The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Adams, Jenny, 190
Adams, John, 241
Adler, Michael, 88
advertising
fashion, 36–39
London shop, 23
magic lantern, 168
pianola piano, 93
Advocate, The, 244
Alberti, Leon Battista, 160
Albius, Edmond, 129–30
Alexander, Franklin, 199
Altick, Richard, 157
American Revolution, 241–42
animation
color, technological advancements in, 178–79
Walt Disney, 177–81
and the laws of physics, 177–78
multiplane camera to show visual depth, 179–81, 180
overlapping motion, 178
pencil tests as early storyboards, 178
Snow White (film), 176, 177–81, 184
Steamboat Willie (film), 176, 177
Technicolor, 178–79
Antheil, George, 95–101
architecture
shopping mall design, 51–53
as a trigger for emotional responses, 42–44, 48–49
artificial intelligence
chess as the root of, 193–94
“curiosity reward,” 281
digital simulations that trigger emotions, 184–85
self-learning, 280–81
Turing Test, 227
Watson and Jeopardy! 227–30
artists as toolmakers, 175–81
Au Bonheur des Dames (Zola), 43–44
auditory illusions, 158–59, 165–66
automata
clockworks, 6–7
flute player, 76–79
“Instrument Which Plays by Itself, The,” 73–76, 75
lifelike simulations of individual organisms, 7, 77
“Mechanical Turk,” 14
Babbage, Charles
Analytic Engine, 10
Calculating Engine, 82
On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, 10
inspired by Merlin’s Mechanical Museum, 9, 184, 284
interest in the technology of the Jacquard loom, 80–82
Baghdad (formerly Madinat al-Salam), 1–3
city design, 1–3
House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma), 3
intellectual culture, 3–5
ball, importance of the, 210–15, 211, 212
Ballet Mécanique, 95–98
Balmat, Jacques, 263
Barbon, Nicholas, 30
Barker, Robert, 5, 160–64, 167
baseball
Cooperstown, New York, 199–200
lineage of, 199–200
Baudrillard, Jean, 273
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 166
Bellier-Beaumont, Ferréol, 129–30
Berry, Miles, 89
Birth of A Consumer Society, The (McKendrick, Brewer, and Plumb), 37
black belt, the, 33–34
Black Cat Tavern, 242–44
Black Death, 136–37
bodily humors, 134–35
Book of Games of Chance, The (Cardano), 205, 207
Book of Ingenious Devices, The (Banu Masu), 3–5, 4, 73
Book of the Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanisms, The (al-Jazari), 2, 3–5
Boorstin, Daniel, 183
Boucicaut, Aristide, 40, 41–42, 48–49
Bradley, Milton, 195
Brand, Stewart, 219–20
Braudel, Fernand, 39–40
Brewer, John, 37
Brewster, David, 154–56, 156, 160
Brewster Stereoscope, 160
British East India Company, 28
British Magazine, 39
British Museum, 256–57
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 160, 175, 179
brutality of the Dutch regime
Bandanese people of the Spice Islands, 119
Burrows, Edward G., 234
Burton, Mary, 235
“cabinet of wonders” (Wunderkammerns), 255–57, 256
caffeine
as a memory enhancer, 247–48
as a natural weapon of the coffee plant, 247
calico
“Calico Madams,” 28
made popular by window displays, 31
vivid colors of chintz and, 26–27, 27
capsaicin, 142
Cardano, Girolamo, 204, 205, 207–209, 222
Carlyle, Thomas, 153
casino games, 221–27
Caxton, William, 188
Cecil, William, 240
celebrities, 182–84
Cessolis, Jacobus de, 187–92, 194
chance. See randomness
changes in society
biological changes as a result of, 48
phase transitions, 181–82
Charles II (king), 251–52, 259, 275
chess, 191
allegorical power of, 192
Jacobus de Cessolis, 187–92, 194, 200
chatrang, 202
Deep Blue, 193–94
dice to speed up the game, 203
Game of Chess, The (Cessolis), 187–92
Queen Isabella, 202
pieces corresponding to real societal roles, 188–92
regional differences of the game, 200–202
worldwide appeal of, 200–203
chunking, 193
cinema. See also animation
as an improvement over magic lantern shows, 170–71
Carthay Circle Theatre premiere of Snow White, 181
close-up shot, 171
Walt Disney, 177–81
Her (film), 184
multiplane camera to show visual depth, 179–81, 180
origin of storyboards, 178
Snow White (film), 176, 177–81, 184
Steamboat Willie (film), 176, 177
city planning
Fort Worth, 54
population shifts from urban centers to the suburbs, 54–55
Victor Gruen’s vision, 53–55, 58–59
Walt Disney’s vision for EPCOT, 55–62, 59–60, 274
Civilization and Capitalism (Braudel), 39–40
Civil War, 34
class differences
broken down by the emerging fashion industry, 38–40
distribution of wealth as shown in the Landlord’s Game, 196–98
exhibitions as great levelers, 157
public spaces as an equalizer, 246, 258–59
as shown in the game of chess, 188–90
clocks as the basis for automata, 6
codes
cycle of encoding and decoding, 92
“talking drums” of West Africa, 91
telegraph, 91
Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 119
coffee. See also coffeehouses
caffeine, 246–48
taste of, 248
utilitarian purposes of, 248
“Vertue of the COFFEE Drink” (essay), 249–50
Waghorn’s, 252
Woman’s Petition Against Coffee, 250–51
Bedford, 252–54
differences among, 252–54
eclectic decor of Don Saltero’s, 255–57
intellectual networking, 254–55, 259
John Hogarth’s, 252
Lloyd’s, 254
London, 254
as a news source for journalists, 254
as places of productivity and innovation, 258–59
“Proclamation for the Suppression of Coffee Houses,” 251–52
Rawthmell’s, 259
Starbucks, 274
“Turk’s Head, The,” 249
cognitive science
and chess, 193–94
chunking, 193
color
cotton, dyed, 26–27
as enhanced by a Claude glass, 265, 265–66
trends of the mid-1700s, 37
Tyrian purple, 18–21
Columbus, Christopher, 114–15, 211–14, 212
commodity fetishism, 153–54
Common Sense (Paine), 241
Compleat English Tradesman, The (Defoe), 24
computer technology. See also technology
Deep Blue, 193–94
digital simulations that trigger emotions, 184–85
Expensive Planetarium, 217–18
and games, 230–31
global collaboration, 201–202, 217–20
Hingham Institute, 215–16
“low-rent” vs. “high-rent” product development, 220
Minecraft, 201
networks of the early 1990s, 170
PDP-1, 215–16
for purposes of non-scientific pursuits, 219–20
software, development of, 215–19
“Spacewar: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums,” 219–20
Edward Thorp, 221–27
Turing Test, 227
Type 20 Precision CRT, 215–16, 218
Watson, 228–30
wearable computers, 221, 225–26
Conflagration of Moscow, The, 164–66
Conroy, David, 241
Constantine the African, 134
Cooperstown, New York, 199–200
Copland, Aaron, 97
Cortés, Hernan, 213
cotton
appealing texture of, 26–28
British East India Company, 28
“Calico Madams,” 28
chintz and calico, vivid colors of, 26–27, 27
described by John Mandeville, 26
economic fears regarding the import of, 28–29
European desire for, 29–31
inventions to aid in the production of fabric, 29, 30
slavery to produce, 34–36
Cox, James, 14
criminology
physiological causes vs. environmental causes, 47–48
Cristofori, Bartolomeo, 88
cultural diversity in modern times, 274–76
Darrow, Charles, 198–99
Darwin, Charles, 269–70
Das Kapital (Marx), 153–54
De Coitu (Constantine the African), 134
Dell, Michael, 216
demand
for cotton fabrics, 29–31, 34–36
“desire of Novelties,” 30–31
for experiencing the world through exotic spices, 137–38
for new experiences and surprises, 61
for rubber, 214
democratizing force of fashion, 38–40
department stores
as alternatives to chapels and cathedrals, 43–44
Au Bonheur des Dames (Zola), 43–44
commercial profitability of wandering shoppers, 41–44
credit, extending, 44
“department-store disease,” 47
haggling, elimination of, 44
influence of Aristide Boucicaut, 40, 41–42, 48–49
origins of, 41
sensory overload and disorientation, 41–42
shoplifting, 46–49
De Smet, Pieter, 137
Devil’s Milk, The (Tully), 214
Devlin, Keith, 208–209
dice
to speed up the game of chess, 203
standardized design of, 209
Dickens, Charles, 163
Digital Revolution
artistic origins of the, 83
Discourse of Trade, A (Barbon), 30
Disney, Walt
animated movies, 177–81
distaste for the environment surrounding Disneyland, 55–56
plan for a “city of tomorrow,” 56–62, 59–60
teams up with Victor Gruen, 57
dopamine, 281
Doubleday, Abner, 199–200
du Saulle, Legrand, 47
Dutch domination of the Spice Islands, 119–21, 120, 125
Dutch East India Company, 119–21
Eames, Charles, 283
Eco, Umberto, 273
Ecott, Tim, 125–26
Edwards, Daniel, 249
Eiffel, Gustave, 42
1812 Overture, 164
electronic music
input mechanisms for, 105
Moog synthesizer, 102
Eliot, George, 136
Elizabeth I (queen), 139–41
encyclopedias as a result of a rise in intellectual curiosity, 257–58
engineering design, 3–5, 42–43, 48–49
EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow)
anti-automobile mentality, 59–60
becomes just another theme park, 60
entirely enclosed community, 58, 59–60
“Florida Room, The,” planning site, 57
Pedshed pedestrian-only zone, 59
research for, 56
Essinger, James, 80
fame, 182–84
fashion industry. See also department stores
class differences become less apparent, 38–40
clothes as a way of feigning aristocracy, 38–39
color and style trends of the mid-1700s, 37
early illustrated periodicals, 35, 36–37
start of, 36
trends, pace of new, 37
Fermat, Pierre de, 207–209
Firebaugh, W. C., 239–40
food. See also spice trade
bioweapon strategies of plants, 142–43
cultivation of spices in new parts of the world, 121–25
exploring new experiences and tastes, 143–44
flavors in tropical locations, 142
global nature of modern, 110, 125
Manner of Making Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate, The, 126
pepper, 116–19
spices to aid nutritional needs, 131–36
Fort Worth plan, 54
Fox, John, 210
Francis, Samuel, 90
Franklin, Benjamin, 254
frequency hopping, 100–101
Freud, Sigmund, 48
Gabler, Neil, 180–81
Game of Chess, The (Cessolis), 187–92
games. See also dice
artifacts from, 210
baseball, 199–200
Checkered Game of Life, 195
effect on civilization, 192
everyday metaphors taken from, 192
Jeopardy! 228–31
Mansion of Happiness, 194–95
Minecraft, 201
Monopoly, 196–99
as moral instruction, 194–95, 197
played around the world, 200–203
roulette, 221–27
rule-governed, 231
ullamalitzli, 213
video game industry, 218–20
garment design
shift to fashion from function, 20–21
Gately, Ian, 240–41
gay bars
Black Cat Tavern, 242–44
Pfaff’s Beer Cellar, 242–43
as places for artists to network, 242–43
as places of confrontation, 243–44
Stonewall Inn, 244
gay rights movement, 244
gender issues
employment of women in department stores, 46
English coffeehouses as places for men only, 250, 251
as shown in the game of chess, 189
women as shoplifters, 46–47
George, Henry, 195–96
Ginsberg, Allen, 243
Gladwell, Malcolm, 54
global collaboration
Linux and other software projects, 202
Minecraft, 201
Spacewar! 217–20
global nature of modern food, 110, 125
Gombaud, Antoine, 207
Gonod, Benoit, 89
Goodyear, Charles, 214–15
Gould, Stephen Jay, 174
Graetz, J. Martin, 217
“Grand Challenges” tradition at IBM
Deep Blue and Gary Kasparov, 193–94
Watson and Jeopardy! 227–30
Great Good Place, The (Oldenburg), 246
Green, Matthew, 252–55
Griffith, D. W., 171
Gruen, Victor, 49–55, 50, 57–59
Guns, Germs, and Steel (Diamond), 141, 143
Gurk, J. J., 167
Halley, Edward, 207
Hardwick, M. Jeffrey, 49
Heart of Our Cities, The (Gruen), 53–54, 57
Hegel, Georg, 151
Her (film), 184
Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de, 213
Horn, Paul, 227–28
horror films, precursors to, 149–50
Horsmanden, Daniel, 234–35
How the Mind Works (Pinker), 70–71
Hughson’s tavern
casual intermingling of races, 234–37
Cuffee (slave), 234–36
John Hughson, 233–37
“Newfoundland Irish Beauty, the” (Margaret Sorubiero), 233–34, 236
“Slave Rebellion of 1741,” 234–37
human settlements, ideal climates for, 141
“hummingbird effect, the,” 12, 244–45
humors, bodily, 134–35
Huygens, Christiaan, 207–208
Huygens, Lodewijk, 207
illusions
distorted perception of reality, 183–85
Gespenstermacher (“ghost maker”) of Leipzig, 148–50
Phantasmagoria, the, 150–55, 151
Paul Philidor, 149–50
proliferation of, 166–69
to re-create experiences, 163–64
Johann Georg Schröpfer, 148–49
Image, The (Boorstin), 183
Industrial Revolution
causes of, 31–32
influencers of, 32–33
innovation
department stores and malls as unique destinations, 61
developed at coffeehouses, 259
Disney’s ideas regarding the city of the future, 55–62, 59–60
global origins of, 12–13
“hummingbird effect, the,” 12, 244–45
and music, 72
punch cards to program a loom, 80–83
intellectual culture of Baghdad, 3–5
engineering design, books detailing, 3–5
House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma), 3
intellectual curiosity
college as a time of, 257–58
encyclopedia, origin of the, 255–58
intermedi
instruments used, 84–85
origins of opera, 83–85
invention stories, misleading
baseball, 199–200
Monopoly, 198–99
rubber vulcanization, 214–15
Isabella (queen), 202
Islamic faith spread by spice traders, 113
Jacquard, Joseph-Marie, 80–83, 81
Jaquet-Droz, Henri-Louis, 7
Jaquet-Droz, Pierre, 7
al-Jazari, Ismail, 3–5
Jennings, Ken, 228–30
Jeopardy! 228–31
Jobs, Steve, 220
John of Eschenden, 136
Johnson, Samuel, 14
Jonze, Spike, 184
Kasparov, Gary, 194
Kay, Alan, 217
Kempelen, Wolfgang von, 14
keyboards
QWERTY, 86–87
for string instruments, 88–89
to write musical notes, 89
kleptomania, 46–49
Lacassagne, Alexandre, 47–48
Lancaster, James, 139
Land and Freedom, 196
learning methods, 280–81
Letters on Natural Magic (Brewster), 155, 157
linear perspective, 160–61
Literary Gazette, 169
Lombroso, Cesare, 47–48
London Magazine, 39
Loth, Vincent, 119
Lovelace, Ada, 82
Macky, John, 258–59
Madinat al-Salam (now Baghdad), 1–3
Maelzel, John Nepomuk, 164–67
magic, natural, 155–56
magic lantern, 150, 152, 168, 171–72, 173
Magie, Lizzie, 195–99
malls
in decline because of their predictability, 61
global development of, 53
influence of Victor Gruen, 49–55, 50
as research for Disney’s EPCOT, 56–57
Southdale Center, 49, 51–54, 52
Mandeville, Bernard, 37
Mandeville, John, 26
Manner of Making Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate, The, 126
al-Mansur, Abu Ja’far, 1–3
al-Manum, Abu Ja’far, 3
Marguin, Jean, 77
Mártir d’Angleria, Pedro, 213
McKendrick, Neil, 37
McLuhan, Marshall, 201
Medici, Ferdinando I de’ (Grand Duke of Tuscany), 83–84
medicine
and Black Death, 136–37
compounds made by spicers, 135–36
derived from plants, 133
sexual dysfunction, treatment for, 134
spices as unproven, 136
theriac, 135
vanilla as, 133–34
Méliès, Georges, 171
Merlin’s Mechanical Museum, 6, 8–10
Middlemarch (Eliot), 136
Miller, Michael, 42–43
Mills, Abraham, 199–200
Minecraft, 201
Mithridates VI (king), 135
Monopoly
Charles Darrow, 198–99
false history of, 198–99
Lizzie Magie, 195–99
Parker Brothers, 199
tax reform, as outlined in the Landlord’s Game, 195–96, 197
Mont Blanc, 262–64
Morse, Samuel, 91
movies. See cinema
Mumford, Lewis, 50
Murch, Walter, 175
murex snails
sea voyages in search of, 18–19
source of Tyrian purple, 17–18, 19
music
Ballet Mécanique, 95–98
boxes of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 76
consonance vs. dissonance, 68
cultural invention vs. evolutionary adaptation, 69–72
drawing wave patterns to produce, 103–106
electronic, 101–106
experimental, 95–98
fourths and fifths, 67
intermedi, 83–85
origins of, 67
phonograph, 94–95
physics of intervals, 67–68
Steven Pinker, 70–71
pinned cylinder, 74–77
pursuit of innovation in, 72
Pythagorean tuning, 68
and ratios, 68
recorded, sharing, 106–107
tempo, 96–97
musical instruments
“Instrument Which Plays by Itself, The,” 73–76, 75
of the Medici intermedi, 84–85
panharmonicon, 166
natural selection, 269–70
nature as a relaxing escape, 260–66
Nossa Senhora dos Martires (“Pepper Wreck”), 115–16, 117
“novelty bonus” when perceiving new experiences, 281, 282
Obama, Barack, 33–34
occult shows, 149–50
Oldenburg, Ray, 246
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 274
On Painting (Alberti), 160
On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (Babbage), 10
open-ended functionality of machines
“Instrument Which Plays by Itself, The,” 75, 75–77
opium trade, 119
optical illusions, 155–56
Brewster Stereoscope, 160
Conflagration of Moscow, The, 164–66
evolutionary adaptations that allow, 174–75
eye as the source of most illusions, 157–58, 159
linear perspective, 160–61
“Moving Panorama,” 167
Panorama paintings, 160–64
persistence of vision, 172, 184
zoetrope, 172
Orlando, Florida, 274
outdoors, the
Albert Smith’s Ascent of Mont Blanc (performance), 266
biophilia, 260
celebrated in art, 266
fear of wilderness, 260
Mont Blanc, 262–64
mountaineering, 262–64
national parks and wilderness preservation, 266
nature tourism, start of, 264–65
Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, 261, 262–64
Paccard, Michel, 263
panharmonicon, 166
Panorama paintings, 160–64, 162, 266
Parker Brothers, 199
Pascal, Blaise, 207–209
Patrickson, Thomas, 119
pepper
biochemistry of, 142–43
Cookbook (Apicus), 118
as currency, 116
Natural History (Pliny the Elder), 118
Nossa Senhora dos Martires (“Pepper Wreck”), 115–16, 117
Queen Elizabeth I’s quest to acquire, 139–41
role in the fall of the Roman Empire, 118
perception, 159–60
Phantasmagoria, the, 150–55, 151
phase transitions, 181–82
Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 151
Philidor, Paul, 149–50
phonograph, 94–95
Pilon, Mary, 195
Pinker, Steven, 70–71
piperine, 142–43
play
encourages exploration and innovation, 73, 282
as insight into the future, 15
player piano
concept of paying for new programming, 94
difficulties synchronizing more than one, 96–97
early versions, 89
pleasure, seeking, 71–73
“pleasuring grounds,” 274–76
Plumb, J. H., 37
Popular Science, 179–80
Pound, Ezra, 97
Prelude, The (Wordsworth), 257
Prévost, Abbé, 22–24
probability, 206–209
probability theory, 207–209
programmability
concept of paying for new programming, 94
flute player automaton, 77–79
“Instrument Which Plays by Itself, The,” 75–76
Jacquard loom, 80–83
weaving machine for silk, 79–80
Progress and Poverty (George), 195–96
Prospect Park (Brooklyn, New York), 274–76, 275
“public, the,” as a societal force, 245–46
public gathering places
coffeehouses, 249–59
gay bars, 242–44
pubs, 240–46
semiprivate nature of, 244–45
taverns, 237–46
“third place, the,” 246
pubs
and the American Revolution, 241–42
opposition to, 240
places to enjoy freedom of speech and action, 240–46
political impact of, 241–42
punch cards
in computer programming, 82
to program a loom, 80–83
“pure aestheticism,” 273
racial segregation, 234–37
ratios and music, 68
Ravizza, Giuseppe, 89
remote-controlled torpedo using frequency hopping, 98–101
Ripley’s Believe It or Not, 257
Robertson, Étienne-Gaspard, 150
Rosée, Pasqua, 249–50
Rossell, Deac, 149
roulette, 221–27
rubber
Aztec sport of ullamalitzli, 213
ball games in Hispaniola, 211–13, 212
exploitation of human and natural resources, 214
Charles Goodyear, 214–15
made into balls by Mesoamericans, 212–13
vulcanization for durability, 214
Rutter, Brad, 228
Salter, James. See Saltero, Don
Saltero, Don, 255–57
Samson, Peter, 217
Samuels, Arthur, 280
Sartor Resartus (Carlyle), 153
Saussure, Horace-Bénédict de, 261, 262–64
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 131–32
Schmidhuber, Jürgen, 281
Schröpfer, Johann Georg, 148–50
Scott, Walter, 155–56
sea exploration inspired by the search for murex snails, 18–19
service industry, development of the, 44–46
shoplifting
“department-store disease,” 47
early studies of, 47
physiological causes vs. environmental causes, 47–48
unmotivated by economic need, 47–49
women as the culprits, 46–47
shopping. See also department stores; malls
becomes a leisurely pursuit, 22, 23
chain stores vs. mom-and-pop stores, 44
Compleat English Tradesman, The (Defoe), 24
credit, extending, 44
as a form of entertainment (“agreeable amusements”), 24, 32
haggling, elimination of, 44
shoplifting, 46–49
store displays in the early 1700s, 22–26
Shows of London, The (Altick), 157
Simulacra and Simulation (Baudrillard), 273
Sismondo, Christine, 235
Slave Rebellion of 1741, 237
Mary Burton, 235
Cuffee (slave), 234–36
“Newfoundland Irish Beauty” (Margaret Sorubiero), 233–34, 236
slavery
black belt, the, 33–34
Dutch East India Company, 119–20
fueled by the demand for cotton, 34–36
“Slave Rebellion of 1741,” 234–37
Sloane, Hans, 255–57
Smith, Albert, 266
Smith, Edward E., 216
social order
class differences challenged by fashion, 39–40
distribution of wealth as shown in the Landlord’s Game, 196–98
exhibitions enjoyed by all ranks, 157
public spaces as an equalizer, 246, 258–59
as shown in the game of chess, 188–92
Sons of Liberty, 241–42
sound. See also auditory illusions; music
drawing wave patterns to produce, 103–106
phonograph vs. pianola, 94–95
re-creation of war sounds, 165–66
Southdale Center, 49, 51–54, 52
“Spacewar: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums” (essay), 219–20
“Spectacle Mécanique,” 7
Spice: The History of a Temptation (Turner), 115
spice trade
Black Death, responsible for spreading, 136–37
Bourbon Island (now Réunion), 121, 124, 128–30
development of a single distribution method by Muslim traders, 112–13
Dutch domination of the Spice Islands, 119–21, 120, 125
experiencing the world through exotic spices, 137–38
pepper, 115–18
Poivre’s plan to cultivate spices in other parts of the world, 121–25
Spice Islands, 111, 112, 119–21
spicer’s role in the royal court, 132
spreading of Islam through, 113
trading patterns, 111–12
worldwide importance of, 130–44
Starbucks, 274
statistics. See probability theory
steam engines, 29
Steele, Richard, 254
stereoscope, 160
Stonewall Inn, 244
stores. See shopping
Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The (Habermas), 245–46
Styles, John, 29–30
surprise instinct, 280–83
synchronization difficulties
frequency hopping, 100–101
tactile illusions, 159
Tatler, 254
taverns. See also Hughson’s tavern
as inns for travelers, 239–40
as a new kind of social space, 237–38, 245
rising standards of living, 239
Roman tabernae, 238, 239–40, 242
in the ruins of Pompeii, 239
technology. See also computer technology
computer networks of the early 1990s, 170
digital simulations that trigger emotions, 184–85
frequency hopping, 100–101
global creation, 201–202
“global village” of Minecraft, 201
as illustrated in the work of Banu Masu and al-Jazari, 3–5, 4
multiplane camera, 179–81, 180
music’s role in developing, 91–92, 100–101
QWERTY keyboard, 86–87
textiles
“Calico Madams,” 28
cotton, 26–28
East India Company, 28
economic fears regarding the import of, 28–29
French weaving industry, 79–83
inventions to aid in the production of fabric, 29, 30
vivid colors of chintz and calico, 26–27, 27
theft. See shoplifting
theme parks
fantasy world of, 273
Tierpark Hagenbeck, 271–73, 272
Thorp, Edward, 221–27
Tierpark Hagenbeck, 271–73, 272
torpedo using frequency hopping, remote-controlled, 98–101
toys
foreshadowing the rise of mechanized labor, 11, 14–15
as illustrated in the work of Banu Masu and al-Jazari, 2, 3–5
trading, global
Columbus’s trip to the Caribbean, 114–15
Dutch East India Company, 119
Nossa Senhora dos Martires (“Pepper Wreck”), 115–16, 117
opium, 119
spices, importance of, 130–44
Venice as a central European distribution point, 118
transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, 142–43
Travels in Hyperreality (Eco), 273
Tully, John, 214
Turing Test, 227
Tussaud, Marie (“Madame Tussaud”), 6
2008 U.S. presidential election, 33–34
typewriters
“printing machine,” 90
shorthand, 89
“writing harpsichord,” 89
Tyrian purple
aesthetic response to, 21
difficulty obtaining, 18
sea exploration inspired by the demand for, 18–19, 20
as a status symbol, 18, 20, 38
Unger, Johann Freidrich, 89
Vaucanson, Jacques de, 7, 77–79, 78
Vaux, Calvert, 274
“Vertue of the COFFEE Drink” (essay), 249–50
Victoria (queen), 268
visual tricks. See optical illusions
Votey, Edwin Scott, 92
Voyages d’un Philosophe (Poivre), 124
Wallace, Mike, 234
Walsh, Claire, 22
War and Peace (Tolstoy), 164
Warhol, Andy, 183
Watson, Thomas, 280
Watson (computer system), 228–30
Weeks, Thomas, 10
Weiditz, Christoph, 213
Welles, Orson, 177
“Wellingtons Sieg,” 166
West End of London illusions, 167–70
Madame Tussaud’s wax statues, 5–6
Merlin’s Mechanical Museum, 6, 8–10
Panorama paintings, 5, 160–64, 162
Phantasmagoria, the, 5, 150–55, 151
Williams, H. L., 187–88
Williams, Raymond, 38
Williams, Tennessee, 243
Wilson, E. O., 260
Winchester, Simon, 18
Wordsworth, William, 257–58
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 53
writing machines, 87–88, 89–90
Wunderkammerns (“cabinet of wonders”), 255–57, 256
Zimmer, Carl, 247
Zola, Émile, 43–44
zoo, the
bringing the exotic close, 267–68
Darwin’s ideas about natural selection from a visit to Regents Park Zoo, 269–70
Jenny and Tommy (orangutans), 268–69
as “rational recreation,” 267–68