Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

abortion, 38, 41, 90–91, 212

Abzug, Bella, 15, 248, 257; international feminism and, 320, 330, 338, 343; as seder mother, 426n4

ACDC (Action Committee for Decent Childcare), 38

Ackelsberg, Martha, 317, 358, 424n117; Plaskow, J., and, 221; profile of, 207, 209–18; religious patriarchy challenged by, 207, 209–18, 220–21, 223–24, 227, 229, 242

Action Committee for Decent Childcare (ACDC), 38

activism: currents of, 8; Jewish identity and, 6, 13–15, 108, 123, 163; marginality and, 11, 151, 153; motivations for, 349

Adlerblum, Nima, 143

Against Our Will (Brownmiller), 75, 110–11, 359

Agus, Arlene, 87–88, 357; profile of, 207, 209, 218–20; religious patriarchy challenged by, 207, 209, 214, 218–20, 224, 229, 238

Airless Spaces (Firestone), 85

Aish HaTorah, 92, 94–96

Alexander, Ruth Bell, 159, 406n21

Allen, Pam, 78

Aloni, Shulamit, 328, 342

Alpert, Rebecca: at Lilith, 234; profile of, 207, 209, 230, 233–35; religious patriarchy challenged by, 207, 209, 230, 233–35, 242

Alpert, Richard, 53

Amatniek, Kathie, 35–36, 72, 77–78, 112

Am Chai, 274

American Academy of Religion, 226

American Jewish Congress, 342–43

American Women in Psychology, 62

Amos: The National Jewish Partnership for Social Justice, 64

Ansley, Fran, 116

antipornography movement, 91, 110, 112

anti-Semitism: anti-Zionism and, 267–68, 287, 295, 308, 328, 332, 335, 347; black women confronting, 310–12; decline in, 15; diverse attitudes toward, 355; encounters with, 17, 64, 104, 138, 148, 150, 152–53, 181, 188, 236, 268, 284, 289–90, 373; in feminist movement, 1, 9–11, 13, 25–28, 53, 135, 285, 294–95, 299–300, 302, 318, 322, 331, 335; increase in, 303, 308; internalized, 281; international dimensions and, 315–18, 321–22, 324–25, 327–35, 341–42, 344, 346–47; Jewish lesbians and, 279–82, 284–89, 292–96, 298–300, 303–6, 307, 308–13, 422n47; in Midwest, 128; in New Left, 53, 97–98, 269, 275; NWSA and, 286–87; at UN World Conferences on Women, 10, 254; Willis, E., on, 96–100, 113–14; in women’s movement, 1, 9, 10–11, 13, 25–28, 135

“Anti-Semitism in the Lesbian/Feminist Movement” (Klepfisz), 299–300

anti-Zionism, 10–11, 26, 255; anti-Semitism and, 267–68, 287, 295, 308,

anti-Zionism (continued )

328, 332, 335, 347; diverse attitudes toward, 355; in international feminism, 318–23, 326–28, 332–38, 341–42, 345–47; at NCNP, 25, 244; of WAI, 307–10, 318; Willis, E., on, 99–100

Antler, Joyce, 22

Anzaldúa, Gloria E., 293, 304, 421n46

Arab-Israeli War, 54

Arendt, Hannah, 104

Armenian perspective, 187, 195–96, 198

assimilation, 16, 104, 114; game, 9, 247; secular feminists fighting, 9, 247, 249, 251–53, 258, 264, 268, 276

atheism, 102–3, 109

Atkinson, Ti-Grace, 71

Balka, Christie, 337, 339, 341–42, 430n109

Balser, Diane, 359; in Bread and Roses, 125, 144–48, 150–51, 153, 340; international feminism and, 318, 340

Balser, Ruth, 263, 266–69, 276, 354

Bart, Pauline, 324

bat mitzvah: lack of, 46, 151, 182, 331, 370; women having, 80, 140–41, 145, 148, 151, 181, 211, 258

Bauman, Batya, 257, 280, 330, 420n10

Baxandall, Rosalyn, 36; in New York City movement, 71, 73, 76, 82, 86, 101–3, 112, 114; profile of, 102–3

Beauvoir, Simone de, 83, 91, 323

Be’chol La shon, 369

Beck, Evelyn Torton, 358–59; as Jewish lesbian, 9, 21, 279–88, 295–96, 300, 304–5, 310, 314; profile of, 282–88. See also Nice Jewish Girls

Bell, Ruth, 157

Bennett, Trude, 116

Bereano, Nancy, 279, 304, 420n5

Berger, Pamela, 157, 159, 406n21

Bernards, Reena, 337, 339

Bernstein, Emma Bee, 368–69

Biale, David, 12, 22, 394n143

biracial Jews, 369–70

Biren, Joan (JEB), 280, 420n10

Black-Jewish relations, 25, 228, 250, 328, 332, 340

Black-Jewish Women’s Dialogue, 332, 338

black women: anti-Semitism and racism confronted by, 310–12; feminism, 2, 16, 19, 36, 46, 75, 84, 118, 121, 286, 293, 308, 316; and Jews, 96, 117, 121, 175

Blum, Lisa, 340

B’not Esh (Daughters of Fire), 207, 216–17, 229; differences in, 227, 242; first meeting of, 229

Bonilla, Zobeida, 163

Booth, Heather, 2, 5, 18, 146, 388n3; Firestone, S., and, 85, 88; in Gang of Four, 31–42, 44, 46–48, 50–51, 53–55, 58, 60–65, 73; international feminism and, 318, 343; Jane, 41; prophetic Judaism and, 46, 357; “Toward a Radical Movement,” 37

Boston movement, 156, 172, 352. See also under specific organizations

Boston Women’s Health Book Collective (BWHBC), 2, 24, 123, 126, 141; consciousness-raising by, 156–58; Diskin, V., in, 157, 159, 163–64, 173–77, 181, 186–87, 190, 200; Ditzion, J., in, 157, 159, 163, 177, 181–85, 184, 187, 201; Doress-Worters, P., in, 12, 157, 159, 163–64, 166–73, 193–94, 200; family aspect of, 157, 160–61, 167, 175–76, 180, 190, 201; founders of, 155–56, 158–59, 159, 161–64, 184, 188, 198, 405n8; Hawley, N., in, 35, 154–55, 157, 159, 163, 177–81, 185, 190, 200; Jewish identity in, 158–61, 163–90, 192–201, 352–53; motivations of, 163; Norsigian, J., in, 157–59, 187, 192–93, 195–98; Pincus, J., in, 157, 159, 163, 175, 177, 184–88, 190, 193; race and, 161–62, 170–71, 175, 191, 197–98, 201; Rome, E., in, 157, 159, 163–69, 180, 187, 189–90, 194, 197–98, 353; Sanford, W., in, 156–57, 159, 166–69, 180, 185, 187–92, 194–95, 198; Swenson in, 157–59, 161–62, 188, 192–98, 357. See also Our Bodies, Ourselves

Boyte, Sara Evans, 2–3, 35, 37

Brandeis University: undergraduates and, 68, 129, 138–39, 147, 165, 193, 259, 273, 339; Women’s Studies Research Center, 172

Brandriss, Toby, 238

Braun, Betty, 214

Braungart, Margaret and Richard, 149, 151

Bread and Roses, 180, 183, 187, 266, 356, 401n8; at antiwar rally, 119, 120; Balser, D., in, 125, 144–48, 150–51, 153, 340; Chicago movement and, 122; Clark, M., in, 116, 137, 139–42, 149–51; collapse of, 119–21; Collective #1, 116, 118, 123, 130, 134, 137, 139, 141–42, 352; Collective #2, 116, 125, 144; consciousness-raising by, 117, 122, 175; founding of, 2, 115–16; friendship in, 118–19; Gordon, L., in, 115–17, 120–21, 125–26, 132–37, 150–51, 153; Harvard protest by, 121, 121; Hawley, N., in, 138, 147, 180; influence of, 116–17; Jewish identity in, 126–27, 132–51, 153, 352; Levenson, M., in, 116, 118, 125, 137–39, 149, 151, 153; New Left and, 115–16, 118, 124, 134, 141, 151, 171; New York City movement and, 122; Osterud, G., in, 116, 137, 142–44, 150–51; pluralism of, 120; profile of, 124–26; race and, 117, 122, 127, 136–37; sisterhood of, 117–20, 139; Tax, M., in, 115–20, 125–32, 135, 138, 149–51

Breines, Winifred, 2, 122

Brettschneider, Marla, 19, 360

Bridges, 142, 313–14, 347

Brit Tzedek v’Shalom / Jewish Alliance for Peace and Justice, 131, 145, 148, 325, 365

Brodkin, Karen, 16–17, 20

Broner, Esther: in international feminism, 316–17, 317, 324, 329–32, 335–41, 344; in Nairobi, 335–41

Brooklyn Bridge collective, 26, 243–44, 249, 261–63

Brown, Brona, 247

Brown, Judith, 253–54

Brownmiller, Susan, 2; in New York City movement, 73, 75–76, 79, 83, 85, 108–14, 110, 112, 257; Against Our Will, 75, 110–11, 359

Buddhism, 180

Bulkin, Elly, 421n46, 422n47; Conditions and, 298; Yours in Struggle, 310–11, 424n109

Burning Questions (Shulman), 106

Buttman, Marsha, 116

BWHBC. See Boston Women’s Health Book Collective (BWHBC)

Camp Kinderland, 368–69

Camp Ramah, 211

Cantor, Aviva, 330, 334; on assimilation game, 9, 247; Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 249, 254, 256; “Oppression of Amerika’s Jews,” 251; profile of, 249–57; secular feminism of, 244–45, 247, 249–59, 261, 266, 268, 275–76; Zionism and, 250–55, 358

Cantor, Joseph, 249–50

Cantor, Naomi Friedman, 249–50

CARASA (Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse), 131, 403n64

Carefree White Girl (Meyerson), 370

Carmon, Irin, 363, 364, 370–72

Catholicism, 102, 111–12

Cell 16, 115, 154, 171

Central Conference of American Rabbis, 230

“Changing Sex Roles in Jewish Life” conference, 246

Chazan, Naomi, 328, 342–43

Chesler, Phyllis, 62, 75; in international feminism, 316–17, 329–33, 336, 343–45;

Chesler, Phyllis (continued )

“Sisterhood Is Powerful . . . Unless You’re Jewish,” 329–30

Chicago movement: Bread and Roses and, 122; characteristics of, 31, 34–38, 41, 56; New Left and, 33, 35–37, 41–42, 65–66, 73; sectarianism in, 56–58, 60–61. See also under specific organizations

Chicago Seed, 274

Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, 38, 57, 59

Chicago Women’s Liberation Union (CWLU), 37, 126, 271–72, 274–75; decline of, 60–61; founding of, 1–2, 38–39, 401n11; Gang of Four and, 55–61, 57–60; homogeneity of, 39; School, 38–39, 271, 354; sisterhood of, 60–61. See also West Side Group

Chisholm, Shirley, 257

Christ, Carol, 199, 223

Christgau, Robert, 89

Christian feminism, 224, 227–28

Chutzpah collective, 418n74; importance of, 261–62; secular feminism of, 26, 243, 249, 261–63, 266, 269, 271, 273–76, 354

civil rights movement: interfaith work in, 63; Jews in, 6–7, 14, 17, 34, 41, 63, 222, 230–31

Clark, Michele: in Bread and Roses, 116, 137, 139–42, 149–51; profile of, 139–42, 359; Rivington at Essex, 142

class: accent indicating, 297, 301–2; belonging and, 16–18; dissonance, 289; education and, 68; privilege, 158, 201, 255, 311; sisterhood and, 117; Tax, M., on, 130–31

Clausen, Jan, 293, 298, 422n47

Cohen, Steven, 208

Cohen, Tamara, 249, 363–65, 364, 372

collective, as natural form, 280–81, 351

Collective #1: in Bread and Roses, 116, 118, 123, 130, 134, 137, 139, 141–42, 352; religious traditions of, 137, 139, 142

Collective #2, 116, 125, 144

collective identities, 23, 25–28, 33, 100, 247

collective memory, 358–59

Combahee River Collective, 19, 191, 386n58

“Coming of Lilith, The” (Plaskow), 224–25

Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse (CARASA), 131, 403n64

communism, 43, 50, 142, 323; Gordon, L., and, 126, 133; McCarthyism against, 17, 126, 133, 150, 182, 352; red-diaper babies and, 44, 52, 89, 113, 125, 163, 179, 352

Conditions magazine, 298

Congress for Racial Equality (CORE), 41, 73, 185

consciousness-raising, 7, 17, 26, 79, 91, 99–100, 171, 180, 183, 365; by Bread and Roses, 117, 122, 175; by BWHBC, 156–58; by CWLU, 56; international dimensions of, 346–47; by Jewish lesbians, 281, 304–5; by NYC feminists, 71–73, 82, 90–91, 99–101; origin of, 72; by religious feminists, 209, 212, 214–16, 223–24, 235, 240; by secular feminists, 248–49, 254, 256–57, 263, 274

Cooper, Adrienne, 317

Copenhagen, UN World Conference on Women, 325–33, 326, 337

CORE (Congress for Racial Equality), 41, 73, 185

cosmopolitanism, 77

counter-inaugural rally, 65–66, 87, 90, 183

Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 19, 23

critical thinking, in Judaism, 177, 198, 356–57

Cronan, Sheila, 111

CWLU. See Chicago Women’s Liberation Union (CWLU)

cybernetic socialism, 84

Daly, Mary, 208

danger, as Jewish identity, 295–97, 301, 305

Daughters of Fire. See B’not Esh (Daughters of Fire)

Davis, Kathy, 161

D.C. Women’s Liberation, 33, 66–67, 394n135

Deborah, Golda, and Me (Pogrebin), 334

Decade for Women, UN, 10, 315

“Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women,” 320

Dellinger, Dave, 66

Deutscher, Isaac, 12, 69

diachronic, 21

Dialectic of Sex, The (Firestone), 72, 74, 82–85, 88

diaspora, 7, 99, 132, 251, 303, 325, 356

Diasporists, 303

difference: as acceptable, 17–18; blurring of, 70; in childhood, 181–82; made by race, 24, 112–13

Diskin, Martin, 175

Diskin, Vilunya (Wilma): in BWHBC, 157, 159, 163–64, 173–77, 181, 186–87, 190, 200; as Holocaust survivor, 173–74, 186–87, 359; as spiritual progressive, 164, 173–77

Ditzion, Joan: in BWHBC, 157, 159, 163, 177, 181–85, 184, 187, 201; profile of, 181–85

Di Vilde Chayes: formation of, 279, 303–6; Israel and, 307–10, 355; Jewish lesbians in, 26, 279, 281–82, 286, 293, 298, 299, 303–10

Dobbins, Peggy, 77, 86

domestic violence, 271–72, 354

Doress, Irv, 171

Doress-Worters, Paula: in BWHBC, 12, 157, 159, 163–64, 166–73, 193–94, 200; role models of, 356; as spiritual progressive, 164, 169–73

DuBois, Ellen, 2, 335

Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne, 86, 115, 154

DuPlessis, Rachel Blau, 31, 40, 77, 257

Durbin, Karen, 102

Dworkin, Andrea, 2, 20, 91, 331

Dworkin, Susan, 210, 257

Echols, Alice, 2, 37, 75

Eilberg, Amy, 215, 216

Eisenstein, Sara Syer, 116

Emmanuel College conference, 115, 122, 154, 164, 166, 178, 187

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 230, 261, 321–22

equal rights feminism. See liberal feminism

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment), 230, 261, 321–22

ERAP (Economic Research and Action Project), 171

Erikson, Erik, 22

ethical Judaism, 128, 143, 357; values, 23, 70, 72, 98, 126, 132, 141, 149, 152, 173–74, 177, 198, 349

ethnic identity: amnesia, 244; blurring of, 70; in Boston, 172; influence of, 6, 14; universalism and, 11–15, 18. See also Jewish identity

ethnic revival, 11, 70, 200, 350

Evans, Sara, 2–3, 35, 37

Eve, 224–25

Ezrat Nashim, 26, 87, 411n24, 411n30; founding of, 214; religious patriarchy challenged by, 206–8, 214–15, 218–21, 230, 238, 240, 245–46, 249, 359

Faludi, Susan, 67, 74

family: BWHBC as, 157, 160–61, 167, 175–76, 180, 190, 201; nuclear, oppressions of, 82–84, 86, 114, 118; values, of Jews, 181, 184–85, 238

Faust-Levy, Eleanor, 257

Fein, Leonard, 64

Female Eunuch, The (Greer), 72

Female Liberation Conference, 154

feminine mystique: Friedan on, 50, 222, 237; golden age of, 39–40, 43, 47–48

feminism: homogenized narrative of, 3; influences on, 6; internationalism of, 52; in interwar period, 14; in Israel, 324–35, 345; spirituality, 226–28, 231–32, 238–40, 275; unfolding of, over life course, 4. See also under specific topics

Feminist Memoir Project, The (DuPlessis and Snitow), 31, 40, 77, 257

Feminists Against Anti-Semitism, 330–31

Fenig, Ethel, 257

Fillmore, Mary, 194

Firestone, Daniel, 80

Firestone, Kate Weiss, 80–82

Firestone, Laya. See Seghi, Laya Firestone

Firestone, Shulamith, 2, 33, 209, 359; Airless Spaces, 85; Booth, H., and, 85, 88; at counter-inaugural rally, 65–66, 87, 90; The Dialectic of Sex, 72, 74, 82–85, 88; mental health of, 74, 80, 85; at NCNP, 25, 34–35, 244; in New York City movement, 71–72, 74–76, 78–88, 90–92, 100, 102, 111, 113–14, 397n87; Notes from the First Year, 35, 74, 90, 397n87; as “prime minister” of women’s liberation, 78–88; Schechter, S., and, 271; Seghi, L., and, 34, 36, 80–82, 85, 88, 100; Webb, M., and, 65–66

Firestone, Sol, 80–82

Firestone, Tirzah, 80–82, 100

First International Feminist Conference for the Empowerment of Jewish Women, in Jerusalem, 26, 343–45

first-wave feminism, 74, 79

Fishman, Leora, 214

Fleeting Opportunities (Kesselman), 62

Freedman, Marcia: in international feminism, 316–17, 323–25, 328, 344; in Israel, 323–25; in Nice Jewish Girls, 280

Freeman, Jo, 37, 56, 73; at NCNP, 25, 34–35, 244; trashing of, “Tyranny of Structurelessness,” 58–59

Freeman, Linda, 35

Friedan, Betty, 7, 15, 209, 230, 239, 257; on feminine mystique, 50, 222, 237; international feminism and, 316–17, 319–23, 322, 327, 340–42

Friedman, Jaclyn, 363, 364, 366–68, 372

friendship: in Bread and Roses, 116, 118–19, 137; in Gang of Four, 31–32, 42, 351; in Redstockings, 102

Gang of Four: Booth, H., in, 31–42, 44, 46–48, 50–51, 53–55, 58, 60–65, 73; community and, 33–39; CWLU and, 55–61, 57–60; friendship in, 31–32; glass ceiling and, 39–43; Holocaust and, 32, 40, 43, 47, 50–51; Israel and, 46–47; Jewish identity of, 31–34, 43–55, 65–70, 351–52; Kesselman, A., in, 31–43, 47, 49–52, 54–55, 59, 61–62, 69; mothers and, 47–50; motivations of, 48, 70, 111; Rothstein, V., in, 31–43, 45–48, 51–56, 60, 60–65; separation of, 61–64; Webb, M., and, 33, 36; Weisstein, N., in, 31–44, 49–50, 52–53, 55, 57, 57, 59, 61–63, 65; in West Side Group, 34–37, 56, 58–59

Geller, Laura, 207, 209, 230–34, 242, 357

Gelon, Diane, 247

gender universalism, 18, 69, 350

Gesher newsletter, 313

Giele, Janet, 26–27

Gilmore, Stephanie, 3

God, metaphors for, 226–27

Golan, Galia, 317, 338–39, 342–43

Goldenberg, Robert, 223, 225

Goldfield, Evelyn (Evi), 35, 37, 55

Goldman, Emma, 12, 106–7, 147

Goldstein, Eric, 20

“Goodbye to All That” (Morgan), 255

Good Death, The (Webb), 69

Goodman, Jan, 109

Gordon, Lee, 135–36

Gordon, Linda, 2, 22–23, 351; in Bread and Roses, 115–17, 120–21, 125–26, 132–37, 150–51, 153; communism and, 126, 133; works by, 136

Gordon, Maralee: Jewish women’s caucus called by, 269–70, 302; secular feminism of, 247, 263, 269–70, 273–76, 302, 354, 418n74

Gornick, Vivian, 2, 77, 212

Greenberg, Blu, 318, 342, 344, 353; On Women and Judaism, 239; profile of, 207, 209, 236–40; religious patriarchy challenged by, 205, 207, 209, 236–42, 246, 356–57

Greenberg, Cheryl, 355

Greenberg, Irving (Yitz), 237, 339

Greenfield, Gloria: as Jewish lesbian, 279–80, 288–95, 292, 304, 310, 314, 358; Nice Jewish Girls and, 288; Persephone Press, 291–94; “The Tools of Guilt and Intimidation,” 294

Greenfield, Marilyn, 289

Greenfield, Sol, 289–90

Greer, Germaine, 72

Gurock, Jeffrey, 72

Hadassah Magazine, 256–57, 259

Hadassah organization, 13, 265, 322–23

Hand in Hand, 135–36

Hanisch, Carol, 77–78, 109

Hansen, Karen, 56

Harlem Education Project, 301–2

Harvard protest, 121, 121

Harvey, Brett, 102

Hashomer Hatzair, 46, 250, 284, 358

Hassouna, Fawzia, 338

Hauptman, Judith, 213

havurah (informal Jewish fellowship community), 142–44, 213–14, 245–46

Hawley, Andy, 179–80

Hawley, Nancy Miriam: in Bread and Roses, 138, 147, 180; in BWHBC, 35, 154–55, 157, 159, 163, 177–81, 185, 190, 200; profile of, 177–81, 358; SDS and, 178–80

Hayden, Casey, 33

Hazleton, Lesley, 330

Health Policy Advisory Center (Health/PAC), 211–12

Height, Dorothy, 327

Heschel, Susannah, 232, 242, 411n24

Hillel, Rabbi, 23, 86, 109, 128, 132, 357

Hollinger, David, 6–7, 22, 158, 200

Holocaust: Armenian genocide and, 195; Gang of Four and, 32, 40, 43, 47, 50–51; influence of, 17, 50–51, 68, 82, 127–28, 133, 140–41, 150, 169–71, 186, 193, 200, 221, 282–83, 287, 300, 324, 358–59; Jewish identity shaped by, 145, 150, 169–70, 221; McCarthyism and, 133; survivors, 173–74, 186–87, 281, 295, 297, 359

homophobia, 9, 171, 281, 295, 305, 347

Horowitz, Bethamie, 22

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 133

Hundert, Ruth, 214

Hyman, Paula, 207–8, 214, 242, 330–31

identity: collective, 23, 25–28, 33, 100, 247; formation, 21–24, 152, 360; multiple forms of, 19–21, 27, 33, 227, 247, 278, 282, 296, 321, 355, 360, 373. See also ethnic identity; Jewish identity

identity politics: feminist, 2, 9–10, 75, 112–13, 247, 310–11, 360, 364, 429n86; Jewish lesbians exploring, 310, 364; whiteness and, 113

inclusivity, 70, 191, 248, 344, 372–73

informal Jewish fellowship community (havurah), 142–44, 213–14, 245–46

international dimensions of Jewish feminism: Abzug and, 320, 330, 338, 343; anti-Semitism and, 315–18, 321–22, 324–25, 327–35, 341–42, 344, 346–47; anti-Zionism and, 318–23, 326–28, 332–38, 341–42, 345–47; Broner, E., and, 316–17, 324, 329–32, 335–41, 344; Chesler, P., and, 316–17, 329–33, 336,

international dimensions (continued )

343–45; consciousness-raising in, 346–47; First International Feminist Conference for the Empowerment of Jewish Women, 26, 343–45; Freedman, M., and, 316–17, 323–25, 328, 344; Friedan, B., and, 316–17, 319–23, 322, 327, 340–42; Golan, G., and, 317, 338–39, 342–43; Jewish identity in, 321–22, 324, 331, 334–35, 346–48; Pogrebin, L., and, 316–17, 324, 329–30, 332–35, 337, 341, 343–44, 347; racism in, 26, 316, 318, 320–23, 327–28, 334–35, 338, 340–41, 347; Zionism and, 316–23, 326–29, 331, 334, 338, 340–41, 354–55. See also UN World Conferences on Women

International Women’s Year, 319

intersectionality, 146, 272, 349, 360; defined, 19; introduction to, 10, 16, 18–21, 27

Isaac-Rose, Edith, 317, 426n4

Islam, 131

Israel, 47, 85, 191, 269–70, 354; in Arab-Israeli War, 54; Di Vilde Chayes and, 307–10, 355; Freedman, M., in, 323–25; Gordon, L., and, 135–36; Hand in Hand in, 135–36; Hashomer Hatzair in, 46, 284, 358; Jewish feminists empowered in, 26, 342–45; Lebanon invaded by, 308–9, 339; Meir as prime minister of, 147–48, 321; OBOS and, 191; in Six-Day War, 96, 129, 243–44, 338–39; at UN Women’s Decade Conferences, 323, 327–29, 335–42; Western Wall in, 344–45, 431n120; Willis, E., and, 92–99, 114. See also anti-Zionism; Zionism

“Israeli and Palestinian Women in Dialogue” session, 339–40

Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 86, 99, 191; struggle with, 123, 131, 307, 318, 337, 345–46, 355, 372–73; two-state solution to, 131, 148, 252, 338, 340, 345

Israel Women’s Network (IWN), 342–44

Jacobson, Matthew Frye, 11, 70, 200

James, Selma, 338

Jeannette Rankin Brigade Protest, 35–36

JEB (Joan Biren), 280, 420n10

Jersey Federation of Temple Youth (JFTY), 367

Jerusalem Link, 342

Jewish feminism: diversity of, 351–55, 370; global directions of, 26; introduction to, 1–11; success of, 25–26, 362–63, 373. See also under specific topics

Jewish Feminist Organization (JFO), 215, 234, 243, 246–48, 248, 277

Jewish identity: activism and, 6, 13–15, 108, 123, 163; in Bread and Roses, 126–27, 132–51, 153, 352; in BWHBC, 158–61, 163–90, 192–201, 352–53; community centers, 45; complex understanding of, 27, 355; in constant development, 22; cultural, 137, 139, 152, 159, 174–75, 181, 196, 368–69, 371; danger as, 295–97, 301, 305; defined, 383n15; diversity of, strengthened, 346–48; erasure of, 297; of female rabbis, 230, 233–35; feminism impacting, 4, 20–21, 208–9, 225–26, 350, 354–55, 358–60, 363, 365–67, 369, 372–73; in Gang of Four, 31–34, 43–55, 65–70, 351–52; Holocaust shaping, 150, 169–70, 221; international dimensions of, 321–22, 324, 331, 334–35, 346–48; of Jewish lesbians, 278, 280, 284–85, 289, 295–300, 303–5, 309–11, 364; in London, 429n86; meanings of, 5; movement, 348; negative attitudes about, 251; in New York City movement, 72, 75–76, 81, 85–89, 91–93, 98–108, 111, 113–14, 352; organizational affiliations and, 6; in Orthodox Jewish feminism, 239; positive attitudes about, 258; religious patriarchy and, 205–6, 208, 221, 230, 233, 239; in SDS, 149, 151–52; of secular feminists, 243, 245, 251, 258–59, 262, 264–65, 268–72, 274–75, 277, 354; social justice and, 13; universalism vs. particularism and, 11–15, 18–19, 52–53, 69–70, 139, 148, 172–73, 281, 394n143. See also “Women’s Liberation and Jewish Identity” conference; under individual women

Jewish lesbians: anti-Semitism and, 279–82, 284–89, 292–96, 298–300, 303–6, 307, 308–13, 422n47; Beck, E., 9, 21, 279–88, 295–96, 300, 304–5, 310, 314; consciousness-raising by, 281, 304–5; in Di Vilde Chayes, 26, 279, 281–82, 286, 293, 298, 299, 303–10; Greenfield, G., 279–80, 288–95, 292, 304, 310, 314, 358; identity politics explored by, 310, 364; Jewish identity of, 278, 280, 284–85, 289, 295–300, 303–5, 309–11, 364; Kaye/Kantrowitz, M., 278–79, 281, 295–96, 299, 300–304, 306, 308–9, 312–14; Klepfisz, I., 279, 281, 295–300, 299, 303–4, 306, 308–10, 312–14; marginality of, 281–82, 286, 288; in New York Jewish Women’s Group, 266; otherness and, 312–13; as rabbis, 235; racism and, 286–87, 292–95, 301, 303, 305–13, 307; Rich, A., 279, 303–7, 309–10, 313–14; Zionism and, 284, 287, 289, 295, 307–10, 420n10

Jewish Liberation Journal, 250–51

Jewish Liberation Project (JLP), 250–52

Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance (JOFA), 236, 240

Jewish radical feminism: introduction to, 2–6, 15, 17–18; relevance of, 113; tradition in, 220. See also under specific topics

Jewish Student Network, 26

Jewish Women in a Changing Society, 239

Jewish Women / Jewish Men (Cantor), 249, 254, 256

Jewish Women’s Archive (JWA), 111, 294, 347, 363, 365–66

Jewish women’s caucus, 269–70, 302, 312, 424n117

Jewish Women’s Committee to End the Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza (JWCEO), 345

Jews: biracial, 369–70; in civil rights movement, 6–7, 14, 17, 34, 41, 63, 222, 230–31; family values of, 181, 184–85, 238; maximalist, 18–21, 148, 235–36; in Midwest, 127–28; minimalist, 18–21, 69, 144, 148, 178, 235, 303; mothers, 47–50, 67, 404n87; in New Left, 52–55, 134, 253–54, 265; non-Jewish, 303; others constructed by, 228; radical, 43–44, 126, 172, 252–53, 354; Soviet, 219, 267; stereotypes about, 53–54, 172, 249, 251, 265, 277, 318; in student movement, 6, 14, 16–17, 244–45, 290, 349; victimization of, 221, 227–28; whiteness of, 2, 16–17, 20, 198, 311, 370

Jews for Racial and Economic Justice (JREJ), 313

Jews in Gotham (Gurock), 72

JFO. See Jewish Feminist Organization (JFO)

JFTY (Jersey Federation of Temple Youth), 367

JLP (Jewish Liberation Project), 250–52

JOFA (Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance), 236, 240

Jones, Ann, 272

Jones, Beverly, 253–54

Journey Home, The (Antler), 22

JREJ (Jews for Racial and Economic Justice), 313

Judaism: critical thinking in, 177, 198, 356–57; cultural identification with, 104, 137, 139, 152, 159, 174–75, 181, 196, 368–69, 371; defined, 383n15; ethical, 128; feminism converging with, 230, 236–40, 242, 322, 347–48, 353; havurah in, 142–44, 213–14, 245–46; independent thinking in, 53; kabbalah in, 88,

Judaism (continued )

163, 178, 352; legacy of, 6, 18; Our Bodies, Ourselves influenced by, 158, 167–68, 170, 180, 199–201; prophetic, 46, 88, 107, 151, 262, 357; sexuality within, 228; social justice in, 11, 13, 17, 32, 44, 47, 51, 68–69, 173, 199, 231, 357, 367; undergraduates and, 68, 129, 138–39, 147, 165, 193, 259; women’s liberation and, 8–9; women’s role in, 32, 85–87, 92–95, 182, 214, 216, 238, 331. See also religious patriarchy, challenges to

JWA. See Jewish Women’s Archive (JWA)

JWCEO (Jewish Women’s Committee to End the Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza), 345

kabbalah, 88, 163, 178, 352

Kahn, Robbie Pfeufer, 199–200

Kates, Paul Wolfe, 185–86

Kaufman, Robin, 54

Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie, 324; as Jewish lesbian, 278–79, 281, 295–96, 299, 300–304, 306, 308–9, 312–14; profile of, 295–96, 300–303; The Tribe of Dina, 281, 303, 309, 312, 314, 363

Kearon, Pam, 111

Kesselman, Amy, 87, 358–59; Fleeting Opportunities, 62; in Gang of Four, 31–43, 47, 49–52, 54–55, 59, 61–62, 69; in West Side Group, 34, 36–37; Women: Images and Realities, 62

Kessler-Harris, Alice, 27

Khaled, Leila, 267, 328

Khass, Mary, 340

kibbutz, 46, 86

Kinberg, Claire, 345

“Kinder, Kirche, Kuche as Scientific Law” (Weisstein), 62

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 34, 222, 231

King, Mary, 33

Klapper, Melissa, 6, 14

Klatch, Rebecca, 125, 151–52, 402n36

Klepfisz, Irena, 318, 324, 345, 359, 421n46; “Anti-Semitism in the Lesbian/Feminist Movement,” 299–300; as Jewish lesbian, 279, 281, 295–300, 299, 303–4, 306, 308–10, 312–14; profile of, 295–300; The Tribe of Dina, 281, 303, 309, 312, 314, 363

Koedt, Anne, 77–79, 397n87

Koltun, Elizabeth, 214–15, 411n24

Kritzler, Helen, 36

Labor Zionism, 32, 46, 193, 352, 358

Ladies’ Home Journal sit-in, 106, 110, 233

Leary, Timothy, 53

Lebanon, 308–9, 339

Leiter, Israel and Esther, 173–74

Leonard, John, 83

lesbianism, 9, 190, 228, 278. See also Jewish lesbians

Lester, Elenore, 257

Levenson, Marya: in Bread and Roses, 116, 118, 125, 137–39, 149, 151, 153; against materialism, 359; profile of, 137–39

Levine, Hillel, 252

Lewis, Helen, 329, 332

liberal feminism, 321, 334; introduction to, 7–11, 15; radical feminism and, 53, 71, 209, 217

life course, 4, 21–24

life stories, 21, 26–27, 351–53, 361

Lilith, 224–25, 280, 314

Lilith magazine, 277, 296, 343; Alpert, R., writing for, 234; launch of, 243, 256–60, 261; Schneider, S., at, 256–58; “Sisterhood Is Powerful . . . Unless You’re Jewish,” 329–30

Lilith’s Rib newsletter, 275

Lorde, Audre, 19, 421n46

Lowenstein, Allard, 188

Magid, Shaul, 22, 200

Mailer, Norman, 105

Mainardi, Pat, 77–78

marginality, 16, 355; activism and, 11, 151, 153; creativity caused by, 199; of Jewish lesbians, 281–82, 286, 288; in New York City, 112; prosopography and, 27. See also otherness

materialism, 17, 359

maternalism, 6

MAW (Mothers for Adequate Welfare), 138

maximalist Jews, 18–21, 148, 235–36

McAlpin conference. See National Conference of Jewish Women (McAlpin conference)

McCarthyism, 17, 39, 126, 133, 150, 182, 352

McEldowney, Carol Cohen, 147

McFarland, Morgan, 291

McGloin, Pat, 288–89, 293–94

McIntyre, Jeffrey, 180

Mead, Margaret, 229

Mehrhof, Barbara, 111

Meir, Golda, 147–48, 321

Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen (Shulman), 75, 106

Memorial Day Jewish Feminist Conference, 306–8

Mendelsohn, Ezra, 12

Mennis, Bernice, 279, 304, 312, 420n5

Metzer, Deena, 338

Mexico City, UN World Conference on Women in, 319–23, 322, 326–27, 327, 334

Meyerson, Collier, 363, 364, 369–70, 372

Michels, Tony, 13

Midwest, Jews in, 127–28

Midwest Academy, 63–64

Millet, Kate, 72, 78, 85, 257, 298

minimalist Jews, 69, 148, 178, 235; introduction to, 18–21; non-Jewish Jews and, 303

Miss America Pageant protest, 77–78, 101, 105

Mobe (National Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam), 65

Moch, Cheryl: profile of, 263–66; secular feminism of, 243–44, 247, 248, 263–66, 268

Moed, Lil, 345

Moira, Fran, 21

Moore, Deborah Dash, 11

Moraga, Cherríe, 293, 304, 421n46

Moran, Barbara, 77, 212

Morgan, Robin: in antipornography movement, 112; at Copenhagen conference, 329–30; “Goodbye to All That,” 255; as mentor, 290–91; in New York City movement, 2, 72, 77–78, 112, 112–13, 257; Sisterhood Is Global, 77, 330; Sisterhood Is Powerful, 72, 77, 212, 330

mothers: freeing of, 105; Jewish, 47–50, 67, 404n87; maternalism and, 6; seder, 426n4

Mothers for Adequate Welfare (MAW), 138

Ms., 105, 316, 333–35, 367

multiculturalism, 136, 360, 432n21

Munaker, Sue, 35, 37, 78

Murphy, Janice, 335

“Myth of the Powerful Jew, The” (Willis), 96

Nairobi, UN World Conference on Women in, 335–42, 336, 430n109

National Conference for New Politics (NCNP), 25, 34–35, 87, 138, 146, 244

National Conference of Jewish Women (McAlpin conference): planning of, 246; religious patriarchy and, 205–6, 225, 233, 238–39; secular feminists and, 246, 254, 256–57, 269

National Conference on Socialist Feminism, 269–70, 274, 302

National Council of Jewish Women, 13–14, 329

National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods, 14

National Lesbian Feminist Organization, 285–86

National Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam (Mobe), 65

National Organization of Women (NOW), 7–8, 15, 53

National Women’s Political Caucus, 15

National Women’s Studies Association (NWSA), 286–87, 312, 331, 424n116

NCNP. See National Conference for New Politics (NCNP)

Neiderbach, Shelley, 330

Nestel, Sheryl Baron, 248

Network. See North American Jewish Students Network

New Jewish Agenda (NJA), 97–98, 146, 313, 337, 339–42

New Left: anti-Semitism in, 53, 97–98, 269, 275; Bread and Roses and, 115–16, 118, 124, 134, 141, 151, 171; Chicago movement and, 33, 35–37, 41–42, 65–66, 73; introduction to, 6, 11, 14–15, 25; Jews in, 52–55, 134, 253–54, 265; New York City movement and, 73, 79, 113; sexism in, 33, 35–37, 41–42, 65–66, 73, 90, 113, 246, 254–55, 265, 349

New York City movement: Baxandall, R., in, 71, 73, 76, 82, 86, 101–3, 112, 114; Bread and Roses and, 122; Brownmiller, S., in, 73, 75–76, 79, 83, 85, 108–14, 110, 112, 257; Firestone, S., in, 71–72, 74–76, 78–88, 90–92, 100, 102, 111, 113–14, 397n87; Jewish identity in, 72, 75–76, 81, 85–89, 91–93, 98–108, 111, 113–14, 352; Jewish radical feminists in, 71–72, 74–78; marginality in, 112; Morgan, R., in, 2, 72, 77–78, 112, 112–13, 257; motivations of, 72, 78, 100, 111; New Left and, 73, 79, 113; sectarianism in, 73; Shulman, A., in, 75–76, 79, 87, 96, 100–108, 101, 112–14; theoretical contributions of, 72; uniqueness of, 71–72; Willis, E., in, 75–76, 79, 83, 88–102, 104, 107, 111–14. See also under specific organizations

New York Havurah, 213

New York Jewish Women’s Group, 263–64, 266

New York Radical Feminist Conference on Rape, 110

New York Radical Feminists (NYRF), 74, 79, 82, 85, 110

New York Radical Women (NYRW), 35–36, 71, 78, 109; Firestone, S., in, 74, 78–79; founding of, 2, 78

New York University (NYU), 136. See also “Women’s Liberation and Jewish Identity” conference

New York Women’s Health Collective, 212

“Next Year in Jerusalem” (Willis), 92–95

Nice Jewish Girls (Beck), 293, 421n46; contributors to, 279–80, 295–96, 299–300, 303, 305–6; Greenfield, G., and, 288; Jewish lesbian invisibility and, 9, 281–82; Kaye/Katrowitz, M., and, 295–96; Klepfisz, I., and, 295–96; Rich, A., and, 305; second edition of, 420n5

NJA. See New Jewish Agenda (NJA)

NJWC, 247–48

non-Jewish Jews, 12, 18, 303, 385n37

“non-struggle politics,” 120

Norsigian, Judy: Armenian perspective of, 187, 195–96, 198; in BWHBC, 157–59, 159, 187, 192–93, 195–98; profile of, 187, 195–98

North American Jewish Students Network, 244–45, 252–53

Notes from the First Year (Firestone), 35, 74, 90, 397n87

Novick, Leah, 324

NOW (National Organization of Women), 7–8, 15, 53

nuclear family, oppressions of, 82–84, 86, 114, 118

NWSA. See National Women’s Studies Association (NWSA)

NYRF (New York Radical Feminists), 74, 79, 82, 85, 110

NYRW. See New York Radical Women (NYRW)

NYU. See New York University (NYU)

OBOS. See Our Bodies, Ourselves (OBOS)

off our backs newsletter, 65, 67, 309, 314

Olcott, Jocelyn, 321

On Being a Jewish Feminist (Heschel), 232, 242, 411n24

On Women and Judaism (Greenberg), 239

“Oppression of Amerika’s Jews” (Cantor), 251

Orthodox Jewish feminism: Greenberg, B., in, 236–41; Jewish identity in, 239; origin of, 8. See also religious patriarchy, challenges to

Osterud, Grey: in Bread and Roses, 116, 137, 142–44, 150–51; conversion of, 142; profile of, 142–44

otherness, 16, 288, 364, 371–72; biology and, 83; Jewish lesbians concerned with, 312–13; Jews constructing, 228; radical, 20

Our Bodies, Ourselves, writing of, 35, 154–57, 162–64, 166, 169, 177, 181, 183–84, 406n17

Our Bodies, Ourselves (OBOS), 122, 162, 363; fortieth anniversary, 157; heterogeneous voices in, 161–62; Judaism influencing, 158, 163–64, 199–201. See also Boston Women’s Health Book Collective (BWHBC)

“Our Gang of Four” (Kesselman, Booth, Rothstein, and Weisstein), 31

Ourselves and Our Children, 160, 181

Ourselves Growing Older, 169

Palestine. See Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Paley, Grace, 131, 345, 426n4

parents, politically active, 149, 152, 177, 179, 182, 301

particularism: negative view of, 70; universalism vs., 11–15, 18–19, 52–53, 69–70, 139, 148, 172–73, 281, 394n143

patriarchy: attack on, 18–19, 83–84, 206, 350; indictment of, 76. See also religious patriarchy, challenges to

Pembroke College, 186

Pepper, William, 34

Persephone Press, 288–89, 291–94, 292, 421n46

personal is political, 7, 23, 91, 118, 397n87

Personal Politics (Evans), 35

Peslikis, Irene, 77, 91

Piercy, Marge, 2, 363

Pincus, Ed, 186, 188

Pincus, Jane: in BWHBC, 157, 159, 163, 175, 177, 184–88, 190, 193; profile of, 177, 185–88

Plaskow, Judith, 330–31, 354, 357; Ackelsberg, M., and, 221; “The Coming of Lilith,” 224–25; profile of, 207, 209, 220–29; religious patriarchy challenged by, 205–7, 209, 213, 216, 220–29, 242; Standing Again at Sinai, 220, 226–27

pluralism, 372; of Bread and Roses, 120; in politics, 70; protection of, 318

Pogrebin, Letty Cottin, 2, 99; Deborah, Golda, and Me, 334; international feminism and, 316–17, 317, 324, 329–30, 332–35, 337, 341, 343–44, 347; profile of, 333–35

political radicalism, 14, 126, 132–33, 177–79

politicos: in Boston, 156; radical feminists in conflict with, 36, 60, 79, 118, 156

Pomegranate Grove, 291

Poor Black Women, 388n3

Popkin, Ann Hunter, 118, 122, 124–25, 401n9

pornography, movement against, 91, 110, 112

Pratt, Minnie Bruce, 286, 310–11

Prell, Riv-Ellen, 213

Pressberg, Gail, 337

Priesand, Sally, 215, 233, 366–67

prophetic Judaism, 46, 88, 107, 151, 262, 357

pro-sex radical feminists, 91

prosopography, 27

Pyne, Anne, 85–86

Quaker perspective, 187, 191–92

Rabbinical Assembly, 214–15

rabbis, female, 276, 365; Priesand, S., as first American, 215, 233, 366–67; religious patriarchy and, 215, 216, 230–35

rabbi’s wife (rebbetzin), 109, 238

Rabin, Leah, 320

race: belonging and, 16–18; Bread and Roses and, 117, 122, 127, 136–37; BWHBC and, 161–62, 170–71, 175, 191, 197–98, 201; difference of, 112–13; Harlem Education Project and, 301–2. See also whiteness

racism: against biracial Jews, 369–70; black women confronting, 310–12; at Copenhagen conference, 327; international dimensions of, 26, 316, 318, 320–23, 327–28, 334–35, 338, 340–41, 347; Jewish lesbians and, 286–87, 292–95, 301, 303, 305–13, 307; NWSA and, 286–87; sexism and, 84; structural, 162; Zionism and, 10, 146, 308–9, 316, 319–21, 323, 327–28, 334, 338, 340–41

radical feminism: core frames of, 371; defined, 9; founding moments of, 306; introduction to, 2–11, 16–19, 23, 25. See also Jewish radical feminism

radicalism: Jewish, 43–44, 126, 252–53, 354; political, 14, 126, 132–33, 177–79; secular, 358

radical otherness, 20

Radical Zionism, 250–53, 255, 261–62, 358

rape, 75, 110–11, 359, 367

RAT: Subterranean News, 254–56, 266, 276

rebbetzin (rabbi’s wife), 94–95, 109, 214, 238

Reconstructionist Rabbinical College (RRC), 234–35

red-diaper baby, 44, 89, 113, 179, 352

Redstockings, 72, 90, 110; Catholics in, 111–12; Firestone, S., in, 74, 79, 90, 102, 111; founding of, 2, 71, 74, 79, 90; Jews in, 2, 26, 74–75, 79, 90, 101–2, 107, 111–12; Shulman, A., in, 75, 100–103, 105, 107; Willis, E., in, 75, 79, 90–91, 101–2, 107, 111–12

religious patriarchy, challenges to: by Ackelsberg, M., 207, 209–18, 220–21, 223–24, 227, 229, 242; by Agus, A., 207, 209, 214, 218–20, 224, 229, 238; by Alpert, R., 207, 209, 230, 233–35, 242; by Ezrat Nashim, 206–8, 214–15, 218–21, 230, 238, 240, 245–46, 249, 359; by female rabbis, 215, 216, 230–35; by Geller, L., 207, 209, 230–34, 242; by Greenberg, B., 205, 207, 209, 236–42, 246, 356–57; by Jewish feminism, 153, 205–10, 240–42, 350, 353, 359–60; Jewish identity and, 205–6, 208, 221, 230, 233, 239; at National Conference of Jewish Women, 205–6, 225, 238–39; by Plaskow, J., 205–7, 209, 213, 216, 220–29, 242; secular feminism and, 206–10, 215, 220, 234–35, 242

repair of the world (tikkun olam), 11, 97, 231, 362

Reproductive Rights National Network, 131

Response magazine, 215, 411n24

Rich, Adrienne, 354; in Di Vilde Chayes, 303–6; as Jewish lesbian, 279, 303–7, 309–10, 313–14; “Split at the Root,” 305–6, 347, 364

Rising of the Women, The (Tax), 130–31

Rivington at Essex (Clark), 142

Rivlin, Lilly, 324, 330, 426n4

Romanski, Fran, 34

Rome, Esther: in BWHBC, 157, 159, 163–69, 180, 187, 189–90, 194, 197–98, 353; Our Bodies, Ourselves and, 164, 166; Sacrificing Ourselves for Love, 167; as spiritual progressive, 164–69

Rome, Judah, 167–68

Rome, Micah, 168

Rome, Nathan, 165–67

Rose, Ernestine, 172

Rosen, Ruth, 2, 65, 72

Rosenbaum, Judith, 363, 364, 365–66, 372

Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 146, 151, 179, 358

Rosenfeld, Dina, 207, 213

Rosenthal, Kristine, 124–25

Rosh Chodesh, 219

Roth, Benita, 2, 70

Rothstein, Vivian, 11–12, 26, 350, 358–59; criticism of, 60; in Gang of Four, 31–43, 45–48, 51–56, 60, 60–65

RRC (Reconstructionist Rabbinical College), 234–35

Rubenstein, Marianne, 288–89

Rudd, Mark, 17

Sacrificing Ourselves for Love (Rome), 167

Sadat, Jihan, 320

Salk, Hilary, 194

Salowitz, Vivian Silver, 245

Sanford, Wendy: in BWHBC, 156–57, 159, 166–69, 180, 185, 187–92, 194–95, 198; profile of, 188–92; Quaker perspective of, 187, 191–92; as WASP, 188–92

Sarachild, Kathie, 35–36, 72, 77–78, 112

Sasso, Sandy Eisenberg, 215

Schechter, Susan, 263, 269–74, 276, 302, 354

Scheinmann, Vivian, 330

Schneider, Susan Weidman, 257–60, 318, 330, 342

Schocken Books, 165–66

Schultz, Debra, 14

Schwartz, Jon, 130

Schwartz, Judy, 147

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), 230–31

SDS. See Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

second-wave feminism: activism in, 8; barriers torn down by, 233; collective identity in, 23; friendship in, 31; identity politics in, 360; Jewish feminists in, 1–6, 15, 17, 27–28, 257, 349, 359; minicohorts, 4, 25

sectarianism: in Chicago movement, 56–58, 60–61; in New York City movement, 73

secular feminism: assimilation and, 9, 247, 249, 251–53, 258, 264, 268, 276; of Balser, R., 263, 266–69, 276, 354; of Brooklyn Bridge, 26, 243–44, 249, 261–63; of Cantor, A., 244–45, 247, 249–59, 261, 266, 268, 275–76; of Chutzpah, 26, 243, 249, 261–63, 266, 269, 271, 273–76, 354; consciousness-raising by, 248–49, 254, 256–57, 263, 274; female rabbis and, 234–35; of Gordon, M., 247, 263, 269–70, 273–76, 302, 354, 418n74; Jewish identity in, 243, 245, 251, 258–59, 262, 264–65, 268–72, 274–75, 277, 354; of Moch, C., 243–44, 247, 248, 263–66, 268; National Conference of Jewish Women and, 246, 254, 256–57, 269; religious patriarchy and, 206–10, 215, 220, 234–35, 242; of Schechter, S., 263, 269–74, 276, 302; of Schneider, S., 257–60, 318, 330, 342; secular radicalism influencing, 358; transformation by, 25–26, 360

secularism, 12, 43–44, 137, 358

seder sisters, 316, 317, 330, 426n4

Seghi, Laya Firestone: Firestone, S., and, 34, 36, 80–82, 85, 88, 100; religion and, 100, 396n57

Seidman, Leo, 164

sexism: in graduate school, 105; in Havurat movement, 214; in New Left, 33, 35–37, 41–42, 65–66, 73, 90, 113, 246, 254–55, 265, 349; racism and, 84; struggles against, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 153, 183, 243, 315, 349–50; in student movement, 33, 41–42, 146, 245

sexuality, within Judaism, 228

Sexual Politics (Millet), 72, 85, 298

Shalvi, Alice, 337, 342, 344

SHANI (Israel Women Against the Occupation), 345

Shiber, Etta, 82

Shoah. See Holocaust

Shulie’s List, 85

Shulman, Alix Kates, 2, 316; Burning Questions, 106; Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen, 75, 106; in New York City movement, 75–76, 79, 87, 96, 100–108, 101, 112–14; in Redstockings, 75, 100–103, 105, 107

Siegal, Diana Laskin, 169, 192–93

Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 285

sisterhood: of Bread and Roses, 117–20, 139; of CWLU, 60–61; of Eve and Lilith, 224–25; power of, 23, 36; radical feminist ideology of, 70; whiteness and, 117

Sisterhood Is Global (Morgan), 77, 330

Sisterhood Is Powerful (Morgan), 72, 77, 212, 330

“Sisterhood Is Powerful . . . Unless You’re Jewish” (Chesler), 329–30

Six-Day War, 96, 129, 243–44, 338–39

Smith, Barbara, 286, 310–11

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 33, 41, 78, 109

Snitow, Ann, 2, 83, 102; The Feminist Memoir Project, 31, 40, 77, 257; in New York Radical Women, 36

social change movements, 5, 13–14, 28, 64, 158

socialism, cybernetic, 84

social justice: central role of, 64, 182, 358; in Judaism, 11, 13, 17, 32, 44, 47, 51, 68–69, 173, 199, 231, 357, 367

Solomon, Alisa, 10, 99, 345–46, 348

Soloveichik, Rabbi Joseph, 170

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 230–31

Soviet Jews, 219, 267

“Split at the Root” (Rich), 305–6, 347, 364

Standing Again at Sinai (Plaskow), 220, 226–27

Steinberg, Allen, 272

Steinem, Gloria, 15, 112, 257, 426n4

Stone, Amy, 257, 261

Strobel, Margaret, 39

structural racism, 162

student movement: Jewish youth in, 6, 14, 16–17, 244–45, 290, 349; sexism in, 33, 41–42, 146, 245

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 33, 41, 78, 109

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 14, 17, 42, 48, 138, 143; Hawley, N., and, 178–80; Jewish identity in, 149, 151–52; men dominating, 33–34, 36–37, 66, 118, 146; Webb, M., in, 65–66, 68, 178

Subrin, Elizabeth, 87

Swarthmore College, 134

Sweeney, Dennis, 188

Swenson, Norma: in BWHBC, 157–59, 159, 161–62, 188, 192–98, 357; profile of, 192–95; writing by, 194–95

synchronic, 21, 25, 349

Taff, Barbara, 261

“Taking Our Maternal Bodies Back” (Kahn), 199–200

Tarfon, Rabbi, 108

Tax, Meredith, 2, 357, 359; in Bread and Roses, 115–20, 125–32, 135, 138, 149–51; The Rising of the Women, 130–31; “Women and Her Mind,” 130

Tepperman, Jean, 116, 118, 123, 143

third-wave feminism, 362

This Bridge Called My Back (Moraga and Anzaldúa), 293, 304, 421n46

“Through the Looking Glass” conference, 291

tikkun olam (repair of the world), 11, 97, 231, 362

“Tools of Guilt and Intimidation, The” (Greenfield), 294

Torah, women holding, 231, 238

Toward a Female Liberation Movement (Jones and Brown), 253–54

“Toward a Radical Movement” (Booth, Goldfield, and Munaker), 37

Trainin, Isaac, 239

trashing, 58–60, 67

Tribe of Dina, The (Kaye/Kantrowitz and Klepfisz), 281, 303, 309, 312, 314, 363

two-state solution, 131, 148, 252, 338, 340, 345

Ullman, Judy, 116, 151

UN Decade for Women, 10, 315

Underground Abortion Collective, 41

universalism: compromising of, 52–53; gender, 18, 69, 350; motivations and, 108, 123; particularism vs., 11–15, 18–19, 52–53, 69–70, 139, 148, 172–73, 281, 394n143

UN World Conferences on Women, 10, 148, 254, 288, 315, 317; Copenhagen, 325–33, 326, 337; Mexico City, 319–23, 322, 326–27, 334; Nairobi, 335–42, 336, 430n109

victimization, of Jews, 221, 227–28

Vietnamese Women’s Union, 55–56

Vietnam War, 34, 37, 125, 129, 186, 349

Voice of the Women’s Liberation Movement newsletter, 35

WAI (Women Against Imperialism), 307–10, 318

Walker, Alice, 335

Walzer, Michael, 70

Washington Street Action Center, 171

WASPs, 112, 188–92, 284

Webb, Lee, 65, 67–68

Weiner, Lee, 264

Weissman, Deborah, 214

Weisstein, Mary, 49–50

Weisstein, Naomi, 1–2, 229, 358; in Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, 38, 57, 59; in Gang of Four, 31–44, 49–50, 52–53, 55, 57, 57, 59, 61–63, 65; “Kinder, Kirche, Kuche as Scientific Law,” 62; Yale talk by, 223–24, 354

Western Wall, 344–45, 431n120

West Side Group: formation of, 1, 25–26, 34–35, 78; Gang of Four in, 34–37, 56, 58–59; Voice of the Women’s Liberation Movement newsletter of, 35. See also Chicago Women’s Liberation Union (CWLU)

West Village One, 79, 110

whiteness: identity politics and, 113; of Jews, 2, 16–17, 20, 198, 311, 370; privilege of, 11, 197–98, 311, 364, 369; sisterhood and, 117

Whittier, Nancy, 4, 25

wife, freeing of, 105

Wilkerson, Cathy, 66

Willis, Ellen, 2, 66, 73, 318, 346, 372; on anti-Semitism, 96–100, 113–14; critical thinking of, 356–57; daughter of, 368; Israel and, 92–99, 114; “The Myth of the Powerful Jew,” 96; in New York City movement, 75–76, 79, 83, 88–102, 104, 107, 111–14; “Next Year in Jerusalem,” 92–95; in Redstockings, 75, 79, 90–91, 101–2, 107, 111–12; Schechter, S., and, 271

Willis, Michael, 92–95, 100

Willis Aronowitz, Nona, 363, 364, 368–69, 372

“Witch” (Tepperman), 123

Women, Action, and the Media, 366–67

Women Against Imperialism (WAI), 307–10, 318

Women: A Journal of Liberation, 256

“Women and Her Mind” (Tax), 130

Women and Male Violence (Schechter), 271–72

“Women and Their Bodies” workshop, 154

Women: Images and Realities (Kesselman), 62

Women in Sexist Society (Gornick and Moran), 77, 212

women of color and Jews, 304

Women of the Wall (WOW), 345, 431n120

women’s liberation: defined, 7; Firestone, S., as “prime minister” of, 78–88; founding documents of, 130; identity politics and, 9–10; introduction to, 1–4, 6–10, 12, 15–21, 23–27; Jewish feminism and, 1–4, 8–9, 15–20, 25–26, 33, 52–55, 60, 76, 149, 159, 267, 347, 350, 354–57, 362–63, 366–68, 373; Judaism and, 8–9; New York vs. Chicago, 56, 73; widening networks of, 65–69

“Women’s Liberation and Jewish Identity” conference, 55, 108, 169, 252, 282, 303; final panel of, 363–73, 364; influence of, 350; introduction to, 3–4, 18, 24, 27

Women’s Mental Health Collective, 141

Women’s Rabbinic Alliance, 233

women’s spirituality movement, 291–92

Women’s Strike for Peace, 34

Women’s Studies Research Center, 172

Women’s WORLD, 131

Workmen’s Circle, 14

World Council of Jewish Women, 13

World Jewish Congress, 343

WOW (Women of the Wall), 345, 431n120

Yad Vashem, 47, 64

Yale Women’s Alliance, 222–24, 354

YAPI (Young Americans for Progressive Israel), 250, 358

Yiddish: learning, 43, 132, 169, 181, 190, 285, 297–98; radicalism, 43–44, 126

Young Americans for Progressive Israel (YAPI), 250, 358

Yours in Struggle (Bulkin, Pratt, and Smith), 310–11, 424n109

Zieglerville conference, 245–46, 253

Zionism: Ackelsberg, M., influenced by, 210–11; Cantor, A., and, 250–55, 358; diverse attitudes toward, 355; at Hashomer Hatzair, 46; in international feminism, 316–23, 326–29, 331, 334, 338, 340–41, 354–55; Jewish lesbians and, 284, 287, 289, 295, 307–10, 420n10; Labor, 32, 46, 193, 352, 358; racism and, 10, 146, 308–9, 316, 319–21, 323, 327–28, 334, 338, 340–41; Radical, 250–53, 255, 261–62, 358; values of, 358. See also anti-Zionism

Zola, Irv, 195–96

Zuckoff, Aviva Cantor. See Cantor, Aviva

Zuckoff, Murray, 250