Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Abel, Othenio, 10, 86, 87, 105
Abelisaurus, 110
acipenseriforms (chondrosteans), 82, 83
actinistian fish, 154–56
Actinopterygii, 82–83
Adriatic Sea, 96
Aegean Sea, 96
Africa, 93, 95, 105, 112, 117, 169, 170, 179
agamids, 73
Ajkaceratops kozmai, 109
Albania, 11–14
Albertosaurus, 110
Alectrosaurus, 110
alligator lizards, 73
Alligatoroidea, 71
alligators, 19
Allodaposuchus precedens, 67, 69, 69–71
allopatry, 165
Allosaurus, 32
Alps, 94
Alp-Tethys oceanic basin, 95
Altirhinus, 52
Alvarezsauridae, 31
alvarezsaurids, 37
Amniota, 60
Ampelosaurus, 28, 107, 178, 179, 181
Amphisbaenia, 73
Anabisetia, 45, 158, 160, 161, 169
Anhanguera, 64
Ankylopollexia, 45
Ankylosauria, 11, 25, 38–43, 141, 161
Ankylosaurus, 39
Anura, 80
Anurognathus, 64
Apoda, 80
Aptian, 95
Apuseni Mountains, 15, 88, 94, 97, 101
Arabia, 93
Aralosaurus, 52
Archaeopterydactyloidea, 64
Argentinosaurus, 117
arthropods, 122
Asia, 27
and migration, 182, 183, 189, 192
and Transylvanian insularity, 112, 167
Auca Mahuevo, 56–58
Aude Valley, 174
Australopithecus afarensis, 18, 19
Australopithecus africanus, 19
Austrochelyidae, 76
Austrosaurus, 169
Avetheropoda, 31
axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), 118, 119, 120
Azhdarchidae, 64, 65, 67, 109, 141, 184
Azhdarcho, 64
Azhdarchoidea, 64
Bactrosaurus, 52, 157, 171, 172
Bactrosaurus johnsoni, 52
Bagaceratops kozmai, 176
Bakonydraco galaczi, 109
Bakony Mountains, 176
Balkan Mountains, 94
Barbatodon transsylvanicus, 77, 79, 81
bat, 123
Batrachia, 80
Becklesius hoffstetteri, 72
Becklesius nopcsai, 72
beetle, dermestic, 104
Belgium, 108
benettitaleans, 102
Betasuchus bredai, 108
Bicuspidon hatzegiensis, 72
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 113
and colonization, 142, 143, 185, 191, 192
and Euhadrosauria, 132
and France, 137
and Iguanodon, 45
and Iguanodontia, 130
and Mag-yarosaurus, 187
reasons for, 87, 118, 141, 142
and selection, 185
and Struthiosaurus, 187
and Telmatosaurus, 128–32, 187, 189
and Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus, 49
and Thero-poda, 145
and Zalmoxes, 46, 187. See also dwarfism; growth and development
Bohemian Massif, 102
Borod Basin, 32
bowfin fish, 150
Brachylophosaurus, 50
Bradycneme, 36
Broili, Ferdinand, 10
Brookes, Richard, 114
Buckland, William, 114–15, 116
Buffetaut, Eric, 25, 65, 70, 175
Bulgaria, 109
caecilians, 80
Camarasaurus, 28
Campanian–Maastrichtian interval, 95
Camptosaurus, 25, 43–45, 129, 159, 160, 187
Carnosauria, 31
Carroll, Lewis, 194–95
Casichelydia, 76
Ćáslav, 109
Caucasus, 93
Caudata, 80
centipedes, 122
Cephalopoda, 19
Ceratosauria, 31
Cerna River, 87
chameleons, 73
rates of, 150, 151, 159–62, 171. See also evolution
character optimization, 126–28, 130, 131, 170, 216n70
Cherven Bryag, 109
Choceň, 60
choristoderans, 108
cladistics, 16, 18, 152, 168, 170, 171
cladogenesis, 165
cladogram, 18, 20, 21, 126–28, 151, 152
clam, unionid, 104
clubmoss (Lycopodiaceae), 103, 103
Cochirleni, 204n4
Coelophysoidea, 31
and body size, 142, 143, 185, 191–92
and clutch size, 191–92
and continental configurations, 182
and diversity, 106
in Europe, 185
and founder effect, 166
and loss of genetic variation, 186
and sexual maturation, 186, 191
success in, 167, 183, 184, 186, 192
Comoros Islands, 148, 149, 162
Compsognathidae, 31
continental drift, 89–91
Cope, Edward Drinker, 117, 142
Cornet, 204n4
Courtenay-Latimer, Marjorie, 147–48, 154
Cretaceous, 93
ephemeral terrestrial habitats of, 159
flora of, 102
habitats of, 105
and hadrosaurids, 52
and isolation and colonization of Transylva-nian region, 145
mammals in, 77
and multituberculates, 77
and ornitho-pods, 45
and sauropods, 28
and Southern Carpathian Mountains, 94, 97
and titano-saurs, 27
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, 65, 77, 198
Crimea, 108
crocodilians, 3, 19, 98, 179, 180
and Al-lodaposuchus precedens, 68–70
in Europe, 107–9
eu-suchian, 109
feeding by, 72
growth of, 184
social behavior of, 72
Crocodilus affulvensis, 68
Crocodyloidea, 71
Csiki, Zoltan, 27, 34, 44, 65, 124
Ctenodactylidae, 64
cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), 197
Cuvier, Georges, 114
cycads, 102
Danube, 1
Daspletosaurus, 110
deer, 119
Deinotherium giganteum, 114
Densuş, 15
Densuş-Ciula Formation, 37, 63, 67, 100–102, 159
Devonian, 93
Diacryptodira, 76
Dinornis maximus, 22
Dinosauria, 18, 19, 22–25, 116, 142
diversity, 16, 106, 109, 110, 165, 169
Djungaripteroidea, 64
dogs, 122
Dollodon, 52
donkeys, 119
dortokids, 77
Drasković, Ludwig Graf, 11–12
Dromaeosauridae, 31, 33, 34, 36, 36–38
Dromaeosaurus, 35
Dsungaripteridae, 64
Dsungaripterus, 64
dwarfism, 142–46, 184–87, 191, 192, 213n29
and endocrine system, 87, 118, 141, 150
and femoral structure, 124, 125
and insular isolation, 86, 87, 142, 143. See also body size; growth and development
and Neotethyan Ocean, 97
and Severin Basin, 95
and Telmatosaurus, 159
Ebro High, 97
angusticanalicu-late, 55
and clutch size and colonization, 191, 192
dendrospherulitic, 55
and eggshell construction, 54, 55, 58
nests of, 53–58
Elopteryx, 36
Elopteryx nopcsai, 32–33, 34, 36
embryos, 55–58
enantiornithine bird, 109
Eolambia, 52
Eolambia caroljonesa, 171
Euhadrosauria, 52, 131, 171–74, 189
and body size, 132
clutch size of, 192
ghost lineage of, 157
Euoplocephalus, 39
euornithopod, 176
and dinosaur distribution, 170, 171, 181
evolution, 16–18, 21, 120, 142, 150, 151, 154, 156. See also character change; morphological change, rates of
Fărcădin, 87
Fennosarmatia, 97
fern (Polypodiaceae), 103
fern (pteridophytes), 102
fern, filicalean (Gleicheniaceae), 103
fern, filicalean (Polypodiaceae), 103
Fontllonga hadrosaurid, 174
foraminifera, 98
France, 137, 169, 174, 175, 182
and Ampelosaurus, 110, 178, 181
Fritsch, Anton, 60
Gallodactylidae, 64
gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), 83
Gargoyleosaurus, 39
Gastonia, 39
Gavialoidea, 71
Gavials, 19
Gekkota, 73
Germanodactylus, 64
ghost lineage duration (GLD), 152, 153, 159, 160
Giganotosaurus, 30, 32, 110, 117
gigantism, 86, 87, 117, 141, 142, 145
Gila monsters, 73
ginkgoes, 102
Gosau Beds (Austria), 43
Gould, Stephen J., 120, 146, 163, 199
Grigorescu, Dan, 15, 33, 34, 65, 101, 124
growth and development: acceleration of, 122, 123
of crocodilians, 184
of Hadrosauridae, 126
of Hatzego-pteryx, 184
among herbivores, 145
of Hypsilophodon, 137–40
lines of arrested (LAGs), 124
of Magyaro-saurus, 126, 133–37, 141, 144, 146, 184
of Magyarosaurus dacus, 125
of Mammalia, 184
of ornithopods, 125
of Orodromeus, 137–40
of pterosaurs, 184
of Rhabdodon, 137–40
of sauropods, 133–37
and selection, 185
of Struthiosaurus, 184
of Tel-matosaurus, 126, 128–32, 135, 137, 141, 144, 146, 184
of Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus, 124–25
of Tenon-tosaurus, 138–40
of titanosaurian sauropods, 126
of titanosaurs, 137
of turtles, 184
of Tyrannosaurus rex, 124
of Zalmoxes ro-bustus, 125, 139–41, 184
of Zalmoxes shqiperorum, 138–40, 184. See also body size; dwarfism
Groza, Ioan, 15
Gryposaurus, 53
Gymnophiona, 80
Hadrosauridae: cranial adornments of, 53
dentition of, 45, 51, 129–32, 187–90, 192
eggs of, 56
evolutionary relationships in, 52
Fontllonga, 174
growth of, 126
and Ornithischia, 23
and Para-rhabdodon, 174
perinatal bones of, 58
reproductive biology of, 190–92
and Rhabdodontidae, 46
and social behavior, 53
source area of, 169, 171–72, 174
in Spain, 176
and Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus, 49–51
and Tethyshadros insularis, 172
Haeckel, Ernst, 120
Haeckel’s Biogenic Law, 120
Hainina, 77
Harrison, Colin J. O., 33
Haţeg: amphibians of, 81–82
an-kylosaur material from, 40
eggs from, 58
fauna of, 15
formations in, 99–101
geography of, 98–105
geology of, 100
history of, 6
and insular isolation, 84–88
as island, 105–11
mammals of, 77–81
mesoeucrocodilians of, 67–73
pal-eoecological context of, 16
perinatal bones known from, 58
and plate tectonics, 97
pterosaurs from, 59–67
Rhabdodon priscus from, 43
river systems of latest Cretaceous in, 101
squamates of, 72–77
Struthiosaurus transylvanicus from, 38
and Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus, 49
turtles from, 73–77
work in, 15
Zalmoxes from, 46
Hatzegobatrachus grigorescui, 81
Hatzegopteryx, 64, 66, 72, 141, 184
Hatzegopteryx thambema, 65–66
Heptasteornis, 36
Heptasteornis andrewsi, 33, 36
Herrerasaurus, 24
hesperornithids, 109
heterochrony, 119–26, 134, 144, 146, 168
hippos, dwarfed, 119
historical contingency, 168, 190, 198, 199
Homo erectus, 19
homology, 17–21
homoplasies, 19–21
horsetails (sphenophytes), 102
Huene, Friedrich von, 11, 11, 25, 27
humans, 119–21
Hunedoara County, 2
Hungarosaurus tormai, 109, 176
Hungary, 108, 109, 175, 176, 181
Hylaeochampsa, 179
Hypacrosaurus, 190
hypermorphosis, 122
Hypsilophodon, 44, 45, 137–40, 169
Hypsilophodon foxii, 139
Hypsilophodontidae, 44
Iguania, 73
iguanians, 73
iguanids, 73
Iguanodon: body size of, 45
and migration, 169
as or-nithischian, 23
recognition of, 116
teeth of, 130
Iguanodon bernissartensis, 52
Iguanodontia: body size of, 130
and Or-nithopoda, 45
rate of evolutionary change of, 160
and Rhabdodontidae, 46, 159, 176
and Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus, 157
Iguanodontoidea, 52
Iharkutosuchus makadi, 109
Indonesia, 149
invertebrates, 104
Irish Massif, 98
Isisaurus, 28
island, evidence of, 105–11
Island Rule, 143–45
isolation: and clutch size, 191, 192
and dwarfism, 86, 87, 143–45, 185–88
effects of, 106
and Europe, 185
and sexual maturity, 144, 146, 186
and speciation, 165–67
and Telmatosaurus, 162
and Transylva-nian region, 111, 162, 167, 168, 192
Italy, 70, 106, 108, 172, 174, 182
Jaekel, Otto, 10
Janenschia, 124
Jinzhousaurus, 52
Jiu River, 87
and Albaner-petontidae, 80
and iguanodontians, 159
and Kallokibotion, 180
and Mammalia, 78
and Neotethyan Ocean, 88
and Paleotethyan Ocean, 93
and Struthiosaurus, 182
and Testudinata, 76
and Zalmoxes and Rhabdodon, 176, 182, 183
Kallokibotion bajazidi, 74, 75
Kayentachelys, 76
Kessler, Eugen, 33
K life-history strategy, 190–92
kogaionids, 179–81
Kogaionon ungureanui, 77, 79, 81
Komodo lizards, 119
Kordos, László, 128
Kutná Hora, 109
Labirinta Cave, 109
Laevidoolithidae, 55
Lambrecht, Kalman, 33
Late Cretaceous, 16, 82, 161–62
and Carpathian Mountains, 98
duckbills from, 49
in Europe, 108–10
fauna of, 36
invertebrates from, 104
and Kallokibotion, 180
landscape of, 84
migrations in, 171
of Mongolia, Argentina, and the United States, 37
and Neotethyan Ocean, 97
of North America, 34
and Telmatosaurus, 159
and ti-tanosaurs, 27
of Transylvania, 32
vertebrates of, 10
and Apulia and Rho-dope, 95, 96
and multituberculates, 77
and Struthiosaurus, 177
and Telmato-saurus, 183
and titanosaurs, 27
Latimeria chalumnae, 148–50
Latimeria menadoensis, 149
Leaellynasaura, 169
Lepisosteidae, 82
Levnesovia/Bactrosaurus clade, 160
Linnaeus, Carolus, 17
Lirainosaurus, 28, 107, 178, 179, 181
Lirainosaurus astibiae, 176, 180
living fossil, 150, 151, 154, 162
Lower Quarry, 3
Maastrichtian, 84, 88, 104, 108, 109, 159, 173, 174, 180
Macronaria, 28
Macropoma, 154
Madagascar, 27
madtsoiids, 73
Magyarosaurus, 25, 26, 27, 29, 168, 183
anatomy of, 30
and body size, 187
eggs of, 56
growth and development of, 126, 133–37, 141, 144, 146
and Nopcsa, 11
as predator, 37
rarity of, 59
rate of evolutionary change of, 161
and Sauropoda, 28
Magyarosaurus dacus, 16, 26, 27, 30, 110, 118, 125, 215n65
Magyarosaurus hungaricus, 27
Magyarosaurus transsylvanicus, 27
Maiasaura, 50, 55, 129, 130, 190
Malawisaurus, 28, 133, 169, 179, 182
in Cretaceous, 77
evolutionary relationships in, 78
growth of, 184
placental, 108
Maniraptoriformes, 31
Mantell, Gideon, 115–16
Mantellisaurus, 52
Massif Central, 97
Matheron, Philippe, 43, 46, 68–69
Mayor, Adrienne, 113
Mayr, Ernst, 165–66
Megaloolithidae, 56
Megalosaurus, 16, 23, 31, 32, 115, 116
Megalosaurus cf. superbus, 204n4
Megalosaurus hungaricus, 32
Meiolaniidae, 76
Mesoeucrocodylia, 67–73
and Apatosaurus, 133
and multituberculates, 77
and Neo-tethyan Ocean, 93
and pterosaurs, 59
and Romania, 105
Mesozoic mammals, 77
Middle Jurassic, 16
and Albanerpeton-tidae, 82
and Ornithopoda, 45
migration, 169–84
and Europe, 177–78, 182, 185, 189, 198
and historical contingency, 198
and North America, 177–78, 182, 183, 189, 192
and South America, 179
and titanosaur sau-ropods, 30
millipede, 122
moas, 119
Mochlodon suessi, 108
Moesian microplate, platform, promontory, 94–96
mollusks, 104
monitors, 73
Monotremata, 78
morphological change, rates of, 151, 154–56. See also evolution
mouse, 77
Multituberculata, 77, 78, 80–81, 180–81
Mureş River, 101
Muthmannsdorf, Austria, 60, 61, 108
Muttaburrasaurus, 169
Nălaţ Vad, 46
natural selection, 120, 166, 188, 195, 197–99
Naturphilosophie, 120
nautilus, pearly, 117
neoceratopsians, 109
neo-Lamarckian inheritance, 141, 150
Neopterygii, 82
Neosauropoda, 28
Neosuchia, 71
neoteny, 123
Neotethyan Ocean, 84, 85, 88, 93, 97, 98, 105, 143
Netherlands, 108
Neuquensaurus, 28
newts, 80
Nodosauridae, 38–43, 107–10, 175, 176
Nopcsa, Franz, 11, 25, 32, 38, 40, 68, 70, 84, 156, 168, 181
and body size, 125, 128–29, 133, 141–42, 143, 150
career of, 8–14
and dwarfism and insular isolation, 85–88
and global positions of the continents, 89
and Haţeg area, 161
and Haţeg as island, 105
and pterosaurs, 62
and Rhabdodon priscus, 43–44
and Struthiosaurus, 42
and Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus, 9–10, 49
and Wegener, 90
and Zalmoxes, 43
Nopcsa, Ilona, 8
Norell, Mark, 151
Noripterus, 64
Norman, David, 44
North America, 110, 117, 167, 169–71
and migration, 177, 178, 182, 183, 189, 192
and Transylvanian insularity, 112
North Sea, 97
Nyctosauridae, 64
Oarda de Jos, 15, 40, 46, 73, 74, 77
Ohaba Sibişel, 2
Oligocene, 77, 78, 88, 98, 103
opossums, 150
Oradea, 33
Ornithocheiridae, 62
Ornithocheiroidea, 64
Ornithocheirus bunzeli, 61
Ornithocheirus hlavatschi, 60, 61
Ornithodesmus, 62
Ornithodesmus cluniculus, 207n7
Ornitholestes, 31
ornithomimosaurs, 110
cladogram of, 172
evolutionary relationships in, 45
iguanodon-tian, 137
and rate of evolutionary change, 160, 161
and southern France, 175
Transylvanian, 43–53
and Transylvanian deposits, 25
Orodromeus makelai, 139
Orthomerus dolloi, 108
Orthomerus weberi, 108
ostracodes, 104
Ouranosaurus, 50, 52, 129–31, 169
pachycephalosaurs, 25, 110, 111
Pâclişa, 101
paedomorphosis, 118, 120, 122, 123, 125, 139, 144, 146. See also body size; growth and development
paleoclimatology, 93
Paleotethyan Ocean, 93
Paludititan nalatzensis, 27
Pangea, 92–93
Paralatonia transylvanica, 81
Paranthropus robustus, 19
parapatry, 165
paraphyly, 18
Pararhabdodon isonensis, 110, 173, 174
Parasaurolophus, 53
Paraves, 31
Paris Basin, 97
parrots, 31
parsimony, 21
Patagonia, 133
pelican, 33
Pelorosaurus, 169
peramorphosis, 117, 118, 120, 122, 123, 131, 139. See also body size; growth and development
Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier, 25, 40
Peri-Tethyan realm, 106
Petroşani Basin, 98
phylogeny, 169
and evolutionary rates, 156, 160, 161
and geographic data, 170
hierarchy of, 17
and homology, 19
and homoplasies, 19
single origin in, 17
size increases through, 142
Pinacosaurus, 39
Pincemaille, Marie, 46
plate tectonics, 89–98, 176, 183, 197
and Transylvania, 105–6, 111–12, 154, 167
plesiosaurs, 108
Pliocene, 98
Plot, Robert, 114
Poiana-Ruscă Mountains, 87, 88, 98, 99
Polish Trough, 97
Polypteridae, 82
Portugal, 107
predators, 30, 43, 145, 167, 185–87, 189
proboscideans, 143
Proganochelys, 76
prosauropods, 124
Protohadros, 52
Protohadros byrdi, 171
pseudoacromion, 40
Psittacosaurus, 124
Pteranodontoidea, 64
Pterodactylus, 64
Pterosauria, 19, 59–67, 107–9, 141
bones of, 65–66
crest of, 67
evolutionary relationships in, 64
feeding by, 67
femur of, 63
growth of, 184
as predator, 72
social behavior of, 67
warm-bloodedness of, 67
wings of, 65
Quaesitosaurus, 28
Quetzalcoatlus, 64
Quetzalcoatlus northropii, 66
Rapetosaurus, 28, 133, 179, 182
Rapetosaurus krausei, 27
Râul Băárbat, 100
Râul Mare, 100
red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio), 197
Red Queen hypothesis, 169, 196–99
Retezat Mountains, 1, 87, 88, 98, 99, 101, 168
Rhabdodon, 10–11, 45, 107, 108, 175–77
growth and development of, 137–40
migration of, 182
source area for, 178
Rhabdodon priscus, 43, 44, 46, 139, 160, 176
Rhabdodontidae, 45, 46, 108, 109, 159, 176, 177
and migration, 182
and rate of evolutionary change, 160
rhamphorhynchoids, 64
Rhaptochelydia, 76
Rhenish Massif, 98
Rhodope, 95–97
Rhodopian Mountains, 94
Riabinin, A. N., 108
Roth, V. Louise, 143, 144, 145, 146, 186
Roth model, 186
Saichania, 39
salamander, 80
salamander (Ambystoma mexicanum), 119
Saltasauridae, 28
Saltasaurus, 28, 133, 169, 179
Saltasaurus loricatus, 27
Sânpetru, 1, 2, 60, 63, 77, 159
Sânpetru Formation, 2, 3, 6, 40, 99–102
Sântămărie Orlea, 100
Saurolophus, 53
Sauropelta, 39
Sauropoda, 3, 11, 16, 28, 37, 110, 161
embryonic remains of, 57
growth and development of, 117, 124, 133–37
and Saurischia, 23
in Spain, 176
Sauropodomorphs, 19
Saurornithoides, 36
Saurornitholestes langstoni, 34
Schindewolf, Otto H., 142
Scleroglossa, 73
screw pines (Pandanaceae), 104
Sebecosuchia, 71
Sebeş Formation, 37
Sebeş Mountains, 87
Seeley, Harry Govier, 22–23, 39–40, 43, 60–61
Seismosaurus, 117
Selmacryptodira, 76
Serpentes, 73
Severin Ocean, 95
sexual maturity, 123, 125, 144, 146, 186, 191, 192
Shamosaurus, 39
Sibişel River, 1–3, 15, 33, 43, 87, 100
Sichuan (China), 133
Silvisaurus, 39
Simpson, G. G., 150
skinks, 73
Slovenia, 108
Smith, J. L. B., 148
South America, 110, 133, 169, 170, 179
South Atlantic, 93
Southern Carpathian Mountains, 1, 94, 96, 97, 98
Spain, 107–9, 110, 137, 173–76, 181
speciation, 164–66
sphenophytes, 103
Spinosauroidea, 31
Squamata, 73
Steno, Nicholas, 16
Struthiosaurus, 11, 107, 108, 110, 141, 161, 168, 183
and digestion, 42
and migration, 182
and North America, 177
rarity of, 59
Struthiosaurus austriacus, 40, 43, 110
Struthiosaurus languedocensis, 110
Struthiosaurus transylvanicus, 16, 38–43, 110
sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), 83
Sum of Minimum Implied Gaps (SMIG), 152
Şureanu Mountains, 98
Sweden, 211n57
sycamore (Platanaceae), 103, 104
sympatry, 165
Tapejara, 64
Tapejaridae, 64
Tapejaroidea, 64
Tarascosaurus, 107
Tarbosaurus, 110
Telmatosaurus, 33, 52, 59, 109, 132, 168, 169, 172, 192
and body size, 128–32, 187, 189
and diet, 189
eggs of, 56
and Europe, 171
and Fontllonga hadrosaurid, 174
growth and development of, 126, 135, 137, 141, 144, 146, 184
and Pararhabdodon, 174
and rate of evolutionary change, 159–62
scapulocoracoid of, 3
Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus, 9–10, 9, 16, 49–53, 58, 110
ghost lineage of, 156–57
source area of, 171
Tendaguru (Tanzania), 133
Tenontosaurus, 44–46, 137, 160, 169, 187
ghost lineage of, 158
growth and development of, 138–40
lower teeth of, 129
and rate of evolutionary change, 160, 161
Tenontosaurus tilletti, 139
Tetanurae, 31
Tethyan region, 93–98
Tethyshadros, 52, 132, 157, 160, 171, 172, 174
Tethyshadros insularis, 108, 172, 173
tetra, blue neon (Paracheirodon simulans), 83
Theria, 78
Theriosuchus, 71
Theriosuchus sympiestodon, 67, 68
Theropoda, 3, 16, 19, 107–9, 117
al-varezsaurids in, 37
avialan, 175
avian, 161
biogeographic dynamics of, 181
dromaeosaurid, 175
drom-aeosaurid and troodontid, 141
in Europe, 110
evolutionary relationships in, 31
nona-vian, 161
and Ornithischia, 23
ostrich-mimicking, 31
and southern France, 175
in Spain, 176
Transylva-nian, 30–38
thyreophorans, 161
tigers, Bali, 119
Titanosauria, 2, 25–30, 107, 109, 133
cladogram of, 136
eggs of, 56
and Europe, 182
growth and development of, 126, 137
source area for, 178
and southern France, 175
Titanosaurus indicus, 27
titanotheres, 122
toads, 80
Toteşti-baraj, 54
Traianus, 5
floras of, 102–4
geologic history of, 94–97
and historical contingency, 167, 194
insularity of, 106–12, 118, 143–46, 167–68
paleogeography of, 98–105
Transylvania Depression, Basin, 15, 25, 46, 94, 98, 101, 105
tree ferns, 103
Tretosternon, 180
Triceratops, 23
Troodon, 30
turtle, 73–77, 107–9, 118, 141, 184
turtle (Kallokibotion), 11, 180
turtle, Galapagos, 119
Tuştea, 54, 56, 57 typostrophy, 142
Tyrannosaurus, 19, 30, 110, 117
Ukraine, 108
Urodela, 80
Valdosaurus, 169
Van Valen, Leigh, 143, 195, 196, 197
Vardar Ocean, 95
Versluys, Jan, 10
Vertebrata, 19
Villaggio del Pescatore, 172
Vurpăr, 15, 40, 46, 73, 77, 101
Vurpăr Formation, 47
walnut (Juglandaceae), 103, 104
Wegner, Alfred L., 89–91
whiptail lizards, 73
William of Ockham, 21
Wiman, Carl, 10
woodchuck, 77
worm lizards, 73
Zalmoxes, 2, 3, 43–48, 50, 59, 168, 176
body size of, 187
growth and development of, 126, 137–40, 146
and Nopcsa, 10
and North America, 177
and rate of evolution, 160–62
source area for, 178
Zalmoxes robustus, 16, 46, 138, 157, 159, 160
growth and development of, 125, 139–41, 184
Zalmoxes shqiperorum, 46, 157, 159, 160
growth and development of, 138–40, 184
Zeicani, 87
ziphodonts, 67
Ziphosuchia, 71