Page numbers in italic type refer to boxes.
abolitionists, 52, 75, 105, 252, 270, 272
Acheson, Dean 149–50
Adams, James Truslow, The Epic of America, 297
Adams, John Quincy, 15, 39, 42, 48, 51, 54–56, 82, 114, 116, 131–32
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), 39, 40, 48, 51, 54, 72
Afghanistan, 239, 243, 333, 342, 348
US invasion, 240, 268, 316, 350
US policies, 349–52
Africa, 72, 74–81, 123, 182, 202, 208–10
dictators, 332
national liberation movements, 273
purchase from Russia, 73, 105, 253
Ali, Muhammad, 271–72
Allende, Salvador, 214
Alliance for Progress, 138, 212
“America First,” 12, 261, 305, 360
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missionaries, 87–88, 180
American colonies, 73, 81, 101–2, 119–25
American Colonization Society, 74, 75, 76, 77
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, 137
American dream, 276, 296–97, 298
American empire: birth of, 4
denials of, 3
development of, 6–7, 9, 15–16, 47–48, 130–31
first centenary, 259
first map of, 20
long life of, 360
post–Cold War, 238–44
post–Second World War, 186–216
retreat from, 5–6, 7, 10–12, 15, 103, 224, 244, 247–74, 305–31, 359–60, 364, 365
threats to, 332–57. See also Manifest Destiny; Monroe Doctrine
American exceptionalism, 7–8, 10, 57, 172, 179–89, 248, 251, 253, 272, 361
American Indian Movement, 270
American-Israel Public Affairs Committee, 205
American Peace Society, 262–63
American Samoa, 92–93
Americas, 39, 109, 141, 151, 175, 182, 257, 309–11, 332–38
authoritarian leaders, 214
human rights, 137; inter-American system, 131–39. See also Central America; Good Neighbor Policy; Monroe Doctrine
anticommunism, 138, 154, 177–78, 266; evangelicals, 181, 184. See also Cold War
anti-exceptionalists, 248, 268–74, 363
anti-expansionists, 247–54, 268–74
anti-imperialists, 247–61, 264, 271, 272
antitrust, 162
Anti-Trust Act (1945), 175
activities in China, 315
Arias, Arnulfo and Harmodio, 63, 65
Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 114, 239, 242
arms industry, 146, 263–64, 264
Asia-Pacific region, 1, 7, 72–73, 81–99, 103, 182, 195, 333–34, 352–57
anti-expansionists, 253
trade agreements, 329
US semiglobal empire, 89–93, 89, 195–202
Assad, Bashir al-, 242, 326, 328, 352
Assange, Julian, 231
Associated Press, 174, 175, 178, 179
Astor, John Jacob, 42
Atlantic Charter (1941), 141, 147
atomic bomb, 148, 258, 264, 377n68
Austin, Stephen, 50–51
balance of payments, 162, 221, 281
Bandung Conference (1955), 202
Bashir, Omar al-, 239
Bay of Pigs (1961), 212, 214, 266
Belgium, 10, 79, 103, 175, 191
Benton, Thomas Hart, 56
Berlin: division of, 189
Berlin Conference (1884–85), 74, 79
Berlin Wall, fall of (1989), 310, 319, 342
Berners-Lee, Tim, 226
Bikini Island, 377n68
black liberation, 272
Bolívar, Simón, 106
Boot, Max, The Savage Wars of Peace, 96
Bosnian War (1990s), 235, 240, 268, 397n66
Boxer Rebellion (1898–1900), 86, 180
Brazil, 4, 134, 210, 240, 336, 338
Pentecostals, 184
US intervention, 213–14
Bretton Woods Conference (1944), 153–56, 168, 221, 306
British empire, 3, 4, 15, 46, 52, 101, 105, 132, 139, 162, 170, 211, 270
Central America, 47, 66–67, 106, 124, 133–34
decline of, 10, 30, 78, 80, 103
Japanese trade, 85–86
Middle East, 142, 203–5, 280, 352
North American territory, 16, 26, 38
Pacific, 73, 83, 91, 92, 98, 99
Pacific Northwest, 40, 42–43, 55, 93
Washington Conference, 140–41
British Guiana, 124, 133–34, 211, 212–13
broadcasting, 176, 177, 179, 191, 192, 317
Brown, Dee, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 270
Bryan, William Jennings, 134, 254
Bryan-Chamorro Treaty (1916), 69, 373nn49, 53, 54
Buchanan, Patrick, 261, 272; A Republic, Not an Empire, 261
Buell, Abel, 20
Bulgaria, 145, 147, 189, 235, 283
Bunau-Varilla, Philippe (“Mr. Canal”), 63, 64
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 36
Bush, George H. W., 215, 218, 231, 233, 238, 261, 323, 324
Bush, George W., 114, 183, 218, 229, 238, 308, 323, 328, 335, 338
Afghanistan invasion, 350
African HIV/AIDS prevention, 346
democracy promotion, 349
Iraq invasion, 240, 241, 242, 243, 336–37; 9/11 responses, 234–37
South Sudan independence, 347
UN Law of the Sea Convention, 321
unpopularity in Europe, 341
California, 35, 42, 44, 54–60, 66, 83, 89
Canada, 16, 30, 40, 73, 194, 242
cession advocates, 105
NAFTA, 222–23
oil exports, 280
US exports, 122
US investments, 162
capital, 221, 276, 281, inflows and outflows, 277, 282, 284, 329, 334
and innovation, 290–96
Caribbean, 6, 40, 66, 100–125, 102, 212–14, 216, 334–35
anti-expansionists, 253
US fiscal policy, 121, 122; US interventions, 134, 213–14, 182
Carolina Islands, 94, 95, 98, 99, 377n68
Carter, Jimmy, 214–15, 267, 324
Castro, Fidel, 108, 119, 212, 236
Cayman Islands, 289
Central America, 47, 60–71, 103, 106, 183, 267, 309
evangelicalism, 184
free trade agreements, 335
US interventions, 70–71, 134, 211, 214, 215, 216
US sanctuary movement, 267
Cherokees, 27, 30, 49, 53, 269
Chile, 169, 210, 283, 335, 336
US covert activity in, 214
Second World War, 141
China, People’s Republic of, 7, 10, 148, 202, 217, 243, 307, 338
economic growth, 231, 275, 278, 333
military spending, 356–57
Nixon-Kissinger visit, 196
Paris climate change accord, 323
R&D spending, 294
South China Sea aggression, 321, 324, 355
sub-Saharan Africa interests, 333, 345–48
trade, 219, 220, 309, 328, 329, 335, 353–54
UN veto, 143, 144, 238, 240, 306
US assets ownership, 288
US policy shifts, 195, 313–14, 183, 353–55, 389n32
US technology companies, 314, 315, 316
Chou En-lai, 196
Churchill, Winston, 145, 147, 148, 197, 280
Marshall Plan, 149
US “special relationship,” 194
CIA, 148, 182, 195–96, 202, 204, 209, 211–15
covert activity, 192, 214, 244
Civil Rights Congress, 144, 271
civil rights movement (1960s), 272, 273
Civil War, 35, 47, 86, 89, 105, 106, 110, 111, 115, 174, 263
Claiborne, William, 25–26, 27, 31
client states, 3, 5, 71, 81, 194, 352, 359
climate change, 277, 322–23, 324, 341, 343, 363, 364
Clinton, Bill, 114, 122, 218, 231–32, 286, 309, 324, 325, 333, 343, 344
Kyoto Protocol, 323
Oslo accords, 349
unilateral actions, 243
Clinton, Hillary, 7, 12, 354–55, 356
Cobb-Douglas production model, 291–94
Cold War, 2, 3, 6, 142, 151, 172, 173, 186–216, 258
arms race, 146
containment, 146, 147, 181, 314
domino theory, 200
media, 160, 177–79, 191–93, 316
neo-isolationists, 258–59, 261; nonstate actors, 159–85, 304
Colombia, 47–48, 60, 335, 336–38
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1999), 324, 326
computers, 226, 290, 294, 295. See also cyberwarfare; Internet
Congo, Republic of, 208, 209, 345
Congress: anti-expansionists, 253
electoral boundaries, 319
executive relations, 327; foreign policy, 304, 305, 318–25, 327
“power of the purse,” 324
religious lobbyists, 183
territorial representatives, 18
war powers, 251, 256–57, 326. See also Senate
conscription: deferments, 264–65
opponents, 248, 251, 256, 263, 272
Cook, James, 87
Cook Islands, 90
Costa Rica, 66, 70, 71, 137, 283
Council on Foreign Relations, 168, 169, 172, 211
Cuba, 39, 95, 100, 114–19, 215, 282, 283, 334
aid to Angola, 210
OAS, 311; revolution (1959), 119, 125, 138, 212, 236
US policies, 101, 115–18, 186, 241, 242, 309–11, 324, 337
world trade, 156. See also Bay of Pigs
cultural capital, 223–24
currency, 101, 164, 187–88, 278, 340. See also dollar; exchange rate
Cushing, Caleb, 82
cyberwarfare, 226, 228, 230, 243
Cyprus, 190
Danish West Indies, 101, 105, 121, 123, 253
DARPA, 226. See also Internet
Dayton Accords (1995), 342, 397n66
Defense Department, US, 148, 226, 236, 314
defense spending, 9, 221, 232, 234, 237–38, 284
Denmark, 121, 279. See also Danish West Indies
developing countries: foreign direct investment, 164–65
IMF reforms, 307
missionaries, 184–85
trade agreements, 222
WTO, 219–20
Doha Round (2001), 222, 281, 308–9
Dole, Sanford, 91
fixed exchange rate, 154–55
international strength, 162, 221
dollar diplomacy, 78, 107, 134
Dominican Republic, 70, 335, 377n10
US policies, 101–11, 115, 121, 124, 138, 213–14, 253, 266
Douglass, Frederick, 61, 111, 270–71, 398n17
drug traffic, 215, 241, 242, 334, 336, 337
Dulles, John Foster, 138
Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944), 141
Dutch empire, 4, 86, 162, 101, 175
trade, 279
Duvalier, François (“Papa Doc”), 113, 213
East India Company, 72
education, 293–94, 298, 302; institutions, 9, 276
missionaries and, 180
Arab Spring, 350. See also Suez Canal
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 119, 144, 150, 183, 192–201, 209, 211, 212, 264
military-industrial complex warning, 9
EU (European Union), 227, 323, 328, 339–43, 365
European Commission, 167, 307, 315
European Economic Community, 192–93, 194
European Single Market, 339–40
evangelicals, 180–85, 184, 318
exchange rate: fixed, 153, 154–55
purchasing power parity, 278
congressional relations, 327; foreign policy18–19, 320, 325–31
extraterritoriality, 82, 241, 384n8
FCC, 176–77
federal deficit, 403n17
foreign buyers of assets, 287–88, 289, 290
filibuster, 47, 48, 50, 67, 68
film industry, 160, 177–78, 297
Cold War propaganda, 191
First World War, 7, 73, 78, 80, 98, 123, 139, 151, 168, 176, 298
collapse of empires, 10, 203–4, 352
US colonies, 107–8
FISA Amendment Act (2008), 229, 230
US acquisition, 29, 32, 38–40, 45, 48, 100
Fordlandia, 163
Ford Foundation, 170–71
Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (2010), 241, 330
Foreign Affairs (journal), 134, 146, 168, 169, 233–34
foreign aid, 149–50, 171, 192, 346. See also Marshall Plan; Truman Doctrine
foreign direct investment, 164–65, 224, 276, 277, 289
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (2008), 229, 230
Foreman, Grant, A Traveler in Indian Country, 41
Fort Stanwix, Treaty of (1768), 16, 24, 25
France: Communist Party, 190, 191, 201, 242, 301
NATO, 150
UN veto, 143, 306. See also French empire
Franco, Francisco, 193
Franklin, Benjamin, 15–16, 297
free market capitalism, 161, 219–25, 231, 313, 329, 352–53
restraint of trade, 162
shift of income and wealth, 298
US dollar, 221
French empire, 3, 4, 10, 12, 54, 77, 78, 83, 101, 109, 110, 132, 162, 279
central American canal, 47, 62–63
Indochina loss, 151, 198, 200, 201
North America, 15, 16, 25, 30–39, 48
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 58, 372n17
Fukuyama, Francis, “end of history” concept, 219
Fulbright, J. William, 266, 272
Gaddhafi, Muammar al-, 239, 240, 333, 397n65
Gadsden Purchase (1853), 58, 60, 252
Garrison, William Lloyd, 252, 272
Gates, Bill, 170
Gates Foundation, 170, 171, 317, 346
GDP, 46, 237, 275–78, 285–87, 299, 352, 402–3nn1, 2, 3
debt ratio, 414n24
expression of, 284
growth factors, 291
US deficit share, 286
US share of world, 279
Geneva accord (1954), 198, 200, 201
genocide, 324
definition of, 28
Native Americans, 28, 37, 44, 54, 59
UN Convention, 142, 144, 271, 320
George III, King of Great Britain, 16, 37
Georgia (country), 235, 312, 339, 341
Georgia (US state), 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28
Nicaragua, 69
Panama, 65
Germany, 145, 224, 240, 301, 327
reconstruction, 149, 187–91, 194
rearmament, 146
reunification, 342. See also Berlin
Gerry, Elbridge, 256
globalization, 130, 165–66, 217–44, 298, 313, 334, 352, 363 opponents, 260, 261, 303, 328–29 global leadership, 217–44
decline, 5–6, 7, 10–12, 15, 103, 224, 244, 247–74, 304–31
gold: Alaska, 93
California, 35, 44, 56, 59, 60, 66
gold standard, 153, 154–55, 221, 238
Good Neighbor policy, 65, 103, 113, 134–35
Goulart, João, 213–14
Graham, Billy, 182
Grant, Ulysses S., 36, 91, 101, 104, 105, 262
Great Britain, 371n1. See also British empire; United Kingdom
Great Depression (1930s), 97, 119, 120, 153
Great Recession (2007–9), 223–24, 285, 290, 292, 299, 329, 343
Greece, 144, 147, 148, 189, 190
debt, 290
Marshall Plan, 149
Grenada, 216
Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848), 58, 60, 61
Guam, 73, 94, 95, 97, 99, 254, 283
Guano Islands Act (1856), 73, 83, 97, 110, 115
Guantánamo Bay, 117, 118, 236, 324
Gulbenkian, Calouste, 204, 391nn94, 95
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964), 266, 326
Hague Conventions (1899, 1907), 139
Haiti, 61, 70, 106, 108–14, 124, 213, 236, 238, 336
earthquake, 114
independence, 30, 31, successful slave revolt, 30, 101, 109
US interventions, 101–3, 112–14, 121, 239–40, 242
hard power, 8–9, 244, 282, 304, 310, 351, 362
Harrison, Benjamin, 91, 111, 133
Harrison, William Henry, 21, 22–23
statehood, 99
US annexation, 90, 91, 97, 117, 254
missionaries, 87–88, 180. See also Pearl Harbor attack
Hay, John, “Open Door” notes, 87
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903), 64, 65
Hayes, Rutherford B., 62–63
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901), 67, 69
Hearst, William Randolph, 174, 176
Hersch, Seymour, 215
higher education, 9, 276, 294, 302
high-tech companies, 295, 296, 315
Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, 41, 56, 58
Honduras, 66, 67, 68, 71, 211, 267, 310
House, Edward M. (“Colonel”), 134, 168
Hull, Cordell, 124
Hull House, 255
human rights, 172, 320, 322, 324, 343, 363
Americas, 137, 215, 216, 267, 336
Asia-Pacific, 355–56
sub-Saharan Africa, 345–46, 348
UN measures, 137, 142, 306, 322
Huntington, Samuel, 173
Hussein, Saddam, 239, 242, 348, 350, 391n51
Ibn Saud, Abdel Aziz, King (Saudi Arabia), 280, 352
IMF, 146, 153–56, 168, 210, 224, 291, 329, 343
reforms, 306–8
US economic forecasts, 278
immigration, 86, 97–98, 271, 376nn55, 56
imperialism, 96, 140, 168, 180, 181
neo-imperialists, 12. See also American empire
Indian Removal Act (1830), 30, 40
Indian Territory, 34, 38, 41, 43–44, 360, 370n29
indigenous peoples, 18, 93, 94, 368n1. See also Native Americans
Indochina, 199
French loss of, 151, 198, 201. See also Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam
information and communication technology, 217–18, 225–31, 232, 294
three industrial revolutions, 290–91
intellectual property, 285, 335
rights protection, 166–67, 219, 222, 334
intelligence services, 194, 229–31, 243, 265
Inter-American Democratic Charter (2001), 138, 311, 336
Inter-American Development Bank, 138, 212
inter-American system, 131–39. See also Monroe Doctrine
International Development Association, 156, 307
international law, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 306
International News Service, 174, 178
International Trade Organization, 156, 157, 158
Internet, 179, 226–30, 290, 294, 305, 314–16. See also cyberwarfare
Iran, 151, 203–6, 322, 324, 352
nuclear agreement, 327, 342, 351
radical Islam, 208
US sanctions, 242, 327, 333, 348
Iranian revolution (1978–79), 186, 203, 204–5, 333
invasion of Kuwait, 238, 239, 348
oil, 204
Iraq war, first (1990–91), 238, 239, 333, 348, 350
Iraq war, second (2003–11), 3, 7, 173, 218, 237–42, 268, 316, 341, 342
as US failure, 351–52
Islamic fundamentalism, 179, 181, 208, 334, 345, 346, 352
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 242, 350
isolationism, 12, 247–48, 254–61
definition of, 256
Israel, State of, 142, 143, 151, 317
evangelical identification with, 181
US policies, 205, 206, 222, 306
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 205, 350, 352, 391n60
Oslo accords, 349
Italian empire, 4, 65, 103, 106, 139
collapse in Middle East, 200, 352
Jackson, Andrew, 39, 41, 51–52, 55
Indian removal, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40
Japan, 69, 139, 195, 228, 257, 278, 288, 301, 140
imperial power, 85–86
Pacific islands, 73, 83, 98, 99
US occupation, 73, 195–97, 352. See also Second World War
Jefferson, Thomas, 15, 22, 30–31, 39, 48, 75, 114–15, 116, 256, 262. See also Louisiana Purchase
Johnson, Lyndon, 109, 205, 209, 213–14, 266
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, 327
Jordan, 203, 205, 206, 349, 351
Kalakaua, David, King of Hawaii, 90, 91
Kamehameha I, II, III, V, Kings of Hawaii, 88, 91
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 35
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 141
Kennedy, John F., 109, 113, 205, 209, 258, 265, 266, 285, 329
Cuba, 212
space program, 225
Keynes, John Maynard, 153, 154, 288
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 272, 273
King, Willford Isbell, The Wealth and the Income of the People of the United States, 297
Kipling, Rudyard, “The White Man’s Burden,” 96
Kissinger, Henry, 169, 196, 215, 389n32
World Vision, 184
Kosovo, 235, 238, 240, 326, 341
Iraq invasion of, 238, 239, 348
Kyoto Protocol (1997), 323
Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte, 52, 53, 56
Law of the Sea Convention, 320, 321, 323–24, 410n59
League of Nations, 71, 73, 102, 139–42
mandates, 92, 98, 99, 140, 142, 203
US Senate rejection of, 80, 140, 257, 319
Leopold II, King of the Belgians, 74, 79
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 47, 62–63, 64
Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–6), 42, 43, 72
liberation theology, 182
Liberia, 74–81, hut tax, 78, 374n9
UN sanctions, 238
Libya, 204, 215, 239, 240, 268, 333, 348
Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 90, 91
Lincoln, Abraham, 56, 61, 110, 111, 252, 255
lobbying, 165, 166, 183, 205, 224
Louisiana, 24, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39, 48, 116
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 22, 31–34, 37–38, 45, 48, 100, 369n33
opponents, 250–51
Lumumba, Patrice, 209
Madison, James, 15, 39, 48, 251
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 67
Maine, USS, sinking of (1898), 116
Manifest Destiny, 8, 48, 68, 252, 253
manufacturing, 46, 121, 161, 162
Ford innovations, 163; job exports, 315
Mariana Islands, 73, 94, 95, 98, 99, 397n68
Marshall Plan, 149, 155, 187, 192, 266
Marshall Islands, 94, 98, 99, 377n68
McCloy, John, 190
McCormick, Robert Rutherford, 174
McKinley, William, 92, 95, 254
McKinley Tariff Act (1890), 90, 115
media, 9, 159, 160, 173–78, 225–31, 363
freedom, 173
Mexican-American War, 6, 41, 43, 53, 68
critics of, 56, 58, 252, 262, 263
press support, 174
Mexican cession (1848), 32, 35, 46–47, 57
slavery expansion, 58–59
Mexico, 2, 4, 34, 38, 40, 45–60, 134, 336
NAFTA, 222–23
Middle East, 7, 103, 151, 202–8, 242, 333, 348–52
military, US, 2, 41, 47, 69, 218, 240, 248, 262–63, 304, 318, 362
defense spending, 9, 221, 232, 234, 237–38, 284, 356–57
preemptive actions, 234–35
Special Forces, 241, 243–44. See also antimilitarists
military bases, 81, 98, 110, 193, 197, 198, 203, 208, 218, 241, 254, 355
Caribbean, 124–25
military-industrial complex, 9, 232, 237–38
Milosevic, Slobodan, 316
missionaries, 43, 72, 75, 94, 160, 182
in Hawaii, 87–88
post–Second World War, 181, 184–85
Mississippi River, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 33–34, 38, 39
Indian removal to west of, 28, 29–30, 33, 40
Missouri Compromise (1820), 34
repeal (1854), 35
Monnet, Jean, 192
monopolies, 161–62
mass communication, 175, 176, 178–79
Monroe, James, 29, 30, 39, 42, 48, 115, 132, 263
Monroe Doctrine, 56, 83, 148, 213, 253, 257
inter-American system, 130–36
primacy of, 140
Roosevelt Corollary, 106–7, 110, 134
multinational enterprises, 9, 10, 159–67, 170, 210, 334, 352, 353
arbitration systems, 282–83
definition of, 161
foreign direct investments, 277
lobbying, 224
roles of, 312
US leadership decline, 304–5, 328–29
NAACP, 271
narcotics. See drug traffic
national liberation movements, 272, 273
National Prayer Breakfast, 183
National Security Agency, 228, 229–30, 315
National Security Council, 148, 170
National Security Strategy, 231–32, 234, 235, 236, 237
Native Americans, 15, 16–18, 20–30, 57, 235, 248
anti-exceptionalists, 260–70
assimilationists, 269
federal assaults on, 35, 36, 37
Floridas, 39–40
forced removal of, 22, 28, 29–30, 33–34, 38, 40–44
genocide, 28, 33, 37, 44, 54, 59
insensitive references to, 270, 401n70
Louisiana cession, 33–34
Plains, 35
as sovereign nations, 27
twentieth-century population growth, 269
NATO, 146, 190, 193, 206, 213, 232, 242, 258, 288
creation of, 150–51
membership expansion, 233, 310, 312, 340–42;
Japanese, 86
London Naval Treaty, 169
US, 67, 68, 73, 82, 92–93, 95, 103, 106, 115, 123, 169, 236, 262
neo-evangelicals, 180–81
neo-isolationists, 12, 248, 258–60, 261
neoliberals, 224
Neutrality Acts (1935–37), 257
New START, 323
New Zealand, 92, 194, 199, 355
Nez Perce, 44
NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 159–60, 167–73
canal proposals, 47, 63, 64, 66, 338
Sandinistas, 70, 214–16, 267, 324
US protectorate, 47–48, 69, 71, 102
US troop withdrawal, 103
9/11 attacks, 3, 181, 138, 218, 229, 248, 267, 316, 319, 344, 340, 348, 349
suits against Saudi officials, 289
UN Security Council resolution, 240
US unilateral response, 234–37, 243
Nixon, Richard M., 155, 261, 265, 334
trip to China, 196
Vietnam War, 169
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (1970), 151, 232
nonstate actors, 2, 7, 9, 159–87, 203, 217, 243, 334, 361
failures of, 304–5, 312–18, 363
provocation of Russia, 340
spread of free market capitalism, 224
Nordlinger, Eric, Isolationism Reconfigured, 259
Noriega, Manuel, 215
North Africa, 203, 207, 257, 348, 351
North Atlantic Treaty (1949), 150
North Korea, 12, 198, 239, 353. See also Korean War
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 18, 19–20, 23
Northwest Territory, 17–23, 27, 45
division of, 21
nuclear weapons, 146, 193, 196, 205, 226, 232–34, 239, 243, 319
nations possessing, 148, 151, 232
nonproliferation efforts, 233, 239, 235, 323, 324, 326, 354
Nye, Gerald, 264
OAS, 138, 144, 213, 309–10, 338
Cuba and the United States, 310, 311
Obama, Barack, 218, 230, 238, 242, 243, 260, 272, 313, 335, 339, 349
on American exceptionalism, 268, 272
Asia-Pacific region, 354–55, 356
climate change agreement, 323, 341
cybersecurity, 315
European popularity of, 341–42
Guantánamo prison, 324
sub-Saharan Africa, 346, 347, 348
tax havens, 330
think tanks, 317–18
trade, 328, 329, 340, 353, 354
oil: Caribbean refineries, 124
price collapse, 338
US sources, 203, 204, 206, 280, 349, 351
Oregon Territory, 32, 35, 40, 41–46, 54, 72, 89
Indian removal, 43–44
statehood, 43
Organic Act (1900, 1902), 97, 120
Ottoman Empire, 10, 140, 175, 290
collapse of, 203–4, 352. See also Turkey
Pacific coastline, 35, 40, 42, 43, 47, 56, 73, 131–32
Adams-Onís Treaty, 72
best harbors, 54
Pacific islands. See Asia-Pacific region; specific islands
PACs (Political Action Committees), 165
Page, Larry, 228, PageRank algorithm, 228
Pakistan, 151, 199, 206, 243, 348, 350, 351
Palestine partition (1947), 142. See also Israeli-Palestinian conflict
US invasion (1989), 215
US protectorate, 47, 61, 63, 65, 70, 71, 103
Panama Canal and Canal Zone, 47, 63–65, 71, 123, 215
Paris, Treaty of (1783), 2, 5, 15, 16, 17, 24
Paris, Treaty of (1898), 118, 254
Paris Agreement on Climate Change (2015), 323, 341
Paris Peace Conference (1919). See Versailles Peace Conference
Parker, Ely Samuel, 36
Parker, Theodore, 372n17
Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 90, 99, 108, 145, 153, 194, 258, 263
philanthropic foundations, 9, 170–71, 173, 202, 317, 363
Philippines, 6, 72, 73, 81, 94–99, 117, 130, 197, 199, 254, 321, 356
Pinochet, Augusto, 214
Platt Amendment, 116–18
revocation of, 103
Polk, James K., 46–47, 56, 58, 61, 132
Pontiac’s War, 16
populism, 303
Potsdam Conference (1945), 147, 187
anti-expansionist, 251, 252, 253
“penny,” 173–74
Prohibition (1919–33), 122, 123
protectorates, 5, 47, 69, 191, 359, 360
Puerto Rico, 6, 73, 101, 116–21, 254
Spanish-American War, 95;
Pulitzer, Joseph, 174
Qaeda, al-, 239, 243, 267, 319, 346, 350, 352
racism, 9, 10, 57, 61, 113, 257, 271
radio. See broadcasting
Radio Free Europe, 192
transcontinental, 161
RAND Corporation, 172
Reagan, Ronald, 183, 184, 217, 261; Nicaragua, 215–16, 267
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934), 156, 157
Reciprocity Treaty (1875), 90, 124
religion, 9, 29, 72, 159, 160, 179–85, 318, 363
relationship with empire, 180
World Vision, 184
Reuters, 175
Rhee, Syngman, 198
Rockefeller, John D., Sr., 170
Rockefeller, Nelson, 177
Rockefeller Foundation, 170–71
Rome, Treaty of (1957), 164, 192
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), 324
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 71, 113, 146, 192, 196–98, 205
death of, 147
Middle East oil imports, 280, 351
munitions companies, 263–64
Second World War, 141, 147, 257–58
Roosevelt, Theodore, 78, 96, 197, 139, 255
Monroe Doctrine, 106
Roosevelt Corollary (1904), 106–7, 110, 134
rum, 121, 122, 123, 377nn56, 62
Russian empire, 4
Middle East, 205
Monroe Doctrine reception, 132
Pacific coastline, 131
Pacific Northwest, 38, 42–43, 59
Russian Federation, 219, 224, 225, 228, 288, 231–33, 235, 351
strength, 365
Ukraine and Crimea, 306, 312, 339
US misjudgments of, 340–43, 364
Rwanda, 238
Ryukyu Islands, 887
Sandinistas, 70, 214–16, 267, 324
Sanford, Henry Shelton, 79
UN Conference, 141–42
San Lorenzo, Treaty of (1795), 24, 38–39
San Remo agreement (1920), 391n53
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 51, 56, 58
Saudi Arabia, 203, 204, 205, 348, 349–50
defense spending, 349
Schurz, Carl, 253–54
Scripps, William Wallis, 174
SEATO, 151
members, 199–200
Second World War, 9, 10, 65, 83, 121, 125, 135, 141–47, 163, 298, 361
atomic bomb use, 258
conscription, 264
Ford Foundation, 170
German occupation zones, 187, 188, 189, 352
isolationists, 261; Japanese surrender, 73, 195, 197, 333
Pacific islands, 73, 98, 99 (see also Pearl Harbor attack); Soviet Union, 141, 145–47
US economic dominance, 130, 131, 285
US global hegemony, 5, 176, 186–216, 352, 361
self-determination, 102, 139–40, 147
advice and consent, 318
Committee on Territories, 117
Foreign Relations Committee, 105, 266, 321; 324–25, 327
League of Nations rejection, 80, 140, 257, 319
treaty power, 318–26, 321, 330, 410n59
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 162
slavery: colonization advocates, 61, 75
territorial expansion, 18, 23, 45–47, 50–54, 58–59, 68
Thirteenth Amendment, 270
Walker filibuster, 68. See also abolitionists
smallpox, 33
smart power, 244
Smith-Mundt Act (1948), 192
Snowden, Edward, 230, 231, 314, 315, 316, 338
social mobility, 276, 297, 301, 303
higher education and, 302
definition of, 244
Somalia, 238, 239, 243, 322, 347–48
Somoza, Anastasio, 70, 214, 215
South Africa, 144, 210, 214, 332
apartheid end, 343
South China Sea, 321, 324, 355
Southern Baptist Convention, 181–82
founding of, 183
Southwest Territory, 24–30, 45
Soviet Union, 7, 149, 168, 181, 193, 196, 202, 259, 275
collapse (1991), 131, 217, 225, 231, 333, 334, 340, 348, 353
Cuban alliance, 212
economy, 278
former components, 235, 396n42
German occupation zone, 188; Middle East, 205–6, 208, 333, 352
nuclear weapons, 148, 151, 232
Second World War, 141–47
US recognition of, 146
space programs, 218, 225–26, 234
Spanish-American War, 2, 6–7, 71, 95, 101, 116, 117, 271, 360
anti-expansionists, 253–54, 255
US territorial gains, 73, 96, 103, 134, 180, 236
Spanish empire, 2, 16, 28, 54, 59, 103, 106, 175
Mexican independence, 46
North America, 24, 26, 29, 32, 38–40, 48
Philippines, 94–95
Stalin Joseph, 141, 145, 147, 148, 197, 198
Stanley, Henry Morton, 74
START II (1993), 233, 235, 323
State Department, US, 155, 156–57, 162, 190, 204, 208, 242, 244, 336
Cold War propaganda, 191–92
human rights annual report, 137
Stiglitz, Joseph, 219–20
Stuxnet cyberworm, 243
crisis (1956), 194, 203, 206, 390n50
sugar, 49, 89, 97, 120, 122, 123
Sumner, Charles, 93, 104, 105, 110, 253
surveillance programs, 229–31, 314, 315
Sutter, John, 55–56
Syria, 143, 203, 204, 206, 268, 348
chemical weapons, 328
civil war, 350–52
Taft, Robert, 258
Taft, William Howard, 78, 134, 162
Taiping Rebellion (1850–64)
Taiwan, 86, 143, 144, 196–97, 198, 220
tariffs, 90, 97, 109, 110, 115–18, 120, 122, 124, 157–58, 161
technology companies, 226, 315; Chinese interests, 314–16
Telecommunications Act (1996), 179
Teller, Henry, 116
Teller Amendment (1898), 116, 117
Tenskwatawa (“the Prophet”), 22
terrorism, 236, 315, 316, 337, 338, 341, 349
as existential threat, 319
nonstate actors, 243
UN sanctions, 239. See also Islamic fundamentalism; 9/11 attacks
Texas, 31, 40, 48–56, 116, 252
annexation, 32, 35, 51–56, 101
Thailand (formerly Siam), 81, 200
Thayer, Sylvanus, 262
think tanks, 9, 160, 168–77, 317–18, 344, 363
neoconservative, 234
Thoreau, Henry David, Resistance to Civil Government, 262
Tippecanoe, Battle of (1811), 22–23
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 173
Toussaint L’Ouverture, 30
TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership), 260, 309–10, 328, 329, 353, 400n45
Trade Act (1974), Section 301, 220, 222
Trail of Tears (1838–39), 30
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, 328, 329, 340, 353–54
Treasury Department, US, 155, 204, 307, 330
foreign holders of bonds, 289
TRIPS (intellectual property), 166, 167
Trujillo, Rafael Leónidas, 108–9, 213
Truman, Harry S., 146, 147, 155, 157, 182, 189, 200, 211
draft extension, 264
Japan policy, 195
Korean War, 198
Middle East oil, 204
recognition of Israel, 205
Truman Doctrine, 146, 148–49, 189, 190, 258
goals of, 151
Trump, Donald, 7, 260, 311, 315, 317, 327, 349
“America first,” 12, 305, 360, 364
economic nationalism, 277
foreign relations, 218, 238, 243, 312, 343, 352
TPP withdrawal, 329
Tshombe, Moise, 209
Tubman, William, 81
Tydings, Millard, 120
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934), 97–98
Tyler, John, 41, 52, 54, 82, 88
Ukraine, 141, 268, 306, 312, 339, 341
unilateralism, 242–43, 248, 257
United Arab Emirates, 114
United Fruit Company, 211
breakdown of, 316
United Kingdom, 8, 145, 199, 208, 298, 301, 371n1
German occupation zone, 188; Greece, 147, 148, 189
Lend-Lease, 156
Suez crisis, 194
US “special relationship,” 194. See also British empire
United Nations, 11, 73, 114, 131, 141–45, 208, 347, 362
Charter, 136, 141–43, 168, 238
climate change, 323
Economic and Social Council, 168 General Assembly, 142–44
human rights, 137, 142, 306, 322
intellectual property, 166
Korean War, 198
Law of the Sea, 320–24, 321, 410n59
Mission, 114
Pacific Islands Trust Territory, 73, 99
Participation Act, 258
UN Security Council: bombing of Kosovo, 326
failures of, 306
Iran nuclear agreement, 327; permanent members, 141, 143
structure of, 141
Syrian chemical weapons, 328
veto power, 141, 142–45, 143, 238, 240, 306
United Press Association, 174, 178
Uruguay Round (1985–94), 158, 218, 219, 222, 278, 343
USA Freedom Act (2015), 230
USAID (US Agency for International Development), 212, 224
US Military Academy (West Point), 41, 262, 268
US Virgin Islands, 101, 121, 122, 123, 124, 283
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 66–67, 68
Vatican, 311
Venezuela, 106, 109, 185, 288, 309–10, 333–38
military coup, 211
US sanctions, 242
Versailles Peace Conference (1919), 98, 99, 102, 108, 139–40, 201
Versailles Treaty (1920), 319, 320
US rejection of, 99
Ho Chi Minh, 198, 200, 201; US restored relations (1995), 355–56
Vietnam War, 10, 155, 160, 169, 172, 186, 229, 258, 259, 326
draft, 265
opponents, 146, 248, 265, 266, 271–72
Tet Offensive, 201
Virgin Islands, 101, 121–24, 283
Voice of America, 177, 191, 192
Wake Island, 99
Walker, William, 47, 53, 67, 68
war crimes, 139, 195, 240, 324
War Department, US, 36, 262, 263
War of 1812, 23, 27, 39, 46, 262, 270
opponents, 263
War of Independence, 26, 247, 248, 250, 270
settler expansion following, 16–18
War Powers Act (1973), 326
Washburn, Cadwallader, 253
Washington, George, 15, 22, 36, 250
Farewell Address, 247–48, 254, 256
Washington Conference (1921–22), 140–41
Washington Consensus, 334
backlash against, 224–25
Williams, William Appleman, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 4
Wilmot, David: Wilmot Proviso, 58
Wilson, Woodrow, 98, 99, 108, 123, 162, 168
First World War, 102, 176, 256–57, 263
Fourteen Points, 139
Latin American interventions, 134
League of Nations, 130–31, 139–40
World Bank, 146, 154, 155–56, 168, 170, 190, 206, 211, 224
US influence, 307–8
World Intellectual Property Organization, 166, 167
world trade: imperial preference, 46
US blueprint for, 156
World Trade Organization, 122, 158, 166, 167, 222, 278, 349
dispute settlement, 220
problems, 308–9
Seattle protests, 260
World Vision, 184
Wounded Knee massacre (1890), 37
Wounded Knee occupation (1972), 270
Wright, Jeremiah, 272
Yalta Conference (1945), 141, 147, 187, 197, 198, 280
Young, Owen, 153
Youth for Christ, 184
YouTube, 230
Zaire, 298
Zimbabwe, 143
Zionism, 205
Zuckerberg, Mark, 363