5. “Fuldstændig uden sammenhæng”: Hvordan en ideologi blev renset for forbrydelser
1. Donald Rumsfeld: Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld Speaking at Tribute to Milton Friedman, det Hvide Hus, Washington, DC, 9. maj 2002, www.defenselink.mil
2. Lawrence Weschler: A Miracle, a Universe: Settling Account with Tortures (New York, Pantheon Books, 1990), side 147.
3. Anthony Lewis: “For Which We Stand: II”, New York Times, 2. oktober 1975.
4. “A Draconian Cure for Chile’s Economic Ills”, Business Week, 12. januar 1976; Milton Friedman og Rose Friedman: Two Lucky People: Memoirs, (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998), side 601.
5. Milton Friedman: “Free Markets and the Generals”, Newsweek, 25. januar 1982; Juan Gabriel Valdés: Pinochet’s Economists: The Chicago School in Chile (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), side 156.
6. Milton Friedman og Rose Friedman: Two Lucky People, side 596.
7. Ibid., side 398.
8. Interview med Milton Friedman 1. oktober 2000 i forbindelse med udsendelsen Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, www.pbs.org.
9. Nobelprisen i økonomi uddeles ikke sammen de andre priser, u∂valgt af Nobelkomiteen. Prisens fulde navn er i stedet: Sveriges Riksbanks Pris i økonomisk videnskab til minde om Alfred Nobel.
10. Milton Friedman: “Inflation and Unemployment”, forelæsning i forbindelse med Nobelprisen, 13. december 1976, www.nobelprize.org.
11. Orlando Letelier: “The Chicago Boys in Chile”, The Nation, 28. august 1976.
12. Neil Sheehan: “Aid by CIA Groups Put in the Millions”, New York Times, 19. feb.1967.
13. Amnesty International: Report on Amnesty International Mission to Argentina 6-15 November 1976 (London, Amnesty International Publications, 1977), copyright-side; Yves Dezalay og Bryant G. Garth: The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2002), side 71.
14. Amnesty International: Report on Amnesty International Mission to Argentina 6-15 November 1976 (London, Amnesty International Publications, 1977), side 48.
15. Fredskomiteen var blevet omdøbt til Vikariatet på det tidspunkt, Ford begyndte at støtte den. Americas Watch var en del af Human Rights Watch, som startede under navnet Helsinki Watch med et tilskud fra Ford Foundation på 500.000 USD. Beløbet på de 30 millioner USD stammer fra et interview med Alfred Ironside fra kommunikationsafdelingen i Ford Foundation. Ifølge Ironside blev de fleste af pengene brugt i 1980’erne. Han sagde, at der “stort set ingen penge blev brugt på menneskerettigheder i Latinamerika i halvtredserne”, og at der “var en række bevillinger i tresserne beregnet på menneskerettigheder i omegnen af 700.000 USD”.
16. Yves Dezalay og Bryant G. Garth: The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2002), side 69.
17. David Ransom: “Ford Country: Building an Elite for Indonesia”, The Trojan Horse: A Radical Look at Foreign Aid, red. Steve Weisman (Palo Alto, Californien, Ramparts Press, 1975), side 96.
18. Juan Gabriel Valdés: Pinochet’s Economists: The Chicago School in Chile (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), side 158, 186 og 308.
19. Ford Foundation: “History”, 2006, www.fordfound.org.
20. Goenawan Mohamad: Celebrating Indonesia: Fifty Years with the Ford Foundation 1953-2003 (Jakarta, Ford Foundation, 2003), side 56.
21. Yves Dezalay og Bryant G. Garth: The Internationalization of Palace Wars, side 148.
22. Ford Foundation: “History”, 2006, www.fordfound.org. fodnote: Frances Stonor Saunders: The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters (New York, New Press, 2000).
23. Ærkebisoppen i São Paolo: Torture in Brazil: A Shocking Report of the Pervasive Use of Torture by Brazilian Military Governments, 1964-1979, (Austin, University of Texas Press, 1986), side 50.
24. Simone de Beauvoir og Gisèle Halimi: Djamila Boupacha, oversat af Peter Green (New York, McMillan, 1962), siderne 19, 21, 31.
25. Marguerite Feitlowitz: A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture (New York, Oxford University Press, 1998), side 113.
26. Jeg har foretaget småændringer i Feitlowitz’ oversættelse for klarhedens skyld. Marguerite Feitlowitz: A Lexicon of Terror, side 113-15. Fremhævelsen stammer fra originalen.
6. Reddet af en krig: Thatcherismen og dens nyttige fjender
1. Oversat af Peter Sillem. Carl Schmitt: Politische Theologie: Vier Kapitel zur Lehre von der Souveränitet (1992, genoptrykt Berlin, Duncker & Humboldt, 1993), side 13.
2. Korrespondence i Hayek-samlingen, boks 101, mappe 26, Hoover Institution Archives, Palo Alto, Californien. Thatchers brev er dateret 17. februar. Tak til Greg Grandin.
3. Peter Dworkin: “Chile’s Brave New World of Reaganomics”, Fortune, 2. november 1981.
4. Milton Friedman og Rose Friedman: Two Lucky People: Memoirs (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998), side 387.
5. Donald Rumsfeld: Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld Speaking at Tribute to Milton Friedman, det Hvide Hus, Washington, DC, 9. maj 2002, www.defenselink.mil.
6. Milton Friedman: “Economic Miracles”, Newsweek, 21. januar 1974.
7. I udskiften af talen er der en fejl. Rumsfeld citeres for at sige: “De kommer til at lære de kommer til at lære det på den gale måde”. Jeg fjernede gentagelsen for at undgå forvirring. Donald Rumsfeld: Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld Speaking at Tribute to Milton Friedman.
8. Henry Allen: “Hayek, The Answer Man”, Washington Post, 2. december 1982.
9. Interview med Milton Friedman 1. oktober 2000 i forbindelse med udsendelsen Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, www.pbs.org.
10. Arnold C. Harberger: Curriculum Vitae, november 2003, www.econ.ucla.edu.
11. Ibid.; Friedman & Friedman: Two Lucky People, side 607-609.
12. The Politiccal Economy of Policy Reform, red. John Williamson (Washington, DC, Institute of International Economics, 1994), side 467.
13. Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, Cheryl Hill Lee, U.S. Census Bureau: Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005, august 2006, www.census.gov.; Central Intelligence Agency: World Factbook 2007, www.cia.gov.
14. Allan H. Meltzer: “Choosing Freely: The Friedmans’ Influence on Economic and Social Policy”, i The Legacy of Milton and Rose Friedman’s Free to Choose, red. M. Wynne, H. Rosenblum og R. Formaini (Dallas, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 2004), side 204, www.dallasfed.org.
15. John Campbell: Margareth Thatcher: The Iron Lady, bind 2 (London, Jonathan Cape, 2003), side 174-75; Patrick Cosgrave: Thatcher: The First Term (London, Bodley Head, 1985), side 158-59.
16. Kevin Jeffreys: Finest & Darkest Hours: The Decisive Events in British Politics from Churchill to Blair (London, Atlantic Books, 2002), side 208.
17. Baseret på MORI poll-resultater (Gallup havde Thatcher til 23 procent). “President Bush: Overall Job Rating”, www.pollingreport.com, foretaget den 12. maj 2007; Malcolm Rutherford: “1982: Margaret Thatcher’s Year”, Financial Times (London), 31. december 1982.
18. Samuel P. Huntington: The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
19. Hossein Bashiriyeh: The State and the Revolution in Iran, 1962-1982 (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1984), side 170-71.
20. “On the Record”, Time, 14. februar 1983.
21. John Campbell: Margareth Thatcher:The Iron Lady, bind 2, side 128.
22. Leonard Downie Jr. og Jay Ross: “Britain: South Georgia Taken”, Washington Post, 26. april 1982; “Jingoism Is Not the Way”, Financial Times (London), 5. april 1982.
23. Tony Benn: The End of an Era: Diaries 1980-90, red. Ruth Winstone (London, Hutchinson, 1992), side 206.
24. Angus Deming: “Britain’s Iron Lady”, Newsweek 14. maj, 1979; Kevin Jeffreys: Finest & Darkest Hours, side 226.
25. BBC News: “1982: First Briton Dies in Falkland Campaign”, On This Day, 24th April, news.bbc.co.uk.
26. Rutherford: “1982”.
27. Michael Getler: “Dockers’ Union Agrees to Settle Strike in Britain”, Washington Post, 21. juli 1984.
28. “TUC at Blackpool (Miners’ Strike): Labour Urged to Legislate on NUM Strike Fines”, Guardian (London), 4. september 1985; Seumas Milne: The Enemy Within: Thatcher’s Secret War against the Miners (London, Verso, 2004); Seumas Milne: “What Stella Left Out”, Guardian (London), 3. oktober 2000.
29. Seumas Milne: “M15’s Secret War”, New Statesman & Society, 25. november 1994.
30. Coal War: Thatcher vs. Scargill, instruktør Liam O’Rinn, episode 8093 i serien Turning Points of History, sendt den 16. juni 2005.
31. Ibid.
32. Warren Brown: “U.S. Rules Out Rehiring Striking Air Controllers”, Washington Post, 2. august 1991.
33. Milton Friedman, forord til Capitalism and Freedom (1962, genoptrykt Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1982), side ix.
34. J. McLane: “Milton Friedman’s Philosophy of Economics and Public Policy”, Conference to Honor Milton Friedman on His Ninetieth Birthday, 25. november 2002. www.cibus.com. cibus.com.
35. N. Bukharin og E. Preobrazhensky: The ABC of Communism: A Popular Explanation of the Program of the Communist Party of Russia, oversat af Eden og Cedar Paul (1922, genoptrykt Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1967), side 340-41.
36. The Political Economy of Policy Reform, side 19.
37. Friedman & Friedman: Two Lucky People, side 603.
7. Den nye chokdoktor: Økonomisk krigsførelse erstatter diktatur
1. “U.S. Operations Mission to Bolivia”, Problems in the Economic Development of Bolivia, La Paz: United States Operation Mission to Bolivia, 1956, side 212.
2. Susan Sonntag: Illness as Metaphor (New York, Farrer, Straus and Giroux, 1977), side 84.
3. “Bolivia Drug Crackdown Brews Trouble”, New York Times, 12. september 1984; Joel Brinkley: “Drug Cops Are Up in Export Nations, State Dept. Says”, New York Times, 15. februar 1985.
4. Jeffrey D. Sachs: The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York, Penguin, 2005), side 90-93.
5. John Maynard Keynes: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919, genoptrykt London, Labour Research Department, 1920), side 220-21.
6. Interview med forfatteren, oktober 2006, New York City.
7. Robert E. Norton: “The American Out to Save Poland”, Fortune, 29. januar 1990.
8. Interview med Jeffrey Sachs den 15. juni 2000 til Commanding Heights: The Battle of the World Economy, www.pbs.org.
9. “A Draconian Cure for Chile’s Economic Ills?”, BusinessWeek, 12.januar 1976.
10. Sachs: The End of Poverty, side 93.
11. Sachs: Commanding Heights.
12. Cathrine M. Conaghan og James M. Malloy: Unsettling Statescraft: Democracy and Neoliberalism in the Central Andes (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburg Press, 1994), side 127.
13. Sachs: The End of Poverty, side 95.
14. Susan Velasco Portillo: “Victor Paz: Decreto es coyuntural, pero puede durar 10 ó 20 años”.
15. Ibid.
16. Cathrine M. Conaghan og James M. Malloy: Unsettling Statescraft, side 129.
17. Alberto Zuaco: “Bolivian Labor Unions Dealt Setback”, United Press International, 9. oktober 1985; Juan de Onis: “Economic Anarchy Ends”, Los Angeles Times, 6. november 1986.
18. Embedsmandens kommentarer baserer sig på hukommelsen hos medlemmerne af det redningshold. Velasco Portillo: “Victor Paz: Decreto es coyuntural, pero puede durar 10 a 20 años”.
19. Ibid.
20. Harlan K. Ullman og James P. Wade: Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance (Wa-shington, DC, NDU Press, 1996), side xxv.
21. Cathrine M. Conaghan og James M. Malloy: Unsettling Statescraft, side 186.
22. Peter M. Farren: “48-hour Strike Hurts Country”, Associated Press, 5. september 1985; Mike Reid: “Sitting Out the Bolivian Miracle”, Guardian (London), 9. maj 1987.
23. Robert J.Alexander: A History of Organized Labor in Bolivia (Westpoint, Connecticut, Praeger, 2005), side 169.
24. Sam Zuckerman: “Bolivian Bankers See Some Hope After Years of Economic Chaos”, American Banker, 13. marts 1987; Waltraud Queiser Morales: Bolivia: Land of Struggle (San Francisco: Westview Press, 1992), side 159.
25. Statistikken stammer fra Inter-American Development Bank. Morales: Bolivia, side 159.
26. Erick Foronda: “Bolivia: Paz Has Trouble Selling ‘Economic Miracle’”, Latinamerica Press 21, nummer 5, 16. februar 1989), side 7, citeret i Morales: Bolivia.
27. Robert J. Alexander: A History of Organized Labor in Bolivia, side 169.
28. Interview med Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, 20. marts 2001 til Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, www.pbs.org.
29. Peter McFarren: “Farmers’ Siege of Police Points Up Bolivia’s Drug-Dealing Problems”, Associated Press, 12. januar 1986.
30. Peter McFarren: “Bolivia – Bleak, but Now Hopeful”, Associated Press, 23. maj 1989.
31. Conaghan og Malloy skriver, at “der er ringe tvivl om, at narkohandlen (på linje med den økonomiske støtte, Paz har fået) hjalp med til at opbløde stabiliseringens stød. Ud over at skabe en indkomst mener man, at indsprøjtningen af ‘coca-dollar’ i banksystemet har været med til at stabilisere landets valuta i tiårets sidste halvdel”. Conaghan og Malloy: Unsettling Statecraft, side 198.
32. Tyler Bridges: “Bolivia Turns to Free Enterprise Among Hard Times”, Dallas Morning News, 29. juni 1987; Conaghan og Malloy: Unsettling Statecraft, side 198.
33. John Sedgwick: “The World of Doctor Debt”, Boston Magazine, maj 1991.
34. “Taming the Beast”, The Economist, 15. november 1986.
35. Sachs: Commanding Heights.
36. Peter Passell: “Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, Shock Therapist”, New York Times, 27.juni 1993.
37. “New Austerity Package Revealed”, Latin American Regional Reports: Andean Group, 13. december 1985.
38. Bankmanden blev citeret anonymt. Zuckerman: “Bolivian Bankers See Some Hope After Years of Economic Chaos”.
39. The Political Economy of Policy Reform, red. John Williamson (Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics, 1994), side 479.
40. Associated Press: “Bolivia Now Under State of Siege”, New York Times, 20. sep 1985.
41. “Bolivia to Lift State of Siege”, United Press International, 17. december 1985; “Bolivia Now Under State of Siege”.
42. Conaghan og Malloy: Unsettling Statecraft, side 149.
43. Reuters: “Bolivia Strike Crumbling”, Globe and Mail (Toronto), 21. september 1985.
44. Peter McFarren: “Detainees Sent to Internment Camps”, Associated Press, 29. august 1986; Bolivia: Government Frees Detainees, Puts Off Plans for Mines”, Inter Press Service, 16. september 1986.
45. Sachs: The End of Poverty, side 96.
46. Sánchez de Lozada: Commanding Heights.
47. Conaghan og Malloy: Unsettling Statecraft, side 149.
8. Krise virker: Indpakningen af chokterapi
1. A.E. Hotchner: Papa Hemingway (1966, genoptrykt New York, Carroll & Graf, 1999), side 280.
2. Jim Schultz: “Deadly Consequences:The International Monetary Fund and Bolivias ‘Black February’”(Cochabamba, Bolivia, The Documentary Center, april 2005), side 14, www.democracycntr.org.
3. Albert O. Hirschman: “Reflections on the Latin American Experience”, i The Politics of Inflation and Economic Stagnation: Theoretical Approaches and International Case Studies, red. Leon N. Lindberg og Charles S. Maier (Washington, DC, Brookings Institution, 1985), side 76.
4. Banco Central de la República Argentina: Memoria Anual 1985, www.bcra.gov.ar; Lawrence Weschler: A Miracle, a Universe: Settling Accounts with Torturers (New York, Pantheon Books, 1990), side 152; “Brazil Refinancing Foreign Debt Load”, New York Times, 2. juli 1964; Alan Riding: “Brazil’s Leader Urges Negotiations on Debt”, New York Times, 22. september 1985.
5. Robert Harvey: “Chile’s Counter-Revolution”, The Economist, 2. februar 1980; Verdensbanken: Economic Memorandum: Argentina (Washington, DC, World Bank, 1985), side 17.
6. Rådgiveren var Franklin Willis. Michael Hirsch: “Follow the Money”, Newsweek, 4. april 2005.
7. Terence O’Hara: “6 U.S. Banks Held Pinochet’s Accounts”, Washington Post, 16. marts 2005.
8. United Press International: “Former Cabinet Minister Arrested in Argentina”, Seattle Times, 17. november 1984.
9. Verdensbanken: Economic Memorandum: Argentina, side 17. “Documentación que prueba los ilícitos de Martínez de Hoz”, La Voz del Interior, 6. oktober 1984, citeret i H. Hernandez: Justicia y Deuda Externa Argentina (Santa Fe, Argentina, Editorial Universidad de Santa Fe, 1988), side 36.
10. H. Hernandez: Justicia y Deuda Externa Argentina, side 37.
11. Ibid.
12. Hun beskrev den som en “rapport om, hvordan man kunne investere i Bahamas, Luxembourg, Panama, Schweiz og Lichtenstein. Der var også et afsnit – ret teknisk – om beskatningen disse steder”. Marguerite Feitlowitz: A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture (New York, Oxford University Press, 1998), side 57.
13. Norberto Galasso: De la Banca Baring al FMI (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Colihue, 2002), side 246; Adolfo Pérez Esquivel: “¿Cuándo comenzo el terror del 24 de marzo de 1976?”, La Fogata, 24. marts 2004, www.lafogata.org.
14. U.S. State Department: Memorandum of Conversation, Subject: Secretary’s Meeting with Argentine Foreign Minister Guezzetti, October 7, 1976, deklassificeret, www.gwu-edu/~nsarchiv.
15. Sue Branford og Bernardo Kucinski: The Debt Squads: The US, the Banks, and Latin America (London, Zed Books, 1988), side 95.
16. Matthew L. Wald: “A House, Once Again, Is Just Shelter”, New York Times, 6. feb.1983.
17. Jaime Poniachik: “Cómo empezó la deuda externa”, La Nación (Buenos Aires), 6. maj 2001.
18. Donald V. Coes: Macroeconomic Crises: Politics and Growth in Brazil, 1964-1990 (Washington, DC, World Bank, 1995), side 187; Eghosa E. Osaghae: Structural Adjustment and Ethnicity in Nigeria (Uppsala, Sverige, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1995), side 24; T. Ademola Oyejide og Mufutau I. Raheem: “Nigeria”, i The Rocky Road to Reform: Adjustment, Income Distribution, and Growth in the Developing World, red. Lance Taylor (Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1993), side 302.
19. IMF: Fund Assistance for Countries Facing Exogenous Shock, 8. august 2003, www.imf.org.
20. Banco Central de la República Argentina: Memoria Anual í 985, www.bcra.gov.ar
21. “Interview with Arnold Harberger”, The Region, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, marts 1999, www.minneapolisfed.org.
22. Tidligere Chicago-professor og fakultetsmedlem, Stanley Fischer, var afdelingsdirektør i IMF i 1994, Raghuram Rajan var IMFs cheføkonom i 2003, Michael Mussa var chef for forskningsafdelingen hos IMF i 1991, og Danyang Xie var seniorøkonom i IMFs afdeling for Afrika i 2003.
23. IMF: “Article I – Purposes”, Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, www.imf.org.
24. “Speech by Lord Keynes in Moving to Accept the Final Act at the Closing Plenary Session, Bretton Woods, 22 July, 1944”, Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, bind 26, red. Donald Moggridge (London, Macmillan, 1980), side 103.
25. John Williamson: “In Search of a Manual for Technopols”, i John Williamson (red.): The Political Economy of Policy Reform (Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics, 1994), side 18.
26. “Appendix: The ‘Washington Consensus’”, i The Political Economy of Policy Reform, side 27.
27. Williamson: The Political Economy of Policy Reform, side 17.
28. Joseph E. Stiglitz: Globalization and Its Discontents (New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 2002), side 13.
29. Davidson L. Budhoo: Enough Is Enough: Dear Mr. Camdessus ... Open Letter of Resignation to the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, forord af Errol K. McLeod (New York, New Horizons Press, 1990), side 102.
30. Dani Rodrik: “The Rush to Free Trade in the Developing World: Why So Late? Why Now? Will It Last?”, i Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization and Economic Adjustment, red. Stephan Haggard og Steven B. Webb (New York, Oxford University Press, 1994), side 82. Min fremhævelse.
31. Ibid., side 81.
32. “ ... [Hvad] godt der end måtte være at sige om handelsreformer, så var det lighedstegn, der blev sat mellem handelsregimer og overvægten af makroøkonomiske kriser, som regel dårlige økonomier”. Dani Rodrik: “The Limits of Trade Policy Reform in Developing Countries”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, nummer I (vinter 1992), side 95.
33. Herasto Reyes: “Argentina: historia de una crisis”, La Prensa (Panama City), 12.januar 2002.
34. Nathaniel C. Nash: “Turmoil, Then Hope in Argentina”, New York Times, 31. januar 1991.
35. “Interview with Arnold Harberger”.
36. José Natanson: Buenos muchachos: Vida y obra de los economistas del establishment (Buenos Aires, Libros del Zorzal, 2004).
37. Paul Blustein: And the Money Kept Rolling In (and Out): Wall Street, the IMF, and the Bankrupting of Argentina (New York, PublicAffairs, 2005), side 21.
38. Ibid., side 24; interview med Domingo Cavallo, den 30. januar 2002, til udsendelsen Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, www.pbs.org; César V. Herrera og Marcelo García: “A 10 años de la privatizacíon de YPF – Análisis y consecuencias en la Argentina y en la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge (versíon ampliada)”, Centro Regional de Estudios Económicos de la Patagonia Central, 23. januar 2003, www.creepace.com.ar; Antonio Camou: “Saber técnico y política en los orígines del menemismo”, Perfiles Latinoamericanos 7, nummer 12 (juni 1998); Carlos Saúl Menem: Tale ved frokost med den mexicanske præsident Ernesto Zedillo, 26. november 1997, www.zedillo.presidensia.gob.mx. fodnote: Interview med Alejandro Olmos Gaona: “Las deudas hay que pagarlas, las estafas no”, LaVaca, 10. januar 2006, www.lavaca.org.
39. “Menem’s Miracle”, Time International, 13. juli 1992.
40. Cavallo i Commanding Heights.
9. Smæk historiens dør i: En krise i Polen, en massakre i Kina
1. Leszek Balcerowicz: “Losing Milton Friedman, A Revolutionary Muse of Liberty”, Daily Star (Beirut), 22. november 2006.
2. Michael Freedman: “The Radical”, Forbes, 13. februar 2006.
3. Joseph Fewsmith: China Since Tiananmen: The Politics of Transition (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001), side 35.
4. Undfangelsen af Solidaritet skete i en halv-selvstændig fagforeningsgruppe kaldet De frie Kystfagforeninger, dannet i 1978. Det var denne gruppe, der arrangerede de strejker, der førte til etableringen af Solidaritet.
5. Thomas A. Sancton: “He Dared to Hope”, Time, 4. januar 1982.
6. Ibid.
7. “Solidaritets program, vedtaget ved den første nationale kongres”, i Peter Raina: Poland 1981: Towards Social Renewal (London, George Allan & Unwin, 1985), side 326-80.
8. Thomas A. Sancton: “He Dared to Hope”.
9. Egil Aarvik: “The Nobel Peace Prize 1983 Presentation Speech”, Oslo, Norge, 10. december 1983, www.nobelprize.org.
10. Lawrence Weschler: “A Grand Experiment”, The New Yorker, 13. november 1989.
11. Jeffrey D. Sachs: The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York, Penguin, 2005), side 120; Magdalena Wyganowska: “Transformation of the Polish Agricultural Sector and the Role of the Donor Community”, USAID Mission to Poland, september 1998, www.usaid.gov.
12. James Risen: “Cowboy of Poland’s Economy”, Los Angeles Times, 9. februar 1990.
13. Jeffrey D. Sachs: The End of Poverty, side 111.
14. Lawrence Weschler: “A Grand Experiment”.
15. Jeffrey D. Sachs: The End of Poverty, side 114.
16. Ibid.; Lawrence Weschler: “A Grand Experiment”.
17. Interview med Jeffrey Sachs i forbindelse med udsendelsen Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economics, www.pbs.org.
18. Perzemyslaw Wielgosz: “25 Years of Solidarity”, upubliceret forelæsning, august 2005. Med forfatterens tilladelse.
19. Sachs: The End of Poverty, side 117; fodnote: Randy Boyagoda: “Europe’s Original Sin”, The Walrus, februar 2007, www.walrusmagazine.com.
20. Lawrence Weschler: “A Grand Experiment”; interview med Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, den 20. marts 2001, i forbindelse med udsendelsen Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, www.pbs.org.
21. Lawrence Weschler: “A Grand Experiment”.
22. Balcerowicz: “Losing Milton Friedman”.
23. “Walesa: U.S. Has Stake in Poland’s Success”, United Press International, 25. august 1989.
24. Citatet stammer fra Zofia Kuratowska, “Solidaritets fremmeste ekspert med hensyn til sundhedsvæsnet og nu en førende lovgiver”. Lawrence Weschler: “A Grand Experiment”.
25. John Tagliabue: “Poles Approve Solidarity-Led Cabinet”, New York Times, 13. september 1989.
26. Lawrence Weschler: “A Grand Experiment”; “Mazowiecki Taken Ill in Parliament”, Guardian Weekly (London), 17. september 1989.
27. Anne Applebaum: “Exhausted Polish PM’s Cabinet Is Acclaimed”, Independent (London), 13. september 1989.
28. Lawrence Weschler: “A Grand Experiment”.
29. Ibid.
30. Leszek Balcerowicz: “Poland” i The Political Economy of Policy Reform, red. John Williamson (Washington, DC, Institute for International Economics, 1994), side 177.
31. Ibid., side 176-77.
32. Ibid., side 163.
33. Thomas Carothers: “The End of the Transition Paradigm”, Journal of Democracy 13, nummer 1 (januar 2002), side 6-7.
34. George J. Church: “The Education of Mikhail Sergyevich Gorbatjov”, Time, 4. januar 1988.
35. Francis Fukuyama: “The End of History?”, The National Interest, sommer 1989. fodnote: Francis Fukuyama: The End of History and the Last Man (New York, Free Press, 1992).
36. Milton Friedman og Rose D. Friedman: Two Lucky People: Memoirs (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998), side 603.
37. Fukuyama: “The End of History?”.
38. Ibid.
39. Friedman & Friedman: Two Lucky People, side 520-22.
40. Ibid., side 558; Milton Friedman: “If Only the United States Were as Free as Hong Kong”, Wall Street Journal, 8. juli 1997.
41. Maurice Meisner: The Deng Xioping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socialism, 1978-1994 (New York, Hill and Wang, 1996), side 455; “Deng’s June 9 Speech: ‘We Face a Rebellious Clique’ and ‘Dregs of Society’”, New York Times, 30. juni 1989.
42. Friedman var blevet inviteret til Kina i forskellige sammenhænge – som konferencedeltager, som universitetsforelæser – men i sine memoirer karakteriserede han det som et statsbesøg: “Jeg var for det mest gæst hos regeringsorganer”, skriver Friedman. Friedman & Friedman: Two Lucky People, side 601.
43. Ibid., siderne 517, 537, 609. Fremhævelserne er de oprindelige.
44. Ibid., side 601-602.
45. Wang Hui: China’s New Order: Society, Politics, and Economy in Transition (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2003), side 45 og 54.
46. Ibid., side 54.
47. Ibid., side 57.
48. Meisner: The Deng Xiaoping Era, side 463-65.
49. “China’s Harsh Actions Threaten to Set Back 10-Year Reform Drive”, Wall Street Journal, 5. juni 1989.
50. “Deng’s June 9 Speech: ‘We Face a Rebellious Clique’ and ‘Dregs of Society’”, New York Times, 30. juni 1989. fodnote: Henry Kissinger: “The Caricature of Deng as a Tyrant is Unfair”, Washington Post, 1. august 1989.
51. Interview med Orville Schell optaget den 13. december 2005 i forbindelse med PBS’ Frontline-episode “The Tank Man”; interviewet kan ses udskrevet i fuld længde på www.pbs.org.
52. Wang: China’s New Order, side 65-66.
53. Meisner: The Deng Xiaoping Era, side 482. fodnote: David Harvey: A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005), side 135.
54. Mo Ming: “90 Percent of China’s Billionaires Are Children of Senior Officials”, China Digital Times, 2. november 2006, www.chinadigitaltimes.net.
55. Human Rights Watch: “Race to the Bottom: Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship”, Human Rights Watch 18, nummer 8 (c) (august 2006), side 28 og 43; Wang: China’s New Order, side 65.
56. Friedman& Friedman: Two Lucky People: Memoirsi, side 516.
57. Jaroslaw Urbanski: “Workers in Poland After 1989”, Workers Initiative Poland, paspartoo.w.interia.pl; Weschler: “A Grand Experiment”.
58. Mark Kramer: “Polish Workers and the Post-Communist Transition, 1989-93”, Europe-Asia Studies, juni 1995; Verdensbanken: World Development Indicators 2006, www.worldbank.org; Andrew Curry: “The Case against Poland’s New President”, New Republic, 17. november 2005; Wielgosz: “25 Years of Solidarity”.
59. Wielgosz: “25 Years of Solidarity”.
60. David Ost: The Defeat of Solidarity: Anger and Politics in Postcommunist Europe (Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 2005), side 62.
61. StatisticalYearly (Warzava: Polens statistik, 1997), side 139.
62. Mark Kramer: “Polish Workers and the Post-Communist Transition, 1989-93”.
10. Et demokrati født i lænker: Sydafrikas snærende frihed
1. “South Africa; Tutu Says Poverty, Aids Could Destabilise Nation”, www.AllAfrica.com, november 2001.
2. Martin J. Murray: The Revolution Deferred (London, Verso, 1994), side 12.
3. “ANC Leader Affirms Support for State Control of Industry”, Times (London), 26. januar 1990.
4. Ismail Vadi: The Congress of the People and Freedom Charter Campaign, forord af Walter Sisulu (New Delhi, Sterling Publishers, 1995), www.sahistory.org.za.
5. Nelson Mandela: A Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela (New York, Little, Brown and Company, 1994), side 150.
6. “The Freedom Charter”, vedtaget på folkekongressen i Kliptown, 26. juni 1955, www.anc.org.za
7. William Mervin Gumede: Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of ANC (Cape Town, Zebra Press, 2005), side 219-20.
8. Mandela: A Long Walk to Freedom, side 490-91.
9. Faktisk blev metoden med simpelt flertal udsat helt frem til 1999. Indtil da blev den udøvende magt delt mellem de partier, der vandt mere end 5 procent af de afgivne stemmer. Uudgivet interview med Nelson Mandela foretaget af filmskaberen Ben Cashdan, 2001; Hein Marais: South Africa: Limits to Change: The Political Economy of Transition (Cape Town, University of Cape Town Press, 2001), side 91-92.
10. fodnote: Milton Friedman: “Milton Friedman – Banquet Speech” holdt i forbindelse med Nobel-banket den 10. december 1976, www.nobelprize.org.
11. Bill Keller: “Can Both Wealth and Justice Flourish in a New South Africa?”, New York Times, 9. maj 1994.
12. Mark Horton: “Role of Fiscal Policy in Stabilization and Poverty Alleviation”, i Post-Apartheid South Africa: The First Ten Years, red. Michael Nowak og Luca Antonio Ricci (Washington, DC, International Monetary Fund, 2005), side 84.
13. fodnote: Juan Gabriel Valdés: Pinochet’s Economists: The Chicago School in Chile (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), side 31 og 35, citerende Pinochets økonomiminister Pablo Baraonas definition af “det nye demokrati”; Robert Harvey: “Chile’s Counter-Revolution: The Fight Goes On”, The Economist, 2. februar 1980 (Harvey citerede Sergio Fernandez, indenrigsministeren); José Piñera: “Wealth Through Ownership: Creating Property Rights in Chilean Mining”, Cato Journal 24, nummer 3 (efterår 2004), side 298.
14. James Brew: “South America – Habitat: A Good Home Is Still Hard to Own”, Inter Press Service, 11. marts 1997.
15. David McDonald: “Water: Attack the Problem Not the Data”, Sunday Independent (London), 19. juni 2003.
16. Bill Keller: “Cracks in South Africa’s White Monopolies”, New York Times, 17. juni 1993.
17. Gumede citerer Businessmap-statistikker, der vurderer, at “omkring 98 procent af de administrerende direktører i virksomheder noteret på børsen i Johannesburg er hvide, og de bestemmer over 97 procent af børsens samlede værdi”. Simon Robinson: “The New Rand Lords”, Time, 25. april 2005;
18. William Mervin Gumede: Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of ANC (Cape Town, Zebra Press, 2005), side 112.
19. Moyiga Nduru: “S. Africa: Politician Washed Anti-Aids Efforts Down the Drain”, Inter Press Service, 11. april 2006.
20. “Study: Aids Slashes SA’s Life Expectancy”, Mail & Guardian (Johannesburg), 11. december 2006.
21. Randen rettede sig lidt mod dagens slutning og lukkede 7 procent lavere. Jim Jones: “Foreign Investors Take Fright at Hardline Stance”, Financial Times (London), 13. februar 1990.
22. Steven Mufson: “South Africa 1990”, Foreign Affairs (Særudgave: America and the World), 1990/1991.
23. Thomas L. Friedman: The Lexus and the Olive Branch (New York, Random House, 2000), side 113.
24. William Mervin Gumede: Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of ANC, side 69.
25. Ibid., side 85; “South Africa: Issues of Rugby and Race”, The Economist, 24. august 1996.
26. Nelson Mandela: “Report by the President of the ANC to the 50th National Conference of the African National Congress”, 16. december 1997.
27. William Mervin Gumede: Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of ANC, side 33-39 og 69.
28. Ibid., side 79.
29. Marais: South Africa, side 122. fodnote: ANC: Ready to Govern: ANC Policy Guidelines for a Democratic South Africa Adopted at the National Conference 28.-31. maj 1992, www.anc.org.za.
30. Ken Wells: “U.S. Investment in South Africa Quickens”, Wall Street Journal, 6. oktober 1994.
31. William Mervin Gumede: Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of ANC, side 88.
32. Ibid., side 87.
33. Marais: South Africa, side 162.
34. Ibid., side 170.
35. William Mervin Gumede: Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of ANC, side 89.
36. Ginger Thompson: “South African Commission Ends Its Work”, New York Times, 22. marts 2003.
37. ANC: “The State and the Social Transformation”, diskussionsoplæg, november 1996, www.anc.org.za; Ginger Thompson: “South Africa to Pay $3,900 to Each Family of Apartheid Victims”, New York Times, 16. april 2003; Cashdans upublicerede interview med Mandela.
38. William Mervin Gumede: Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of ANC, side 108.
39. Ibid., side 119.
40. South African Communist Party: “The Debt Debate: Confusion Heaped on Confusion”, november-december 1998, www.sacp.org.za; Jeff Rudin: “Apartheid Debt: Questions and Answers”, Alternative Information and Development Centre, 16. marts 1999, www.aidc.org.za; fodnote: Congress of South Africa Trade Unions: “Submission on the Public Investment Corporation Draft Bill”, 25. juni 2004, www.cosatu.org.za; Rudin: “Apartheid Debt”; South African Communist Party: “The Debt Debate”.
41. “The Freedom Charter”.
42. Nomvula Mokonyane: “Budget Speech for 2005/06 Financial Year by MEC for Housing in Guateng”. Tale holdt i Guatengs lovgivende forsamling 13. juni 2005, www.info.gov.za.
43. Lucille Davie og Mary Alexander: “Kliptown and the Freedom Charter”, 27. juni 2005, www.southafrica.info; Blue IQ: The Plan for a Smart Province – Guateng.
44. William Mervin Gumede: Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of ANC, side 215.
45. Scott Baldauf: “Class Struggle: South Africa’s New, and Few, Black Rich”, Christian Science Monitor, 31. oktober 2006; “Human Development Report 2006”, United Nations Development Programme, www.undp.org.
46. “South Africa: The Statistics”, Le Monde Diplomatique, september 2006; Michael Wines og Sharon LaFraniere: “Decade of Democracy Fills Gap in South Africa”, New York Times, 26. april 2004.
47. Simon Robinson: “The New Rand Lords”.
48. Michael Wines: “Shandytown Dwellers in South Africa Protest the Sluggish Pace of Change”, New York Times, 25. december 2005.
49. Mark Wergerif, Bev Russell og Irma Grundling: Summary of Key Findings from the National Evictions Survey (Polokwane, Sydafrika, Nkuzi Development Association, 2005), www.nkuzi.org.za.
50. Wines: “Shandytown Dwellers in South Africa Protest ...”
51. William Mervin Gumede: Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of ANC, side 72; Internt citat: Asghar Adelzadeh: “From the RDP to GEAR: The Gradual Embracing of Neoliberalism in Economic Policy”, Transformation 31, 1996.
52. Ibid., side 70.
53. Stephen F. Cohen: Failed Crusade: America and the Tragedy of Post-Communist Russia (New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 2001), side 30.