 75, 110–11, 359
Buddhism, 180
Bulkin, Elly, 421n46, 422n47; Conditions and, 298; Yours in Struggle, 310–11, 424n109
Burning Questions (Shulman), 106
Buttman, Marsha, 116
BWHBC. See Boston Women’s Health Book Collective (BWHBC)
Camp Kinderland, 368–69
Camp Ramah, 211
Cantor, Aviva, 330, 334; on assimilation game, 9, 247; Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 249, 254, 256; “Oppression of Amerika’s Jews,” 251; profile of, 249–57; secular feminism of, 244–45, 247, 249–59, 261, 266, 268, 275–76; Zionism and, 250–55, 358
Cantor, Joseph, 249–50
Cantor, Naomi Friedman, 249–50
CARASA (Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse), 131, 403n64
Carefree White Girl (Meyerson), 370
Carmon, Irin, 363, 364, 370–72
Central Conference of American Rabbis, 230
“Changing Sex Roles in Jewish Life” conference, 246
Chesler, Phyllis, 62, 75; in international feminism, 316–17, 329–33, 336, 343–45;
Chesler, Phyllis (continued )
“Sisterhood Is Powerful . . . Unless You’re Jewish,” 329–30
Chicago movement: Bread and Roses and, 122; characteristics of, 31, 34–38, 41, 56; New Left and, 33, 35–37, 41–42, 65–66, 73; sectarianism in, 56–58, 60–61. See also under specific organizations
Chicago Seed, 274
Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, 38, 57, 59
Chicago Women’s Liberation Union (CWLU), 37, 126, 271–72, 274–75; decline of, 60–61; founding of, 1–2, 38–39, 401n11; Gang of Four and, 55–61, 57–60; homogeneity of, 39; School, 38–39, 271, 354; sisterhood of, 60–61. See also West Side Group
Chisholm, Shirley, 257
Christgau, Robert, 89
Christian feminism, 224, 227–28
Chutzpah collective, 418n74; importance of, 261–62; secular feminism of, 26, 243, 249, 261–63, 266, 269, 271, 273–76, 354
civil rights movement: interfaith work in, 63; Jews in, 6–7, 14, 17, 34, 41, 63, 222, 230–31
Clark, Michele: in Bread and Roses, 116, 137, 139–42, 149–51; profile of, 139–42, 359; Rivington at Essex, 142
class: accent indicating, 297, 301–2; belonging and, 16–18; dissonance, 289; education and, 68; privilege, 158, 201, 255, 311; sisterhood and, 117; Tax, M., on, 130–31
Clausen, Jan, 293, 298, 422n47
Cohen, Steven, 208
Cohen, Tamara, 249, 363–65, 364, 372
collective, as natural form, 280–81, 351
Collective #1: in Bread and Roses, 116, 118, 123, 130, 134, 137, 139, 141–42, 352; religious traditions of, 137, 139, 142
collective identities, 23, 25–28, 33, 100, 247
collective memory, 358–59
Combahee River Collective, 19, 191, 386n58
“Coming of Lilith, The” (Plaskow), 224–25
Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse (CARASA), 131, 403n64
communism, 43, 50, 142, 323; Gordon, L., and, 126, 133; McCarthyism against, 17, 126, 133, 150, 182, 352; red-diaper babies and, 44, 52, 89, 113, 125, 163, 179, 352
Conditions magazine, 298
Congress for Racial Equality (CORE), 41, 73, 185
consciousness-raising, 7, 17, 26, 79, 91, 99–100, 171, 180, 183, 365; by Bread and Roses, 117, 122, 175; by BWHBC, 156–58; by CWLU, 56; international dimensions of, 346–47; by Jewish lesbians, 281, 304–5; by NYC feminists, 71–73, 82, 90–91, 99–101; origin of, 72; by religious feminists, 209, 212, 214–16, 223–24, 235, 240; by secular feminists, 248–49, 254, 256–57, 263, 274
Cooper, Adrienne, 317
Copenhagen, UN World Conference on Women, 325–33, 326, 337
CORE (Congress for Racial Equality), 41, 73, 185
cosmopolitanism, 77
counter-inaugural rally, 65–66, 87, 90, 183
critical thinking, in Judaism, 177, 198, 356–57
Cronan, Sheila, 111
CWLU. See Chicago Women’s Liberation Union (CWLU)
cybernetic socialism, 84
Daly, Mary, 208
danger, as Jewish identity, 295–97, 301, 305
Daughters of Fire. See B’not Esh (Daughters of Fire)
Davis, Kathy, 161
D.C. Women’s Liberation, 33, 66–67, 394n135
Deborah, Golda, and Me (Pogrebin), 334
“Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women,” 320
Dellinger, Dave, 66
diachronic, 21
Dialectic of Sex, The (Firestone), 72, 74, 82–85, 88
diaspora, 7, 99, 132, 251, 303, 325, 356
Diasporists, 303
difference: as acceptable, 17–18; blurring of, 70; in childhood, 181–82; made by race, 24, 112–13
Diskin, Martin, 175
Diskin, Vilunya (Wilma): in BWHBC, 157, 159, 163–64, 173–77, 181, 186–87, 190, 200; as Holocaust survivor, 173–74, 186–87, 359; as spiritual progressive, 164, 173–77
Ditzion, Joan: in BWHBC, 157, 159, 163, 177, 181–85, 184, 187, 201; profile of, 181–85
Di Vilde Chayes: formation of, 279, 303–6; Israel and, 307–10, 355; Jewish lesbians in, 26, 279, 281–82, 286, 293, 298, 299, 303–10
domestic violence, 271–72, 354
Doress, Irv, 171
Doress-Worters, Paula: in BWHBC, 12, 157, 159, 163–64, 166–73, 193–94, 200; role models of, 356; as spiritual progressive, 164, 169–73
Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne, 86, 115, 154
DuPlessis, Rachel Blau, 31, 40, 77, 257
Durbin, Karen, 102
Dworkin, Andrea, 2, 20, 91, 331
Eisenstein, Sara Syer, 116
Emmanuel College conference, 115, 122, 154, 164, 166, 178, 187
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 230, 261, 321–22
equal rights feminism. See liberal feminism
ERA (Equal Rights Amendment), 230, 261, 321–22
ERAP (Economic Research and Action Project), 171
Erikson, Erik, 22
ethical Judaism, 128, 143, 357; values, 23, 70, 72, 98, 126, 132, 141, 149, 152, 173–74, 177, 198, 349
ethnic identity: amnesia, 244; blurring of, 70; in Boston, 172; influence of, 6, 14; universalism and, 11–15, 18. See also Jewish identity
ethnic revival, 11, 70, 200, 350
Eve, 224–25
Ezrat Nashim, 26, 87, 411n24, 411n30; founding of, 214; religious patriarchy challenged by, 206–8, 214–15, 218–21, 230, 238, 240, 245–46, 249, 359
family: BWHBC as, 157, 160–61, 167, 175–76, 180, 190, 201; nuclear, oppressions of, 82–84, 86, 114, 118; values, of Jews, 181, 184–85, 238
Faust-Levy, Eleanor, 257
Fein, Leonard, 64
Female Eunuch, The (Greer), 72
Female Liberation Conference, 154
feminine mystique: Friedan on, 50, 222, 237; golden age of, 39–40, 43, 47–48
feminism: homogenized narrative of, 3; influences on, 6; internationalism of, 52; in interwar period, 14; in Israel, 324–35, 345; spirituality, 226–28, 231–32, 238–40, 275; unfolding of, over life course, 4. See also under specific topics
Feminist Memoir Project, The (DuPlessis and Snitow), 31, 40, 77, 257
Feminists Against Anti-Semitism, 330–31
Fenig, Ethel, 257
Fillmore, Mary, 194
Firestone, Daniel, 80
Firestone, Kate Weiss, 80–82
Firestone, Laya. See Seghi, Laya Firestone
Firestone, Shulamith, 2, 33, 209, 359; Airless Spaces, 85; Booth, H., and, 85, 88; at counter-inaugural rally, 65–66, 87, 90; The Dialectic of Sex, 72, 74, 82–85, 88; mental health of, 74, 80, 85; at NCNP, 25, 34–35, 244; in New York City movement, 71–72, 74–76, 78–88, 90–92, 100, 102, 111, 113–14, 397n87; Notes from the First Year, 35, 74, 90, 397n87; as “prime minister” of women’s liberation, 78–88; Schechter, S., and, 271; Seghi, L., and, 34, 36, 80–82, 85, 88, 100; Webb, M., and, 65–66
Firestone, Sol, 80–82
First International Feminist Conference for the Empowerment of Jewish Women, in Jerusalem, 26, 343–45
Fishman, Leora, 214
Fleeting Opportunities (Kesselman), 62
Freedman, Marcia: in international feminism, 316–17, 323–25, 328, 344; in Israel, 323–25; in Nice Jewish Girls, 280
Freeman, Jo, 37, 56, 73; at NCNP, 25, 34–35, 244; trashing of, “Tyranny of Structurelessness,” 58–59
Freeman, Linda, 35
Friedan, Betty, 7, 15, 209, 230, 239, 257; on feminine mystique, 50, 222, 237; international feminism and, 316–17, 319–23, 322, 327, 340–42
Friedman, Jaclyn, 363, 364, 366–68, 372
friendship: in Bread and Roses, 116, 118–19, 137; in Gang of Four, 31–32, 42, 351; in Redstockings, 102
Gang of Four: Booth, H., in, 31–42, 44, 46–48, 50–51, 53–55, 58, 60–65, 73; community and, 33–39; CWLU and, 55–61, 57–60; friendship in, 31–32; glass ceiling and, 39–43; Holocaust and, 32, 40, 43, 47, 50–51; Israel and, 46–47; Jewish identity of, 31–34, 43–55, 65–70, 351–52; Kesselman, A., in, 31–43, 47, 49–52, 54–55, 59, 61–62, 69; mothers and, 47–50; motivations of, 48, 70, 111; Rothstein, V., in, 31–43, 45–48, 51–56, 60, 60–65; separation of, 61–64; Webb, M., and, 33, 36; Weisstein, N., in, 31–44, 49–50, 52–53, 55, 57, 57, 59, 61–63, 65; in West Side Group, 34–37, 56, 58–59
Geller, Laura, 207, 209, 230–34, 242, 357
Gelon, Diane, 247
gender universalism, 18, 69, 350
Gesher newsletter, 313
Giele, Janet, 26–27
Gilmore, Stephanie, 3
God, metaphors for, 226–27
Golan, Galia, 317, 338–39, 342–43
Goldfield, Evelyn (Evi), 35, 37, 55
Goldstein, Eric, 20
“Goodbye to All That” (Morgan), 255
Good Death, The (Webb), 69
Goodman, Jan, 109
Gordon, Lee, 135–36
Gordon, Linda, 2, 22–23, 351; in Bread and Roses, 115–17, 120–21, 125–26, 132–37, 150–51, 153; communism and, 126, 133; works by, 136
Gordon, Maralee: Jewish women’s caucus called by, 269–70, 302; secular feminism of, 247, 263, 269–70, 273–76, 302, 354, 418n74
Greenberg, Blu, 318, 342, 344, 353; On Women and Judaism, 239; profile of, 207, 209, 236–40; religious patriarchy challenged by, 205, 207, 209, 236–42, 246, 356–57
Greenberg, Cheryl, 355
Greenberg, Irving (Yitz), 237, 339
Greenfield, Gloria: as Jewish lesbian, 279–80, 288–95, 292, 304, 310, 314, 358; Nice Jewish Girls and, 288; Persephone Press, 291–94; “The Tools of Guilt and Intimidation,” 294
Greenfield, Marilyn, 289
Greenfield, Sol, 289–90
Greer, Germaine, 72
Gurock, Jeffrey, 72
Hadassah Magazine, 256–57, 259
Hadassah organization, 13, 265, 322–23
Hand in Hand, 135–36
Hansen, Karen, 56
Harlem Education Project, 301–2
Harvey, Brett, 102
Hashomer Hatzair, 46, 250, 284, 358
Hassouna, Fawzia, 338
Hauptman, Judith, 213
havurah (informal Jewish fellowship community), 142–44, 213–14, 245–46
Hawley, Andy, 179–80
Hawley, Nancy Miriam: in Bread and Roses, 138, 147, 180; in BWHBC, 35, 154–55, 157, 159, 163, 177–81, 185, 190, 200; profile of, 177–81, 358; SDS and, 178–80
Hayden, Casey, 33
Hazleton, Lesley, 330
Health Policy Advisory Center (Health/PAC), 211–12
Height, Dorothy, 327
Heschel, Susannah, 232, 242, 411n24
Hillel, Rabbi, 23, 86, 109, 128, 132, 357
Hollinger, David, 6–7, 22, 158, 200
Holocaust: Armenian genocide and, 195; Gang of Four and, 32, 40, 43, 47, 50–51; influence of, 17, 50–51, 68, 82, 127–28, 133, 140–41, 150, 169–71, 186, 193, 200, 221, 282–83, 287, 300, 324, 358–59; Jewish identity shaped by, 145, 150, 169–70, 221; McCarthyism and, 133; survivors, 173–74, 186–87, 281, 295, 297, 359
homophobia, 9, 171, 281, 295, 305, 347
Horowitz, Bethamie, 22
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 133
Hundert, Ruth, 214
Hyman, Paula, 207–8, 214, 242, 330–31
identity: collective, 23, 25–28, 33, 100, 247; formation, 21–24, 152, 360; multiple forms of, 19–21, 27, 33, 227, 247, 278, 282, 296, 321, 355, 360, 373. See also ethnic identity; Jewish identity
identity politics: feminist, 2, 9–10, 75, 112–13, 247, 310–11, 360, 364, 429n86; Jewish lesbians exploring, 310, 364; whiteness and, 113
inclusivity, 70, 191, 248, 344, 372–73
informal Jewish fellowship community (havurah), 142–44, 213–14, 245–46
international dimensions of Jewish feminism: Abzug and, 320, 330, 338, 343; anti-Semitism and, 315–18, 321–22, 324–25, 327–35, 341–42, 344, 346–47; anti-Zionism and, 318–23, 326–28, 332–38, 341–42, 345–47; Broner, E., and, 316–17, 324, 329–32, 335–41, 344; Chesler, P., and, 316–17, 329–33, 336,
international dimensions (continued )
343–45; consciousness-raising in, 346–47; First International Feminist Conference for the Empowerment of Jewish Women, 26, 343–45; Freedman, M., and, 316–17, 323–25, 328, 344; Friedan, B., and, 316–17, 319–23, 322, 327, 340–42; Golan, G., and, 317, 338–39, 342–43; Jewish identity in, 321–22, 324, 331, 334–35, 346–48; Pogrebin, L., and, 316–17, 324, 329–30, 332–35, 337, 341, 343–44, 347; racism in, 26, 316, 318, 320–23, 327–28, 334–35, 338, 340–41, 347; Zionism and, 316–23, 326–29, 331, 334, 338, 340–41, 354–55. See also UN World Conferences on Women
International Women’s Year, 319
intersectionality, 146, 272, 349, 360; defined, 19; introduction to, 10, 16, 18–21, 27
Islam, 131
Israel, 47, 85, 191, 269–70, 354; in Arab-Israeli War, 54; Di Vilde Chayes and, 307–10, 355; Freedman, M., in, 323–25; Gordon, L., and, 135–36; Hand in Hand in, 135–36; Hashomer Hatzair in, 46, 284, 358; Jewish feminists empowered in, 26, 342–45; Lebanon invaded by, 308–9, 339; Meir as prime minister of, 147–48, 321; OBOS and, 191; in Six-Day War, 96, 129, 243–44, 338–39; at UN Women’s Decade Conferences, 323, 327–29, 335–42; Western Wall in, 344–45, 431n120; Willis, E., and, 92–99, 114. See also anti-Zionism; Zionism
“Israeli and Palestinian Women in Dialogue” session, 339–40
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 86, 99, 191; struggle with, 123, 131, 307, 318, 337, 345–46, 355, 372–73; two-state solution to, 131, 148, 252, 338, 340, 345
Israel Women’s Network (IWN), 342–44
Jacobson, Matthew Frye, 11, 70, 200
James, Selma, 338
Jeannette Rankin Brigade Protest, 35–36
Jersey Federation of Temple Youth (JFTY), 367
Jerusalem Link, 342
Jewish feminism: diversity of, 351–55, 370; global directions of, 26; introduction to, 1–11; success of, 25–26, 362–63, 373. See also under specific topics
Jewish Feminist Organization (JFO), 215, 234, 243, 246–48, 248, 277
Jewish identity: activism and, 6, 13–15, 108, 123, 163; in Bread and Roses, 126–27, 132–51, 153, 352; in BWHBC, 158–61, 163–90, 192–201, 352–53; community centers, 45; complex understanding of, 27, 355; in constant development, 22; cultural, 137, 139, 152, 159, 174–75, 181, 196, 368–69, 371; danger as, 295–97, 301, 305; defined, 383n15; diversity of, strengthened, 346–48; erasure of, 297; of female rabbis, 230, 233–35; feminism impacting, 4, 20–21, 208–9, 225–26, 350, 354–55, 358–60, 363, 365–67, 369, 372–73; in Gang of Four, 31–34, 43–55, 65–70, 351–52; Holocaust shaping, 150, 169–70, 221; international dimensions of, 321–22, 324, 331, 334–35, 346–48; of Jewish lesbians, 278, 280, 284–85, 289, 295–300, 303–5, 309–11, 364; in London, 429n86; meanings of, 5; movement, 348; negative attitudes about, 251; in New York City movement, 72, 75–76, 81, 85–89, 91–93, 98–108, 111, 113–14, 352; organizational affiliations and, 6; in Orthodox Jewish feminism, 239; positive attitudes about, 258; religious patriarchy and, 205–6, 208, 221, 230, 233, 239; in SDS, 149, 151–52; of secular feminists, 243, 245, 251, 258–59, 262, 264–65, 268–72, 274–75, 277, 354; social justice and, 13; universalism vs. particularism and, 11–15, 18–19, 52–53, 69–70, 139, 148, 172–73, 281, 394n143. See also “Women’s Liberation and Jewish Identity” conference; under individual women
Jewish lesbians: anti-Semitism and, 279–82, 284–89, 292–96, 298–300, 303–6, 307, 308–13, 422n47; Beck, E., 9, 21, 279–88, 295–96, 300, 304–5, 310, 314; consciousness-raising by, 281, 304–5; in Di Vilde Chayes, 26, 279, 281–82, 286, 293, 298, 299, 303–10; Greenfield, G., 279–80, 288–95, 292, 304, 310, 314, 358; identity politics explored by, 310, 364; Jewish identity of, 278, 280, 284–85, 289, 295–300, 303–5, 309–11, 364; Kaye/Kantrowitz, M., 278–79, 281, 295–96, 299, 300–304, 306, 308–9, 312–14; Klepfisz, I., 279, 281, 295–300, 299, 303–4, 306, 308–10, 312–14; marginality of, 281–82, 286, 288; in New York Jewish Women’s Group, 266; otherness and, 312–13; as rabbis, 235; racism and, 286–87, 292–95, 301, 303, 305–13, 307; Rich, A., 279, 303–7, 309–10, 313–14; Zionism and, 284, 287, 289, 295, 307–10, 420n10
Jewish Liberation Journal, 250–51
Jewish Liberation Project (JLP), 250–52
Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance (JOFA), 236, 240
Jewish radical feminism: introduction to, 2–6, 15, 17–18; relevance of, 113; tradition in, 220. See also under specific topics
Jewish Student Network, 26
Jewish Women in a Changing Society, 239
Jewish Women / Jewish Men (Cantor), 249, 254, 256
Jewish Women’s Archive (JWA), 111, 294, 347, 363, 365–66
Jewish women’s caucus, 269–70, 302, 312, 424n117
Jewish Women’s Committee to End the Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza (JWCEO), 345
Jews: biracial, 369–70; in civil rights movement, 6–7, 14, 17, 34, 41, 63, 222, 230–31; family values of, 181, 184–85, 238; maximalist, 18–21, 148, 235–36; in Midwest, 127–28; minimalist, 18–21, 69, 144, 148, 178, 235, 303; mothers, 47–50, 67, 404n87; in New Left, 52–55, 134, 253–54, 265; non-Jewish, 303; others constructed by, 228; radical, 43–44, 126, 172, 252–53, 354; Soviet, 219, 267; stereotypes about, 53–54, 172, 249, 251, 265, 277, 318; in student movement, 6, 14, 16–17, 244–45, 290, 349; victimization of, 221, 227–28; whiteness of, 2, 16–17, 20, 198, 311, 370
Jews for Racial and Economic Justice (JREJ), 313
Jews in Gotham (Gurock), 72
JFO. See Jewish Feminist Organization (JFO)
JFTY (Jersey Federation of Temple Youth), 367
JLP (Jewish Liberation Project), 250–52
JOFA (Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance), 236, 240
Jones, Ann, 272
Jones, Beverly, 253–54
Journey Home, The (Antler), 22
JREJ (Jews for Racial and Economic Justice), 313
Judaism: critical thinking in, 177, 198, 356–57; cultural identification with, 104, 137, 139, 152, 159, 174–75, 181, 196, 368–69, 371; defined, 383n15; ethical, 128; feminism converging with, 230, 236–40, 242, 322, 347–48, 353; havurah in, 142–44, 213–14, 245–46; independent thinking in, 53; kabbalah in, 88,
Judaism (continued )
163, 178, 352; legacy of, 6, 18; Our Bodies, Ourselves influenced by, 158, 167–68, 170, 180, 199–201; prophetic, 46, 88, 107, 151, 262, 357; sexuality within, 228; social justice in, 11, 13, 17, 32, 44, 47, 51, 68–69, 173, 199, 231, 357, 367; undergraduates and, 68, 129, 138–39, 147, 165, 193, 259; women’s liberation and, 8–9; women’s role in, 32, 85–87, 92–95, 182, 214, 216, 238, 331. See also religious patriarchy, challenges to
JWA. See Jewish Women’s Archive (JWA)
JWCEO (Jewish Women’s Committee to End the Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza), 345
Kahn, Robbie Pfeufer, 199–200
Kates, Paul Wolfe, 185–86
Kaufman, Robin, 54
Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie, 324; as Jewish lesbian, 278–79, 281, 295–96, 299, 300–304, 306, 308–9, 312–14; profile of, 295–96, 300–303; The Tribe of Dina, 281, 303, 309, 312, 314, 363
Kearon, Pam, 111
Kesselman, Amy, 87, 358–59; Fleeting Opportunities, 62; in Gang of Four, 31–43, 47, 49–52, 54–55, 59, 61–62, 69; in West Side Group, 34, 36–37; Women: Images and Realities, 62
Kessler-Harris, Alice, 27
Khass, Mary, 340
Kinberg, Claire, 345
“Kinder, Kirche, Kuche as Scientific Law” (Weisstein), 62
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 34, 222, 231
King, Mary, 33
Klatch, Rebecca, 125, 151–52, 402n36
Klepfisz, Irena, 318, 324, 345, 359, 421n46; “Anti-Semitism in the Lesbian/Feminist Movement,” 299–300; as Jewish lesbian, 279, 281, 295–300, 299, 303–4, 306, 308–10, 312–14; profile of, 295–300; The Tribe of Dina, 281, 303, 309, 312, 314, 363
Koltun, Elizabeth, 214–15, 411n24
Kritzler, Helen, 36
Labor Zionism, 32, 46, 193, 352, 358
Ladies’ Home Journal sit-in, 106, 110, 233
Leary, Timothy, 53
Leiter, Israel and Esther, 173–74
Leonard, John, 83
lesbianism, 9, 190, 228, 278. See also Jewish lesbians
Lester, Elenore, 257
Levenson, Marya: in Bread and Roses, 116, 118, 125, 137–39, 149, 151, 153; against materialism, 359; profile of, 137–39
Levine, Hillel, 252
liberal feminism, 321, 334; introduction to, 7–11, 15; radical feminism and, 53, 71, 209, 217
life stories, 21, 26–27, 351–53, 361
Lilith magazine, 277, 296, 343; Alpert, R., writing for, 234; launch of, 243, 256–60, 261; Schneider, S., at, 256–58; “Sisterhood Is Powerful . . . Unless You’re Jewish,” 329–30
Lilith’s Rib newsletter, 275
Lowenstein, Allard, 188
Mailer, Norman, 105
Mainardi, Pat, 77–78
marginality, 16, 355; activism and, 11, 151, 153; creativity caused by, 199; of Jewish lesbians, 281–82, 286, 288; in New York City, 112; prosopography and, 27. See also otherness
maternalism, 6
MAW (Mothers for Adequate Welfare), 138
maximalist Jews, 18–21, 148, 235–36
McAlpin conference. See National Conference of Jewish Women (McAlpin conference)
McCarthyism, 17, 39, 126, 133, 150, 182, 352
McEldowney, Carol Cohen, 147
McFarland, Morgan, 291
McIntyre, Jeffrey, 180
Mead, Margaret, 229
Mehrhof, Barbara, 111
Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen (Shulman), 75, 106
Memorial Day Jewish Feminist Conference, 306–8
Mendelsohn, Ezra, 12
Mennis, Bernice, 279, 304, 312, 420n5
Metzer, Deena, 338
Mexico City, UN World Conference on Women in, 319–23, 322, 326–27, 327, 334
Meyerson, Collier, 363, 364, 369–70, 372
Michels, Tony, 13
Midwest, Jews in, 127–28
Midwest Academy, 63–64
Millet, Kate, 72, 78, 85, 257, 298
minimalist Jews, 69, 148, 178, 235; introduction to, 18–21; non-Jewish Jews and, 303
Miss America Pageant protest, 77–78, 101, 105
Mobe (National Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam), 65
Moch, Cheryl: profile of, 263–66; secular feminism of, 243–44, 247, 248, 263–66, 268
Moed, Lil, 345
Moira, Fran, 21
Moore, Deborah Dash, 11
Moraga, Cherríe, 293, 304, 421n46
Morgan, Robin: in antipornography movement, 112; at Copenhagen conference, 329–30; “Goodbye to All That,” 255; as mentor, 290–91; in New York City movement, 2, 72, 77–78, 112, 112–13, 257; Sisterhood Is Global, 77, 330; Sisterhood Is Powerful, 72, 77, 212, 330
mothers: freeing of, 105; Jewish, 47–50, 67, 404n87; maternalism and, 6; seder, 426n4
Mothers for Adequate Welfare (MAW), 138
multiculturalism, 136, 360, 432n21
Murphy, Janice, 335
“Myth of the Powerful Jew, The” (Willis), 96
Nairobi, UN World Conference on Women in, 335–42, 336, 430n109
National Conference for New Politics (NCNP), 25, 34–35, 87, 138, 146, 244
National Conference of Jewish Women (McAlpin conference): planning of, 246; religious patriarchy and, 205–6, 225, 233, 238–39; secular feminists and, 246, 254, 256–57, 269
National Conference on Socialist Feminism, 269–70, 274, 302
National Council of Jewish Women, 13–14, 329
National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods, 14
National Lesbian Feminist Organization, 285–86
National Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam (Mobe), 65
National Organization of Women (NOW), 7–8, 15, 53
National Women’s Political Caucus, 15
National Women’s Studies Association (NWSA), 286–87, 312, 331, 424n116
NCNP. See National Conference for New Politics (NCNP)
Neiderbach, Shelley, 330
Nestel, Sheryl Baron, 248
Network. See North American Jewish Students Network
New Jewish Agenda (NJA), 97–98, 146, 313, 337, 339–42
New Left: anti-Semitism in, 53, 97–98, 269, 275; Bread and Roses and, 115–16, 118, 124, 134, 141, 151, 171; Chicago movement and, 33, 35–37, 41–42, 65–66, 73; introduction to, 6, 11, 14–15, 25; Jews in, 52–55, 134, 253–54, 265; New York City movement and, 73, 79, 113; sexism in, 33, 35–37, 41–42, 65–66, 73, 90, 113, 246, 254–55, 265, 349
New York City movement: Baxandall, R., in, 71, 73, 76, 82, 86, 101–3, 112, 114; Bread and Roses and, 122; Brownmiller, S., in, 73, 75–76, 79, 83, 85, 108–14, 110, 112, 257; Firestone, S., in, 71–72, 74–76, 78–88, 90–92, 100, 102, 111, 113–14, 397n87; Jewish identity in, 72, 75–76, 81, 85–89, 91–93, 98–108, 111, 113–14, 352; Jewish radical feminists in, 71–72, 74–78; marginality in, 112; Morgan, R., in, 2, 72, 77–78, 112, 112–13, 257; motivations of, 72, 78, 100, 111; New Left and, 73, 79, 113; sectarianism in, 73; Shulman, A., in, 75–76, 79, 87, 96, 100–108, 101, 112–14; theoretical contributions of, 72; uniqueness of, 71–72; Willis, E., in, 75–76, 79, 83, 88–102, 104, 107, 111–14. See also under specific organizations
New York Havurah, 213
New York Jewish Women’s Group, 263–64, 266
New York Radical Feminist Conference on Rape, 110
New York Radical Feminists (NYRF), 74, 79, 82, 85, 110
New York Radical Women (NYRW), 35–36, 71, 78, 109; Firestone, S., in, 74, 78–79; founding of, 2, 78
New York University (NYU), 136. See also “Women’s Liberation and Jewish Identity” conference
New York Women’s Health Collective, 212
“Next Year in Jerusalem” (Willis), 92–95
Nice Jewish Girls (Beck), 293, 421n46; contributors to, 279–80, 295–96, 299–300, 303, 305–6; Greenfield, G., and, 288; Jewish lesbian invisibility and, 9, 281–82; Kaye/Katrowitz, M., and, 295–96; Klepfisz, I., and, 295–96; Rich, A., and, 305; second edition of, 420n5
NJA. See New Jewish Agenda (NJA)
NJWC, 247–48
non-Jewish Jews, 12, 18, 303, 385n37
“non-struggle politics,” 120
Norsigian, Judy: Armenian perspective of, 187, 195–96, 198; in BWHBC, 157–59, 159, 187, 192–93, 195–98; profile of, 187, 195–98
North American Jewish Students Network, 244–45, 252–53
Notes from the First Year (Firestone), 35, 74, 90, 397n87
Novick, Leah, 324
NOW (National Organization of Women), 7–8, 15, 53
nuclear family, oppressions of, 82–84, 86, 114, 118
NWSA. See National Women’s Studies Association (NWSA)
NYRF (New York Radical Feminists), 74, 79, 82, 85, 110
NYRW. See New York Radical Women (NYRW)
NYU. See New York University (NYU)
OBOS. See Our Bodies, Ourselves (OBOS)
off our backs newsletter, 65, 67, 309, 314
Olcott, Jocelyn, 321
On Being a Jewish Feminist (Heschel), 232, 242, 411n24
On Women and Judaism (Greenberg), 239
“Oppression of Amerika’s Jews” (Cantor), 251
Orthodox Jewish feminism: Greenberg, B., in, 236–41; Jewish identity in, 239; origin of, 8. See also religious patriarchy, challenges to
Osterud, Grey: in Bread and Roses, 116, 137, 142–44, 150–51; conversion of, 142; profile of, 142–44
otherness, 16, 288, 364, 371–72; biology and, 83; Jewish lesbians concerned with, 312–13; Jews constructing, 228; radical, 20
Our Bodies, Ourselves, writing of, 35, 154–57, 162–64, 166, 169, 177, 181, 183–84, 406n17
Our Bodies, Ourselves (OBOS), 122, 162, 363; fortieth anniversary, 157; heterogeneous voices in, 161–62; Judaism influencing, 158, 163–64, 199–201. See also Boston Women’s Health Book Collective (BWHBC)
“Our Gang of Four” (Kesselman, Booth, Rothstein, and Weisstein), 31
Ourselves and Our Children, 160, 181
Ourselves Growing Older, 169
Palestine. See Israeli-Palestinian conflict
parents, politically active, 149, 152, 177, 179, 182, 301
particularism: negative view of, 70; universalism vs., 11–15, 18–19, 52–53, 69–70, 139, 148, 172–73, 281, 394n143
patriarchy: attack on, 18–19, 83–84, 206, 350; indictment of, 76. See also religious patriarchy, challenges to
Pembroke College, 186
Pepper, William, 34
Persephone Press, 288–89, 291–94, 292, 421n46
personal is political, 7, 23, 91, 118, 397n87
Personal Politics (Evans), 35
Pincus, Jane: in BWHBC, 157, 159, 163, 175, 177, 184–88, 190, 193; profile of, 177, 185–88
Plaskow, Judith, 330–31, 354, 357; Ackelsberg, M., and, 221; “The Coming of Lilith,” 224–25; profile of, 207, 209, 220–29; religious patriarchy challenged by, 205–7, 209, 213, 216, 220–29, 242; Standing Again at Sinai, 220, 226–27
pluralism, 372; of Bread and Roses, 120; in politics, 70; protection of, 318
Pogrebin, Letty Cottin, 2, 99; Deborah, Golda, and Me, 334; international feminism and, 316–17, 317, 324, 329–30, 332–35, 337, 341, 343–44, 347; profile of, 333–35
political radicalism, 14, 126, 132–33, 177–79
politicos: in Boston, 156; radical feminists in conflict with, 36, 60, 79, 118, 156
Pomegranate Grove, 291
Poor Black Women, 388n3
Popkin, Ann Hunter, 118, 122, 124–25, 401n9
pornography, movement against, 91, 110, 112
Pratt, Minnie Bruce, 286, 310–11
Prell, Riv-Ellen, 213
Pressberg, Gail, 337
Priesand, Sally, 215, 233, 366–67
prophetic Judaism, 46, 88, 107, 151, 262, 357
pro-sex radical feminists, 91
prosopography, 27
Pyne, Anne, 85–86
Quaker perspective, 187, 191–92
Rabbinical Assembly, 214–15
rabbis, female, 276, 365; Priesand, S., as first American, 215, 233, 366–67; religious patriarchy and, 215, 216, 230–35
rabbi’s wife (rebbetzin), 109, 238
Rabin, Leah, 320
race: belonging and, 16–18; Bread and Roses and, 117, 122, 127, 136–37; BWHBC and, 161–62, 170–71, 175, 191, 197–98, 201; difference of, 112–13; Harlem Education Project and, 301–2. See also whiteness
racism: against biracial Jews, 369–70; black women confronting, 310–12; at Copenhagen conference, 327; international dimensions of, 26, 316, 318, 320–23, 327–28, 334–35, 338, 340–41, 347; Jewish lesbians and, 286–87, 292–95, 301, 303, 305–13, 307; NWSA and, 286–87; sexism and, 84; structural, 162; Zionism and, 10, 146, 308–9, 316, 319–21, 323, 327–28, 334, 338, 340–41
radical feminism: core frames of, 371; defined, 9; founding moments of, 306; introduction to, 2–11, 16–19, 23, 25. See also Jewish radical feminism
radicalism: Jewish, 43–44, 126, 252–53, 354; political, 14, 126, 132–33, 177–79; secular, 358
radical otherness, 20
Radical Zionism, 250–53, 255, 261–62, 358
RAT: Subterranean News, 254–56, 266, 276
rebbetzin (rabbi’s wife), 94–95, 109, 214, 238
Reconstructionist Rabbinical College (RRC), 234–35
red-diaper baby, 44, 89, 113, 179, 352
Redstockings, 72, 90, 110; Catholics in, 111–12; Firestone, S., in, 74, 79, 90, 102, 111; founding of, 2, 71, 74, 79, 90; Jews in, 2, 26, 74–75, 79, 90, 101–2, 107, 111–12; Shulman, A., in, 75, 100–103, 105, 107; Willis, E., in, 75, 79, 90–91, 101–2, 107, 111–12
religious patriarchy, challenges to: by Ackelsberg, M., 207, 209–18, 220–21, 223–24, 227, 229, 242; by Agus, A., 207, 209, 214, 218–20, 224, 229, 238; by Alpert, R., 207, 209, 230, 233–35, 242; by Ezrat Nashim, 206–8, 214–15, 218–21, 230, 238, 240, 245–46, 249, 359; by female rabbis, 215, 216, 230–35; by Geller, L., 207, 209, 230–34, 242; by Greenberg, B., 205, 207, 209, 236–42, 246, 356–57; by Jewish feminism, 153, 205–10, 240–42, 350, 353, 359–60; Jewish identity and, 205–6, 208, 221, 230, 233, 239; at National Conference of Jewish Women, 205–6, 225, 238–39; by Plaskow, J., 205–7, 209, 213, 216, 220–29, 242; secular feminism and, 206–10, 215, 220, 234–35, 242
repair of the world (tikkun olam), 11, 97, 231, 362
Reproductive Rights National Network, 131
Response magazine, 215, 411n24
Rich, Adrienne, 354; in Di Vilde Chayes, 303–6; as Jewish lesbian, 279, 303–7, 309–10, 313–14; “Split at the Root,” 305–6, 347, 364
Rising of the Women, The (Tax), 130–31
Rivington at Essex (Clark), 142
Rivlin, Lilly, 324, 330, 426n4
Romanski, Fran, 34
Rome, Esther: in BWHBC, 157, 159, 163–69, 180, 187, 189–90, 194, 197–98, 353; Our Bodies, Ourselves and, 164, 166; Sacrificing Ourselves for Love, 167; as spiritual progressive, 164–69
Rome, Judah, 167–68
Rome, Micah, 168
Rome, Nathan, 165–67
Rose, Ernestine, 172
Rosenbaum, Judith, 363, 364, 365–66, 372
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 146, 151, 179, 358
Rosenthal, Kristine, 124–25
Rosh Chodesh, 219
Rothstein, Vivian, 11–12, 26, 350, 358–59; criticism of, 60; in Gang of Four, 31–43, 45–48, 51–56, 60, 60–65
RRC (Reconstructionist Rabbinical College), 234–35
Rubenstein, Marianne, 288–89
Rudd, Mark, 17
Sacrificing Ourselves for Love (Rome), 167
Sadat, Jihan, 320
Salk, Hilary, 194
Salowitz, Vivian Silver, 245
Sanford, Wendy: in BWHBC, 156–57, 159, 166–69, 180, 185, 187–92, 194–95, 198; profile of, 188–92; Quaker perspective of, 187, 191–92; as WASP, 188–92
Sarachild, Kathie, 35–36, 72, 77–78, 112
Sasso, Sandy Eisenberg, 215
Schechter, Susan, 263, 269–74, 276, 302, 354
Scheinmann, Vivian, 330
Schneider, Susan Weidman, 257–60, 318, 330, 342
Schocken Books, 165–66
Schultz, Debra, 14
Schwartz, Jon, 130
Schwartz, Judy, 147
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), 230–31
SDS. See Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
second-wave feminism: activism in, 8; barriers torn down by, 233; collective identity in, 23; friendship in, 31; identity politics in, 360; Jewish feminists in, 1–6, 15, 17, 27–28, 257, 349, 359; minicohorts, 4, 25
sectarianism: in Chicago movement, 56–58, 60–61; in New York City movement, 73
secular feminism: assimilation and, 9, 247, 249, 251–53, 258, 264, 268, 276; of Balser, R., 263, 266–69, 276, 354; of Brooklyn Bridge, 26, 243–44, 249, 261–63; of Cantor, A., 244–45, 247, 249–59, 261, 266, 268, 275–76; of Chutzpah, 26, 243, 249, 261–63, 266, 269, 271, 273–76, 354; consciousness-raising by, 248–49, 254, 256–57, 263, 274; female rabbis and, 234–35; of Gordon, M., 247, 263, 269–70, 273–76, 302, 354, 418n74; Jewish identity in, 243, 245, 251, 258–59, 262, 264–65, 268–72, 274–75, 277, 354; of Moch, C., 243–44, 247, 248, 263–66, 268; National Conference of Jewish Women and, 246, 254, 256–57, 269; religious patriarchy and, 206–10, 215, 220, 234–35, 242; of Schechter, S., 263, 269–74, 276, 302; of Schneider, S., 257–60, 318, 330, 342; secular radicalism influencing, 358; transformation by, 25–26, 360
secularism, 12, 43–44, 137, 358
seder sisters, 316, 317, 330, 426n4
Seghi, Laya Firestone: Firestone, S., and, 34, 36, 80–82, 85, 88, 100; religion and, 100, 396n57
Seidman, Leo, 164
sexism: in graduate school, 105; in Havurat movement, 214; in New Left, 33, 35–37, 41–42, 65–66, 73, 90, 113, 246, 254–55, 265, 349; racism and, 84; struggles against, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 153, 183, 243, 315, 349–50; in student movement, 33, 41–42, 146, 245
sexuality, within Judaism, 228
Sexual Politics (Millet), 72, 85, 298
SHANI (Israel Women Against the Occupation), 345
Shiber, Etta, 82
Shoah. See Holocaust
Shulie’s List, 85
Shulman, Alix Kates, 2, 316; Burning Questions, 106; Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen, 75, 106; in New York City movement, 75–76, 79, 87, 96, 100–108, 101, 112–14; in Redstockings, 75, 100–103, 105, 107
Siegal, Diana Laskin, 169, 192–93
Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 285
sisterhood: of Bread and Roses, 117–20, 139; of CWLU, 60–61; of Eve and Lilith, 224–25; power of, 23, 36; radical feminist ideology of, 70; whiteness and, 117
Sisterhood Is Global (Morgan), 77, 330
Sisterhood Is Powerful (Morgan), 72, 77, 212, 330
“Sisterhood Is Powerful . . . Unless You’re Jewish” (Chesler), 329–30
Six-Day War, 96, 129, 243–44, 338–39
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 33, 41, 78, 109
Snitow, Ann, 2, 83, 102; The Feminist Memoir Project, 31, 40, 77, 257; in New York Radical Women, 36
social change movements, 5, 13–14, 28, 64, 158
socialism, cybernetic, 84
social justice: central role of, 64, 182, 358; in Judaism, 11, 13, 17, 32, 44, 47, 51, 68–69, 173, 199, 231, 357, 367
Solomon, Alisa, 10, 99, 345–46, 348
Soloveichik, Rabbi Joseph, 170
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 230–31
“Split at the Root” (Rich), 305–6, 347, 364
Standing Again at Sinai (Plaskow), 220, 226–27
Steinberg, Allen, 272
Steinem, Gloria, 15, 112, 257, 426n4
Strobel, Margaret, 39
structural racism, 162
student movement: Jewish youth in, 6, 14, 16–17, 244–45, 290, 349; sexism in, 33, 41–42, 146, 245
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 33, 41, 78, 109
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 14, 17, 42, 48, 138, 143; Hawley, N., and, 178–80; Jewish identity in, 149, 151–52; men dominating, 33–34, 36–37, 66, 118, 146; Webb, M., in, 65–66, 68, 178
Subrin, Elizabeth, 87
Swarthmore College, 134
Sweeney, Dennis, 188
Swenson, Norma: in BWHBC, 157–59, 159, 161–62, 188, 192–98, 357; profile of, 192–95; writing by, 194–95
Taff, Barbara, 261
“Taking Our Maternal Bodies Back” (Kahn), 199–200
Tarfon, Rabbi, 108
Tax, Meredith, 2, 357, 359; in Bread and Roses, 115–20, 125–32, 135, 138, 149–51; The Rising of the Women, 130–31; “Women and Her Mind,” 130
Tepperman, Jean, 116, 118, 123, 143
third-wave feminism, 362
This Bridge Called My Back (Moraga and Anzaldúa), 293, 304, 421n46
“Through the Looking Glass” conference, 291
tikkun olam (repair of the world), 11, 97, 231, 362
“Tools of Guilt and Intimidation, The” (Greenfield), 294
Torah, women holding, 231, 238
Toward a Female Liberation Movement (Jones and Brown), 253–54
“Toward a Radical Movement” (Booth, Goldfield, and Munaker), 37
Trainin, Isaac, 239
Tribe of Dina, The (Kaye/Kantrowitz and Klepfisz), 281, 303, 309, 312, 314, 363
two-state solution, 131, 148, 252, 338, 340, 345
Underground Abortion Collective, 41
universalism: compromising of, 52–53; gender, 18, 69, 350; motivations and, 108, 123; particularism vs., 11–15, 18–19, 52–53, 69–70, 139, 148, 172–73, 281, 394n143
UN World Conferences on Women, 10, 148, 254, 288, 315, 317; Copenhagen, 325–33, 326, 337; Mexico City, 319–23, 322, 326–27, 334; Nairobi, 335–42, 336, 430n109
victimization, of Jews, 221, 227–28
Vietnamese Women’s Union, 55–56
Vietnam War, 34, 37, 125, 129, 186, 349
Voice of the Women’s Liberation Movement newsletter, 35
WAI (Women Against Imperialism), 307–10, 318
Walker, Alice, 335
Walzer, Michael, 70
Washington Street Action Center, 171
Weiner, Lee, 264
Weissman, Deborah, 214
Weisstein, Mary, 49–50
Weisstein, Naomi, 1–2, 229, 358; in Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, 38, 57, 59; in Gang of Four, 31–44, 49–50, 52–53, 55, 57, 57, 59, 61–63, 65; “Kinder, Kirche, Kuche as Scientific Law,” 62; Yale talk by, 223–24, 354
West Side Group: formation of, 1, 25–26, 34–35, 78; Gang of Four in, 34–37, 56, 58–59; Voice of the Women’s Liberation Movement newsletter of, 35. See also Chicago Women’s Liberation Union (CWLU)
whiteness: identity politics and, 113; of Jews, 2, 16–17, 20, 198, 311, 370; privilege of, 11, 197–98, 311, 364, 369; sisterhood and, 117
wife, freeing of, 105
Wilkerson, Cathy, 66
Willis, Ellen, 2, 66, 73, 318, 346, 372; on anti-Semitism, 96–100, 113–14; critical thinking of, 356–57; daughter of, 368; Israel and, 92–99, 114; “The Myth of the Powerful Jew,” 96; in New York City movement, 75–76, 79, 83, 88–102, 104, 107, 111–14; “Next Year in Jerusalem,” 92–95; in Redstockings, 75, 79, 90–91, 101–2, 107, 111–12; Schechter, S., and, 271
Willis Aronowitz, Nona, 363, 364, 368–69, 372
“Witch” (Tepperman), 123
Women, Action, and the Media, 366–67
Women Against Imperialism (WAI), 307–10, 318
Women: A Journal of Liberation, 256
“Women and Her Mind” (Tax), 130
Women and Male Violence (Schechter), 271–72
“Women and Their Bodies” workshop, 154
Women: Images and Realities (Kesselman), 62
Women in Sexist Society (Gornick and Moran), 77, 212
women of color and Jews, 304
Women of the Wall (WOW), 345, 431n120
women’s liberation: defined, 7; Firestone, S., as “prime minister” of, 78–88; founding documents of, 130; identity politics and, 9–10; introduction to, 1–4, 6–10, 12, 15–21, 23–27; Jewish feminism and, 1–4, 8–9, 15–20, 25–26, 33, 52–55, 60, 76, 149, 159, 267, 347, 350, 354–57, 362–63, 366–68, 373; Judaism and, 8–9; New York vs. Chicago, 56, 73; widening networks of, 65–69
“Women’s Liberation and Jewish Identity” conference, 55, 108, 169, 252, 282, 303; final panel of, 363–73, 364; influence of, 350; introduction to, 3–4, 18, 24, 27
Women’s Mental Health Collective, 141
Women’s Rabbinic Alliance, 233
women’s spirituality movement, 291–92
Women’s Strike for Peace, 34
Women’s Studies Research Center, 172
Women’s WORLD, 131
Workmen’s Circle, 14
World Council of Jewish Women, 13
World Jewish Congress, 343
WOW (Women of the Wall), 345, 431n120
Yale Women’s Alliance, 222–24, 354
YAPI (Young Americans for Progressive Israel), 250, 358
Yiddish: learning, 43, 132, 169, 181, 190, 285, 297–98; radicalism, 43–44, 126
Young Americans for Progressive Israel (YAPI), 250, 358
Yours in Struggle (Bulkin, Pratt, and Smith), 310–11, 424n109
Zieglerville conference, 245–46, 253
Zionism: Ackelsberg, M., influenced by, 210–11; Cantor, A., and, 250–55, 358; diverse attitudes toward, 355; at Hashomer Hatzair, 46; in international feminism, 316–23, 326–29, 331, 334, 338, 340–41, 354–55; Jewish lesbians and, 284, 287, 289, 295, 307–10, 420n10; Labor, 32, 46, 193, 352, 358; racism and, 10, 146, 308–9, 316, 319–21, 323, 327–28, 334, 338, 340–41; Radical, 250–53, 255, 261–62, 358; values of, 358. See also anti-Zionism
Zola, Irv, 195–96
Zuckoff, Aviva Cantor. See Cantor, Aviva
Zuckoff, Murray, 250