Index
Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
acidosis kill model, 177, 180–181, 202, 263
Algeo, Thomas, 21–23
Aljinović, Dunja, 181
amniotes, evolution of, 60–62, 146–149, 247–248, 252
anoxia. See hypoxia kill model
Arndt, Nicholas, 184
Averbuch, Olivier, 19
Barham, Milo, 47
Beerling, David, 101, 113–114, 210–211
Benton, Mike, 62, 169–170, 227
Berner, Robert, 93–95, 101, 114, 207
biodiversity crises. See Capitanian (Middle Permian); end-Devonian (Famennian); end-Ordovician (Hirnantian); end-Permian (Changhsingian); end-Triassic (Rhaetian); Kasimovian; Late Devonian (Frasnian); Olsen’s; Serpukhovian (Early Carboniferous)
biodiversity crises, ecological ranking of, 8, 10–11, 52, 170, 179, 253
Blieck, Alain, 168
Bond, David, 188
Bottjer, Dave, 10–11, 52, 170
Boyce, Kevin, 100
Brauckmann, Carsten, 134–135
Capitanian (Middle Permian) biodiversity crisis, 8–9, 11, 147, 152, 158, 170, 171–190, 265
Caputo, Mário, 47
carbon-depletion kill model, 105, 111–114
carbon dioxide, drawdown, 3–4, 6, 15–23, 91, 101, 111–114, 241, 252; injection, 180, 184–185, 197–199, 200, 244–246, 252, 263–264; poisoning. See hypercapnia kill model
carbonic acid, 180, 200, 204, 263
carboniferous trees, cordaitean pines, 69, 84, 203, 209, 237; equisetophyte horsetails, 68, 79–80, 86, 237; filicophyte ferns, 68, 81–82, 86, 237; lycophyte scale trees, 57–60, 68, 76–79, 86–87, 102–103, 105–106, 110, 113, 114–115, 203, 209, 237; medullosan seed ferns, 69, 82–83
Carrano, Matthew, 268
Carroll, Robert, 149
Cascales-Miñana, Borja, 236–237
Cenozoic Ice Age, beginning of, 24–28, 262
central Atlantic volcanism, 208
Clack, Jennifer, 148–149
Clapham, Matthew, 10–11, 170, 208–209
Cleal, Christopher, 90, 106, 108, 114, 164, 236–237
coal, x, 7, 24, 34, 86–87, 93, 96–102, 110–111, 191, 196–197, 199, 200, 203, 210, 241–246, 251–252, 263
continental-positioning kill model, 105, 107–108
continental-uplift kill model, 105, 108–109
convergent evolution, of behaviors, 268; of bipedalism, 153; of C4 photosynthesis, 112; of ecological niches, 216, 222–224, 230–231, 266–269; of gigantism, 123, 133, 252; of gliding forms, 232; of swimming forms, 216, 228; of trees, 72–73, 82; of wings, 228, 232–233, 248, 259–260
Courtillot, Vincent, 172–173
de Montredon, Mourgue, 178
DiMichele, William, 100, 109–111
dinosaurs, evolution of, 124, 144, 155, 228, 230–231, 233–235, 238–240, 248–249, 265–271
Droser, Mary, 10–11, 52, 170
ecological ranking of biodiversity crises, 8, 10–11, 52, 170, 179, 253
Ehrmann, Werner, 27
Emeishan volcanism, 171–190
end-Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) biodiversity crisis, 8–10, 52
end-Devonian (Famennian) biodiversity crisis, 8–9, 11, 41–42, 95, 249, 253–261, 265
end-Famennian bottleneck, 43–44, 73, 257–261
end-Frasnian bottleneck, 43-44, 257–261
end-Permian (Changhsingian) biodiversity crisis, 8–10, 52, 147, 158, 170, 190–240, 262–271; duration of, 212–213, 279n26
end-Permian kill models. See acidosis (acid poisoning); hypercapnia (carbon-dioxide poisoning); hyperthermia (heat death); hypoxia (suffocation); radiation poisoning
end-Ordovician (Hirnantian) biodiversity crisis, 8–11, 52, 55–56, 225
end-Triassic (Rhaetian) biodiversity crisis, 8, 52
endothermy, evolution of, 146–147, 153–156, 248–249
eruption magma volumes, Eldgjá eruption, 176; Emeishan eruption, 175–176, 179, 190, 262–263; Laki eruption, 176; Siberian eruption, 192, 262–263
evolutionary bottlenecks, cheetahs, 43; humans, 43; end-Famennian, 43–44, 73, 257–261; end-Frasnian, 43-44, 257–261; end-Permian, 214–240
explosive blast pipes, Siberian, 193–197, 212
extinctions. See biodiversity crises
Eyles, Nicholas, 50
Falcon-Lang, Howard, 109–111
Famennian Gap, 30, 35, 37, 95, 261, 274n21
fern trees, 21, 68, 81–82, 86, 237
Fielding, Christopher, 23, 48
Filer, Jonathan, 32
Frank, Tracy, 47
Franklin, Benjamin, 178
Frasnian glaciation hypothesis, 28–39, 226, 250, 253, 274n23; predicted glacier size, 34–35
Gaia, 170, 213–214
Ganino, Clément, 184
Gaps, Famennian, 30, 35, 37, 95, 261, 274n21; Olsen’s, 151, 154, 165–166, 168–169; Tournaisian, 30, 35, 41–44, 46, 73, 261, 274n22
Gastaldo, Robert, 57, 86–87
giants, marine invertebrates, 128–133, 141–142, 246; terrestrial arthropods, 117–123, 133–138, 246, 252; terrestrial vertebrates, 123–128, 138–141, 246
gigantism, 24, 117–133; causes of, 133–146
glaciations, causes of, 3–5, 12–23
Glasspool, Ian, 92–96, 137
global warming, x–xi, 162, 164, 169–170, 200–203, 208, 213, 237–238, 244–246, 263
González-Bororino, Gustavo, 50
Graham, Jeffrey, 146–147, 149–150, 153–155, 246–249
Greb, Stephen, 91, 241
greenhouse gases. See carbon dioxide; methane
Hallam, Tony, 22–23, 51–52, 55
heat death. See hyperthermia kill model
hibernation, 270
horsetail trees, 68, 79–80, 86, 237
“Hot Earth”, x–xi, 200–203, 208, 213, 237–238, 244–246, 263
hydrochloric acid, 177, 198–199, 200, 210, 264
hydrofluoric acid, 177
hydrogen sulfide, 207
hypercapnia kill model, 180, 202, 203–205, 263
hyperthermia kill model, 200–203, 263–264
hypoxia kill model, 180, 202, 205–210, 263–264
Ice Ages, 1–12; causes of, 12–23
industrial revolution, 242–244, 251–252
insect flight, evolution of, 62–64, 248, 252
interpulse-drying kill model, 105–107
Isaacson, Peter, 32, 34
Isbell, John, 45, 51, 160–161
isorenieratane, 207
Isozaki, Yukio, 181
Jahren, Hope, 186–189
Janis, Christine, 268
Kasimovian biodiversity crisis, 102–116, 150–151
Kasimovian kill models. See carbon depletion; continental positioning; continental uplift; interpulse drying; refugia constriction; tree blight
Kemp, Tom, 165–168
Kraus, Otto, 134–135
Krings, Michael, 104–105
Lane, Nick, 96–99, 244
large igneous provinces (LIPS), Central Atlantic, 208; Emeishan, 171–190; Siberian, 172, 190–213
Late Devonian (Frasnian) biodiversity crisis, 8–9, 11, 41–42, 52, 95, 170, 226, 250, 253–261, 265
Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA), beginning of, 24, 28–39, 274n23; duration of, 23–24
Lovelock, James, 213
LPIA glaciations, Early Carboniferous, 20, 45–51, 253; Late Carboniferous, 20, 48–49, 51, 88–89; Late Devonian, 20, 28–39, 250, 253; Permian, 20, 157–162
Mackensen, Andreas, 27
mammals, evolution of, 61, 124, 152, 155–156, 218, 224, 229, 235, 239–240, 248–249, 265–271
mantle plume volcanism, Emeishan, 171–190; Laki, 176–179; Hawaiian, 173–174; Martian, 174–175; Siberian, 190–213
mass extinctions. See biodiversity crises
McClung, Wilson, 32–35
McGhee, George, 10–11, 28, 33–35, 43, 52, 114–115, 170, 226, 257
McGhee, Marae, v, xi
McKinney, Michael, 140
methane, 15–16, 180, 184, 186–190, 197, 207, 263
methyl bromide, 198, 200, 210, 263–264
Methyl chloride, 198, 200, 210, 263–264
Metz, Cheryl, 51, 56–57, 95
Milanković, Milutin, 14
Milankovitch cycles, 14–15, 32–33, 47, 56, 110
Miller, Arnie, 214
Monoyios, Kalliopi, 45, 259
Nel, André, 138
Newell, Norman, 130–132
Niklas, Karl, 82–83
Olsen’s biodiversity crisis, 147, 151–152, 158, 166, 168–169, 250
Olsen’s Gap, 151, 154, 165–166, 168–169
oxygen, 3–6, 91–96, 114, 205–210, 263; animal evolution, 6, 146–156, 246–249; gigantism and, 133–146, 246, 252; wildfires and, 92–93, 96–98
ozone-layer destruction, 210–213, 264
paleozoic marine world, 214–227
paleozoic terrestrial world, 227–240
Payne, Jonathan, 197, 203, 208–209
Pfefferkorn, Hermann, 102–109
pine trees, 69, 84, 203, 209, 237
Polozov, Alexander, 212
Powell, Matthew, 50, 53–55
Prokop, Jakub, 63
radiation-poisoning kill model, 202, 210–213, 263–264
rainforests, Carboniferous, 57–60, 67–69, 74–92, 100–101, 241; modern, 67, 97–98, 100–101, 241; Permian, 158–159, 162–164
Raup, Dave, 12, 52
Raymond, Anne, 51, 56–57, 95
refugia-constriction kill model, 105, 109–111
Retallack, Gregory, 186–189, 210
Rey, Kévin, 202
Sahney, Sarda, 150–151, 169–170
scale trees, 57–60, 68, 76–79, 86–87, 102–103, 105–106, 110, 113, 114–115, 203, 209, 237
Scott, Andrew, 92–96, 137
seed-fern trees, 69, 82–83, 86
Sepkoski, Jack, 12, 52, 53, 214–216, 226–227, 236, 265, 268
Serpukhovian (Early Carboniferous) biodiversity crisis, 8–9, 51–65, 169–170, 226, 249, 253, 265
Shaw, Scott, 99
Sheehan, Peter, 10–11, 52, 170
Shiva, 214
Siberian volcanism, 190–213
Snowball Earths, 3–5, 16
Sobolev, Stephen, 193, 199, 264
solar radiation, 12–15
Stanley, Steve, 12, 50, 53–54
steam engines, 242–244, 251
strontium, 19
suffocation. See hypoxia kill model
sulfur dioxide, 177, 185, 198, 200, 263
sulfuric acid, 177, 180, 185, 200, 204
Sun, Yadong, 201–203, 237
Svensen, Henrik, 195, 197–198
therapsid-evolution ecological model, 165–168
Thomas, Barry, 106, 108, 164
Tournaisian Gap, 30, 35, 41–44, 46, 73, 261, 274n22
tree-blight kill model, 105, 114–115
Tunguska Basin, 191–197, 212, 262–272
Visscher, Henk, 211–212
volcanic winter, 177–178
Ward, Peter, 111, 113
Wegener, Alfred, 27
Wignall, Paul, 22–23, 52, 55
wildfires, 92–93, 96–98
Williams, Mary, 75, 77, 80, 81, 103, 119, 120, 122, 125–128, 232–234, 238, 240
Zachos, James, 27