CHAPTER 1
1. L. G. Hart, R. A. Deyo, and D. C. Cherkin, “Physician Office Visits for Low Back Pain: Frequency, Clinical Evaluation, and Treatment Patterns from a U.S. National Survey,” Spine 20, no. 1 (January 1995): 11–19.
2. G. B. J. Andersson, “The Epidemiology of Spinal Disorders,” in The Adult Spine: Principles and Practice, ed. J. W. Frymoyer (New York: Raven Press, 1991) 107–46. R. A. Sternback, “Survey of Pain in the United States: The Nuprin Report,” Clinical Journal of Pain 2, no. 4 (1986): 49–53.
3. L. DiPietro, T. E. Seeman, N. S. Stachenfelt, et al., “Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Training Improves Glucose Responses in Aging Independent of Abdominal Adiposity,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 46 (July 1998): 875–79.
4. O. Yanagisawa, M. Niitsu, et al., “MRI Determination of Muscle Recruitment Variations in Dynamic Ankle Plantar Flexion Exercise,” American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 82, no. 10 (October 2003): 760–65.
5. M. S. Garfinkel, H. R. Schumacher Jr., et al., “Evaluation of a Yoga-Based Regimen for Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Hands,” Journal of Rheumatology 21, no. 12 (December 1994): 2341–43.
6. M. Dash and S. Telles, “Improvement in Hand-Grip Strength in Normal Volunteers and Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Following Yoga Training,” Indian Journal of Physiological Pharmacology 45, no. 3 (July 2001): 355–60. J. E. Stevens, R. L. Mizner, and L. Snyder-Mackler, “Quadriceps Strength and Volitional Activation before and after Total Knee Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis,” Journal of Orthopedic Research 21, no. 5 (September 2003): 775–79.
7. Comment on L. A. Danneels, G. G. Vanderstraeten, D. C. Cambier, et al., “Effects of Three Different Training Modalities on the Cross Sectional Area of the Lumbar Multifidus Muscle in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain,” British Journal of Sports Medicine 37, no. 1 (February 2003): 91.
8. H. Sekiguchi, K. Nakazawa, and S. Suzuki, “Differences in Recruitment Properties of the Corticospinal Pathway between Lengthening and Shortening Contractions in Human Soleus Muscle,” Brain Research 977, no. 2 (July 2003): 169–79.
9. S. C. Lanyon, Osteoporosis and Exercise: Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, March 1989, Aspen Press, 4 (2): 12–24.
10. Herbert Benson with Miriam Z. Klipper, The Relaxation Response (New York: Morrow, 1974).
11. B.K.S. Iyengar, Light on Pranayama: The Yogic Art of Breathing (New York: Crossroad, 1995). Mira Mehta, How to Use Yoga: A Step-by-Step Guide to the Iyengar Method of Yoga, for Relaxation, Health and Well-Being (Berkeley, Calif.: Rodmell Press, 1998).
12. B. Balasubramanian and M. S. Pansare, “Effect of Yoga on Aerobic and Anaerobic Power of Muscles,” Indian Journal of Physiological Pharmacology 35, no. 4 (October 1991): 281–82. O. P. Bhatnagar and V. Anantharaman, “The Effect of Yoga Training on Neuromuscular Excitability and Muscular Relaxation,” Neurology India 25, no. 4 (December 1977): 230–32. P. Raghuraj and S. Telles, “Muscle Power, Dexterity Skill and Visual Perception in Community Home Girls Trained in Yoga or Sports and in Regular School Girls,” Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 41, no. 4 (October 1997): 409–15. R. Vyas and N. Dikshit, “Effect of Meditation on Respiratory System, Cardiovascular System and Lipid Profile,” Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 46, no. 4 (October 2002): 487–91. A. Malathi, A. Damodaran, et al., “Effect of Yogic Practices on Subjective Well-Being,” Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 44, no. 2 (April 2000): 202–6. R. La Forge, “Mind-Body Fitness: Encouraging Prospects for Primary and Secondary Prevention,” Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 11, no. 3 (April 1977): 53–65.
CHAPTER 2
1. Dean Ornish, Dr. Dean Ornish’s Program for Reversing Heart Disease: The Only System Scientifically Proven to Reverse Heart Disease Without Drugs or Surgery (New York: Random House, 1996). Michael Lerner, Choices in Healing: Integrating the Best of Conventional and Complementary Approaches to Cancer (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994).
CHAPTER 3
1. Andrew Thomas, “Yoga and Fascia,” The Journal of the International Association of Yoga Therapists, no. 3 (1992): 39–42.
CHAPTER 4
1. BBC News World Edition, “Yoga Injuries Increasing,” 9 September 2002.
2. Linda Camras, Harriet Oster, et al., “Emotional Facial Expressions in European-American, Japanese, and Chinese Infants,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1,000 (2003): 135–51.
3. John E. Sarno, Healing Back Pain: The Mind-Body Connection (New York: Warner Books, 1991).
4. K. G. Davis, W. S. Marras, et al., “The Impact of Mental Processing and Pacing on Spine Loading,” Spine 27, no. 3 (December 2002): 2645–53.
5. Ernest Holmes, The Science of Mind (New York: R. M. McBride, 1938). Harold G. Koenig, The Healing Power of Faith: Science Explores Medicine’s Last Great Frontier (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999). Larry Dossey, Prayer Is Good Medicine: How to Reap the Healing Benefits of Prayer (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1996).
CHAPTER 5
1. National Institutes of Health BMI (body mass index) available at http://nhlbisupport.com/bmi/bmicalc.htm (accessed 1 March 2004).
2. Rene Cailliet, Soft Tissue Pain and Disability, 2d ed. (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company, 1988).
3. R. A. Deyo, J. Rainville, and D. L. Kent, “What Can the History and Physical Examination Tell Us about Low Back Pain?” Journal of the American Medical Association 268, no. 6 (August 1992): 760–65.
4. Garfinkel and Schumacher, “Evaluation of a Yoga-Based Regimen.” M. Garfinkel and H. R. Schumacher, Jr., “Yoga,” Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 26, no. 1 (February 2000): 125–32.
CHAPTER 7
1. Maureen C. Jensen, Michael N. Brant-Zawadzki, et al., “Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lumbar Spine in People without Back Pain,” New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 2 (July 1994): 69–73.
CHAPTER 8
1. For more information, see the Arthritis Foundation Web site at www.arthritis.org/conditions/diseasecenter (accessed 1 March 2004).
2. Ibid.
3. M. Garfinkel and H. R. Schumacher, Jr., “Yoga.” Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America, February 2000, 26 (1): 125–32.
4. J. Kabat-Zinn, “An Outpatient Program in Behavioral Medicine for Chronic Pain Patients Based on the Practice of Mindfulness Meditation: Theoretical Considerations and Preliminary Results,” General Hospital Psychiatry 4, no. 1 (April 1982): 33–47.
CHAPTER 9
1. Avital Fast, “Low Back Pain During Pregnancy,” in Low Back Pain Handbook: A Practical Guide for the Primary Care Physician, eds. Andrew J. Cole and Stanley A. Herring (Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus, 1997), 345–51.
CHAPTER 10
1. M. J. Mantle, R. M. Greenwood, and H. L. Currey, “Backache in Pregnancy,” Rheumatology and Rehabilitation 16, no. 2 (1977): 95–101.
2. Sally Kempton, The Heart of Meditation: Pathways to a Deeper Experience (South Fallsburg, N.Y.: SYDA Foundation, 2002).
CHAPTER 11
1. H. Koike, “The Extensibility of Aplysia Nerve and the Determination of True Axon Length,” Journal of Physiology 390, no. 1 (September 1987): 469–87. S. Tani, S. Yamada, and R. S. Knighton, “Extensibility of the Lumbar and Sacral Cord: Pathophysiology of the Tethered Spinal Cord in Cats,” Journal of Neurosurgery 66, no. 1 (January 1987): 116–23.
CHAPTER 12
1. Jane Brody, “Personal Health, A Sciatic Villain that Eludes Detection,” New York Times, 15 April 1992, Section C, 14.
2. L. M. Fishman, G. W. Dombi, et al., “Piriformis Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcome—A 10-Year Study,” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 83, no. 3 (March 2002): 295–301. L. M. Fishman, C. Anderson, and B. Rosner, “Botox and Physical Therapy in the Treatment of Piriformis Syndrome,” American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 81, no. 12 (December 2000): 936–42.
3. L. M. Fishman, L. M. Konnoth, et al., “Botulinim neurotoxin type B and physical therapy in the treatment of piriformis syndrome: a dose-finding study,” American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 83, no. 1 (January 2004): 42–50.
CHAPTER 13
1. M. D. Tran, R. G. Holly, et al., “Effects of Hatha Yoga Practice on the Health-Related Aspects of Physical Fitness,” Preventive Cardiolology 4, no. 4 (Autumn 2001): 165–70.
CHAPTER 14
1. Balasubramanian and Pansare, “Effect of Yoga.” H. H. Handoll, M. J. Parker, and C. Sherrington, “Mobilisation Strategies after Hip Fracture Surgery in Adults,” Cochrane Database System Review 2003, issue 1: CD001704.
2. G. Spahn, R. Wittig, [“Biomechanical Properties (compressive strength and pressure at break) of hyaline cartilage under axial load”], Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie (January 2003): 78–82.
3. J. E. Stevens, et al., “Quadriceps strength and volitional activation before and after total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis,” Journal of Orthopaedic Research 21, no. 5 (September 2003): 775–79.
4. U. S. Ray, B. Sinha, et al., “Aerobic Capacity and Perceived Exertion after Practice of Hatha Yogic Exercises,” Indian Journal of Medical Research 114 (December 2001): 215–21.