Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
al-Qaeda,
xiii,
15–17,
150,
159,
189n25; in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP),
16–18,
175; in Iraq,
15,
17; in the Islamic Maghreb,
175; and Israeli-Palestinian conflict,
114–17; motivations and goals of,
102–5,
113–17,
197n34,
198n36; and Muslims,
103–5,
114–17,
122–23; and state sponsorship,
64–65; and U.S.,
115–16Al-Qaeda Terrorist Training Manual,
200n5
Al-Shabab al-Mujahideen,
150Anarchist Cookbook,
200n5
Ansar al-Islam (Kurdish terrorist group),
17Arab Liberation Front (ALF),
65Army of the Muslim Nation,
159attacks, terrorist,
112,
119–26,
133–42; Beslan,
14; CBRN,
147–48; cyber,
127,
129; goals of,
120–22; by Hamas,
28,
105,
111,
153,
157,
162–63,
202n19; by Hezbollah,
26,
80–81; in Israel,
14,
23,
34,
71,
90,
111,
143,
157; Mumbai (2008),
5; and population of origin,
81–82,
121–22,
125; preparation for,
139–41; randomness of,
6,
8,
119–20,
135–36; shooting,
135; targets of,
23,
38–39,
119,
129,
198n4; triggers of,
123–26; types of,
133–38.
See also 9/11 terrorist attacks;
suicide attacks
Barqawi, Isam Muhammad Tahir al- (Abu Muhammad Asem al-Maqdisi),
15–16
Carlos the Jackal (Ilich Ramírez Sánchez),
67Case for Democracy (Sharansky),
93
civilians: combat-supportive,
44,
46–47,
190n28; definition of,
38–44; and IHL,
37; and precautionary obligation,
46–47; targeting of,
5,
8–10,
13,
29,
33,
38,
108,
182n16,
190n29.
See also human shieldscoalition governments, democratic,
186n29collateral damage,
4,
28,
33,
41,
44; and precautionary obligation,
46–47,
190nn28–30; and proportionality,
38–39,
51,
53–54,
190n35combatants: definition of,
38–41,
43; Geneva Conventions on,
40–41,
45,
188n14,
188n16,
188nn18–19; military commanders,
37–39,
48,
54–56; militia,
43,
46–47; and precautionary obligation,
46–47Communist terrorist organizations,
86compromise vs. concession,
86cost-benefit analysis,
10,
12,
99,
102,
171,
173,
195n1; by Hamas,
165–66; and suicide attacks,
145; and unconventional terrorism,
149counter-terrorism: and democratic values,
4,
29–30,
32–36,
84–85,
90–96,
174,
179,
185n22,
194n18; effective policy for,
11–12,
102,
150–51,
173–74,
178–80; European Union,
33–34; and IHL,
174–75; international,
13–14,
176,
179; and legal system,
3,
33,
36,
177–78,
180, 326; and media,
3,
177,
180; multidimensional,
3,
176–78; and proportionality,
63,
174–75; and public opinion,
24–25,
34–35,
82,
184n9; U.S.,
xi,
92–94Counter-Terrorism, International Institute for,
146
democracy, liberal: and counter-terrorism,
4,
29–30,
32–36,
84–85,
90–96,
174,
179,
185n22,
194n18; definition of,
14–15; and democratic-governance dilemma,
34–35,
167,
179; and democratic values vs. democratic efficiency approaches,
91–96; exploitation of,
ix–xi,
1,
4,
15,
19–20,
28–33,
63,
77,
80,
84–85,
91,
94,
174; and hybrid terrorist organizations,
77,
80–81,
94; and Islamist-jihadists,
x,
15–20; legal legitimacy of,
91,
177–79; and liberal-democratic dilemma,
34–36,
92,
94–95,
174–75,
179; and security,
24,
34,
36,
179Democracy: A Religion (Maqdisi),
15–16
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP),
78
EOKA (National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters),
ixExposing the Suspect Aspects of Democracy and Destroying the Tyrant of Yemen (Murshidi),
17–18
Fatah al-Islam in the Lands of al-Rabat,
159Fighters for the Freedom of Israel (Lehi; Stern Gang),
7freedom fighters,
7–8,
94freedom of information,
32freedom of speech, assembly, and movement,
31French Union de Transports Aériens,
192n10fundraising,
3,
11,
31,
65,
67,
83,
109–10,
122,
128–29,
199n5
Gaza Strip,
xii,
20,
87; Hamas in,
104,
153–55,
156–71,
202n5,
204n1; Israeli blockade of,
157,
162,
165,
171,
203n23,
204n1; Israeli withdrawal from,
26,
154,
170; and Operation Cast Lead,
28,
164; and Operation Pillar of Defense,
151,
158,
160,
164,
166–70,
196n21,
203n30,
204n37; targeted killings in,
164,
166–67Geneva Conventions,
37,
39,
63,
94,
186n1,
189n20; on advance warning,
191n39; on combatants,
40–41,
45,
188n14,
188n16,
188nn18–19; on human shields,
190n33; on prisoners of war,
187n11; on proportionality,
187n4,
187n6,
187nn8–9“Global Islamic Resistance Call” (Suri),
18–19Goldstone Report, U.N.,
28
Hagish (Khomeini loyalist),
71Hamas,
xi–xiii,
67,
150–71,
175,
196n21,
197n29,
198n38,
200n5; and Arafat,
152–53; attacks by,
28,
105,
111,
153,
157,
162–63,
202n19; charter of,
151–52,
155–57,
196n17,
197n33; cost-benefit analysis by,
165–66; and
da’wa,
154–55; and Egypt,
157,
162,
170,
203n23; and Fatah,
152,
161–63,
170; in Gaza Strip,
104,
153–55,
156–71,
202n5,
204n1; and Hezbollah,
158,
160,
165; as hybrid terrorist organization,
78–79,
154,
172,
192n2; and Iran,
70–71,
154,
158–59,
160,
163,
165,
168,
170,
204n37; and Islamic law,
155–57,
165,
202n5,
202n19; and Israel,
102,
105,
110–11,
153–57,
162–70,
178,
197n33; leadership of,
153–54,
160–61; legitimacy of,
111,
162,
165,
171; military efforts of,
156–59,
161,
163; motivations and goals of,
102,
104–5,
155,
161–62,
165; and Oslo peace process,
71,
105; and Palestinian population,
102,
104,
153,
160,
161,
165,
169; and PIJ,
152,
166,
170; recruitment by,
153,
161,
164; and Salafist
jaljalat,
104,
159–61,
165–68,
202n19; and state sponsorship,
65,
158–59,
162Hezbollah,
xi,
xiii,
65,
110,
175,
193n13,
198n38,
199n5; attacks by,
26,
80–81; charter of,
197n33; and Hamas,
158,
160,
165; as hybrid terrorist organization,
78–79,
89–90,
172,
192n2; and Iran,
67,
71–72,
79,
199n4; in Lebanon,
26,
78–79,
90,
143,
150,
158,
169,
193n5; and Syria,
146,
199n4human shields,
4,
38,
44,
49,
59–60,
82–83,
168,
189n24; Geneva Conventions and ICC on,
190n33; and precautionary obligation,
46–47,
54,
190n30hybrid terrorist organizations,
xi–xii,
2–3,
74–83,
175; vs. classic terrorist organizations,
xi,
81; definition of,
74–75; and democracy,
77,
80–81,
94; Hamas as,
78–79,
154,
172,
192n2; Hezbollah as,
78–79,
89–90,
172,
192n2; legitimacy of,
78,
80,
180
ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross),
186n1,
188n19International Criminal Court (ICC),
190n33international humanitarian law (IHL),
x,
4,
8,
45,
63,
94,
186n1; and advance warning,
58,
60,
191n39; enforcement of,
10,
38,
50,
188n16; and precautionary obligation,
47; and proportionality,
37–42,
48–50,
174–75Iran,
xi,
64–65,
69–72; 1979 Islamic Revolution in,
19–20,
69,
183n33; and Hamas,
70–71,
154,
158–60,
163,
165,
168,
170,
204n37; and Hezbollah,
67,
71–72,
79,
199n4Iraq,
xiii,
15–17,
65,
70,
90,
137,
143; al-Qaeda in,
15,
17; ISIS in,
146,
175Iraqi Islamic Dawa Party,
143ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria),
146,
175Islam: fundamentalist,
16–19,
81,
122,
151,
172,
176,
179; radicalization of,
19,
114–18,
179–80.
See also MuslimsIslamist-jihadists,
113–18,
145,
150,
159,
172; and democracy,
x,
15–20; global,
64,
100,
102,
104; Hamas,
155–57,
165,
202n5,
202n19; and Islamic caliphate,
78,
90,
102–5,
113–14,
117,
170,
197n34; and moderate Muslims,
117–18,
122–23,
176; and
shari’a,
16,
90,
102,
113–14,
117,
155–56,
165–66,
202n5,
202n19; and terrorism,
ix–xiii,
64,
78,
100,
123,
137,
176,
198n2.
See also Salafism;
particular organizationsIsrael,
xii–xiii,
7,
115–16,
137,
197nn28–29; and blockade of Gaza Strip,
157,
162,
165,
171,
203n23,
204n1; and Hamas,
102,
105,
110–11,
153–57,
162–70,
178,
197n33; iron dome system of,
168–69,
204n36; and Operation Cast Lead,
28,
164; and Operation Defensive Shield,
111; and Operation Pillar of Defense,
151,
158,
160,
164,
166–70,
196n21,
203n30,
204n37; and Palestinians,
114–17,
154,
198n38; Shin Bet,
153; terrorist attacks in,
14,
23,
34,
71,
90,
111,
143,
157; and unlawful combatants,
45,
189n25; and withdrawal from Gaza Strip and Lebanon,
25–26,
154,
170,
199n4
Jaysh Ansar al-Sunna (Iraqi al-Qaeda affiliate),
17Jemaah Islamiyah (JI),
175Jund Ansar Allah (Army of Supporters of Allah),
202n19
Lebanon,
65,
70,
103,
142–43,
197n28; Hezbollah in,
26,
78–79,
90,
143,
150,
158,
169,
193n5; Israeli withdrawal from,
25–26,
199n4legitimacy,
1,
88–90,
175; of Hamas,
111,
162,
165,
171; of hybrid terrorist organizations,
78,
80,
180; international,
15,
77,
84–85,
106,
108,
110,
177; and population of origin,
15,
84–85,
106,
108,
111–12; of targeted states,
83,
100,
121,
177,
179; and terrorism vs. guerilla warfare,
8–11,
14Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE),
143
Makawi, Abdallah Muhammad Muhsein,
166Maqdisi, Abu Muhammad Asem al- (Isam Muhammad Tahir al-Barqawi),
15–16media: and counter-terrorism,
3,
177,
180; interests of,
26–27,
184n12; and terrorism,
9,
22–23,
25–27,
30,
137,
145,
155,
174,
177Miqdad, Abu Tah Abdullah al-,
17motivations,
94–95; and ending terrorism,
86–88; misrepresentation of,
31,
66,
106,
110,
173,
193n4; root and instrumental,
102–6,
150Mujahideen in the Environs of Jerusalem,
166Mumbai 2008 terrorist attacks,
5Murphy, Anne-Marie,
200n9Murshidi, Sheikh Muhammad bin Abd al-Qadir al-,
17–18
National Front for the Liberation of Palestine,
78National Military Organization in the Land of Israel (Etzel; Irgun),
7
Operation Cast Lead (Israel),
28,
164Operation Defensive Shield (Israel),
111Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC),
13organizations, terrorist: adaptability of,
xii,
1; classic vs. hybrid,
xi,
81; competition among,
xii,
125; founding of,
126–28; leadership of,
139,
199n6; members of,
129–30,
199n6; skeleton vs. popular,
73–74,
128,
192n2; structure of,
43,
128,
142; and suicide attacks,
201n16; tactics vs. goals of,
13–14,
182n19.
See also hybrid terrorist organizations;
particular organizations
Palestine, Mandate of,
7,
102Palestine Liberation Front (PLF),
191n6Palestinian terrorism,
14,
28,
76,
136.
See also particular organizationspolitics,
35,
130–32,
144,
179; and terrorist organizations,
74–78,
80–83,
88,
109,
154–55; and violence,
8,
12,
21–22,
25,
81–83Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine/General Command (PFLP/GC),
65,
67,
191n6population of origin,
1,
27,
74–75; support of,
81–82,
87,
108,
111–12; and terrorist attacks,
81–82,
121–22,
125proportionality, principle of,
x,
48–63,
168–69; and advance warning,
58–60; on the battlefield,
55–58; and collateral damage,
38–39,
51,
53–54,
190n35; and counter-terrorism,
63,
174–75; Geneva Conventions on,
187n4,
187n6,
187nn8–9; and IHL,
37–42,
48–50,
174–75; new model for,
50–63,
190n35,
191n38; and precautionary obligation,
53–54; subjectiveness of,
49–50,
190n35; and targeted killings,
48,
56,
60–61public opinion,
22,
30–31,
93–94,
144,
153,
169–70,
174; and counter-terrorism,
24–25,
34–35,
82,
184n9; international,
27,
28,
108,
112,
122,
161
Rafsanjani, Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi,
71Rashir (Khomeini loyalist),
71rationale,
xi; behind suicide attacks,
142–45; and decision making,
98–101,
126–32,
171; and ideology,
100,
102; practical aspects of,
119–32; subjectivity of,
100,
110,
126,
173,
180; understanding of,
97–98,
101–2,
150–51,
171–72,
178,
180recruitment,
11,
84–85,
89,
91,
109,
121–22,
138,
140,
177; by Hamas,
153,
161,
164; by winning hearts and minds,
31,
67,
76–77,
83,
116Red Cross, International Committee of the (ICRC),
186n1,
188n19retaliation: and counter-terrorism,
66,
82,
167,
180; and terrorism,
27,
73,
120,
124–25,
130–32,
134,
138,
197n28
Sada al-Jihad (
The Echo of Jihad; magazine),
17
Sada al-Malahim (
The Echo of Battle; magazine),
17
Sákharovsky, Aleksandr,
64security: confidence in,
23,
27,
34,
186n29; and democratic values,
24,
34,
36,
179; international,
xii,
8,
13,
186n30; Obama on,
92–93,
194n20; personal vs. collective,
25“Spread of Democracy is a Victory for America and Israel” (Miqdad),
17state sponsorship,
x–xi,
11,
64–73,
77–78,
87,
125,
141; and al-Qaeda,
64–65; and Hamas,
65,
158–59,
162; levels of,
66–69; U.S. on,
68–69,
192n11strategy, terrorism,
21–25,
30–33,
106–10; and media,
9,
22–23,
25–27,
30,
137,
145,
174,
177; and practical considerations,
119–32; and public opinion,
24–25,
30–31; and rationale,
99–100; and timing,
23,
120suicide attacks,
xii,
23–24,
76,
111,
130,
135,
195n2,
200n16; definition of,
143; rationale behind,
142–45; Western understanding of,
97–98,
144–45,
150–51Suri, Abu Musab al-,
18–19
territorial conflicts: involving Muslims,
103–4,
114–17; vs. religious conflicts,
110terrorism, definitions of,
5–14,
94,
176,
179–80; and counter-terrorism policy,
11–12; vs. freedom fighters,
7–8; vs. guerilla warfare,
8–11,
12; and tactics vs. goals,
13–14,
182n19; by U.N.,
13,
181n10; by U.S.,
181n8Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement,
199n1
United States,
xiii,
15,
65,
90,
143,
167,
186n29,
195n1; and al-Qaeda,
115–16; and counter-terrorism,
xi,
92–94; and democratization,
19–20,
93–94; Department of Defense,
181n8; and Iran,
183n33; and Israel,
197n28; 9/11 terrorist attacks in,
5,
21,
33–34,
64–65,
197n28; and Soviet Union,
100–101; State Department,
9,
68–69; and state sponsors of terrorism,
68–69,
192n11; and unlawful combatants,
45,
189n25U.S. Army Counter-Terrorism Manual,
195n2
Wahishi, Nasir Abd al-Karim al- (Abu Basir),
16warfare,
ix,
2–5; multidimensional,
3–5,
38,
43–46,
50,
58–60,
63,
94; between nations and non-state actors,
37–38; psychological,
3,
22–24,
120,
148,
169; rules governing,
11–12,
39–42World Economic Forum,
124World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders,
115
Yassin, Sheikh Ahmad,
152